english for informatics engineering
TRANSCRIPT
English for Informatics
Engineering
Author: Elok Putri Nimasari, S.Pd., M.Pd
Restu Mufanti, S.Pd., M.Pd
Rohfin Andria Gestanti, S.Pd., M.Pd
Herningtyas Eka Safitri, S.Pd Aisah, S.Pd
English Language Center
Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo
LESSON I OVERVIEW
Computer Hardware and Software
Skills focus :
Reading, Speaking, and Writing
Lesson Objectives :
Analyze descriptive text
Find out important information about the lesson
Pronounce specific vocabularies
WARM-UP
Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about computer hardware and software you have known.
Talk about :
• Kinds of computer hardware and software • Detail parts of software • Detail parts of hardware
READING
Text 1
Read the following text carefully.
Hardware
The physical elements of computer are hardware. Sometimes, people call this as machinery or the equipment of the computer. The keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU) are the examples of hardware in a computer. However, people cannot see most of a computer’s hardware; in addition, it is the internal element of the computer which enclosed by the computer’s casing (tower), not the external one. There are many different parts in a computer’s hardware, but motherboard is the most important part among others. To give power and control the computer are the functions of motherboard.
Different with software, hardware is kind of a physical entity. Without software, hardware of a computer could not be functioned because hardware and software are related each other. However, software would be useless without the creation of hardware to conduct tasks ordered by software via the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Specifically designed tasks which are taken independently or very simple are
limited by hardware. Algorithms (problem solutions) are implemented by software that
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 2
enables the computer to finish much more complex tasks.
Software
Programs or apps which consist of the instruction that direct the hardware to conduct a task. Software developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (Operating System + CPU) that they are based on is the source of these instructions. The Windows Operating System will only work for that specific operating system is the example of program designed. The different design of the software and operating system are varied by compatibility of software. A compatibility issue when running under Windows 2000 or NT may be experienced software which is designed for Windows XP.
Performing many tasks is the capability of software, as resisted to hardware which can only conduct mechanical tasks in certain design. The means for completing many different tasks with same basic hardware is provided by software. There are two major classes which divided by practical computer system:
• Software of system: supports run the computer hardware and computer system
itself. Operating systems, device drivers, diagnostics tools and many more are
included into system software. In computer, system software is almost always
pre-installed.
• Application of system: enables users to manage one or more tasks. Word
processing, web browsing, and almost any other task which you might install
software are included into application software. (On most computer systems,
some application software is pre-installed).
A high – level programming language which is (more or less) readable by people generally used in software. Before the hardware can “run the code”, “machine language” instructions convert these high – level instructions which are symbolized in binary codes. It is generally already in this machine language, binary, forms when you install software.
Firmware
A very specific, low – level program for the hardware that enables it to manage some specific task named firmware. Programs of firmware are (relatively) permanent, for example, difficult or impossible to be changed. Although firmware provides some functionality beyond that of simple hardware, firmware is just part of the hardware from the higher – level view of software. Video card, sound card, disk drive and even the motherboard are the examples of firmware as the part of devices (or devices components).
Source: http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-03_introduction.html
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LANGUAGE FOCUS
Descriptive text
Descriptive text is one of genre of texts. This text is one of the texts that have to be
taught to non-English department students in tertiary level. Keraf (2000) mentions that
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
Descriptive text has structure as identification; identifying the phenomenon to be
described; Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and
characteristics. Meanwhile, the language features of descriptive text are using
attributive and identifying process, using adjective and classifiers in nominal group and
using simple present tense.
Exercise
Read the excerpts below from the reading text 1. Find out the detail text structure
Excerpt 1
Hardware
The physical elements of computer are hardware. Sometimes, people call this as machinery or the equipment of the computer. The keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU) are the examples of hardware in a computer. However, people cannot see most of a computer’s hardware; in addition, it is the internal element of the computer which enclosed by the computer’s casing (tower), not the external one. There are many different parts in a computer’s hardware, but motherboard is the most important part among others. To give power and control the computer are the functions of motherboard.
Different with software, hardware is kind of a physical entity. Without software, hardware of a computer could not be functioned because hardware and software are related each other. However, software would be useless without the creation of hardware to conduct tasks ordered by software via the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Specifically designed tasks which are taken independently or very simple are
limited by hardware. Algorithms (problem solutions) are implemented by software that enables the computer to finish much more complex tasks.
Source: http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-03_introduction.html
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Excerpt 2
Software
Programs or apps which consist of the instruction that direct the hardware to conduct a task. Software developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (Operating System + CPU) that they are based on is the source of these instructions. The Windows Operating System will only work for that specific operating system is the example of program designed. The different design of the software and operating system are varied by compatibility of software. A compatibility issue when running under Windows 2000 or NT may be experienced software which is designed for Windows XP.
