Engineering Graphics with

AutoCAD" 2008

James D. Bethune Boston University

PEARSON

Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio

Contents

Chapter

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14

Chapter

1—Getting Started

Introduction 2 Toolbars 5 The Command: Line Box 7 Command Tools 8 Starting a New Drawing 8 Naming a Drawing 8 Drawing Units 11 Drawing Limits 12 GridandSnap 13 Sample Problem SP1-1 15 Save and Save As 16 Open 17 Exit 18 Exercise Problems 18

2—Fundamentals of 2D Construction

2-1 2-2 2-3

Introduction 23 Line—Random Points 23 Erase 25

2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29

Line—Snap Points 26 Line—Coordinate Values 27 Line—Dynamic Inputs 28 Construction Line 29 Circle 32 Circle Centerlines 34 Polyline 36 Spline 38 Ellipse 39 Rectangle 42 Polygon 42 Point 44 Text 44 Move 48 Copy 48 Offset 49 Mirror 50 Array 50 Rotate 52 Trim 52 Extend 53 Break 54 Chamfer 55 Fillet 56 Table 56 Exercise Problems 59

IX

CONTENTS

Chapter 3—More Advanced Commands

3-1 Introduction 71 3-2 Osnap 71 3-3 Osnap—Endpoint 73 3-4 Osnap—Snap From 73 3-5 Osnap—Midpoint 74 3-6 Osnap—Intersection 75 3-7 Osnap—Apparent Intersection 75 3-8 Osnap—Center 76 3-9 Osnap—Quadrant 76 3-10 Osnap—Perpendicular 76 3-11 Osnap—Tangent 77 3-12 Osnap—Nearest 78 3-13 Sample Problem SP3-1 78 3-14 Sample Problem SP3-2 79 3-15 Grips 80 3-16 Grips—Extend 81 3-17 Grips—Move 82 3-18 Grips—Rotate 82 3-19 Grips—Scale 83 3-20 Grips—Mirror 83 3-21 Blocks 84 3-22 Working with Blocks 86 3-23 Wblock 89 3-24 Dynamic Blocks 91 3-25 Layers 98 3-26 Attributes 105 3-27 Title Blocks with Attributes 110 3-28 EditPolyline 112 3-29 EditSpline 112 3-30 EditText 113 3-31 Constructing the Bisector of an Angle—

MethodI 114 3-32 Constructing the Bisector of an Angle—

Methodll 115 3-33 Constructing an Ogee Curve (S-Curve) with

EqualArcs 115 3-34 Constructing a Parabola 116 3-35 Constructing a Hyperbola 116 3-36 Constructing a Spiral 117 3-37 Constructing a Helix 118 3-38 Designing Using Shape Parameters 118 3-39 Exercise Problems 121

Chapter 4—Sketching

4-1 Introduction 139 4-2 EstablishingYourOwn Style 139 4-3 Graph Paper 139

4-4 Pencils 140 4-5 Lines 140 4-6 Proportions 141 4-7 Curves 142 4-8 Sample Problem SP4-1 143 4-9 Isometric Sketches 144 4-10 Sample Problem SP4-2 146 4-11 Oblique Sketches 147 4-12 Perspective Sketches 148 4-13 Working in Different Orientations 150 4-14 Exercise Problems 151

Chapter 5—Orthographie Views

5-1 Introduction 163 5 -2 Three Views of an Obj ect 163 5-3 Visualization 164 5-4 Hidden Lines 166 5-5 Hidden Line Conventions 166 5-6 Drawing Hidden Lines 167 5-7 Precedence of Lines 171 5-8 Slanted Surfaces 171 5-9 Projection Between Views 172 5-10 Sample Problem SP5-1 172 5-11 Compound Lines 173 5-12 Sample Problem SP5-2 174 5-13 Oblique Surfaces 175 5-14 Sample Problems SP5-3 176 5-15 Rounded Surfaces 177 5-16 Sample Problem SP5-4 178 5-17 Holes 178 5-18 Holes in Slanted Surfaces 181 5-19 Cylinders 183 5-20 Sample Problem SP5-5 184 5-21 Cylinders with Slanted and Rounded

