English 10GrammarSecond Semester 2012-Principal Parts of a verb (review)-Six Academic Tenses & Tense Consistency-Active vs. Passive Voice--Modifiers (chapter 9)

Review: The principal parts of a verb:

Base form (ex: save) Present Participle (ex: [is] saving) Past (ex: saved) Past participle (ex: [have]

saved)

All other verb forms are derived from these principal parts.

Review:

Forming present participle & past participle

Present Participle: All verbs form present participle in the same way: Add –ing to

base form.

Past participle: Not all formed the same way:

REGULAR VERBS: add –ed to the base form All regular verbs have same past and past participle!! IRREGULAR VERBS: form past and past participle in some

other way other than –ed. May or may not have the same past and past participle.

Review:

Forming the present, past, & past participleBase form

Present Participle

Past Past Participle

Push [is] pushing pushed [have] pushed

Sing [is] singing sang [have] sung

Catch [is] catching Caught [have] caught

Regular verb:

Irregular verb:

Which type?

Difference between past and past participle? A simple past tense verb always has just one part. Past participle MUST follow helping verbs.

Practice: Fill in the blank with the correct present participle, past, or past participle verb form

of the verb in parenthesis. 1. I think he has been_________ on the phone

long enough. (talk)2. I turned out the lights because I ________ you

had already left. (think)3. The bicyclist should have ________ at the

intersection. (stop)4. She had _______ all her boyfriend’s letters in a

shoebox in her closet. (keep)5. All the apples have ________ from our tree

because off last night’s strong winds. (fall)

There is no “technique” for understanding the past participle for

regular vs. irregular verbs… You just have to study the Holt

Handbook charts on the following pgs :

Pg 176: of regular verbs present, past, and past participle (easy- quick review)

Pg 180- 181: Common irregular verbs that have same form for past and past participle

Pg 183-185: Common irregular verbs that have the different form for past and past participle

Quiz on vocab and grammar Monday March 28th*:30 questions: Lesson 27 vocabulary (15

questions, usual format) Using past and past participle forms

of regular and irregular verbs (15 questions; same format as ppt. practice)

Tense of a verb:

indicates the time of the action or the state of being expressed by the verb

Conjugate: Listing all forms of a verb according to

tense

Six Academic Tenses:

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense

Each of the tenses has its own uses.

Present Tense:

The action is occurring now.

Example:

Dwayne makes the batter for the cake.

Past Tense:

The action occurred in the past and did not continue into the present.

Example:

Last weekend, he made a red velvet cake.

Future Tense:

The action will occur in the future.

Example:

Tomorrow he will make his specialty, strawberry shortcake.

Present Perfect Tense: The action began in the past, but continues

into the present or some indefinite time. Follows “has” or “have”

Example:

Betty has taught for ten years. (How is that sentence different from “Betty

taught for 10 years.” ?)

Past Perfect Tense: The action occurred in the past and ended

before some other past action. Follows “had”

Example:

Sara had washed the car when George arrived. (How is that sentence different from “Sara

washed the car when George arrived.” ?)

Future Perfect Tense: The action will be completely done

before another time or action in the future.

Follows “will have”

Example: Karen will have dropped all her

applications in the mail before the mailman arrives at noon.

Practice:

Judy has saved thirty dollars. (present perfect) Judy will have saved thirty dollars by the end of

this month. (future perfect) Judy saved thirty dollars. (past) Judy had saved thirty dollars by the end of last

month. (past perfect)

Each tense has an additional form: The progressive form* The emphatic form.

Progressive Form*:

Expresses a continuing action or state of being. In each tense, the progressive consists of

the appropriate tense of be plus the present participle (-ING) of a verb.

* NOTE: The progressive form is not a separate tense but another form of the six tense.

Examples:

Present Progressive: am, is, are giving Past Progressive: was, were giving Future Progressive: will (shall) be giving

Present Perfect Progressive: has been, have been giving Past Perfect Progressive: had been giving Future Perfect Progressive: will (shall) have been giving

Emphatic form:

Only the present and the past tenses have this form.

This form shows emphasis. In the present tense:

The emphatic form is do or does plus the base form of the word

In the past tense: The emphatic form consists of did plus the

base form of the word

Examples: Present Emphatic:

I do not intend to give up on our team. Although the grass is green, the front lawn

does need watering

Past Emphatic: She did not say what they thought she had

said. The explorers suffered many hardships,

yet did finally reach their destination.

Homework due tomorrow:

Handouts given in today’s class. REMINDER: Don’t forget that you have a

Lesson 28 vocabulary quiz AND grammar quiz on Monday

IMPORTANT: Tenses in English Essays

When writing about literature, always write in the present tense.

Called “literary present” The idea that fiction exists in a timeless world properly

described in the present tense Example: In The Metamorphosis, Gregor decides to

sacrifice his life for his family by starving himself. Example: Throughout the novel, Salinger shows the love

and respect Holden has for his late brother Allie.

You will be evaluated on this in your writing! (essays, the final, from this point on…)