engineering specification - preem.se · pdf filees engineering specification doc. id status...

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ES ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION Doc. ID Status

ES16 - FIRE & SAFETY - ES16&PEC : 001 Approved

DETECTION, PREVENTION & PROTECTION Technical Specification Designed By Date Rev ision Date Changed Checked Approv ed Project

COMMON , Bo Karlsson 2016-11-10 0 2016-11-11 - ANGR1 MAHA2

ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION

ES16

Fire & Safety -

Detection, Prevention & Protection

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Index 1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................5

1.1 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................5

1.2 Application ......................................................................................................................................5

1.3 Safe location ....................................................................................................................................6

1.3.1 Vent to safe location ................................................................................................................6

1.3.2 Operation for emergency equipment at safe location (API521) ..............................................6

1.3.3 Fresh air to buildings or furnaces at safe location ...................................................................6

2 EMERGENCY ALARM, FIRE AND GAS DETECTION SYSTEMS ...............................................6

2.1 Buildings .........................................................................................................................................6

2.2 Process and offsite areas .................................................................................................................7

2.2.1 Site emergency alarm...............................................................................................................7

2.2.2 General: ....................................................................................................................................7

2.2.3 Fire detection system: ..............................................................................................................7

2.2.4 Flammable gas detection..........................................................................................................8

2.2.5 Toxic gas detection ..................................................................................................................8

2.2.6 Atmospheric Tanks ..................................................................................................................8

2.2.7 Pressurised Tanks.....................................................................................................................9

3 ISOLATION AND DEPRESSURING OF PROCESS EQUIPMENT .................................................9

3.1 Isolation of process vessels at emergencies – General....................................................................9

3.2 Emptying of liquid inventory ..........................................................................................................9

3.3 Depressuring of process vessels ......................................................................................................9

3.4 Isolation of vessels by Remote Operated Emergency Isolation Valves ........................................10

3.4.1 General: ..................................................................................................................................10

3.4.2 EIV on vessel not directly connected to a pump or compressor ............................................11

3.4.3 EIV on pump system..............................................................................................................11

3.4.4 EIV on compressor system ....................................................................................................12

3.5 Isolation for maintenance. .............................................................................................................12

4 FIRE WATER SYSTEM .....................................................................................................................12

4.1 General ..........................................................................................................................................12

4.1.1 Fire safety assessment ............................................................................................................12

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4.1.2 Material used for fire water systems above ground (pipes, monitors, spray systems): .........12

4.1.3 Fire water demand calculation ...............................................................................................13

4.1.4 Fire water supply, storage and pumping ................................................................................13

4.1.5 Fire water ring main (NFPA 24) ............................................................................................14

4.2 Fire hydrants (NFPA 24)..............................................................................................................15

4.3 Water spray systems (NFPA 15) ...................................................................................................15

4.4 Monitors (NFPA 24) .....................................................................................................................16

4.5 Portable extinguishers (NFPA 10 and EN 3) ................................................................................16

4.6 Steam lances ..................................................................................................................................17

4.7 Steam rings ....................................................................................................................................17

4.8 Dry risers .......................................................................................................................................17

5 FIRE PROTECTION OF SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT...........................................................................17

5.1 Buildings (BBR20, AFS 2009:2) ..................................................................................................17

5.2 LPG containing vessels (NFPA 15) ..............................................................................................17

5.3 Pumps (NFPA 15) .........................................................................................................................18

5.4 Compressors (NFPA 15) ...............................................................................................................18

5.5 Heaters (NFPA 86) ........................................................................................................................18

5.6 Tanks and bunds (NFPA 11 / EN 13565) .....................................................................................19

5.6.1 Tank bunds .............................................................................................................................19

5.7 Jetties .............................................................................................................................................19

5.7.1 Fire Water main (NFPA 24)...................................................................................................19

5.7.2 Fire Pumps (NFPA 20) ..........................................................................................................20

5.7.3 Fire Hydrants (NFPA 24 / 307) .............................................................................................20

5.7.4 Monitors – Master Streams (NFPA 24) .................................................................................20

6 PASSIVE PROTECTION - FIRE PROOFING ..................................................................................20

6.1 Steel structures ..............................................................................................................................20

6.2 Electrical-& instrument cables ......................................................................................................20

7 References ............................................................................................................................................20

8 REVISIONS.........................................................................................................................................21

9 Audit.....................................................................................................................................................21

10 Appendix 1 – Plant layout and spacing................................................................................................22

10.1 Application ................................................................................................................................22

10.2 Basic design intentions ..............................................................................................................22

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10.3 Overall Plant Layout ..................................................................................................................23

10.4 On site - Process Units...............................................................................................................24

10.4.1 Process hazards ......................................................................................................................25

10.4.2 Intra-Unit Spacing..................................................................................................................25

10.5 Offsite - Tank Farms..................................................................................................................26

10.5.1 Atmospheric Storage Tanks ...................................................................................................27

10.5.2 Pressurized and Refrigerated Storage Tanks Spheres and spheroids: ................................27

10.5.3 Drums and bullets: .................................................................................................................27

10.5.4 Refrigerated dome roof tanks:................................................................................................28

10.6 Utilities ......................................................................................................................................28

10.7 Control Rooms ...........................................................................................................................28

10.8 Services ......................................................................................................................................28

10.9 Loading and Unloading .............................................................................................................28

10.10 Table 1 - minimum inter-unit spacing .......................................................................................29

10.11 Table 2 – general recommendations for spacing aboveground storage tanks ...........................30

10.12 Table 3 - general recommendations for spacing aboveground storage tanks ............................31

10.13 Revision of plant layout and spacing .........................................................................................32

10.14 Audit of plant layout and spacing ..............................................................................................32

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1 GENERAL

1.1 Abbreviations

NFPA codes – National Fire Protection Agency

EN standards – European standards

RP&G – Recommended Practices and Guides

ES – Engineering specification

RP – Recommended Practice

BP – Best Practice

ALARP – As Low As Reasonably Practicable

API – American Petroleum Institute

ATEX – ATmosphères EXplosibles (2014/34/EU)

PPE – Personal Protective Equipment

LEL – Lower Explosive Limit

QRA – Quantitative Risk Assessment

HVAC – Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

GHAB – Göteborgs Hamn AB

LPG – Liquid Petroleum Gas

LOPC – Loss Of Primary Containment

EIV – Emergency Isolation Valve

DCS – distributed control system

GRP – Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic

BBR – Boverkets byggregler (Swedish legislation)

AFS – Arbetsmiljöverkets författningssamling (Swedish legislation)

1.2 Application

This NFPA Codes, EN Standards, Recommended Practices and Guides (latest revision)

shall be applied when installing new process units or new process equipment at Preemraff.

ES lists exceptions and clarifications of these standards and codes and specific

requirements that shall be applied for Preemraff. It also serves as a guideline for improving

safety at existing units as further defined in Preemraffs long-term plan.

When conflicting information’s in regulations, codes, standards, RP, BP and ES the most

strict demand shall be used.

When liquid volumes are mentioned it refers to normal operating level if not stated

otherwise. For distillation towers the volumes shall incorporate the liquid on distillation

trays above the draw-off tray/outlet pipe to the equipment in question.

For all paragraphs in this ES specification the following apply:

Proposed systems and solutions shall be discussed and final approved by Preemraff.

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If exceptions from this ES is required, exceptions is regulated in NO201 – Tekniska

specifikationer, if not specified in specific paragraph.

