english consonants - fall 2012

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ENGLISH CONSONANTS FALL 2012 Copeland

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Page 1: English consonants - Fall 2012

ENGLISHCONSONANTSFALL 2012

Copeland

Page 2: English consonants - Fall 2012

It’s easyThere are 25

symbols for the consonants of

English – sixteen are identical to the

letters in the English alphabet!

CONSONANTS

Page 3: English consonants - Fall 2012

It’s hardThese are funny words and you have to remember what they mean:

Bi-labial

Labio-dental

Dental

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottis

CONSONANTS

Page 4: English consonants - Fall 2012
Page 5: English consonants - Fall 2012
Page 6: English consonants - Fall 2012

Quiz next class!

Page 7: English consonants - Fall 2012

CONSONANTS DEFINED

A consonant is a speech sound that is formed when the articulators interrupt the flow of air through the vocal tract.

The place of articulation, the manner of articulation, and the voicing of a consonant determine its classification.

Well sung consonants are precise, quick, energetic, and provide definition of the vocal line.

Page 8: English consonants - Fall 2012

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

1. Voicing: Are they voiced or unvoiced?

2. Place of Articulation

3. Manner of articulation

{Think of consonants as having three names – first, middle, last}

Page 9: English consonants - Fall 2012

VOICED OR NOT?Either voiced or unvoiced – if it has pitch or not.

[feel your throat to know the difference]

[z] vs. [s]

[b] vs. [p]

[d] vs. [t]

[g] vs. [k]

[v] vs. [f]

Page 10: English consonants - Fall 2012

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Bi-labial: Lips [p] [b] [m]

Labio-dental: top teeth touching bottom lip [f] [v]

Dental: teeth [θ]   [ð]

Alveolar: gum ridge [t] [d] [s] [z] [n]

Palatal: hard palate [ʃ]  [ʒ]  [tʃ]  [dʒ]

Velar: soft palate [k] [g] [ŋ]

Glottis: space between vocal folds [h]

Page 11: English consonants - Fall 2012

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Manner of articulation – what happens to the structures that are involved.

STOP-PLOSIVES

FRICATIVES

AFFRICATIVES

NASALS

LATERALS (LIQUIDS)

GLIDES

See text book on page 130

Page 12: English consonants - Fall 2012

STOP-PLOSIVES

The airflow is prevented from passing through the mouth or nose and is suddenly released.

Pairs of stop-plosive consonants differentiated by their voicing:

[p] and [b]

[t] and [d]

[k] and [g]

Page 13: English consonants - Fall 2012

PLOSIVES

[p] and [b]

ARTICULATED WHERE?????

[t] and [d]

ARTICULATED WHERE?????

[k] and [g]

ARTICULATED WHERE?????

Page 14: English consonants - Fall 2012

PLOSIVES

[p] and [b]

BI-LABIAL

[t] and [d]

ALVEOLAR

[k] and [g]

VELAR

Page 15: English consonants - Fall 2012

[p]

Sound in context: push, depend, stop

Spellings: pest

1. The everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace

2. Oh the deep, deep love of Jesus

3. Perky Patty picks pretty pink posies

Page 16: English consonants - Fall 2012

[b]

Sound in context: back, about, web

Spellings: best

1. But who may abide the day of his coming

2. We are climbing Jacob’s ladder

3. Brett burned Brian’s buttered breakfast biscuits

Page 17: English consonants - Fall 2012

[d]

Sound in context: deaf, widow, sad

Spellings: done

1. And the ears of the deaf unstopped

2. O Sacred Head, now wounded

3. Doleful David disavows dapper Dan’s disclaimer

Page 18: English consonants - Fall 2012

[t]

Sound in context: took, seated, bright

Spellings: ton, kissed

1. O thou that tellest good tidings to Zion

2. Comfort, comfort ye my people

3. Tiny tots attain terribly tattered mittens

Page 19: English consonants - Fall 2012

[g]

Sound in context: give, begun, big

Spellings: ghost, got

1. Glory to God in the highest

2. God of grace and God of glory

3. Good girls get great gag gifts

Common problem: substitution of unvoiced [k] for voiced [g], particularly when it is in the final position.

“vigor” should not sound like “vicar”

Page 20: English consonants - Fall 2012

[k]

Sound in context: cost, become, walk

Spellings: cot, chorus, sick, keep, unique

1. Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem, and cry unto her

2. Come, all Christians, be committed

3. Ken’s calm cow comforted Kathie’s kicking, crying calves

Page 21: English consonants - Fall 2012

NASALS

A nasal consonant is one in which the oral passageway is blocked at some point and the soft palate is lowered to allow the air to flow through the nasal passageway.

Three nasal consonants: [m] [n] [ŋ]

Page 22: English consonants - Fall 2012

[m]

Voiced or Unvoiced?:

Place of articulation:

Manner of articulation:

Page 23: English consonants - Fall 2012

[m]

Voiced or Unvoiced?: Voiced

Place of articulation: Bilabial

Manner of articulation: Nasal

Common Problems: Insufficient nasal resonance. The [m] sound should be well hummed up through the nose in speech and singing. Also – inadequate duration or muffledness.