Performing many tasks is the capability of software, as resisted to hardware which can only conduct mechanical tasks in certain design. The means for completing many different tasks with same basic hardware is provided by software. There are two major classes which divided by practical computer system:
• Software of system: supports run the computer hardware and computer system
itself. Operating systems, device drivers, diagnostics tools and many more are
included into system software. In computer, system software is almost always
pre-installed.
• Application of system: enables users to manage one or more tasks. Word
processing, web browsing, and almost any other task which you might install
software are included into application software. (On most computer systems,
some application software is pre-installed).
A high – level programming language which is (more or less) readable by people generally used in software. Before the hardware can “run the code”, “machine language” instructions convert these high – level instructions which are symbolized in binary codes. It is generally already in this machine language, binary, forms when you install software.
Source: http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-03_introduction.html
SPEAKING
Work in pairs. Discuss about the tenses usage in the text. Underline :
• Verbs in the reading text 1 • Auxiliary verbs in the reading text 1
Share your discussion results with your classmates.
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VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 1 and 2. Find the meaning with your partners.
• physical elements : • machinery : • equipment : • central processing unit : • physical entity : • surrounded : • interconnected : • directed : • useless :
• complex task : • operating system : • compatibility issue :
• implement : • consists of : • device drivers :
• diagnostic tools : • accomplish : • converted :
• binary : • provide :
• beyond :
PRONUNCIATION
Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.
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READING
Text 2
Read aloud the following text carefully.
Because of the accuracy and high speed of computer, it is generally used as an
electronic counting device in data processing. Hardware as the physical components of
the computer system includes the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and peripheral
equipment for data input, output, and storage. The amount of data stored in main
memory and by the computer word size measures computer capability. The speed with
which instructions are eliminated indicates performance. The elements that receive raw
data and switch it into electronic form are input devices, for example keyboard – type
terminals, and the result of data processing in human – readable form is produced by
output devices, for example video display terminals. The set of instructions that assist
hardware utilize and enable the application software, solve specific user problems, and
run efficiently is called by system software. Some kinds of machines and symbolic
languages write system and application software. Program subroutine use, modular
programming, functional decomposition, structured programming, and structured
analysis are included into milestones in software-development techniques.
Development costs, making maintenance easier, and making development result more
predictable is being reduced by objectives in improving software quality. The full
potential of computers has yet to be realized because software development has lagged
behind revolutionary modern in hardware.
Source: (Frankenfeld, 1993)
SPEAKING
Study reading text 2 with your partners and answer the following questions :
• Which sentences are about identifying? • Which sentences are about description? • What is topic sentence of the text? • What is the supporting sentences of the text?
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LANGUAGE FOCUS
Topic Sentence
Topic sentence is a well-organized paragraph that encourages a single controlling idea
which is expressed in a sentence. There are several functions of a topic sentence: an
essay’s thesis statement is substantiated and encouraged by topic sentence; the main
idea of a paragraph and the point the instruction of sentences are unified by topic
sentence; the reader to be subject of paragraph and the paragraph will be discussed are
explained by topic sentence. Generally, to determine the subject and the main point of
paragraph, reader looks the first sentence in paragraph. That is the reason why putting
the topic sentence at the very beginning of paragraph is the best way to consider the
topic sentence. However, in some cases, placing another sentence before topic
sentence is more effective. For instance, a sentence connects to recent paragraph to the
previous one, or one issuing the context of information.
Source: https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html
Supporting sentence
Sentence that is made to give more detailed information for the topic sentence is
supporting sentence. The reader is helped by this kind of sentence to keep the main
idea of the certain paragraph in mind. However, this sentence has to have connection or
correlation with the topic sentence. All sentences are related to the topic sentence or
main idea in coherence or scientific paragraph. However more than that, in coherence
paragraph, a sentence and other connects and flows smoothly without jumps from the
previous sentence to the next sentence. The connection between previous information
and next information build the clear idea and explanation for reader.
Source: https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 2. Find the meaning with your partners.
• general-purpose : • device : • peripheral equipment :
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• computer capacity : • indicated : • stored : • human-readable form :
• include : • run efficiently : • milestones :
• predictable : • lagged : • revolutionary advances :
PRONUNCIATION
Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense is formed from subject plural/singular and verb base/verb base+s. When it has no verb, a sentence is completed by auxiliary verbs.