In cases where this standard use the word “shall” the equipment mentioned is compulsory.

Risks shall be reduced to ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) when applicable.

Note that general specifications is described in section 1-4. Section 5 describes specific

equipment and products. That means that section 5 shall always be studied and the highest

demand applies.

1.3 Safe location

There are three different types of safe location.

1.3.1 Vent to safe location

Outlet from compressor vent, other vents, relief valve or similar:

Shall be at a place where there are no ignition sources and not possible to expose personnel

for a fire exceeding 6.31 kW/m2. Outlet shall be included in ATEX classification

document, for more information see SA405 – Uppfyllande av ATEX-direktivet.

1.3.2 Operation for emergency equipment at safe location (API521)

Where “safe location” is mentioned it is to be seen as a place that not will be exposed to

thermal radiation levels over 4.73 kW/m2 according to fire safety assessment. If the

equipment is meant to be activate by fire responder with full PPE the maximum level shall

be 6.31 kW/m2.

1.3.3 Fresh air to buildings or furnaces at safe location

Fresh air intake to buildings and furnace shall be located above or otherwise outside ATEX

classified area (see also gas detection in fresh air intake in this document).

2 EMERGENCY ALARM, FIRE AND GAS DETECTION

SYSTEMS

2.1 Buildings

All buildings shall have fire detection systems connected to Preemraff fire detection

system and, when applicable, local evacuation alarms. For temporary buildings a risk

assessment can allow lower demands.

For normally unmanned rooms where critical instrument, electrical, battery and/or

computer equipment is situated high sensitive smoke detection shall be evaluated.

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If flammable/toxic/inert gas is handled or anticipated inside buildings a gas detection

system shall be installed (e.g. LEL/toxic/O2). System alarms shall be connected to and

integrated with the process control/alarm system for the process unit concerned and, when

applicable, local evacuation alarms.

In addition flammable and toxic (H2S) gas detectors shall be installed in the fresh air intake

of control room and electric / instrument substations air conditioning. The need for smoke

detectors shall also be evaluated. For other manned buildings flammable/toxic

(H2S)/smoke detectors shall be evaluated, the site QRA can be used as guidance.

Mechanical ventilation (HVAC or similar) shall automatically stop upon alarm.

2.2 Process and offsite areas

2.2.1 Site emergency alarm

An alarm system shall be installed which can be heard and/or visible throughout the risk

area (including manned buildings) in case of an emergency. For new units or modification

of existing units it must be evaluated if existing system is sufficient or extension of

existing system is required. The system shall be possible to activate from a manned control

room and in accordance to ES11-40 – Instrumentation and Control. Exception is harbor

areas with other responsible authority e.g. GHAB.

2.2.2 General:

Common for all systems described below is that, alarms shall be connected to the fire and

gas detection system. For details see ES 11-40 – Instrumentation and Control.

It shall also be possible to activate remote/automatic systems (e.g. deluge and/or

evacuation alarm) from activated alarm.

To be able to optimize the number analyzers/detectors and where to position them in site a

study over the area shall be performed in large projects and should be considered in all

other projects (preferably a software simulation program shall be used). The aim is to

detect a flammable or toxic gas cloud and a fire flame within acceptable limits.

The following can be used for guidance of required capability of the detector systems used:

Fire detections: A pool fire (N-heptane) with 100 kW radiant heat output.

Flammable gas: A cloud size (sphere) of 10 m in diameter.

Toxic gas (H2S): A cloud size (sphere) of 8 m in diameter.

2.2.3 Fire detection system:

Fire detection system shall be installed in field in the following areas:

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Hydrocarbon and hydrogen centrifugal compressors areas.

Pumps handling Hydrocarbons operating at temperature above auto ignition or

250o C.

Pumps handling LPG.

For other fire hazardous areas (e.g. heat exchangers, process heaters) or remote

pump stations (e.g. gasoline blender, cavern) fire detections shall be evaluated.

If indoors local fire alarms is applicable in the same way as for manned buildings,

the alarm shall be heard and/or visible from all locations.

Even less fire hazardous, but expensive equipment (e.g. single sophisticated

pumps) or pumps having serious consequence to plant operations, shall be

evaluated.

2.2.4 Flammable gas detection

Flammable gas detection system shall cover the process and offsite area where it is not

unlikely that a leakage of flammable gas can occur (e.g. vessels, heat exchangers, pumps

handling hydrocarbons at elevated temperature or pressure).

In addition flammable gas detection shall be installed in the following areas:

Hydrocarbon or hydrogen gas compressors areas.

Pumps handling LPG.

To achieve enough risk reduction it is often necessary to combine different types of gas

detectors (e.g. Line of Sight, point and sonic detectors).

2.2.5 Toxic gas detection

Toxic gas detection system shall be installed strategically in the process units, where the

toxic gas can be present.

Guideline regarding H2S detectors at potential leak points:

Process streams containing H2S in concentrations 100-1 000 ppm H2S detectors

shall be evaluated.

Process streams containing H2S in concentrations over 1 000 ppm H2S detectors

shall be installed.

2.2.6 Atmospheric Tanks

Open floating roof tanks shall have fire detection system in the seal area type Protectowire

or similar.

Tanks with internal floating roof shall have UV-fire detection system (or similar) in the

space between roofs.

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Tanks containing hydrocarbons with design storage temperature higher than 5°C below

flashpoint shall have flammable gas detection system in the tank bunds.

The need for fire detections in all tank bunds shall be evaluated.

2.2.7 Pressurised Tanks

Pressurised tanks to have fire and gas detection system covering tank equipment – e.g.

safety valves, tank connections and manway.

3 ISOLATION AND DEPRESSURING OF PROCESS

EQUIPMENT

3.1 Isolation of process vessels at emergencies – General

In case of leakage (LOPC) or other emergencies, it shall be possible to isolate, empty and

depressurise process vessels containing hydrocarbons. (Process vessels include towers,

reactors, heaters, heat exchangers etc.). The purpose is to minimise the leakage or to avoid

loss of containment. The process design of each individual process vessel shall take this

requirement into consideration. The resulting strategy and operating instructions shall be

documented as part of the operating manual.

Isolation can be done either for an individual piece of equipment or a system of several

items e.g. heat exchangers.

3.2 Emptying of liquid inventory

Emptying of liquid in process vessels must be possible by pumps or by the operating

pressure.

3.3 Depressuring of process vessels

Depressurisation can be initiated manually by the operator or automatically.

Events that may lead to severe consequences in a relatively short timeframe require remote

high rate emergency depressuring. Examples on applications: LPG vessels above 4 m3

liquid volume, large volumes of flammable gas and high pressure and also reactor circuits

with possible runaway reactions.

High rate emergency depressuring typically meets the following criteria: depressure the

equipment to 7 barg or 50 % of design pressure, whichever is lower, within 15 min.

Alternative high rate emergency depressuring criteria (more stringent or more liberal) shall

be supported by analysis. The above criteria do not imply that the depressuring stops after

15 min.

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Special considerations to prevent spurious trips are required. The depressuring system shall

be operable during fire conditions.

3.4 Isolation of vessels by Remote Operated Emergency

Isolation Valves

3.4.1 General:

All EIV valves shall be equipped to allow full or partial stroke test during operation.

Systems containing particles or high viscous material (increased risk for valve not able to

give a tight shut off) systems allowing full stroke test is preferred.