Page 24: English consonants - Fall 2012

[n]

Voiced or Unvoiced?:

Place of articulation:

Manner of articulation:

Page 25: English consonants - Fall 2012

[n]

Voiced or Unvoiced?: unvoiced

Place of articulation: alveolar

Manner of articulation: nasal

Common problems: insufficient nasal resonance; inadequate duration.

Page 26: English consonants - Fall 2012

[ŋ]

Voiced or Unvoiced?:

Place of articulation:

Manner of articulation:

Page 27: English consonants - Fall 2012

[ŋ]

Voiced or Unvoiced?: voiced

Place of articulation: velar

Manner of articulation: nasal

Common problems: insufficient nasal resonance; inadequate duration; substitution of [n] for [ŋ]

Page 28: English consonants - Fall 2012

Words with [ŋ]

Hanging [hæŋ ɪŋ]

Singing [sɪŋ ɪŋ]

Long [lɔŋ]

Finger [fɪŋ ɡər]

Single [sɪŋ ɡəl]

Bank [bæŋk]

Drunk [drʌŋk]

Page 29: English consonants - Fall 2012

FRICATIVES (WALL, 161)

A fricative consonant is one in which the air flow is partially interrupted as it passes through the vocal tract, thus producing a noisy sound. Because they can be sustained, they are called continuants. There are four pairs of cognates plus [h].

[v] vs. [f]

[ð] vs [ɵ]

[z] vs [s]

[ʒ] vs [ʃ]

[h]

Page 30: English consonants - Fall 2012

REMEMBERING THE MIDDLE NAME

[v] vs. [f] voiced or unvoiced labio-dental fricative

[ð] vs [ɵ] voiced or unvoiced dental fricative

[z] vs [s] voiced or unvoiced alveolar ridge fricative

[ʒ] vs [ʃ] voiced or unvoiced palatal fricative

Page 31: English consonants - Fall 2012

[h]

Voiced or Unvoiced?

Place of articulation:

Manner of articulation

Page 32: English consonants - Fall 2012

[h]

Voiced or Unvoiced?

Place of articulation: ɡlottis

Manner of articulation: fricative

Common problems: over aspiration; pushing too much air through the glottis, resulting in breathiness.

Page 33: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES: COMBINATION CONSONANTS

Defined: Consonants that combine the articulation of two consonant sounds into a single speech unit.

“A composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as “ch” in chair and “j” in joy)

Page 34: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES

In English, there are four combination consonants or two pairs of cognates:

[tʃ]

[dʒ]

[ts]

[dz]

Page 35: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES

[tʃ]

Chill, nature, much, ancient, choice, question

1. For unto us a child is born

2. When the church of Jesus

3. But they still got an itch for heavenly graces

Page 36: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES

[dʒ]

Context: jaw, region, age

Spellings: budge, soldier, gentle, joy

1. Behold a virgin shall conceive.

2. Jesus loves me

3. I shall imagine life.

Page 37: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES

[ts]

Context: ______, _______, sits

Spellings: eats, waltz, lets

1. The lord of hosts.

2. Christian hearts in love united.

3. My papa’s waltz.

Page 38: English consonants - Fall 2012

AFFRICATIVES

[dz]

Context: _______, ______, weds

Spellings: sends, God’s, solitudes

There were shepherds abiding in the field.

Page 39: English consonants - Fall 2012

SPELLINGS FOR ‘QU’ AND ‘X’

Qu

Two possible sounds in English:

[k] quiche, conquer, baroque

[kw] quite, require

Page 40: English consonants - Fall 2012

SPELLINGS FOR ‘QU’ AND ‘X’

x

In initial position, like “xylophone”

[z]

In medial position, like the word “excuse”

[ks]

Page 41: English consonants - Fall 2012

IN EXCELSIS DEO

How do you say it?

Page 42: English consonants - Fall 2012

IN EXCELSIS DEO

Correct:

[in ɛkʃɛlsis dɛɔ]

Page 43: English consonants - Fall 2012

PRACTICE!

Chose

Jam

China

Bridge

Match

Breech

Page 44: English consonants - Fall 2012

PRACTICE!

Chose [tʃ]

Jam [dʒ]

China [tʃ]

Bridge [dʒ]

Match [tʃ]

Breech [tʃ]

Page 45: English consonants - Fall 2012

PRACTICE!

Share

Chair

Beige

Hedge

Ship

Chip

Match

Breech

Page 46: English consonants - Fall 2012

PRACTICE!

Share [ʃ]

Chair [tʃ]

Beige [ʒ]

Hedge [dʒ]

Ship [ʃ]

Chip [tʃ]

Match [tʃ]

Breech [tʃ]

Page 47: English consonants - Fall 2012

TRANSCRIBE

In the scented bud of the morning – O

When the windy grass went rippling far,

I saw my dear one walking slow

In the field where the daisies are.

Page 48: English consonants - Fall 2012

[ɪn ðə sɛntəd bʌd əv ðə mɔ3nɪŋ oʊ

hwɛn ðə wɪndɪ ɡræs wɛnt rɪplɪŋ fa3

ɑɪ sɔ mɑɪ dɪ3 wʌn wɔkɪŋ sloʊ

ɪn ðə fild hwɛ3 ðə dɛɪzɪz ɑ3]

Page 49: English consonants - Fall 2012

We did not lauɡh and we did not speak

As we wandered happily to and fro;

I kissed mydear on either cheek,

In the bud of the morning – O.