We use the simple present tense to:
1. Talk about habitual activities Example:
• Multimedia finds its application in various areas. (positive form) • Multimedia does not find its application in various areas. (negative form) • Does multimedia find its application in various areas? (yes/no question form)
2. Talk about things which are always true
• Graphic is a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing, chart, or photograph. (positive form)
• Graphic is not a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing,
chart, or photograph. (negative form) • Is graphic a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing,
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chart, or photograph? (yes/no question form)
3. Talk about things which are true in the present Example:
• Computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation.
(positive form)
• Computer information cannot be represented through audio, video, and animation. (negative form)
• Can computer information be represented through audio, video, and animation?
(yes/no question form)
4. Talk about things which are fixed in the future
• Multimedia continues to develop its technology into a wider range of areas. (positive form)
• Multimedia does not continue to develop its technology into a wider range of
areas. (negative form)
• Does multimedia continue to develop its technology into a wider range of areas? (yes/no question form)
WRITING
Change the following sentences into negative and positive forms. Work with partners.
• A computer is a general-purpose electronic counting device used in data processing ..................................................................................................................................
• The physical components of a computer system are called the hardware ..................................................................................................................................
• System software is the set of instructions ..................................................................................................................................
• The set of instructions facilitates hardware use ..................................................................................................................................
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• Milestones in software-development techniques include program subroutine
use, modular programming, functional decomposition, structured programming,
and structured analysis ..................................................................................................................................
WRITING
Find one of devices and write a descriptive paragraph with a topic sentence and 10 supporting sentences. Work individually.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SPEAKING
Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the first lesson has taught you about descriptive text.
Share your reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 11
LESSON II OVERVIEW
Operating System
Skills focus :
Reading, Speaking, and Writing
Lesson Objectives :
Identify parts of speech
Analyze the structure of a sentence
Form a question
WARM-UP
Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about operating system you have known. Talk about :
• The definition of operating system • Types of operating system
• Functions of operating system
READING
Text 1
Read the following text carefully.
There is special program in computer that has function to control the way of
computer system works, it is pointed on how memory is used and the timing of the
other program. This program is called as operating system (OS). Without this program,
computer cannot be used. It is crucial thing for system software and to make application
system functioned. To make the system run efficient, operating system has Time-sharing
operating system to control cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing,
and other resources. Then, this crucial thing also has important role in managing the
hardware function like input and output and memory allocation. Although hardware can
executed the application code and this action can be managed by operating system
function or interrupt by it but operating system can go between programs and
computer hardware. This system can be found in every tool that consists of computer
such as phones and video games with support by supercomputers and web servers.
There are some classifying of operating system that categorized based on they stand for types of computer and application that is used. It classifies are:
• Real-time operating system (RTOS) – this system is functioned to manage
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machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has little
user-interface capacity and no end-user tools where the system will be a "sealed box" in
utilize. The point of RTOS is to accomplish the computer resources that make main
operation do in similar time because every time it occurs. Complex machine has this
system because the available of system resources sometimes as catastrophic as not
move because the busy system.
• Single-user, single task – this system is made to control the computer that can
make user does one work in computer in the same time. The good instance for modern
single-user, single-task operating system is Palm OS for Palm handheld computers.
• Single- user, multi – tasking – this is the type of famous and often operating system that is used almost by people nowadays. The example of this operating system is
Microsoft’s windows and Apple Mac Operating System. Where by both of that operating
system, the user can have several program that they like in their operation that can run
in the same time. There are many possibilities for windows user in doing several
operations in same time. For example, they can make a note in word processor while
their computer still downloading file from internet and also printing the text from e-mail
message.
• Multi-user – in this system, different users can utilize the computer’s resources
in the same time. To avoid one user’s problem spread to the other user, the operating
system should filter correctly that the requirements of the balanced in various users and
each of the programs that is used should fulfill and separate resources. This way can
avoid the community users from problem that create by the other user. The examples of
multi-user operating systems are UNIX, VMS, mainframe, and MVS.
Computer user should be able to differentiate between multi-user operating system and
single-user operating system as networking support. So far, windows 2000 and Novell
Netware can give support for many networked users although their operating systems
are not multi-user operating system. The user of Windows 2000 and Netware is only the
system administrator. Last, all of operating system plan is to make program run by the
administrative user.
Source: (Gupta, Kumar, Sandeep, Wason, & Yadav, 2014)
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Parts of Speech
The smallest group of a sentence is part of speech. It is a word class. In a sentence, there
are several word classes. Each word has different class. The following descriptions are
parts of speech.