Surfaces 185 5-22 Sample Problem SP5-6 186 5-23 Drawing Conventions and Cylinders 187 5-24 Irregulär Surfaces 188 5-25 Sample Problem SP5-7 188 5-26 HoleCallouts 191 5-27 Castings 192 5-28 Sample Problem SP5-8 194 5-29 Thin-Walled Objects 195 5-30 Sample Problem SP5-9 196 5-31 Intersections 197 5-32 Sample Problem SP5-10 197 5-33 Sample Problem SP5-11 199 5-34 Sample Problem SP5-12 199 5-35 Designing by Modifying an Existing Part 202 5-36 Exercise Problems 204

CONTENTS XI

Chapter 6—Sectional Views

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-14

6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18

Introduction 235 Cutting Plane Lines 237 Section Lines 240 Hatch 241 Sample Problem SP6-1 243 Styles of Section Lines 244 Sectional View Location 244 Holes in Sections 245 Gradients 246 Offset Sections 247 Multiple Sections 248 Aligned Sections 248 Drawing Conventions in Sections 248 Half, Partial, and Broken-out Sectional Views 249 Removed Sectional Views 250 Breaks 250 Sectional Views of Castings 252 Exercise Problems 254

Chapter 7—Auxiliary Views

7-1 Introduction 269 7-2 Projection Between Normal and Auxiliary

Views 270 7-3 Sample Problem SP7-1 272 7-4 Transferring Lines Between Views 273 7-5 Sample Problem SP7-2 275 7-6 Projecting Rounded Surfaces 276 7-7 Sample Problem SP7-3 276 7-8 Projecting Irregulär Surfaces 277 7-9 Sample Problem SP7-4 277 7-10 Sample Problem SP7-5 277 7-11 Partial Auxiliary Views 279 7-12 Sectional Auxiliary Views 279 7-13 Auxiliary Views of Oblique Surfaces 280 7-14 Secondary Auxiliary Views 281 7-15 Sample Problem SP7-6 284 7-16 Secondary Auxiliary View of an Ellipse 285 7-17 Exercise Problems 286

-6 Aligned Dimensions 313 -7 Radius and Diameter Dimensions 313 -8 Angular Dimensions 317 -9 Ordinate Dimensions 318 -10 Baseline Dimensions 320 -11 Continue Dimension 322 -12 Quick Dimension 323 -13 Center Mark 324 -14 Quick Leader 324 -15 Dimension Edit 326 -16 Tolerances 328 -17 Dimensioning Holes 328 -18 Placing Dimensions 331 -19 Fillets and Rounds 3 31 -20 Rounded Shapes (Internal) 331 -21 Rounded Shapes (External) 332 -22 Irregulär Surfaces 332 -23 Polar Dimensions 334 -24 Chamfers 334 -25 Knurling 335 -26 Keys and Keyseats 336 -27 Symbols and Abbreviations 337 -28 Symmetry and Centerline 337 -29 Dimensioning to Points 337 -30 Coordinate Dimensions 338 -31 Sectional Views 339 -32 Orthographie Views 339 -33 Very Large Radii 340 -34 Exercise Problems 341

Chapter 9—Tolerancing

Chapter 8—Dimensioning

-1 Introduction 302 -2 Terminology and Conventions 302 -3 Linear Dimension 304 -4 Dimension Styles 308 -5 Units 311

9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4

9-5

9-6 9-7

9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11

9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15

Introduction 359 Direct Tolerance Methods 359 Tolerance Expressions 360 Understanding Plus and Minus Tolerances 360 Creating Plus and Minus Tolerances Using AutoCAD 361 Limit Tolerances 363 Creating Limit Tolerances Using AutoCAD 364 Angular Tolerances 365 Standard Tolerances 366 Double Dimensioning 366 Chain Dimensions and Baseline Dimensions 367 Tolerance Studies 369 Rectangular Dimensions 369 Hole Locations 370 Choosing a Shaft for a Toleranced Hole 370

XÜ CONTENTS

9-16 9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-23 9-24 9-25 9-26 9-27 9-28

