ENGINEERING ENGINEERING MATERIALSMATERIALS

COMPOSITE COMPOSITE MATERIALSMATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS?WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS? SO FAR WE HAVE DISCUSSED MAIN CATEGORIES OF

MATERIALS SUCH AS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS, POLYMERS, AND CERAMICS.

THESE THREE TYPES OF MATERIALS ARE IN FACT THE VIRGIN MATERIALS AND HAVE THEIR OWN IDENTITY WITH SPECIFIC TYPES OF PROPERTIES.

FURTHERMORE, THESE ARE THE MAIN MATERIALS WHICH HAVE WIDER APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF SCIENCE & ENGINEERING.

HOWERE, THERE ARE STILL MANY SITUATIONS IN ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS WHERE NO SINGLE MATERIAL WILL BE SUITABLE TO MEET PARTICULAR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS?WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS? IN SUCH SITUATIONS TWO MATERIALS IN

COMBINATION MAY POSSESS THE DESIRED PROPERTIES AND PROVIDE A FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO THE MATERIALS-SELECTION PROBLEM.

THE TERM COMPOSITE CAN REFER TO ANY MULTI-PHASE MATERIAL. HOWEVER, IT IS USUALLY RESTRICTED TO TAILOR MADE MATERIALS IN WHICH TWO OR MORE PHASES HAVE BEEN COMBINED TO YIELD PROPERTIES NOT PROVIDED BY THE CONSTITUENTS ALONE.

THE CONTINOUS PHASE, THE PARENT PHASE, IN A COMPOSITE MATERIAL IS REFERRED TO AS THE MATRIX. OTHER PHASES WHICH PROVIDE REINFORCEMENTS ARE KNOWN AS DISPERSED PHASES.

TECHNICALLY, A COMPOSITE MATERIAL IS A MATERIALS SYSTEM COMPOSED OF A SUITABLY ARRANGED MIXTURE OF COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE MICRO- OR MACROCONSTITUENTS WITH AN INTERFACE SEPARATING THEM THAT DIFFER IN FORM AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ARE ESSENTIALLY INSOLUBLE IN EACH OTHER.

IN DESIGNING COMPOSITE MATERIALS, SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS HAVE INGENIOUSLY COMBINED VARIOUS METALS, POLYMERS, AND CERAMICS TO PRODUCE A NEW GENERATION OF EXTRAORDINARY MATERIALS.

MOST OF THE COMPOSITE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED TO IMPROVE COMBINATIONS OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS STIFFNESS, TOUGHNESS, AND AMBIENT AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE STRENGTH.

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSVERY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITESVERY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITES

ARE AS FOLLOW:ARE AS FOLLOW:

– STRAW IN CLAY CONSTRUCTION BY EGYPTIANSSTRAW IN CLAY CONSTRUCTION BY EGYPTIANS

– AEROSPACE INDUSTRYAEROSPACE INDUSTRY

– SPORTING GOODSSPORTING GOODS

– AUTOMOTIVEAUTOMOTIVE

– CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF COMPOSTYPES OF COMPOSIITE MATERTE MATERIIALSALS

THERE ARE FIVE BASIC TYPES OF COMPOSITE THERE ARE FIVE BASIC TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS: MATERIALS: FIBRE, PARTICLEFIBRE, PARTICLE,, FLAKE, FLAKE, LAMINAR LAMINAR OR OR LAYEREDLAYERED AND AND FILLED FILLED COMPOSITES.COMPOSITES.

TYPES OF COMPOSITESTYPES OF COMPOSITESMATRIX PHASE/REINFORCEMENT PHASE

METAL CERAMIC POLYMER

METAL POWDER METALLURGY PARTS – COMBINING IMMISCIBLE METALS

CERMETS (CERAMIC-METAL COMPOSITE)

BRAKE PADS

CERAMIC CERMETS, TIC, TICNCEMENTED CARBIDES – USED IN TOOLSFIBER-REINFORCED METALS

SIC REINFORCED AL2O3 TOOL MATERIALS

FIBERGLASS

POLYMER     KEVLAR FIBERS IN AN EPOXY MATRIX

ELEMENTAL (CARBON, BORON, ETC.)