If a vessel not falls within the limits below evaluations shall be done to verify if the

volume in systems upstream the vessel (e.g. pipe, exchangers, distillation tower) can be

considered to be large enough to justify an EIV.

All EIV shall have three ways of controlling the EIV. One local, one at “safe location” and

one in the DCS system.

Maneuver points at ”safe location” shall preferably be grouped together.

If a system is exposed to unusually many planned changes in pressure and/or temperature

(compared to normal operation which means operating for 1-6 years without any major

changes) or systems where process flanges are opened (e.g. filters, dryers or other systems

which is operated/changed on a regular bases) special attentions can be needed. These

systems can in some cases be seen as hazardous enough to have an EIV even if the volume

or material criteria below are not met.

Where the text below calls for evaluation of an EIV the hazop meeting report shall have a

note clearly stating the recommendation from the hazop team regarding EIV or not.

If the hazop meeting comes to the conclusion that a system (that falls within the criteria

below) don`t need an EIV this shall be clearly noted in the hazop report with an

explanation of the facts that the group based its decision on. The decision should be

confirmed by Preemraff.

For fired heaters se also ES 09.

Normally EIV shall have a fail close action. If there is a need for other fail action this shall

be verified by the hazop team and clearly noted in the hazop protocol.

If the hazop meeting comes to the conclusion that the EIV is expected to be operable

during a fire scenario (and not direct go to a fail-safe position) EIV and power (electric and

air) supply shall be fire proofed.

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If the EIV is positioned in locations where high thermal radiations are expected during a

fire scenario the valve shall be fire safe.

3.4.2 EIV on vessel not directly connected to a pump or compressor

EIV shall be provided on process vessel with a liquid volume of 25 m3 or more handling:

LPG (or lighter)

Liquid at temperature above auto ignition temperature or above 250oC

Hydrocarbons handled at temperature above flash point and operating system

pressure above 17 barg.

Systems handling acute toxic material (e.g. H2S, see also 2.2.5) shall be evaluated if EIV

shall be used regardless of the volume.

If there is a remote operated control valve in the above systems which is positioned in a

suitable place the hazop meeting shall decide if it can be used instead of an EIV. If so, this

shall be clearly noted in the hazop protocol.

3.4.3 EIV on pump system


LPG (or lighter)

Liquid at temperature above auto ignition temperature or above 250oC


Hydrocarbons handled at temperature above flash point and operating system

pressure above 17 barg.




Other hydrocarbon (than mentioned above)

EIV (as mentioned above) shall always be on suction side of the pump. Normally the EIV

is positioned as close to the suction vessel as possible.

On pump systems (if there are two or more pumps) handling liquid containing particles or

have a high viscosity (increased risk for valve not able to give a tight shut off), evaluation

shall be done if the EIV shall be placed on the separate suction line to each pump to be

able to do a full stroke test on the EIV.

If there are filters on the suction side of the pump evaluation shall be done to verify if the

EIV should be placed upstream filters.

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The discharge side of the pump shall always have checkvalve/s.

If the pumped liquid contains particles or have a high viscosity (increased risk for valve

not able to give a tight shut off), evaluation shall be done if the system shall have an EIV.

This will be of special interest if the delta pressure over the pump (when stopped) is high.

3.4.4 EIV on compressor system

The discharge side of the compressor shall always have checkvalve/s.

On all centrifugal compressor system handling flammable hydrocarbon or hydrogen rich

gases evaluations shall be made if EIV shall be installed on the suction and discharge side

of the compressor.



3.5 Isolation for maintenance.

For details regarding valves and blinds in process equipment, see ES 08.

4 FIRE WATER SYSTEM

4.1 General

4.1.1 Fire safety assessment

Definition of a fire area:

Fire area is normally a process unit (or parts of it) including minimum 15 m of open area to

the closest process equipment of the adjacent areas. Used for dimensioning of passive fire

protection, for more information see ES19.

Pool fire area:

Pool fire area at Preemraff normally defined as 250 m2 (sources mention areas between

232 m2, 2 500 sqft, and 300 m2). Used for relief valve calculations, flare calculation and

water sprinkler systems.

4.1.2 Material used for fire water systems above ground (pipes,

monitors, spray systems):

Firewater pipelines likely to handle salt water the preferred material is glass-fiber

reinforced plastic (GRP). Hot dipped galvanized steel could be an alternative.

Firewater pipelines unlikely to handle salt water (process areas – normally connected to

permanent sprinkler or monitor) the preferred material is hot dipped galvanized steel or

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stainless steel (316L or better). Where risk of clogging equipment (e.g. spray nozzle) a

strainer shall be mounted and it shall withstand full system differential pressure.

Spray system nozzle to be stainless steel (316L or better) or brass.

Spray system and monitors shall be possible to flush, test and drain in a proper way.

4.1.3 Fire water demand calculation

As a base for requirement of active fire protection systems there shall be a fire safety

assessment based on a 50 mm circular hole in equipment. The quantity of water required

for control and extinguish one major fire shall be based on the largest credible fire scenario

occurring through the Process, Storage and Jetty areas. Normally only one fire scenario at

a time shall be considered. Fire safety assessment shall consider to include more than one

simultaneously fire case for large expansions with project costs exceeding 300 MSEK.

4.1.4 Fire water supply, storage and pumping

Fire water shall be stored in a dedicated water storage tank for firefighting purposes.

The level in the tank shall always be high enough to give a minimum of two hour at

maximum flow rate without any refilling.

The position of the tank shall be minimum 50 m away from fire area.

To be able to do maintenance on the fire water tank alternative supply to fire water mains

shall be available.

The main fire water pumps shall be able to pump the maximum flow (as stated above).

A minimum of one standby pump shall be available (with the same capacity, or higher, as

the highest capacity main pump)

One of the main pumps shall be driven by an electric motor while the other ones of the

main pumps and stand by pump shall be diesel driven. Another alternative is that the

standby diesel can handle the maximum case if all main pumps are electric. (When diesel

driven pumps are used there shall be a system for fire detection and fire extinguishing for

these pump system).

Fire water pumps shall be installed in a location which is considered to be safe from the

effects of fire and clouds of flammable vapor, and from collision damage by vehicles. The

pumps should be located as close as possible to the fire water storage or alternative water

source.

The fire water pumps rated pressure shall be based on a minimum pressure of 10 barg at

the most remote end of fire main with the highest water flow demand. If the required pump

capacity exceeds 1 000 m3/h, two or more smaller pumps shall be installed.

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One out of suggested alternatives below shall be used as a minimum:

Electric 1 Electric 2 Diesel 1 Diesel 2

Alternative 1 100% 100% 100%

Alternative 2 60% 60% 60% 60%

Alternative 3 60% 60% 100%

Two fire water jockey pumps, electric motor driven, one in normal operation one in stand-

by, shall be provided to keep system pressure against leakage and allow automatic starting

of fire water pumps in sequence in case of fire water demand higher than the normal

pumps capacity.

Alternatives to jockey pump is controlled/regulated main pumps in normal operation. The

jockey/main in normal operation shall have typical capacity to compensate for leakage plus

plant service water specified by Preemraff. The pumps shall maintain a minimum pressure

of 3-4 barg in the fire water distribution system.

The pumps and accessories shall be designed according to NFPA 20 requirements.

4.1.5 Fire water ring main (NFPA 24)

Firewater ring main shall be a 12” (minimum) underground system. Laterals normally also

shall be 12”, smaller size can be accepted depending of number of hydrants and/or

sprinkling systems connected.