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Part of Speech
Noun A word that refers to a person, place, thing, event,
substance or quality
Pronoun A word used to refer to a noun that has already been
mentioned
Adjective A word that describes a noun or pronoun
Verb A word or phrase that describes an action, condition or
experience
Adverb A word which describes or gives more information about a
verb, adjective, adverb or phrase
Preposition A word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a
pronoun, connecting it to another word
Determiner A word which is used before a noun to show which
particular example of the noun you are referring to
Conjunction a word such as 'and', 'but', 'while' or 'although' that
connects words, phrases and clauses in a sentence
Exercise
Read the excerpts below from the reading text 1. Identify with your partners parts of speech you can find in each sentence. The first sentence is done for you.
Excerpt 1
• There is special program in computer that has function to control the way of
computer system works, it is pointed on how memory is used and the timing of
the other program. This program is called as an operating system (OS). Noun: An operating system; common services; function, program, computer, way Adjective : special Verb : is, control, used, works Preposition : on, of Determiner : an, the Conjunction : that, and
• Without this program, computer cannot be used. It is crucial thing for system software and to make application system functioned.
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Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• To make the system run efficient, operating system has Time-sharing operating
system to control cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
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Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• Although hardware can executed the application code and this action can be
managed by operating system function or interrupt by it but operating system can
go between programs and computer hardware.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• This system can be found in every tool that consists of computer such as phones
and video games with support by supercomputers and web servers.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
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Determiner :
Conjunction :
Excerpt 2
• There are some classifying of operating system that categorized based on they stand for types of computer and application that is used.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• Real-time operating system (RTOS) – this system is functioned to manage machinery,
scientific instruments and industrial systems.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
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Conjunction :
• An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability and no end-user utilities where the system will be a "sealed box" in delivering for use.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
• The point of RTOS is to accomplish the computer resources that make main
operation do in similar time because every time it occurs.
Noun :
Adjective :
Verb :
Adverb :
Preposition :
Determiner :
Conjunction :
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VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 1. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Operating system: • Require: • Provide: • Accounting software: • Allocation: • Efficient use: • Processor time: • Mass storage: • Intermediary:
• Executed: • A system call: • Video game consoles:
• Broad family: • Machinery: • Scientific instruments:
• User-interface capability: • Utility: • Handheld:
• Computer resources: • Requirement:
• Sufficient: • System administrator: • Differentiate:
READING
Text 2
Read aloud the following text carefully.
There are several functions of operating system. Booting the computer is the first
function of operating system. Booting is process that happens when starting or restart
the computer. There are two types of booting. They are cold and warm boot. When the
user completely turns off the computer then they turn on it again in different time
called as cold boot, while warm boot is process when user wants to use operating
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 20
system to restart their computer.
The second function of operating system is to perform basic computer tasks, For
example is arrange the various peripheral devices such as mouse, keyboards, and
printer. The other case is many operating systems often plug and play. It refers to the
devices like printer will spontaneously be looked and configured without block from
other user.
Next function of operating system is user relation with software by user
interface. There are two main types of user interface. First is command line interface. It
means that the user should typing command to communicate with operating system to
activate specific tasks. It way makes the specific tasks that user wants can run well. DOS
(disk operating system) is one example of command line interface. Then, the second
type of user interface is graphical user interface (GUI). In this type, the user can
communicate with operating system by using mouse to connect with windows, icons,
and menus. The example of graphical user interface is Windows vista or Windows 7.
The fourth function is the managing of system resources. It is controlled by
operating system such as the computer’s memory and sharing of the central processing
unit (CPU) time that done by various applications or peripheral devices. There is often
competition both programs and input methods in getting interest from the CPU and
demand memory, storage and input/output bandwidth. The operating system assures
that every application can access compulsory resources based on its need. This action
aims to increases the function of overall system.
The last function of operating system is to manage and regulate files and
directories (folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The user can organize the
tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, coping and moving files, and
deleting files because file management system legalize the user to manage it. The
operating system can shows the location of files that is saved in hard drive by the type
of file system. There are two major type of file system; they are Allocation table (FAT)
and New Technology File system (NTFS).
Source: (Gupta, Kumar, Sandeep, Wason, & Yadav, 2014)
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 21
SPEAKING
Study reading text 2 with your partners and answer the following questions :
• What is the topic of the text? • What are the main ideas of each paragraph?
• Highlight the signpost to differentiate the main ideas. • Define two kinds of user interface based on your own words. • How does the operating system raise the overall system work optimally?
• What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Forming a question
Asking questions is one of natural communication feature. Questions used to engage
the speakers with the content, encourage participation, and increase understanding.
Students are often confused about how to construct a question. The following
explanation will give you a brief formula to develop a question with accurate
grammatical structure.
There are two kinds of questions:
1. Yes/No Question It is a question that requires either a yes or a no answer.
Main verb – Yes/No Question Example: a. Does the operating system perform basic computer tasks?
Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t b. Does the operating system handle system resources?
Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t
c. Do various file management systems involve in the operating system performance? Yes, they do/ No, they don’t
d. Do the mouse, keyboard, and printers include in the computer devices? Yes, they do/ No, they don’t
Singular subject : Does – singular subject – verb base – complement?
Plural subject : Do – plural subject – verb base – complement?
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 22
Auxiliary verb – Yes/No question
Example:
a. Is Disk operating system an example of a command line interface? Yes, it is/ No, it isn’t
b. Are File Allocation table (FAT) or New Technology File system (NTFS) the two
main types of file system? Yes, they are/ No, they aren’t
Singular subject : Is – singular subject – complement?
Plural subject : Are – plural subject – complement?
2. Information Question
It is a question that needs detail information. An information question begins with a question word. Example: a. The operating system has four functions.
HOW MANY function does the operating system have?
b. The first function of operating system concerns with booting the computers. WHAT does the first function of operating system concern with?
c. A cold boot occurs when you turn on a computer that has been turned off completely WHEN does a cold boot occur?
d. The users interact with the operating system by typing commands to perform specific tasks HOW do the users interact with the operating system?
e. The operating systems ensure that each application gets the necessary resources to maximize the functionality of the overall system.
WHY do the operating system ensure that each application gets the necessary resources?
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 23
Singular : Question Word – does – singular subject – verb base –
subject complement?
Plural
:
Question Word – do – plural subject – verb base – complement?
subject
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 2. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Turn off :
• A warm boot : • A cold boot : • Restart :
• Peripheral devices : • Configure : • Intervention :
• User interface : • Command line interface : • Graphical user interface :
• System resources : • Storage : • Input/output bandwidth :
SPEAKING
In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for
student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions. Student A
1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘operating system’? 2. How important is understanding the operating system to you? 3. Do you think students at schools should study the operating system? Why? 4. What do you think is fun about studying the operating system? 5. What do you know about kinds of operating system? 6. What is your strategy to comprehend how the operating system works?
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 24
Student B
1. What do you think about operating system? 2. Why studying operating system is so important to you? 3. What kinds of operating system have you experienced? 4. What have you learnt about the operating system? 5. What is your favorite operating system? Why? 6. What idea can you give to update the operating system features?
WRITING
Form a question for each following sentence. Work individually.
• A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart the computer. ……………………………………………………………
• A user interacts with software through the user interface. ……………………………………………………………
• An example of a graphical user interface is Windows Vista or Windows 7. ……………………………………………………………
• The operating system handles system resources. (Yes, it does) ……………………………………………………………
• The operating system protects the computers from all malwares. (No, it does not) ……………………………………………………………
SPEAKING
Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you about identifying parts of speech, analyzing sentences, and forming a question.
Share your reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 25
LESSON III OVERVIEW
Computer Security
Skills focus :
Reading, Speaking, and Writing
Lesson Objectives :
Use the accurate punctuation
Able to read the text with appropriate pause and intonation
Identify the detail information
WARM-UP
Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about operating system you have known. Talk about :
• Computer security • Issues in computer security • Methods to protect the computing system
READING
Text 1
Put slash where it is needed and the correct punctuation to the following text.
computersecurityhasroleasabasicmanagementtaskthefunctionofthispartistoprotec
ttheorganization’sassetsfromexploitorliability.inadditiontheimportantorganizationpartin
computerissavedinformationandprocessesit.theusetermofinformationsecurityoftenuses
toexplaintheprocessofprotectingcomputing.ithasimportantjobtoassureanorganization’sa
bilitytolivefollowthelaw’snewrules.next,preservethisactionwillincludeappropriatestatuto
ryandregulatoryagencyrequirements.
themaintaskofcomputersecurityistorepairtheproblembetweenbringingtheinformat
ionassetsandpreserveit.thebalanceshouldbefoundtooptimizebothoftheseactivities.itisim
possibletocreatea“fortress”inthecomputingprocess.but,thatappropriatefacilitiesofthepr
ogrammeranduseralsoeasyinthetaskinthesystemcompromiser.
todaypeopleareconfusingaboutcomputersecurity.thereareseveralissuesthatmaket
hemconfuse.thefirstissueisthefailureofmostorganizationtosaveinformationasanassetwit
hvaluethatmeritsprotection.second,themisuseofinformationassetsortheusesbylackofsen
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 27
iorexecutivefortheirpossiblepersonalliability.thenthisproblemcontinuoustothefailureofm
ostseniorexecutivestoawareabouttheexistinginsurancecoveragethatdoesnotaddressappr
opriatelyalmostinallofthetreatstoanorganization’scomputingactivitiesoritsresourcesinfor
mation.however,theprocessofoutsourcingandsystemintegrationstructurethatinsertedno
provisionsforawareanypartsofcomputersecuritybethepointofcomputersecurity.thereare
stillthreeissuesaboutthispart.thethreeissuesarerelatedtothemanipulationofprivatesector
telecommunicationandcomputingprocessesbytheintelligence.then,theunrealisticisabout
trustinthedesignandoperationofmajormulti-
userinformationprocessingsystem.thelastisaboutspecialconsiderationthatgivenbythecri
minaljusticesystemtosufferoncomputercriminals,itisprotectingwinninglyfortheiractivities
againstworthreckoning.