FIBER REINFORCED METALSAUTO PARTSAEROSPACE

  RUBBER WITH CARBON (TIRES)BORON, CARBON REINFORCED PLASTICS

MMC’s CMC’s PMC’sMETAL MATRIX COMPOSITES CERAMIC MATRIX COMP’S. POLYMER MATRIX COMP’S

METAL MATRIX COMPOSITESMETAL MATRIX COMPOSITES THE TERM MMC COVERS A RANGE OF MATERIALS AND

NOT MERELY COMPOSITES WITH CONTINUOUS FIRBE REINFORCEMENT. EARLY MATERIALS WERE TUNGSTEN FILAMENT WIRE STRENGTHENED WITH A DISPERSION OF THORIA AND SINTERED ALUMINUM POWDER (SAP).

OTHER MATERILS STRENGTHENED IN SIMILAR MANNER AND DEVELOPED ARE THORIA DISPERSION NICKEL ALLOYS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE. SIMILARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EUTECTIC NICKEL-BASED SUPER ALLOYS.

RECENTLY THERE HAVE BEEN MUCH INTEREST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MMCs WITH THE MAIN EMPHASIS FOR USING ALUMINIUM AND TITANIUM WITH EITHER CONTINUOUS FIBRE REINFOCEMENT OR DISCONTINUOUS PARTICLE REINFOCEMENT.

ALUMINIUM WITH PARTICULATE REINFORCEMENT BY ALUMINA OR SILICON CARBIDE CAN BE USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CYLINDER LINERS, PISTONS AND PULLEYS.

SOME MATRIX-REINFORCEMENT COMBINATIONS ARE HIGHLY REACTIVE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, AND HENCE COMPOSITE DEGRADATION MAY BY BE CAUSED. THIS PROBLEM, HOWEVER, MAY BE RESOLVED BY APPLYING SOME TYPE OF SURFACE COATING.

AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES HAVE RECENTLY STARTED TO USE MMCs IN PRODUCTS. THE TOYOTA COMPANY HAS USED ALUMINA FIRBRE REINFOCED ALUMINIUM IN ITS DIESEL ENGINES FOR SOME YEARS.

HONDA COMPANY HAS PRODUCED A CAST ALUMINIUM CYCLINDER BLOCK WITH SELECTIVE REINFOCEMENT BY BOTH ALUMINA AND CARBON FIRBRES.

CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITESCERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE

MATERIALS WITH REINFOCING FIBRES OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF MATERIALS WHICH ARE MORE DAMGE TOLERANT.

CERAMICS ARE BRITTLE AND HAVE LOW FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND HENCE FRACTURE TOUGHNESSES OF CERAMICS HAVE BEEN IMPROVED SIGNIFICANTLY BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GENERATION OF CMCs.

THE DEMAND FOR GREATER EFFICIENCY AND HIGHER OPERATING TEMPERATURES IN AERO GAS TURBINE ENGINES HAS PROVIDED THE STIMULUS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CMCs AS THEY OFFER THE POTENTIAL FOR USE IN FUTURE GENERATIONS OF JET POWER UNITS.

CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITESCERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES CURRENT RESEARCH, HOWEVER, IS CONCENTRATING

ON TWO TYPES OF CMCs NAMELY SILICON CARBIDE FIBRE REINFOCEMENT WITH SILICON CARBIDE AND GLASS-CERAMIC COMPOSITES REINFOCED WITH SILICON CARBIDE.

THIS TYPE OF MATERIALS ARE STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT BUT OFFER THE POTENTIAL OF BEING SUITABLE MATERIALS FOR USE IN AERO ENGINES IN FUTURE.

CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES WITH PARTICULATE REINFORCEMENT ARE ALSO UDER DEVELOPMENT. BOTH TITANIUM CARBONNITRIDE AND ZIRCONIA HAVE BEEN USED AS REINFORCING PARTICLES WITHIN ALUMINA FOR THE MAUFACTURE OF CUTTING TOOLS TIPS WITH HIGHER HARNESS.