The main ring shall be designed in order to have a minimum pressure of 10 barg at all

areas and at farthest outlet point under the fire water demand required by the relevant fire

scenario, with the maximum flow velocity in the system not exceeding specifications in

ES08. A surge analysis of the firewater distribution system shall be performed and, where

required, surge protection devices shall be provided.

The fire water piping shall be installed as a "looped" system, with strategically located,

isolation valves. Isolation valves to be full bore valves and it shall be possible to verify

valve position (open or closed).

The installation of these valves is based on the following criteria:

When fire water pipes serving hydrants, monitors, or wall hose reels are taken out of

service for maintenance alternative ways to supply water by hoses shall be available. Hose

length shall not be more than 100 m.

The remaining part of the local fire water ring shall be able to supply design flow rates at

the design pressure at all times.

No more than 4 equipment of hydrants and monitors shall be out of service at any time as a

result of maintenance on the firewater mains.

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The fire water piping on minimum two sides of process units shall remain in service at all

times.

4.2 Fire hydrants (NFPA 24)

Fire hydrants shall be constructed in accordance to Std HB 1002-49 BP01 in process area

and BP03 in off plot areas (deviations to be approved by Preemraff) and connected to

firemain or lateral headers in accordance to Std HB 1002-48 (LYR) or Std HB xxxx-xx

(GOR).

Where water spray protection of process equipment from fire hydrant is needed (according

to the fire safety assessment) water monitor shall be fitted.

If foam protection of process equipment from fire hydrant is needed (according to the fire

safety assessment), appropriate foam monitor system shall be fitted.

Fire hydrants shall be located along roadside maximum 50 meters apart on site and some

parts of off-site (e.g. LPG storage, jettys, pump stations, blending stations). For the rest of

offsite 100 m shall apply. For occupied buildings BBR applies.

In the offsite area (mainly around tanks) provision of big hydrants shall be evaluated.

These are to be used in connection with a major tank fire for cooling and extinguishing

purpose.

Hydrants shall be readily accessible from roads and be located in such a way that possible

damage by road traffic will be minimised. They shall be provided with a guard post. The

location should not be less than 1.5 m from the curb of the road, and at least 10 m from

road crossings, sharp road curves, and buildings or other structures. Each hydrant shall be

provided with a hard-paved grade or grating.

All hydrants in and around a process plant shall be of the type suitable to mount stationary

monitors, see standard drawing. This shall also be considered for other specific locations

as directed by the fire safety assessment.

4.3 Water spray systems (NFPA 15)

All process equipment (e.g. vessel, towers, pumps, pipes) that not can be sufficiently

protected by a permanent water monitor shall be evaluated if there are needs for a

permanent water spray system up to a height of 11 m above ground (or 11 m above any

platforms that can contain a poolfire). For passive fire protection on process equipment and

supporting structures, see ES19.

Water spray systems shall be in accordance to Std HB 1002-47.

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Systems shall be possible to operate from three separate places: Manually at valve pit,

local remote control at safe location and in DCS system. System to be “fail open” in case

of malfunction of air or electrical signals to the system.

As general rule equipment likely to be exposed to a heat radiation level between 12 kW/m2

and 32 kW/m2 can be covered by permanent monitors or mobile monitors. Heat radiation

level above 32 kW/m2 normally will need a permanent water spray system to be effective.

Design fire water rates for general cooling of structure and pipe racks are to be a minimum

of 2 l/m2/min. If process equipment (e.g. vessels, towers) are effected the minimum rate

will be 10 l/m2/min. If the fire safety assessment gives higher rates that will apply.

4.4 Monitors (NFPA 24)

Water monitors shall have a capacity of minimum 1 900 litres /min at 7 barg.

Foam and/or water monitors either shall be detachable or firmly mounted monitors.

For detailed information se Std HB 1002-49 sheet 2.

Where monitors at grade (on top of hydrants) can`t sufficiently cover the fire area, elevated

monitors or monitors inside process areas at optimized positions shall be evaluated. The

aim for critical equipment is two separate monitors to cover the equipment.

The elevated monitors shall be possible to control (elevation, rotation and nozzle setting) at

elevated position. Feed valve to the elevated monitor shall be operable from grade (at

hydrant, at safe location and from control room) and pipe to monitor shall be able to drain

free of water after use or test.

Design fire water rates for general cooling of structure and pipe racks are to be a minimum

of 2 l/m2/min. If process equipment (e.g. vessels, towers) are effected the minimum rate

will be 10 l/m2/min. If the fire safety assessment gives higher flowrates those will apply.

For all monitors an assessment to be done if foam injection, non-aspirating, shall be

possible, this also applies for truck/rail loading stations.

4.5 Portable extinguishers (NFPA 10 and EN 3)

Portable extinguishers type 233 BC (hydrocarbon fire) shall be positioned close to

equipment where risk for fire exists, 12 kg to be selected (exceptions to be approved by

Preem). Generally a maximum distance between extinguishers shall not exceed 25 meters.

For visibility and ease of handling preferred location is alongside foundation of pipe rack

superstructures. On elevated structures extinguisher shall be positioned at entrance/ leaving

points (eg. at stairs). Signs indicating extinguisher position and extinguisher shall be

weather protected.

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Larger portable pressurized (e.g.50 kg powder) extinguishers with a minimum hose length

of 5 meters and having similar efficiency of the powder as type mentioned above, shall be

positioned in the centre line of a process finger. Distance between extinguishers depends

upon risk present and does normally not exceed 50 meters. Signs indicating extinguisher

position and extinguisher shall be weather protected.

4.6 Steam lances

Steam lances are used for extinguishing fires as well as preventing fires to occur. To feed

steam lances utility stations according to Preemraff ES-08 shall be arranged on site.

4.7 Steam rings

Heavy flanges in high-pressure/high-temperature service (e.g. reactors, heat exchangers)

shall be evaluated for installation of fixed steam rings.

Systems containing hydrogen with a flange size 6” and larger shall be specially checked.

Supply of steam shall be arranged by a stationary installation.

Operation of shut off valves for steam rings shall be local from a safe distance (minimum

15 m away) or calculated safe location.

4.8 Dry risers

Dry risers are not a part of firefighting systems. They are primarily used for maintenance

activities but can be used supplying firewater for protection during hot work. Dry risers

shall be installed on superstructures with higher elevation than 8 meters. Typical

arrangement of dry riser is shown in dwg. HC-25195/0-Z08 sheet 001.

5 FIRE PROTECTION OF SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT

5.1 Buildings (BBR20, AFS 2009:2)

Fire extinguishing equipment and escape philosofy shall follow regulations in BBR and

AFS.

Computer/instrumental and switchgear/electrical rooms shall be evaluated for automatic

extinguishing system, e.g. CO2, Argonite or water.

5.2 LPG containing vessels (NFPA 15)

LPG vessels (within fire areas) with a normal operating volume exceeding 4 m3 shall be

protected either by fixed water spray system or by passive fire protection.

Typical service include storage vessels, feed surge drums, overhead drums, and similar.

18 (32)





Water spray capacity shall be not less than 10 l/min/m2 of vessel surface.

The system shall be connected to underground fire water mains in accordance to Preemraff

STD HB-1002.47.




5.3 Pumps (NFPA 15)

Pumps handling LPG (or lighter) shall have permanent water spray system.

Pump handling product above auto ignition temperature or operating temperature above

250oC shall have a permanent water spray system.




