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English (BA 503)

Week 3Sentence Study

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• Sentence Formation• Subject• Object/ Complement• Modifiers• Types of Sentences• Simple Sentence• Compound Sentence• Complex Sentence

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ObjectivesThe students are expected to be

able to 1. identify word functions in a

sentence;2. state correctly what type of

each sentence in a paragraph is;

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WordsWords are classified based on

eight parts of speech .

1. verb, 2. noun, 3. pronoun, 4. adjective, 5. adverb, 6. preposition, 7. conjunction, and 8. interjection.

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Verb

• Transitive Verb- Dracula bites his victims on the

neck.

• Intransitive Verb- The boy ran away as fast as he could.

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Linking Verbs

A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject.

verbs of sensation "feel," "look," "smell," "sound," "taste”

verbs of existence "act," "appear," "be," "become," "continue," "grow," "prove," "remain," "seem," "turn".

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Example

- Others thought it became tedious after the first fifteen minutes.

In this sentence, the linking verb "became" links the subject "it" to the subject complement "tedious."

- Some of us thought that the play was very good.

( The verb "was" links the subject complement "very good" to subject "the play".

- The play seems ridiculous to me. - He tried hard to appear calm.

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Linking – Griffin insists that the water tastes terrible.

In this sentence, the adjective "terrible" is a subject complement that describes a quality of the water.

Transitive – I tasted the soup before adding more salt.

Here the noun phrase "the soup" identifies what "I tasted." "The soup" is the direct object of the verb "tasted."

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/link.html#linking%20verb

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Nouns

• The bear caught a salmon in the stream.

• Portia White was an opera singer.

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•A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, and an object complement.

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Pronouns are classified into several types, including

the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

Pronoun

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We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m. Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the

newest coffee shop in the city center. Ours is the green one on the corner. Three customers wanted these. Who wrote the novel Rockbound? The candidate who wins the greatest

popular vote is not always elected. Make sure you give everyone a copy of

the amended bylaws. Richard usually remembered to send a

copy of his e-mail to himself.

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Adjectives

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

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• He is a Mexican boy.

• He is a quiet man.

• I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook.

• Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these.

• What book are you reading?

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Adverb

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".

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• Modify a verb:- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)

• Modify an adjective:- He is really handsome.

• Modify another adverb:- She drives incredibly slowly.

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Prepositions

A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:

• She left before breakfast.• Jane is waiting for you at the bus

stop. • Her birthday is on 20 November.

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Conjunctions• A conjunction is a word that "joins". A

conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.

Here are some example conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Subordinating Conjunctions: although, because, since, unless

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• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:

- Jack and Jill went up the hill.- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.

• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:

- I went swimming although it was cold.

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Interjection

An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

Ouch, that hurt! Oh no, I forgot that the exam was

today. Hey! Put that down! I don't know about you but, good

lord, I think taxes are too high!

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Phrase

A group of words forming a sentence but without a finite verb.

Walk slowly A handsome man

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Clause

group of words with a subject and predicate but not necessarily expressing a complete idea - i.e. the words do not necessarily make a sentence.

When I was fifteen If I were a millionaire

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ClauseThere are two types of clauses:

1. Independent clause (simple sentence) e.g. Peter was ill. e.g. Peter laughed.

2. Subordinate/dependent clause (subordinator+ independent clause)

e.g. Because  Peter was ill, .... e.g. Since  Peter could not concentrate

well, ....

*Note: a subordinate clause by itself is not a complete sentence. It must be combined with an independent clause to become one.

It can stand alone.

It can not stand alone.

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Independent Clause

the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

when

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The committee will meet tomorrow.

The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.

Adverb of time

Dependent Clause functions as an adverb

(adverb clause)

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Noun Clause

Adjective Clause

Adverb Clause

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What is a sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that :

• must contain at least one subject and one verb

• must also express a complete thought

• must end with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!)

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Sentence

Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate.

The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject.

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Examples

1. Nelly is intelligent. 2. She works hard. 3. Laughter heals. 4. Was he upset? 5. Whose mobile phone is this? 6. They seem lost. 7. It won't rain. 8. Don't cry! * 9. Please switch off the fan.*

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Non-sentence examples

1. The lady in red. (There is no verb.) 2. Was very good (There is no

subject.) 3. The thief stole (This is not a

complete thought.) 4. Although he was sad (This is not a

complete thought.) 5. Last night at about ten (There is

no subject or verb.)

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Sentence Types

• The simple sentence.• The compound sentence.• The complex sentence.• The compound-complex

sentence.

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SIMPLE SENTENCES

I. The Simple SentenceA simple sentence consists of only one independent clause.

REMEMBER: Compound subjects and verbs may exist in one clause.

http://its.fvtc.edu/bunnowr/ITV/Sentences%20-%20Structure%20pamphlet.htm

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Simple sentence

Simple sentence:1. One single clause (independent clause) / Subject + Verb + (Object)

e.g. Peter likes swimming. e.g. Peter is sleeping.

2. Phrase + independent clause e.g. In spite of the problems, Peter

managed to finish his work on time. e.g. Feeling not very well, Peter still

managed to finish his work on time.

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• Jane ran around the house. (simple subject; simple verb)

• Jane and Gary ran and stumbled. (compound subject; compound

verb)• Alice and Joy sang the duet.

(compound subject; simple verb)• The woman with the blue feathered

hat drove the car to the end of the route.

(simple subject; simple verb)

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COMPOUND SENTENCES A compound sentence consists of

two or more independent clauses.

Canada is a rich country. Still, it has many poor people.

Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people.

Simple Sentenc

eSimple

Sentence

Compound Sentence

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Compound sentence

Compound sentence: Independent clause + coordinator

+ independent clause e.g. Peter was sick  but   he did

not see a doctor. e.g. Peter was sick  and  he

could not concentrate well.

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A compound sentence is most effective when you use it to create a sense of balance or contrast between two (or more) equally-important pieces of information:

Montreal has better clubs, but Toronto has better cinemas.

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

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The independent clauses of a compound sentence may be connected in one of two ways.– Connect the two clauses with a

coordinate conjunction and a comma.– Connect the two clauses with a semi-

colon.

• After class, Alan went to the movies, but John went home.

• The car stopped, and the light turned red.

• The horse jumped the fence; the cow kicked the bucket.

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COMPLEX SENTENCES A complex sentence contains one

independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

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Complex sentence

Complex sentence: Independent clause + subordinate clause (subordinator + independent clause)

e.g. Peter went back to school although he was not feeling well.

e.g. Whether  students attend classes should be optional.

e.g. Peter would have passed the exam if

if  he had worked harder.

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• They came after we left. • We hid under the bridge

until they passed. • The plan which seemed the

best was missing. • After the storm was over, we

waited until the water level went down. (multiple dependent clauses – beginning and end.

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COMPOUND-COMPLEX

SENTENCES: Compound-Complex sentences contain two

or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

• We left, and the party ended after they came.

• The booklet will be helpful, and the instructions will be clear when you read them.

• The paper which is on the table will give the information, and if you follow directions, you will find the treasure.

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The following are some common subordinators:

Time Person

Thing Contrast

Condition

Purpose Reason

Info.

after who which although if In order that

as where

as soon as

whom that even though

Even if So that because why

before whose however unless since how

since that In spite of

In case what

until despite

when

whenever