CERMETS ARE THOSE SPECIAL CMCs WHICH CONTAIN BETWEEN 80 – 90% OF CERAMIC. THE EARLIEST CERMET, THE HARD METAL, DEVELOPED IN THE EARLY OF 20TH CENTURY, WAS CEMENTED WITH TUNGSTEN CARBIDE.

OTHER CERMETS ARE OXIDE-BASED AND SILICON CARBIDE BASED COMPOSITES WITH NICKEL, COBALT AND STAINLESS STEELS. THESE MAY BE USED AS GAS TURBINE ENGINE MATERIALS

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESPOLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES PMCs ARE THE TYPE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHICH CONSISTS OF A POLYMER RESIN AS THE MATRIX WITH FIBRES AS THE REINFOCEMENT MEDIUM.

THE MOST WIDELY USED AND CHEAP POLYMER RESINS ARE THE POLYSTERS AND VINYL ESTERS. THESE RESINS ARE USED PRIMARILY FOR GLASS FIBRE REINFOCED COMPOSITES.

PMCs ARE USED IN THE GREATEST DIVERSITY OF APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BECAUSE OF THEIR ROOM-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES, EASE OF FABRICATIONS, AND COST.

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESPOLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES FOLLOWING TYPES OF PMCs ARE WIDELY USED:

– GLASS FIBRE-REINFOCEMENT POLYMER (GFRP) COMPOSITES

IT IS A SIMPLE COMPOSITE HAVING GLASS FIBRE CONTAINED WITHIN A POLYMER MATRIX

– CARBON FIBRE-REINFOCEMENT POLYMER (CFRP) COMPOSITES

IT IS A SIMPLE COMPOSITE HAVING CARBON FIRBRE CONTAINED WITHIN A POLYMER MATRIX

– ARAMID FIBRE-REINFOCED POLYMER COMPOSITES ITSELF A CERAMIC MATERIAL CONTAINED WITHIN A

POLYMER MATRIX

– BORON, SILICON CARBIDE AND ALUMINIUM OXIDE FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS ARE USED IN AUTOMOTIVE AND MARINE BODIES, PLASTIC PIPES, STORAGE TANKS, AND INDUSTRIAL FLOORING.

CARBON-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FIND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT, FILAMENT-WOUND ROCKET MOTOR CASES, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS.

ARAMID-REINFOCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS BECAUSE OF THEIR EXECELLENT PROPERTIES ARE USED IN BALLISTIC PRODUCTS, SPORTING GOODS, TIRES, ROPES, MISSILES CASES AND IN AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE AND CLUTCH LININGS AND GASKETS AS A REPLACEMENT OF ASBESOTS MATERIAL.

OTHER (CARBON, SILICON CARBIDE ETC) REINFOCED COMPOSITES ARE USED FOR MILITARY AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS, HELICOPTER ROTOR BLADES, TENNIS RACKETS, CIRCUIT BOARDS AND ROCKET NOSE CONES.

FFIIBRBREE COMPOS COMPOSIITESTESIN FIBRE COMPOSITES, THE FIBRES REINFORCE ALONG THE LINE OF THEIR LENGTH. REINFORCEMENT MAY BE MAINLY 1-D, 2-D OR 3-D. FIGURE SHOWS THE THREE BASİC TYPES OF FİBRE ORİENTATİON.

1-D1-D GIVES GIVES MAXIMUMMAXIMUM STRENGTH IN ONE STRENGTH IN ONE DIRECTION. DIRECTION.

2-D2-D GIVES STRENGTH IN GIVES STRENGTH IN TWO DIRECTIONS. TWO DIRECTIONS.

ISOTROPIC GIVES ISOTROPIC GIVES STRENGTH EQUALLY IN ALL STRENGTH EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS. DIRECTIONS.