A maximum of four pumps to be protected by a single spray system. Water spray capacity

shall be minimum 20 l/min/m2.

For pumps an assessment to be done if foam injection, non-aspirating, shall be possible.

When foam installed the system shall be designed for at least 15 minutes operation.

5.4 Compressors (NFPA 15)

Centrifugal compressors handling hydrocarbon and hydrogen rich gas shall have a fixed

water spray system.




If the compressor have a separate seal and lube oil system it will be evaluated if water

spray system shall incorporate that equipment as well.

Water spray density shall be minimum 20 l/min/m2.

5.5 Heaters (NFPA 86)

Demands on snuffing steam is described in ES09 – Fired heaters.

If heaters use fuel oil for firing, medium foam pouring systems on ground in the burner

area shall be evaluated.

19 (32)





General protection of a heater area shall be by means of fixed foam or water monitors

depending upon heater media.

5.6 Tanks and bunds (NFPA 11 / EN 13565)

When differences in the standards above the strictest value applies. When tank is nitrogen

blanketed all notes below can be challenged.

Semifixed extinguishing foam systems shall be installed on all tanks and be designed to

extinguish full tank fire. The fixed piping installation for such systems shall be grouped

together to a common connecting point for tanks in the group or existing tank installations.

The connection point shall be at safe location in case of a tank fire. For floating roof and

tanks with high viscosity and/or temperature foam injection at top shall be installed also

consult EN13565/NFPA11 for type of extinguishing system.

To be able to cool adjacent tanks during a tank fire an adequate cooling system shall be

readily available.

It can be by fixed or portable monitors or permanent fixed water spray system.

Special care should be taken if tank spacing is closer than recommended in applicable

codes.

In general 2 l/min/m2 are required for cooling of the adjacent tank, 40% of tank roof and

25% of tank mantle.

5.6.1 Tank bunds

The water mains round tank bunds shall be designed to supply sufficient amount of water

for extinguish the fire. The hydrants in this area shall be of sufficient number to give the

amount of water needed and shall be positioned in a way that they can be used in case of

fire.

Except above paragraphs no fixed foam or water spray system are installed for tank bunds.

The equipment for extinguishing the fire can be mobile or permanent units.

5.7 Jetties

5.7.1 Fire Water main (NFPA 24)

Firewater main supply line shall be 12” (minimum) traced and insulated where installed

aboveground.

The main supply line shall be designed in order to have a minimum pressure of 10 barg at

all areas and at farthest outlet point under the fire water demand required by the relevant

fire scenario, with the maximum flow velocity in the system not exceeding specifications

20 (32)





in ES08. A surge analysis of the firewater distribution system shall be performed and,

where required, surge protection devices shall be provided. The firewater system shall be

filled with water during normal operation (standby).

Connection point to firewater main supply for each jetty from tug shall be supplied in

accordance to Preemraff specifications.

5.7.2 Fire Pumps (NFPA 20)

Fire pumps, one in normal operating and one in standby, each one to have pressure and

capacity to serve fire-extinguishing equipment installed on a jetty / jetty deck. A third

backup system (pump or from process) is required, for more information see section 4.1.4.

The main fire water pump shall be able to pump the maximum flow (as stated in 4.1.3).

5.7.3 Fire Hydrants (NFPA 24 / 307)

Fire hydrants shall be constructed in accordance to Std HB 1002-49 BP03 and supplied

with main valve and drain valve upstream the hydrant. Two hydrants shall be installed on

each jetty deck, see also 4.2.

5.7.4 Monitors – Master Streams (NFPA 24)

Each jetty deck shall be covered by minimum two monitors mounted on jetty deck or on

separate towers. All parts of the jetty deck and all equipment shall be protected by at least

one monitor, fire study shall verify if vessel (or part of vessel) also shall be protected by

Preemraff system. Monitors shall be electric remote controlled foam/ water monitors with

a minimum capacity of 3 000 l/min each, fire study shall determine number, capacity, type

and position, see also 4.1.3. Remote control system to be approved by Preemraff.

Each monitor shall have a fire protection to be able to operate when engulfed in fire, this in

accordance with ES19, ES11 and ES12. Remote locations and loading arms can be

covered with fixed sprinkler system instead of monitor coverage.

6 PASSIVE PROTECTION - FIRE PROOFING

6.1 Steel structures

For reference, see ES-19, Fire proofing.

6.2 Electrical-& instrument cables

See ES 11 and ES 12.

7 References

BBR20

21 (32)





AFS 2009:2

API 521

NFPA 10, 11, 15, 20, 24, 86, 307

ES 08, 09, 11, 11-40, 12, 19

EN 13565

EN 3

8 REVISIONS

2014-12-17 Major revision in areas of concern for VGO project.

2016-06-30 Major revision to include all Preemraff. Jonas Åvall, Bo Karlsson, Ann-Louise

Kittendorff, Lars Hansson.

9 Audit

Date Position Name

2016-06-30 Safety Specialist GOR

Safety Specialist GOR/LYR

Fire and Rescue

Manager SHM

Manager Safety

Manager Projects GOR

Manager Projects Electrical & Instrumenta-

tion LYR

Manager Projects Mechanical LYR

Jonas Åvall

Ann-Louise Kittendorff

Lars Hansson

Malin Hallin

Anna Grunewald-Thoor

Thomas Liljeroth

Andreas Wising

John Erkselius

22 (32)





10 Appendix 1 – Plant layout and spacing

10.1 Application

The specifications and general design intentions shall be applied for all new equipment’s and units installed in all Preemraffs facilities.

When the design intentions or separation safety distances cannot be applied due to restrictions in existing or new units alternative equally effective safety measures shall be used (e.g. fire proofing, waterspray or blast hardening).

All deviations from this document and the final design shall be approved by Preemraff. The information’s and specifications in this document is mainly based on international guidelines.

The main info in the document and tables comes from GAPS guideline 2.5.2 (Global Asset Protection Services), and for areas not covered by GAP information,information from PIP (Process Industries Practices) and CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety) has been used. In some

cases Swedish regulation SÄIFS 2000:2 has been used. Many of these guidelines use other “non metric values” and the conversion to metric has mainly been made without rounding the values.

The main intent of the information and specifications are to minimize the risk and consequence of explosions and fire.

By applying this recommendation and the spacing and separation distances the following benefits will be achieved: Less explosion damage. Overpressure created by an explosion decrease rapidly as the distance

from the center of the explosion increases. Less fire exposure. Radiation intensity from a fire decreases as the square of the separation distance.

Higher dilution of gas clouds or plumes. Gas concentration decreases as the distance from the emission source increases. Easier access to equipment for maintenance, inspection and firefighting purposes.

Easier spill and spill fire control in open areas. Lower concentration of values, resulting in a lower property damage loss estimates should a given incident occur.

In addition to this document there are other Preemraff Engineering standards that give detailed

information of accessibility for e.g. work environment, operation and maintenance.

10.2 Basic design intentions

The following areas / statements of possible concerns shall be addressed when determining the

layout and the separation required. A risk identification (Preemraff and design contractor), using the list below as a minimum, shall be made to compare the planed unit/equipment to a general unit. If any of the areas / statements below raise concerns of a higher risk than for general units the

minimum separations recommendations mentioned in this document might need to be increased :

High hazard operations and units

Grouped operations

Critical operations

Number of personnel at risk

Potential environmental damage

Concentration of property and business interruption values

Importance of facility for continuing operations

Equipment replacement and installation time

Interdependency of facilities

Critical customer or supplier relationships and market share concerns

Fire and explosion exposures

Sources of ignition

23 (32)





Corrosive or incompatible materials exposures

Vapor cloud explosions - Where large amounts of flammable vapors could be released and a vapor cloud explosion could occur, perform a more detailed hazard analysis and evaluation. If deemed necessary increase the separation distance or design unit and

equipment for high loads.