Source: (Menkus, 1992)
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous tense is formed from auxiliary verb is/am/are and the present participle of a verb (V-ing).
Auxiliary verb ‘is’ is used for subject singular such as he, she, and it.
Auxiliary verb ‘am’ is used for subject I.
Auxiliary verb ‘are’ is used for subject plural such as you, we, and they.
Time adverbials: now, nowadays, at the moment, next….
We use the present continuous tense to:
1. Talk about the present Example:
• Nowadays, many schools are developing a curriculum of information technology.
(positive form)
• Nowadays, many schools are not developing a curriculum of information technology. (negative form)
• Are many schools developing a curriculum of information technology nowadays?
(yes/no question form)
• The technology is changing rapidly. (positive form) • The technology is not changing rapidly. (negative form) • Is the technology changing rapidly? (yes/no question form)
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 28
2. Talk about the future Example: • Internet safety is going to be taught in UAE schools. (positive form) • Internet safety is not going to be taught in UAE schools. (negative form) • Is internet safety going to be taught in UAE schools? (yes/no question form)
Exercise
Write the text 1 with approriate punctuation and practice reading aloud.
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ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 29
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SPEAKING
In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions.
Student A
1. What do you know about computer security? 2. In your perspective, is the computer security necessary? Why? 3. What do you do to protect your computer system? 4. Tell your experience studying computer system in your college.
Student B
1. What comes to your mind when you read the text 1? 2. How important is the computer security for you? 3. According to you, what are the objectives of computer security? 4. Tell your experience studying computer system in your college.
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 1. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Computer security : • Management task : • Stored :
• Processed : • Maintain : • Relevant statutory : • Expedite : • Protect : • Optimize : • System compromiser : • Issues : • Failure :
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 30
• Personal liability : • System integration arrangement : • Multi-user information processing systems : • Undergo :
• Computer criminals :
READING
Text 2
Read aloud the following text carefully.
The objectives of computer security are as follow:
1) Secrecy – to sustain undisclosed information by defending it against inadvertent or unlicensed disclosure.
2) Accuracy – to maintain information probity by assuring that it has completed (in the
sense of being entire) and problems release.
3) Availability – to steer clear of access to and information USC of calculating and capabilities of communication.
4) Trustworthiness – to make sure that the ideas of information and procedures
applied are inherent probity.
Natural, unintentional, and intentional are three types of risks to computing. Therefore,
inherently flawed is any approach to computer protector that is not provided for all
three. The exploitation of one or more of seven vulnerability categories which are
physical protection, natural hazards, hardware and software faults, media damage or
destruction, electromagnetic signal emissions, telecommunication compromise and
human being are involved of these risks.
Intelligence Collectors working on behalf of government or private sector organizations
may class as the last category of individuals. Therefore, terrorists, computer hackers,
fraudsters, and other malefactors, and the insiders in the position of executives or
employees of organization which is the object of the computer protector concession or
may be members in some procedures in the active organization can be included as
criminals. So, microcomputer junkies are included the category which is unimpressed to
the information of organization asset security prerequisites.
Source: (Menkus, 1992)
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 31
SPEAKING
Study reading text 2 with your partners and answer the following questions :
• What is the topic of the text? • What are the main ideas of each paragraph?
• Highlight the signpost to differentiate the main ideas. • In your description, what does ‘secrecy’ refer to? • In your description, what does ‘availability’ explain about?
• What is the impact of unsupported computer security for the three threats? • Who are the intelligence collectors? • What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Passive Voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an
action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the
most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.
Example
1. Unprotected computer is flawed. (positive)
Unprotected computer is not flawed. (negative)
Is unprotected computer flawed? (affirmative)
2. Individuals in the last category may be classed as Intelligence Collectors. (positive)
Individuals in the last category may not be classed as Intelligence Collectors. (negative)
May individuals in the last category be classed as Intelligence Collectors? (affirmative)
3. Microcomputer junkies are included in this category. (positive)
Microcomputer junkies are not included in this category. (negative)
Are microcomputer junkies included in this category? (affirmative)
The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 32
If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use
the preposition by. When we know who performed the action and are interested in him,
it is always better to switch to the active voice instead.