COMPOSITE STRENGTH DEPENDS ON COMPOSITE STRENGTH DEPENDS ON FOLLOWING FACTORS:FOLLOWING FACTORS:

INHERENT FIBRE STRENGTH, FIBRE INHERENT FIBRE STRENGTH, FIBRE LENGTH, NUMBER OF FLAWSLENGTH, NUMBER OF FLAWS

FIBRE SHAPE FIBRE SHAPE

THE BONDING OF THE FIBRE THE BONDING OF THE FIBRE (EQUALLY STRESS DISTRIBUTION)(EQUALLY STRESS DISTRIBUTION)

VOIDS VOIDS

MOISTURE (COUPLING AGENTS)MOISTURE (COUPLING AGENTS)

PARTPARTIICLE COMPOSCLE COMPOSIITESTES PARTICLESPARTICLES USUALLY REINFORCE A COMPOSITE EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS USUALLY REINFORCE A COMPOSITE EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS

(CALLED (CALLED ISOTROPICISOTROPIC). ). PLASTICSPLASTICS, , CERMETSCERMETS ANDAND METALS METALS ARE EXAMPLES OF ARE EXAMPLES OF PARTICLES.PARTICLES.

PARTICLESPARTICLES USED TO STRENGTHEN A MATRIX DO NOT DO SO IN THE SAME WAY USED TO STRENGTHEN A MATRIX DO NOT DO SO IN THE SAME WAY AS FIBERS. FOR ONE THING, PARTICLES ARE NOT DIRECTIONAL LIKE FIBERS. AS FIBERS. FOR ONE THING, PARTICLES ARE NOT DIRECTIONAL LIKE FIBERS.

SPREAD AT RANDOM THROUGH OUT A MATRIX, PARTICLES TEND TO SPREAD AT RANDOM THROUGH OUT A MATRIX, PARTICLES TEND TO REINFORCE IN ALL DIRECTIONS EQUALLY.REINFORCE IN ALL DIRECTIONS EQUALLY.

PARTPARTIICLE COMPOSCLE COMPOSIITESTES CERMETS (1) OXIDE–BASED CERMETS (E.G. COMBINATION OF AL2O3 WITH CR) (2) CARBIDE–BASED CERMETS (E.G. TUNGSTEN–CARBIDE, TITANIUM–CARBIDE)

METAL–PLASTIC PARTICLE COMPOSITES (E.G. ALUMINUM, IRON & STEEL, COPPER PARTICLES)

METAL–IN–METAL PARTICLE COMPOSITES AND DISPERSION HARDENED ALLOYS

(E.G. CERAMIC–OXIDE PARTICLES)

FLAKE COMPOSFLAKE COMPOSIITESTES FLAKESFLAKES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE, USUALLY , BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE, USUALLY

REINFORCE IN REINFORCE IN 2-D2-D.. TWO COMMON FLAKE TWO COMMON FLAKE MATERIALS ARE MATERIALS ARE GLASSGLASS AND AND MICAMICA. (ALSO . (ALSO ALUMINUMALUMINUM IS USED AS METAL FLAKES) IS USED AS METAL FLAKES)

A A FLAKEFLAKE COMPOSITE CONSISTS OF THIN, FLAT COMPOSITE CONSISTS OF THIN, FLAT FLAKES HELD TOGETHER BY A FLAKES HELD TOGETHER BY A BINDERBINDER OR PLACED OR PLACED IN A IN A MATRIXMATRIX. ALMOST ALL FLAKE COMPOSITE . ALMOST ALL FLAKE COMPOSITE MATRIXES ARE PLASTIC RESINS. THE MOST MATRIXES ARE PLASTIC RESINS. THE MOST IMPORTANT FLAKE MATERIALS AREIMPORTANT FLAKE MATERIALS ARE::

1.1. ALUMINUMALUMINUM2.2. MICAMICA3.3. GGLASSLASS

FLAKE COMPOSFLAKE COMPOSIITESTES BASICALLY, BASICALLY, FLAKESFLAKES WILL PROVIDE: WILL PROVIDE:

UNIFORM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN THE PLANE OF UNIFORM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN THE PLANE OF THE FLAKESTHE FLAKES

