England (1553-1603)

The Reign of Mary I and Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth II welcomes Pope Benedict XVI to Scotland, Sept. 16, 2010 BBC

Queen Mary I, r.1553-1558

Born 1513, ½ sister of Edward and devout Catholic; daughter of Catherine of Aragon U2.7 #1, #2

1554 married Philip II of Spain Distrust made Catholicism more unpopular 300+ “heretics” were burned at the stake, public

mass executions (i.e. Thomas Cranmer, John Hooper)

U7.3 #3 - How did being in exile actually make this group more radical?

1558 Mary dies of stomach cancer England actually more Protestant than in 1553

Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

Queen Mary I (r.1553-1558)

Queen Elizabeth I, (r. 1558-1603)

Born 1533, legitimate child?? – Act of Succession, 1534 (but Edward rescinds this act) imprisoned by Bloody Mary on charges of

conspiracy sexually abused by Catherine Parr’s 4th husband,

Lord Thomas Seymour (also her uncle by marriage)

1558 ascends the throne

Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559-1603 U2.7 #4 & 5

Re-establishes Church of England (Anglican Church) w/ aid of Sir William Cecil 1559 reaffirms the Act of Supremacy (original AoS, 1534) Act of Uniformity, 1559 – Book of Common Prayer

(Edward VI) broad, ambiguous dogmas that accommodated many believers all required to belong BUT those who refused = Puritans

(English Calvinists) & Catholics are mildly tolerated (ignored) as long as they didn’t threaten “unity of her rule”

1563 Thirty–Nine Articles – moderate Protestantism = official religion within the Church of England

From left to right are as follows: Philip and Mary with War, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Elizabeth I with Peace and Plenty

Catholic & Protestant Extremists

English nobles in Ireland adopt 39-Articles BUT native Irish remain Catholic - view the Church of

Ireland as political tool of ruling English class Catholic extremists supported by Spain and

France U2.7 #6

Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists also a problem U2.7 #7

Deterioration of Relations with Spain U2.7 #8 1567, Spain troops under Duke of Alba

occupy Netherlands – is England the next target?

1570 Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth

“Sea Beggars” take Brill in the Netherlands 1571 Spain defeat Turks in Battle of

Lepanto = English enter defense pact w/ France

1570s state-sanctioned piracy against Spanish begins

1585, Treaty of Nonsuch = English soldiers and cavalry sent to Netherlands

Elizabeth I (Tudor)

Mary,Queen of Scots (Stuart)

U2.7 #9

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

Queen of Scotland, Catholic; heir to English throne after Elizabeth

1568, forced to flee by John Knox’s Calvinists (Presbyterians) also possibly involved with death/murder of first

husband, Lord Darnley believed to be involved in several plots to

take throne from Elizabeth 1571 Ridolfi Plot 1582 Duke of Guise Plot 1583 Throckmorton Plot 1586 Babington Plot

Feb. 18, 1587 beheaded after 19 years internment

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

Spanish Fleet: led by Duke of Medina-Sidonia - 25,000 Spanish sailors, 130 ships, 123,790 cannonballs

English fleet: led by Sir Francis Drake - 197 ships– smaller, more agile (U2.7#10)

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

The Spanish Plan: to reach the Netherlands and pick up the Duke of Parma’s men – get them across to England for war!

Problems: Winds vs. them – takes 3 wks to reach N. Spain, then… July 30 – 1st battle – then English

follow the Armada up the Channel August 6 – Calais – but Duke of

Parma isn’t ready Armada low on water, food, ammunition

& English are preparing an attack to prevent the rendezvous of the Armada and the Duke’s army

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

August 7 – English attack – with fireships – set some of the larger Spanish galleys on fire

By 4pm on Aug 8… Spanish face defeat so escape to North Sea ---

lose numerous ships to wind – run aground on cliffs of Ireland --- tragedy!!!

By Aug 12 Duke of Medina-Sidonia capitulates 15,000-20,000 Spaniards dead – ½ of the navy Between 1/3 and ½ of Spanish ships destroyed

The invincible armada católica is defeated! England = new European naval super power