Forming Passive Voice
Subject to be past rest of sentence
(conjugated) participle
Simple present
The computer is protected everytime
system
Present continuous
The computer
is being protected at the moment
system
Simple past
The computer was protected yesterday
system
Past continuous
The computer
was being protected last week
system
Present perfect
The computer has been protected since the OS is updated
system
Past perfect
The computer
had been protected before the OS was
system updated
Future
The computer will be protected next week
system
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 33
Future continuous
The computer
will be being protected tomorrow
system
Present conditional
The computer would be protected if it had been infected
system
Past Conditional
The computer
would have been protected if it had been infected
system
Inifinitive
The computer must be protected By the password
system authentification system
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 2. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Inadvertent :
• Unauthorized disclosure : • information integrity : • capability :
• trustworthiness : • flaw : • involve :
• physical security : • natural hazards :
• fault : • vulnerability : • damage :
• destruction : • electromagnetic signal emissions :
• telecommunication compromise :
• intelligence collector : • computer hackers :
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 34
• fraudsters : • malefactor : • insider : • microcomputer junkies :
PRONUNCIATION
Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.
SPEAKING
In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for
student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions. Student A
1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘computer security’? 2. How important is having the computer secured? 3. What are threats for a computer system? 4. What should be learnt about computer system? 5. How do you secure your computer system? 6. What is your strategy to study computer security?
Student B
7. What do you think about computer security? 8. Why studying computer security is necessary for you? 9. What are the purposes of computer security? 10. What have you learnt about computer security? 11. What vulnerabilities does the computer security have? 12. Who are the intelligence collectors?
WRITING
Form a passive voice for each active sentence below. Work individually.
• People are now facing the issues of computer security ……………………………………………………………
• The computing process facilitates the convenience of the programmer ……………………………………………………………
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 35
• The threats involve the exploitation of one or more of seven vulnerabilities ……………………………………………………………
• The criminals can include terrorists, computer hackers, fraudsters and other malefactors, and insiders ……………………………………………………………
• Secrecy involves maintaining information ……………………………………………………………
SPEAKING
Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you
about computer security and its aspects. Draw your summary in a mind map. Share your
reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 36
LESSON IV OVERVIEW
Programming Language
Skills focus :
Reading, Speaking, and Writing
Lesson Objectives :
Identify noun phrases and verbs
Translate noun phrases and verbs from English to Indonesia
Identify the appropriate diction
WARM-UP
Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about operating system you have known. Talk about :
• Programming language • Issues in programming language
• Difficulties learning the programming language
READING
Text 1
Read the following text carefully.
Computer programming language is any of various languages for expressing a set
of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly
when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as
machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a
corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level”
language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.
Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to
manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and
operation. In contrast, high-level languages shield a programmer from worrying about
such considerations and provide a notation that is more easily written and read by
programmers. There are several language types: machine and assembly languages.
A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a
particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary
digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16)
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 38
for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some
bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or
perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and
write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human
language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.
Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic
codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of
memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of
“0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.
Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language.
Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine
addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing
complex information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed
knowledge of internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are
important, as in programming a computer to interact with input/output devices
(printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).
Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Adverbial
We use adverbs to give more information about the verb.
We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done.
Example:
A notation is more easily written and read by programmers
We use adverbials of place to say where something happens.
Example:
Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language.
We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens.
Example:
Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language.
We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 39
Example:
Machine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations
Exercise
Find out adverbs in the text 1. Write in the following space. Work with your partners. • .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
Exercise
Read the text 1. Practice reading aloud.
Computer programming language is any of various languages for expressing a set
of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly
when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as
machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a
corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level”
language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.
Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to
manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and
operation. In contrast, high-level languages shield a programmer from worrying about
such considerations and provide a notation that is more easily written and read by
programmers. There are several language types: machine and assembly languages.
A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a
particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary
digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16)
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 40
for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some
bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or
perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and
write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human
language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.
Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic
codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of
memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of
“0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.
Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language.
Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine
addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing
complex information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed
knowledge of internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are
important, as in programming a computer to interact with input/output devices
(printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).
Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language
SPEAKING
In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for student B and vice versa.
Student A
1. Explain what you have learnt about programming language? 2. Why students of Informatics Engineering should master programming language? 3. What are the purposes of programming language?
4. Tell your experience studying programming language during in the university or
during your previous schools.