Chapter

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17 10-18 10-19 10-20 10-21 10-22 10-23 10-24

Sample Problem SP9-1 371 Sample Problem SP9-2 372 Standard Fits (Metrie Values) 372 Nominal Sizes 374 Hole and Shaft Basis 374 Sample Problem SP9-3 375 Standard Fits (Inch Values) 375 Sample Problem SP9-4 375 Preferred and Standard Sizes 376 Surface Finishes 376 Surface Control Symbols 379 Design Problems 380 Exercise Problems 384

10—Geometrie Tolerances

Introduction 397 Tolerances of Form 398 Flatness 398 Straightness 398 Straightness (RFS and MMC) 399 Circularity 401 Cylindricity 402 Geometrie Tolerances Using AutoCAD 403 Tolerances of Orientation 409 Datums 409 Perpendicularity 410 Parallelism 412 Angularism 412 Profiles 412 Runouts 414 Positional Tolerances 415 Virtual Condition 416 Floating Fasteners 417 Sample Problem SP 10-1 418 Sample Problem SP 10-2 418 Fixed Fasteners 419 Sample Problem SP 10-3 420 Design Problems 421 Exercise Problems 423

11-8 11-9

11-10

11-11

11-12 11-13 11-14 11-15 11-16 11-17 11-18 11-19 11-20 11-21 11-22 11-23 11-24 11-25 11-26

Chapter

12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8 12-9 12-10 12-11 12-12 12-13 12-14

Types of Threads 451 How to Draw an External Square Thread 452 How to Draw an Internal Square Thread 453 How to Draw an External Acme Thread 453 BoltsandNuts 455 Screws 455 Studs 455 Head Shapes 456 Nuts 459 Sample Problem SP 11 -1 462 Sample Problem SP 11-2 462 Standard Screws 463 Setscrews 464 Washers 465 Keys 466 Rivets 466 Springs 468 DesignCenter 470 Exercise Problems 474

12—Working Drawings

Introduction 485 Assembly Drawings 486 Drawing Formats (Templates) 488 Title Block 490 Revision Block 492 Tolerance Block 493 Release Block 493 Parts List (Bill of Materials) 494 Detail Drawings 495 First-Angle Projection 496 Drawing Notes 497 Design Layouts 497 Sample Problem SP 12-1 498 Exercise Problems 502

Chapter 11—Threads and Fasteners

11-1 Introduction 443 11-2 Thread Terminology 443 11-3 Thread Callouts (Metrie Units) 443 11-4 Thread Callouts (English Units) 444 11-5 Thread Representations 445 11-6 Orthographie Views of Internal Threads 450 11-7 Sectional Views of Internal Thread

Representations 450

Chapter 13—Gears, Hearings, and Cams

13-1 Introduction 523 13-2 Types of Gears 523 13-3 Gear Terminology—Spur 523 13-4 Spur Gear Drawings 525 13-5 Sample Problem SP13-1 526 13-6 Sample Problem SP 13-2 528 13-7 Sample Problem SP 13-3 530

CONTENTS XUl

13-8 Selecting Spur Gears 530 13-9 Center Distance Between Gears 530 13-10 Sample Problem SP13-4 530 13-11 Combining Spur Gears 533 13-12 Gear Terminology—Bevel 535 13-13 How to Draw Bevel Gears 536 13-14 Worm Gears 537 13-15 Helical Gears 539 13-16 Racks 540 13-17 BallBearings 541 13-18 Sample Problem SP 13-5 541 13-19 Bushings 543 13-20 Sample Problem SP 13-6 544 13-21 Cam Displacement Diagrams 545 13-22 CamMotions 546 13-23 CamFollowers 549 13-24 Sample Problem SP 13-7 550 13-25 Exercise Problems 552

Chapter 14—Fundamentals of 3D Drawing

14-1 Introduction 563 14-2 The World Coordinate System 563 14-3 Viewpoints 565 14-4 Perspective and Parallel Grids 566 14-5 User Coordinate Systems (UCS) 568 14-6 ToEdita Solid Model 571 14-7 Creating UCSs on a Perspective