HIGHER STRENGTHHIGHER STRENGTH

HIGHER FLEXURAL MODULUS HIGHER FLEXURAL MODULUS

HIGHER DIELECTRIC STRENGTH AND HEAT HIGHER DIELECTRIC STRENGTH AND HEAT RESISTANCERESISTANCE

BETTER RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION BY LIQUIDS BETTER RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION BY LIQUIDS AND VAPORAND VAPOR

LOWER COSTLOWER COST

LAMLAMIINAR COMPOSNAR COMPOSIITESTES A A LAMINALAMINA (LAM (LAMIINAE)NAE) IS ANY IS ANY

ARRANGEMENT OF ARRANGEMENT OF UNIDIRECTIONAL UNIDIRECTIONAL OR OR WOVEN WOVEN FIBERS IN A MATRIX. USUALLY FIBERS IN A MATRIX. USUALLY THIS ARRANGEMENT IS FLAT, THIS ARRANGEMENT IS FLAT, ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE CURVED, ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE CURVED, AS IN A SHELL. AS IN A SHELL.

A A LAMINATELAMINATE IS A STACK OF IS A STACK OF LAMINA ARRANGED WITH THEIR LAMINA ARRANGED WITH THEIR MAIN REINFORCEMENT IN AT MAIN REINFORCEMENT IN AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONS..

LAMLAMIINAR COMPOSNAR COMPOSIITES TES

LAMINARLAMINAR COMPOSITES INVOLVE TWO OR MORE LAYERS COMPOSITES INVOLVE TWO OR MORE LAYERS OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT MATERIALS. THE LAYERS OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT MATERIALS. THE LAYERS CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS TO GIVE CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS TO GIVE STRENGTH WHERE NEEDED.STRENGTH WHERE NEEDED. SPEEDBOAT HULLSSPEEDBOAT HULLS ARE ARE AMONG THE VERY MANY PRODUCTS OF THIS KIND.AMONG THE VERY MANY PRODUCTS OF THIS KIND.

LIKE ALL COMPOSITES LIKE ALL COMPOSITES LAMINAR COMPOSITESLAMINAR COMPOSITES AIM AT AIM AT COMBINING CONSTITUENTS TO PRODUCE PROPERTIES COMBINING CONSTITUENTS TO PRODUCE PROPERTIES THAT NEITHER CONSTITUENT ALONE WOULD HAVE. THAT NEITHER CONSTITUENT ALONE WOULD HAVE.

ININ LAMINAR COMPOSITES OUTER METAL IS NOT CALLED LAMINAR COMPOSITES OUTER METAL IS NOT CALLED A MATRIX BUT A A MATRIX BUT A FACEFACE. THE INNER METAL, EVEN IF . THE INNER METAL, EVEN IF STRONGER, IS NOT CALLED STRONGER, IS NOT CALLED A A REINFORCEMENT. IT IS REINFORCEMENT. IT IS CALLED A CALLED A BASEBASE..

LAMLAMIINAR COMPOSNAR COMPOSIITESTES LAMINAR COMPOSITESLAMINAR COMPOSITES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE

BASIC TYPES:BASIC TYPES:

UNREINFORCED–LAYER COMPOSITESUNREINFORCED–LAYER COMPOSITES (1) (1) ALL–METALALL–METAL (A) PLATED AND COATED METALS (A) PLATED AND COATED METALS

(ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL – STEEL PLATED (ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL – STEEL PLATED WITH WITH ZINC)ZINC)

(B) CLAD METALS (ALUMINUM–CLAD, COPPER–(B) CLAD METALS (ALUMINUM–CLAD, COPPER–CLAD)CLAD)

(C) MULTILAYER METAL LAMINATES (TUNGSTEN, (C) MULTILAYER METAL LAMINATES (TUNGSTEN, BERYLLIUM)BERYLLIUM)

(2) (2) METAL–NONMETAL METAL–NONMETAL (METAL WITH PLASTIC, RUBBER, (METAL WITH PLASTIC, RUBBER, ETC.)ETC.)