Potential to damage of building components and outdoor equipment

Maintenance and emergency accessibility

Drainage and grade sloping of surrounding land

Climatic data with particular attention to prevailing wind directions. •

Future expansions

External exposures including other plants, pipelines and transportation (rail, motor vehicle, aircraft, ship)

10.3 Overall Plant Layout

Once a site has been selected,(sometimes with restrictions from actual landscape or other

restrictions) arrange layout and spacing to reduce the effect of as many as possible of the following controllable and uncontrollable factors that contribute to the risk:

site slope

climate, exposure to natural hazards, wind direction and force

type of process and process design parameters

process equipment design (e.g flammable liquid holdups)

ignition sources ( e.g. fired heaters, boilers, flare stacks , or other equipment which may cause ignition) with acceptable separation distance upwind of potential vapor leaks or locating the tank farm downhill of essential units

active and passive fire protection design (e.g. fire and safety equipment should be located to maximize accessibility and minimize exposure to fires, explosions, or releases)

spill control and proper drainage and separation to control spills and fire spread. E.g. ensuring that flammable vapour generated from one facility will diffuse to a concentration well below the lower explosive level (LEL) before it reaches any other facility or area where source of ignition may exist

acceptable thermal radiation levels for pool fires or hydrocarbon fires on adjacent equipment and occupied areas

accessibility for normal and foreseeable operations and maintenance activities (e.g lifting

operation, vehicle access)

safe access for firefighting personnel and emergency shutdown activities

safe means of egress for personnel evacuation in the event of an emergency

acceptable separations to site boundary and public areas

acceptable separations to essential facilities such as fire water, control rooms, emergency power supplies, occupied buildings

control logic and automation

unloading facilities

spare parts supply

spare production capacity

Use a hazard assessment of each plant operation (the same list as in paragraph 2 can be used) to

help establish the layout or orientation of blocks or unit battery limits within the plant. Review the possible loss events and the consequences for each proposal. Select a layout which will minimize the overall risk and consequence for personnel, environment, property damage and related

business interruption should an incident occur. Subdivide the overall site into general areas dedicated to process units, utilities, services and

offices.

24 (32)





Since each area or unit block generally has a rectangular shape, keep the maximum unit size to 90 x 180 m for firefighting purposes.

Provide access roadways between blocks to allow each section of the plant to be accessible from at least two directions. Size road widths and clearances to handle large moving equipment and

emergency vehicles or to a minimum of 8.5 m, whichever is greater.

Table 1 provides minimum inter-unit spacing, which should be increased where a hazard analysis shows that larger separation distances are required. Unfavorable conditions, such as inadequate sloping, poor drainage and critical operations, can

increase the exposure between units, thus requiring higher separation distances. All distances between units are measured from battery limits. Battery limits as defined for this document is imaginary lines surrounding a unit. This line is

typically box shaped and encloses equipment required for the operation of the unit. Cooling towers, maintenance buildings or other structures not integral to the unit are considered to be independent and should not be included in the battery limits.

Figure 1 illustrates a good layout based on the prevailing wind

10.4 On site - Process Units

The processing units are generally the most hazardous operations in a plant.

25 (32)





Often, fire protection spacing requirements will exceed maintenance accessibility requirements. The relative location of equipment depends on its probable release of flammable materials, its flammable liquid holdup, and its potential to be a source of ignition. The risk of domino effect loss is

not neglectiblewithin process units and shall be held to a minimum by applying these recommendations. . NFPA 30 defines flammable liquids as Class I materials, and combustible liquids as Class II and III

materials. The classification depends on the flash point and boiling point of the product. For separation process equipment see table 1.

10.4.1 Process hazards

Evaluate the process hazards and, depending on the results of such review, classify them in

moderate, intermediate, and high hazard groups (the classification is used in some of the separation tables below)

Moderate - This category includes processes, operations, or materials having a limited explosion hazard and a moderate fire hazard. This class generally involves endothermic

reactions and nonreactive operations, such as distillation, absorption, mixing and blending of flammable liquids. Exothermic reactions with no flammable liquids or gases also fit in this hazard group.

Example for refineries : Crude distillation, Visbreaking

Intermediate - This category includes processes, operations, or materials having an appreciable explosion hazard and a moderate fire hazard. This class generally involves

mildly exothermic reactions. Example for refineries : Alkylation, Hydrogenation, Reforming

High - This category includes processes, operations, or materials having a high explosion

hazard and moderate to heavy fire hazard. This class involves highly exothermic or potential runaway reactions and high hazard products handling. : Example for refineries :Hydrocracking

Hazard Classification of pumps High hazard pumps:

AIT pumps - Actual AIT or over 250 °C

Handle flammable and combustible liquids and operate at pressures above 35 bar

LPG and lighter Intermediate hazard pumps:

All other pumps handling flammable or combustible liquids.

10.4.2 Intra-Unit Spacing

For proper intra-unit layout, include the following principles:

Do not group pumps and compressors handling flammable products in one single area

And do not locate them under piperacks, air cooled heat exchangers and vessels

Orient pump and driver axes perpendicular to piperacks or other equipment to minimize fire exposure in case of a pump seal failure

Separate high-pressure charge pumps from any other major process equipment and other pumps by at least 7.5 m

Compressors (flammable gas) - To avoid unnecessary exposure, do not locate lube oil tanks and pumps directly under any compressor.

Detach heaters and furnaces from the unit or at least locate them at one corner of the unit .

(e.g. locate continuous ignition sources upwind of the process units )

If increased spacing for very high hazard equipment susceptible to explosions, such as reactors is deemed necessary but not practically possible, - separate them from other areas by blast resistant walls.

26 (32)





Keep flammable and combustible liquid products storage to a minimum within the process unit boundaries.

Install drums, accumulators or similar vessels with flammable liquid holdups at grade, if possible.

The preferred layout of a process unit is a piperack located in the center of the unit with large vessels and reactors located outwards of the central piperack. Place pumps at the outer limits of the process area.

Limit the stacking of equipment in process structures to equipment with no fire potential. Slope the ground surface so that liquids drain away from the center of the unit. Do not put drainage trenches under piperacks. Put cables in the ground or at trays in the top tier of

the piperacks.

10.5 Offsite - Tank Farms

For minimum spacing between tank farms and other unit see table 2.

See table 3 for general recommendations for spacing aboveground storage tanks in the oil and chemical industry. The spacing is given as a distance from tank shell to tank shell and is a function of the largest tank diameter.

If some adverse conditions cannot be avoided, such as poor fire protection water supply, difficult firefighting, poor accessibility, poor diking or poor drainage, increase the spacing by at least 50%.

For proper offsite layout, include the following principles:

Provide tanks with proper dikes / tank bunds or drainage to a remote impounding facility. Storage dike / tank bund areas or remote impounding’s shall be sized to contain minimum

100% for a single tank and for a group of tanks minimum 75 % of the total volume. To these volumes an extra capacity shall be added to be able to contain the calculated amount of fire water and foam used in case of fire.