Grid 571 14-8 Rotating a UCS Axis 571 14-9 Sample Problem SP 14-1 573 14-10 Visual Errors 573 14-11 Sample Problem SP14-2 575 14-12 Orthographie Views 576 14-13 Elev 579 14-14 Using the Elev Command to Create

Objects 582 14-15 Exercise Problems 585

Chapter 15—3D Surfaces

15-7 15-8 15-9 15-10 15-11 15-12

Dome 598 Dish 599 Toms 599 3DFace 600 3DMesh 601 Exercise Problems 606

Chapter 16—Modeling

16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-7 16-8 16-9 16-10 16-11 16-12 16-13 16-14 16-15 16-16 16-17 16-18 16-19

16-20 16-21 16-22 16-23

Introduction 616 Box 616 Sphere 618 Cylinder 619 Cone 620 Wedge 621 Toms 623 Extrude 623 Revolve 625 Helix 625 Polysolid 625 Loft 626 Intersect 627 Union and Subtract 628 Solid Modeling and UCSs 630 Combining Solid Objects 632 Intersecting Solids 635 Solid Models of Castings 640 Thread Representations in Solid Models 643 List 644 Massprop 644 Face and Edge Editing 644 Exercise Problems 651

15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6

Introduction 591 Box 592 Wedge 592 Pyramid 593 Cone 596 Sphere 597

Chapter 17—Descriptive Geometry

17-1 Introduction 679 17-2 Orthographie Projection 679 17-3 The TrueLengthofa Line 682 17-4 The TrueShapeofa Plane 686 17-5 Locating a Line in a Plane 690 17-6 Locating a Point in a Plane 692 17-7 VisibilityofaLine 694 17-8 Piercing Points 695 17-9 Distance Between a Line and a Point 699 17-10 Distance Between Two Lines 701 17-11 Angle Between a Plane and a Line 702 17-12 Angle Between Two Planes 704 17-13 Intersection 706 17-14 Exercise Problems 708

XIV CONTENTS

Appendix

A-1 Wire and Sheet Metal Gauges 719 A-2 American Standard Clearance Locational

Fits 720 A-3 American Standard Running and Sliding

Fits 721 A-4 American Standard Transition Locational

Fits 722 A-5 American Standard Interference Locational

Fits 723 A-6 American Standard Force and Shrink Fits

723 A-7 Preferred Clearance Fits—Cylindrical Fits

724 A-8 Preferred Transition and Interference

Fits—Cylindrical Fits 725 A-9 Preferred Clearance Fits—Cylindrical

Fits 726 A-10 Preferred Transition and Interference

Fits—Cylindrical Fits 727 A-11 American National Standard Type A Piain

Washers 728 A-12 American National Standard Helical Spring

Lock Washers 729 A-13 American National Standard

Internal-External Tooth Lock Washers 729 A-14 British Standard Bright Metal Washers—

Metrie Series 730 A-15 American National Standard and Unified

Standard Square Bolts 731 A-16 American National Standard and Unified

Standard Hex Head Screws 732

A-17 Coarse-Thread Series, UNC, UNRC, and NC—Basic Dimensions 732

A-18 Fine-Thread Series, UNC, UNRC, and NC—Basic Dimensions 733

A-19 American National Standard General-Purpose Acme Thread Form—Basic Dimensions 734

A-20 60°StubThreads 734 A-21 American National Standard Slotted

100° Fiat Countersunk Head Machine Screws 735

A-22 American National Standard Slotted Truss Head Machine Screws 736

A-23 American National Standard Piain and Slotted Hexagon Head Machine Screws 737

A-24 Slotted Round Head Machine Screws 738 A-25 American National Standard Square Head

Setscrews 739 A-26 American National Standard Square Head

Setscrews 740 A-27 American National Standard Slotted

Headless Setscrews 741 A-28 Lengths for Threaded Fasteners 742 A-29 Lengths for Metrie Threaded Fasteners 742 A-30 American National Standard Square

and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts 743 A-31 Standard Twist Drill Sizes (Inches) 744 A-32 Standard Twist Drill Sizes (Millimeters) 744

Index 745