LAMLAMIINAR COMPOSNAR COMPOSIITESTES

(3) (3) NONMETAL NONMETAL (GLASS–PLASTIC LAMINATES, ETC.)(GLASS–PLASTIC LAMINATES, ETC.)

REINFORCED–LAYER COMPOSITESREINFORCED–LAYER COMPOSITES (LAMINAE (LAMINAE AND LAMINATES)AND LAMINATES)

COMBINED COMPOSITESCOMBINED COMPOSITES (REINFORCED– (REINFORCED–PLASTIC LAMINATES WELL BE BONDED WITH PLASTIC LAMINATES WELL BE BONDED WITH STEEL, ALUMINUM, COPPER, RUBBER, GOLD, STEEL, ALUMINUM, COPPER, RUBBER, GOLD, ETC.) ETC.)

FFIILLED COMPOSLLED COMPOSIITESTES THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FILLEDFILLED

COMPOSITES. IN COMPOSITES. IN ONEONE, FILLER MATERIALS , FILLER MATERIALS ARE ADDED TO A NORMAL COMPOSITE ARE ADDED TO A NORMAL COMPOSITE RESULT IN STRENGTHENING THE RESULT IN STRENGTHENING THE COMPOSITE AND REDUCING WEIGHT. COMPOSITE AND REDUCING WEIGHT.

THE THE SECONDSECOND TYPE OF FILLED COMPOSITE TYPE OF FILLED COMPOSITE CONSISTS OF A SKELETON CONSISTS OF A SKELETON 3-D3-D MATRIX MATRIX HOLDING A SECOND MATERIAL. THE HOLDING A SECOND MATERIAL. THE MOST WIDELY USED COMPOSITES OF MOST WIDELY USED COMPOSITES OF THIS KIND ARE THIS KIND ARE SANDWICH STRUCTURESSANDWICH STRUCTURES AND AND HONEYCOMBSHONEYCOMBS..

COMBCOMBIINED COMPOSNED COMPOSIITESTES IT IS POSSIBLE TO IT IS POSSIBLE TO

COMBINE SEVERAL COMBINE SEVERAL DIFFERENT MATERIALS DIFFERENT MATERIALS INTO A SINGLE INTO A SINGLE COMPOSITE. IT IS ALSO COMPOSITE. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO COMBINE POSSIBLE TO COMBINE SEVERAL DIFFERENT SEVERAL DIFFERENT COMPOSITES INTO A COMPOSITES INTO A SINGLE PRODUCT. SINGLE PRODUCT.

A GOOD EXAMPLE IS A A GOOD EXAMPLE IS A MODERN SKIMODERN SKI. . (COMBINATION OF (COMBINATION OF WOOD AS NATURAL WOOD AS NATURAL FIBER, AND LAYERS AS FIBER, AND LAYERS AS LAMINAR COMPOSITES)LAMINAR COMPOSITES)

FIBRE REINFORCEMENTSFIBRE REINFORCEMENTS THE TYPICAL COMPOSITE CONSISTS OF A MATRIX THE TYPICAL COMPOSITE CONSISTS OF A MATRIX

HOLDING REINFORCING MATERIALS. THE HOLDING REINFORCING MATERIALS. THE REINFORCING MATERIALS, THE MOST IMPORTANT IS REINFORCING MATERIALS, THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE FIBRES. THE FIBRES.

A FIBRE IS A THREAD-LIKE FORM WITH LENGTH-TO-DIAMETER RATIOS OF THE ORDER OF 10³ OR GREATER. THE TERM EMBRACES THIN METAL WIRES AS WELL AS NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIRBRES SUCH AS WOOD, COTTON, POLYACRYLONITRILE AND NYLON.

STRONG, STIFF FIBRE ARF PRODUCED FROM COLD-DRAWN METALS, CERAMICS, AND POLYMERS. THEY MAY BE INCORPORATED IN POLYMER, METAL OR CERAMICS MATRICES TO FORM FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES.