The sloping inside the dikes / tank bunds or to remote impounding facility shall be of minimum 1 % and take the spill away from the tanks. (Refer to NFPA codes for additional requirements)

Do not group or dike /bund different types of tanks and contents (class I-III) together.

Locate storage tanks at a lower elevation than other occupancies to prevent liquids or gases from flowing toward equipment or buildings and exposing them. Locate tanks

downwind of other areas.

Arrange atmospheric storage tanks and pressure vessels in rows not more than two deep

and adjacent to a road or accessway for adequate firefighting accessibility. Arrangement of storage tanks shall allow for firefighting from at least two sides.

Since piping exposed to ground fires usually fails within 10 or 15 min of initial exposure, locate an absolute minimum amount of piping, valves and flanges within dikes / bunds. Install pumps, valve manifolds, and transfer piping outside dikes / bunds or impounding areas.

Where tanks over 80,000 m3 are present, increase minimum distances to 300 m spacing between them.

Space tanks so the thermal radiation intensity from an exposing fire is too low to ignite the

contents of the adjacent tanks. Tolerances of tanks to thermal radiation can be increased by:

- Painting vessels a reflective color (generally white or silver).

-Providing a fixed water spray or tank shell cooling system.

-Insulating or fireproofing the tank shell.

27 (32)





10.5.1 Atmospheric Storage Tanks

Classify internal floating roof tanks as floating roof tanks when pontoon internal floaters are provided. When plastic, aluminum or a steel pan are used in the construction of the internal floater,

classify the tank as a cone roof tank for spacing purposes.

Floating roof tanks:

Store crude oil and flammable liquids (Class I) in floating roof or internal floating roof tanks.

Arrange floating roof tanks in excess of 47,700 m3 in a single row.

If multiple rows are necessary, space tanks farther than one diameter apart.

Cone roof tanks: Combustible liquids (Class II and III) may be stored in cone roof tanks with the following limitations

or exceptions:

Cone roof tanks in excess of 47,700 m3 present an unacceptable amount of potentially explosive vapor space, even if storing heavy oils. In such cases, use only floating roof tanks.

Do not store liquids with boil over characteristics in cone roof tanks larger than 45.8 m in diameter, unless an inerting system is provided.

Avoid storage of flammable liquids (Class I) in cone roof tanks. If cone roof tanks are used

for flammable liquids storage, restrict the tank size to less than 23,850 m3 provide an inert gas blanket, and increase the spacing.

Space cone roof tanks storing Class IIB liquids, operating at ambient temperatures, as “floating and cone roof tanks smaller than 480 m3.”

Increase separation of cone roof tanks in excess of 1590 m3 containing combustible liquids stored at a temperature higher than 93°C.

10.5.2 Pressurized and Refrigerated Storage Tanks Spheres and

spheroids:

Provide spacing between groups of vessels of at least 30 m or the largest tank diameter.

Limit each tank group to a maximum of six vessels.

See Table 3 for the minimum spacing between vessels.

LPG storage vessels shall not be in diked /bunded areas.

The LPG storage area shall be paved and with a slope of 1:100. The slope should be away from any valve manifold or other working area if possible.

10.5.3 Drums and bullets:

Limit horizontal pressurized storage vessels to not more than six vessels or 1136 m3 combined capacity in any one group.

Provide at least 30 m or the largest tank diameter between groups.

Align vessels so that their ends are not pointed toward process areas or other storage areas, as these vessels tend to rocket if they fail during a fire.

Avoid multiple row configurations.

Do not locate pressurized storage vessels above each other.

28 (32)





10.5.4 Refrigerated dome roof tanks:

Provide spacing between groups of vessels of at least 30 m or the largest tank diameter.

Limit each tank group to a maximum of six vessels.

Provide greater spacing if exposed combustible insulation is used on the tanks.

10.6 Utilities

Locate central services, such as cooling towers, boilers, power stations and electrical substations, away from hazardous areas so they will not be affected by a fire or explosion

within the plant nor be a source of ignition for any potential flammable liquid or gas release.

Maintain adequate separation between different utility services because utility losses could

then lead to unsafe conditions in other plant units, possibly creating fires or explosions. Increase the reliability of the utilities by keeping adequate spacing between boilers or generators.

Properly pressurize or separate electrical substations and motor control centers. Locate substations away from hazardous areas to increase the reliability of the power supplies should a loss occur. Bury electrical distribution cables to limit their exposure to explosions,

fires, storms and vehicles, and to ease firefighting accessibility.

10.7 Control Rooms

Locate and construct control rooms, motor control centers, and other essential facilities to allow operators to safely shut down units under emergency conditions. Locate the control

building where it will not be exposed by fires or explosions. If separation is not feasible, design the building to withstand potential explosion overpressure.

Where control rooms are exposed to fires or blast overpressures, locate the emergency loss control coordination center in a safe area.

Consider unmanned satellite computer rooms, terminal rooms and I/O rack rooms equivalent to motor control centers for the purpose of this guideline.

10.8 Services

Keep warehouses, laboratories, shops, fire brigade stations and offices away from process areas. Welding equipment, cars and trucks as well as large numbers of people can become “uncontrollable ignition sources.”

10.9 Loading and Unloading

Space loading racks, piers and wharves well away from other areas due to large numbers of trucks, rail cars, barges or ships carrying large amounts of flammable or combustible liquids. Reduce plant traffic to ease emergency vehicle movement and limit accident hazards by locating

loading and off-loading operations at the plant perimeter close to the entry gate.

10.10 Table 1 - minimum inter-unit spacing

This table does not account for vapor cloud explosion, customer safety

and property protection, environmental or flare vent/stack dispersal

requirements.

A= Engineering/Safety decision must be made.

NM - No minimum - spacing requirement has been established

for reasons of fire protection. Use engineering judgment for

spacing and provide access for firefighting and maintenance

All spacing requirement is in meter

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Centr

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Pip

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Pum

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Opera

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Furn

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Str

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Blowdown Facilities (Pumps, Drums, Stacks) A 15 A 15 15 15 15 15 30 6 4,5 15 8 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Compressor handling flammable materials 9 A 9 30 15 15 9 15 9 4,5 9 / 15 2 15 8 15 25 15 15 15

Central Control Houses A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Coolers, Air FIN-Fan 15 5 15 5 15 A 5 3 / 8 15 6 A 5 8 15

Cooling Towers A 15 15 15 30 8 1 15 A 15 15 15 15 15 5 A

Vessel, Drums, Containing Flammables 5 15 5 5 2 3 3 / 5 1 15 6 6 1 5 8 15

Electrical Control & Distribution Centers, SUB stations 1 15 15 3 3 15 8 15 15 1 15 15 1 A

Exchangers Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids /operating

above AIT 2 7,5 1 3 3 / 5 1 8/5/3 8 3 1 3 5 15

Furnace (Process Fired Equipment) 8 8 15 15 8 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Pipeways (Between Units) A A 1 1 3 5 2 15

Pipeways (Within Units) 3 / 5 8/5/3 A 3 15

Pumps (Flammable) Intermediate / High Hazard pumps 2 / 4,5 1 3 /5 3 6 2 3 / 5 8 15

Pumps (Non-Flammable) 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 A

Reactors (Internally Lined & Externally Ins.) Moderate Hazard

Reactors / Intermediate , High 8 / 3 15 15 6 15 / 8 15

30/15/15

Separator Unit(s) (Light Ends) A 3 15 6 6 15

Snuffing Steam Operating Valve for Furnaces 5 8 A

Structures (Main Equipment & Process) 2 A

Towers (Flammable) 5 8 15

Water Spray Deluge Valves

Unit Isolation Valves, ESDs NM

Unit separation (distance between separate process fingers) 15

10.11 Table 2 – minimum spacing between tank farms and other unit

This table does not account for vapor cloud explosion,

customer safety and property protection, environmental or

flare vent/stack dispersal requirements.