FIBRE REINFORCEMENTSFIBRE REINFORCEMENTS STRONG, STIFF FIBRE ARF PRODUCED FROM COLD-

DRAWN METALS, CERAMICS, AND POLYMERS. THEY MAY BE INCORPORATED IN POLYMER, METAL OR CERAMICS MATRICES TO FORM FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES.

THEY SUPPLY THE BASIC STRENGTH OF THE THEY SUPPLY THE BASIC STRENGTH OF THE COMPOSITE. HOWEVER, REINFORCING MATERIALS COMPOSITE. HOWEVER, REINFORCING MATERIALS CAN CONTRIBUTE MUCH MORE THAN STRENGTH. CAN CONTRIBUTE MUCH MORE THAN STRENGTH. THEY CAN CONDUCT HEAT OR RESIST CHEMICAL THEY CAN CONDUCT HEAT OR RESIST CHEMICAL CORROSION. THEY CAN RESIST OR CONDUCT CORROSION. THEY CAN RESIST OR CONDUCT ELECTRICITY. THEY MAY BE CHOSEN FOR THEIR ELECTRICITY. THEY MAY BE CHOSEN FOR THEIR STIFFNESS (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY) OR FOR STIFFNESS (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY) OR FOR MANY OTHER PROPERTIES. MANY OTHER PROPERTIES.

TYPES OF FIBRESTYPES OF FIBRESTHE THE FIBRESFIBRES ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS: ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS:

GLASS FIBRESGLASS FIBRES:: THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT KINDS THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS, RANGING FROM ORDINARY BOTTLE GLASS OF GLASS, RANGING FROM ORDINARY BOTTLE GLASS TO HIGH PURITY QUARTZ GLASS. ALL OF THESE TO HIGH PURITY QUARTZ GLASS. ALL OF THESE GLASSES CAN BE MADE INTO FIBERS. EACH OFFERS GLASSES CAN BE MADE INTO FIBERS. EACH OFFERS ITS OWN SET OF PROPERTIES.ITS OWN SET OF PROPERTIES.

ADVANCED FIBRESADVANCED FIBRES:: THESE MATERIALS OFFER HIGH THESE MATERIALS OFFER HIGH STRENGTH AND HIGH STIFFNESS AT LOW WEIGHT. STRENGTH AND HIGH STIFFNESS AT LOW WEIGHT. BORON, SILICON, CARBIDE AND GRAPHITE FIBERS BORON, SILICON, CARBIDE AND GRAPHITE FIBERS ARE IN THIS CATEGORY. SO ARE THE ARE IN THIS CATEGORY. SO ARE THE ARAMIDSARAMIDS, A , A GROUP OF PLASTIC FIBERS OF THE POLYAMIDE GROUP OF PLASTIC FIBERS OF THE POLYAMIDE (NYLON) FAMILY.(NYLON) FAMILY.

FIBRE GLASSFIBRE GLASS FIBERGLASS PROPERTIES VARY SOMEWHAT FIBERGLASS PROPERTIES VARY SOMEWHAT

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF GLASS USED. HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF GLASS USED. HOWEVER, GLASS IN GENERAL HAS SEVERAL WELL–KNOWN GLASS IN GENERAL HAS SEVERAL WELL–KNOWN PROPERTIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ITS GREAT PROPERTIES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ITS GREAT USEFULNESS AS A REINFORCING AGENT:USEFULNESS AS A REINFORCING AGENT:

– TENSILE STRENGTHTENSILE STRENGTH– CHEMICAL RESISTANCECHEMICAL RESISTANCE– MOISTURE RESISTANCEMOISTURE RESISTANCE– THERMAL PROPERTIESTHERMAL PROPERTIES– ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF GLASSGLASS USED IN USED IN FIBERGLASS: FIBERGLASS:

– A–GLASSA–GLASS– C–GLASSC–GLASS– E–GLASSE–GLASS– S–GLASSS–GLASS

FIBRES – ARAMID, CARBONFIBRES – ARAMID, CARBON

ARAMID ARE HIGH PERFORMANCE REPLACEMENT FOR ARAMID ARE HIGH PERFORMANCE REPLACEMENT FOR GLASS FIBER. THESE ARE USED FOR ARMOR, GLASS FIBER. THESE ARE USED FOR ARMOR, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, INDUSTRIAL, SPORTING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, INDUSTRIAL, SPORTING GOODS.GOODS.