A = Engineering/Safety decision must be made.

NM = No minimum - spacing requirement has been

established for reasons of fire protection. Use engineering

judgment for spacing and provide access for firefighting

and maintenance.


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Blowdown Facilities (Pumps, Drums, Stacks) A 30 60 30 15 15 30 60 A 60 30 15 6 15 8 60 15 30 8 5 60 30 A A

Fired boiler 8 60 30 30 15 30 30 A 30 60 30 60 15 8 30 8 60 15 5 30 90 A A

Occupied Building NM NM 30 A NM NM 90 A 60 A A 30 A A A A A A A 30/60/90 30 30

Buildings - Utility NM 15 6 NM NM 90 15 60 30 6 30 0 0 A 45 6 5 8 30/60/90 15 30

Cooling Towers 15 30 30 15 90 30 60 30 8 30 A 30 11 30 6 8 8 30/60/90 30 30

Electrical Overhead Pole Lines A A 8 A 6 15 2 2 5 5 8 A 15 6 1 8 3 A A

Electrical Control and Distribution Centers, SUB stations 1 NM 90 0 60 30 6 30 5 8 A 30 6 5 0 30/60/90 15 A

Fire Station , Fire Pumps NM 90 15 60 30 6 60 60 15 15 60 6 12 8 30/60/90 15 60

Flare Stacks NM A 90 A A 90 90 A A A A A A 90 90 90

Highway, Roads and Public Areas A 30 30 0 A 5 A A 30 3 A A 30 A A

Loading and/or Unloading Racks 15 30 6 60 60 60 A 30 3 6 30 30/60/90 60 60

Natural Gas Metering Stations (Main plant) 3 3 15 3 8 8 30 3 5 8 30 A A

Pipeways (Major) A 5 0 0 A 6 A 1 8 5 A A

Pumps (Flammable) 9 1 30 5 3 3 3 30 10/15/30 30 10

Pumps (Nonflammable) 1 15 A 5 3 3 15 A A A

Railroads (Main Lines R/W) A A 30 3 3 A 30 A A

Railroads (Spur - Centerline) A 30 3 A A A A A

Oil-Water Separators (API-CPI) 8 3 5 30 60 A A

Sewer mains (Flammable) A A 3 6 A A

Plant Roads (Edge) A A 5 A A

Property Boundary Lines (Other than roads & railroads) A 30 A A

Process Units 15/30/60 15/30/60 15/30/60

Utility Plant A 30

Compressor Buildings 10

Separation tank bund 30

10.12 Table 3 - general recommendations for spacing aboveground storage tanks

This table does not account for vapor cloud explosion, customer

safety and property protection, environmental or flare vent/stack

dispersal requirements.

A= Engineering/Safety decision must be made.

B = refer to NFPA 30

C = refer to NFPA 58

D = refer API 2510


Flo

ating a

nd c

one r

oof

tanks

<480 m

3

Flo

ating a

nd c

one r

oof

tanks >

480 m

3

< 1

590 m

3

Flo

ating r

oof ta

nk

> 4

80

<47700 m

3

Jum

bo f

loating r

oof

tanks

> 4

7700 m

3

Cone r

oof

tanks C

lass I

I, III

pro

duct

>

1590 m

3 <

14310 m

3

Cone r

oof

tanks inert

ed

cla

ss I

pro

duct

(or

cla

ss I

I or

III

opera

ting a

t te

mpera

ture

s

> 9

3 g

rader

C)

> 1

590 m

3

<23850 m

3

Pre

ssure

Sto

rage V

essels

(Sphere

s &

Sphero

ids)

Pre

ssure

Sto

rage V

essels

(D

rum

s

and B

ullets

)

Refr

igera

ted S

tora

ge T

anks

Blowdown Facilities (Pumps, Drums, Stacks) 60 60 60 60 B 60 60 60 90

Fired boiler 60 60 60 60 B 90 90 90 90

Occipied Building A A A A A 75 105 105 105

Buildings - Utility 60 60 60 60 75 90 105 105 105

Cooling Towers 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Electrical Overhead Pole Lines 25 25 25 25 25 25 C,D C,D C,D

Electrical Control and Distribution Centers, SUB stations 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Fire Station , Fire Pumps 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105

Flare Stacks 75 75 75 75 90 90 400 400 400

Highway, Roads and Public Areas 60 60 60 60 B B 90 90 75

Loading and/or Unloading Racks 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Natural Gas Metering Stations A A A A B A 30 30 A

Pipeways 10 10 10 10 B B 50 50 A

Pumps (Flammable) 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Pumps 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Railroads (Main Lines R/W) 60 60 60 60 B B 60 60 30

Railroads (Spur - Centerline) A A A A A A 30 30 30

Oil-Water Separators (API-CPI) 60 60 60 60 B B 60 60 A

Sewer mains (Flammable) A A A A A A 50 50 A

Plant Roads (Edge) A A A A A A A A A

Property Lines (Other than roads & railroads) B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D B, C, D 90

Utility Plant 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Compressor Buildings 75 75 75 75 75 75 105 105 105

Floating and cone roof tanks <480 m3 0,5 x Dia 0,5 x Dia 1 x Dia 1 x Dia 0,5 x Dia 1 x Dia 1,5 x Dia, min 30 1,5 x Dia, min 30 2 x Dia, min 60

Floating and cone roof tanks > 480 m3 < 1590 m3

0,5 x Dia 1 x Dia 1 x Dia 0,5 x Dia 1 x Dia 1,5 x Dia, min 30 1,5 x Dia, min 30 2 x Dia, min 60

Floating roof tank > 480 <47700 m3

1 x Dia 1 x Dia 1 x Dia 1 x Dia 1,5 x Dia, min 30 1,5 x Dia, min 30 2 x Dia, min 60

Jumbo floating roof tanks > 47700 m3

1 x Dia 1 x Dia 1 x Dia 2 Dia 2 Dia 2 x Dia, min 60

Cone roof tanks Class II, III product > 1590 m3 < 47700 m3

0,5 x Dia 1 x Dia 1,5 x Dia, min 30 1,5 x Dia, min 30 2 x Dia, min 60

Cone roof tanks inerted class I product ** > 1590 m3 <23850 m3

1 x Dia 1,5 x Dia, min 30 1,5 x Dia, min 30 2 x Dia, min 60

Pressure Storage Vessels (Spheres & Spheroids)

1 x Dia, min 30 1 x Dia, min 30 1 x Dia, min 30

Pressure Storage Vessels (Drums and Bullets)

1 x Dia, min 30 1 x Dia, min 30

Refrigerated Storage Tanks

1 x Dia, min 30

10.13 Revision of plant layout and spacing

161003 First revision

10.14 Audit of plant layout and spacing

Date Position Name

160824 Safety Specialist GOR

Operation Manager Area 3

Jonas Åvall

Leif Eriksson

160825 Manager TEPT LYR Jesper Bengtsson

161003 Manager Projects Mechanical LYR

Manager Projects

John Erkselius

Erik Holmberg

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