THIS MATERIAL HAS HIGHER STRENGTH AND ARE THIS MATERIAL HAS HIGHER STRENGTH AND ARE LIGHTER THAN GLASS AND ARE MORE DUCTILE THAN LIGHTER THAN GLASS AND ARE MORE DUCTILE THAN CARBON.CARBON.

CARBON IS THE 2ND MOST WIDELY USED FIBER. CARBON IS THE 2ND MOST WIDELY USED FIBER. EXAMPLES OF ITS USE ARE AEROSPACE, SPORTING EXAMPLES OF ITS USE ARE AEROSPACE, SPORTING GOODS.GOODS.

ADVANTAGES OF CARBON ARE HIGH STIFFNESS AND ADVANTAGES OF CARBON ARE HIGH STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH, LOW DENSITY, INTERMEDIATE COSTSTRENGTH, LOW DENSITY, INTERMEDIATE COST

OTHER FIBRE REINFORCEMENTSOTHER FIBRE REINFORCEMENTS

BORONBORON

– HIGH STIFFNESS, VERY HIGH COSTHIGH STIFFNESS, VERY HIGH COST– LARGE DIAMETER - 200 MICRONSLARGE DIAMETER - 200 MICRONS– GOOD COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHGOOD COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

POLYETHYLENE - TRADE NAME: SPECTRA FIBERPOLYETHYLENE - TRADE NAME: SPECTRA FIBER

– TEXTILE INDUSTRYTEXTILE INDUSTRY– HIGH STRENGTHHIGH STRENGTH– EXTREMELY LIGHT WEIGHTEXTREMELY LIGHT WEIGHT– LOW RANGE OF TEMPERATURE USAGELOW RANGE OF TEMPERATURE USAGE

OTHER FIBRE REINFORCEMENTSOTHER FIBRE REINFORCEMENTS

CERAMIC FIBERS CERAMIC FIBERS

– VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS (E.G. VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS (E.G. ENGINE COMPONENTS)ENGINE COMPONENTS)

– SILICON CARBIDE FIBER SILICON CARBIDE FIBER

– CERAMIC MATRIX SO TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE CERAMIC MATRIX SO TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE IS NOT COMPROMISEDIS NOT COMPROMISED

– INFREQUENT USEINFREQUENT USE

QUESTIONS AND QUERIESQUESTIONS AND QUERIES

IF ANY!IF ANY!

IF NOT THENIF NOT THEN

GOOD BYEGOOD BYE

NEXT LECTURE NEXT LECTURE

COATING AND HEAT TREATMENT COATING AND HEAT TREATMENT OF MATERIALSOF MATERIALS

ASSIGNMENT N0. 06ASSIGNMENT N0. 06

Q. NO. 01 – WHAT ARE POLYMERIC Q. NO. 01 – WHAT ARE POLYMERIC MATERIALS? DEFINE BRIEFLY DIFFERENT MATERIALS? DEFINE BRIEFLY DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYMERS ALONG WITH THEIR TYPES OF POLYMERS ALONG WITH THEIR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS.SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS.

Q. NO. 02 – DEFINE CERAMICS AND OUTLINE Q. NO. 02 – DEFINE CERAMICS AND OUTLINE THEIR DIFFERENT TYPES. ALSO SPECIFY THEIR THEIR DIFFERENT TYPES. ALSO SPECIFY THEIR APPLICATIONS.APPLICATIONS.

Q. NO. 03 – WHAT ARE MMC, CMC & PMC? Q. NO. 03 – WHAT ARE MMC, CMC & PMC? DEFINE AND EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEFINE AND EXPLAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS ALONG WITH THEIR COMPOSITE MATERIALS ALONG WITH THEIR APPLICATIONS.APPLICATIONS.