Student B
1. What comes to your mind when you read the text 1? 2. How important is the programming language subject you? 3. According to you, what are the aspects of programming language? 4. Tell your experience developing programming language in your course subject.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 41
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 1. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Computer programming language: • Digital computer: • Executed: • computer manufacturer-specific numerical form: • machine language: • a corresponding assembly language: • widely:
• a computer’s idiosyncratic features: • shield: • assembly languages:
• consists of: • numeric codes: • binary digits:
• converted: • represent: • conventional mathematical notation:
• mnemonic codes:
PRONUNCIATION
Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.
TRANSLATION
Common Problems during Translation
Some common problems that occur during the translation process are :
Reading the original language poses a problem to inexperienced or unskilled translators.
It is not just the verbal fluency of a language that is required. The skills to read and write
it are sometimes more important.
The translator could have a problem in comprehending the language too. This could be
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 42
because of lack of proficiency in that language or complexity of the language or the personal interpretation of the translator.
The translator sometimes brings in his own beliefs and experiences in interpreting a
document. This could potentially harm the document's accuracy, intent and effect. The
focus of the translator must be on the client and his needs.
Lack of knowledge of the source language. The translator should ideally be a native to
that language. That is the only way to ensure comprehensive translation of the content,
complete with colloquial understanding of expressions, humor, slangs, hidden
meanings, culturally significant content, etc.
Problematic Areas
Translators usually have to deal with some different problematic areas in their work.
1. LEXICAL-SEMANTIC PROBLEMS
Lexical-semantic problems can be resolved by consulting dictionaries, glossaries,
terminology banks and experts. These problems include terminology alternatives,
neologisms, contextual synonyms and antonyms and lexical networks.
2. GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS
Grammatical problems include, for example, questions of temporality, aspectuality (how
the process is represented or the state expressed by the verb from the point of view of
its development, as opposed to time itself), and pronouns.
3. SYNTACTICAL PROBLEMS
Syntactical problems may originate in syntactic parallels, the direction of the passive
voice, the focus (the point of view from which a story is organized), or even rhetorical
figures of speech.
4. RHETORICAL PROBLEMS
Rhetorical problems are related to the identification and recreation of figures of thought (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, oxymoron, paradox, etc.) and diction.
5. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS
Pragmatic problems arise with the difference in the formal and informal modes, as well
as idiomatic phrases, sayings, irony, humor and sarcasm. The translator must decide
whether the formal or the informal is more appropriate, a decision which is not always
clear.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 43
6. CULTURAL ISSUE:
Cultural issues may arise from differences between cultural references. A good
translator should be familiar with the culture, history and beliefs of the people who
speak both languages.
7. LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
Every language has a unique structure. The structure of language is directly related to
the level of accuracy and simplicity of the translation. The simpler the language is, the
easier it is to translate that language to another one. A simple sentence in English has a
subject, verb and object in that order, as in “I ate the cake.” In Indonesian language, it
can be : “Kuenya saya makan”
8. IDIOMS
They are something that Google Translate will never be able to cope with; they still
belong exclusively to human communication. Idioms are the most difficult thing to
translate. Some idioms are misleading, as they may seem transparent because they
offer a reasonable literal interpretation and their idiomatic meanings are not necessarily
signaled in the surrounding text, e.g., “to bark at the wrong tree.” Familiarity with the
culture is very helpful for translating idioms.
9. PHRASAL VERBS
It refers to a verb and a preposition that have a specific meaning when used together.
Two-word verbs are common in informal English: “look up,” “close up,” “fill out,” “shut
up,” “bring up,” “break down”, “break in”, “take it out on”
10. COMPOUND WORDS
Compound words are made of two or more words, but the overall meaning of the
compound word may not reflect the meaning of any of those words. Three groups of
compound words :
1. Compound words that mean exactly what they say: “afternoon,” “anytime,” “seashore,” “underground” and so on.
2. Compound words that mean half of what they say : ‘bellboy’, ‘bookworm”
3. Compound words that have meanings that have nothing to do with the meanings
of the individual words involved. For instance, the English “deadline” refers to the
final acceptable time to receive or deliver something. It has nothing to do with
death or a line. And a “butterfly” is neither a fly nor butter. 4. Portmanteau : edutainment, spork, brunch, smog, infomercial
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 44
5. Hyphenated form (six-pack, mass-produced, over-the-counter)
11. MULTIPLE MEANINGS
Sometimes words have several meanings depending upon how they are used in a sentence :
•Homonym – a word that is spelled and pronounced like another word but is different
in meaning, e.g., “scale” in the following sentence: “Scale the fish completely, making
sure that no scales are left, before weighing it on the scales.” | “The dove dove into the
pond”| “The gardener never leaves the leaves there”
•Heteronym – a word that is spelled like another but is different in pronunciation,
meaning, or origin, e.g., “windy” in the following sentence: “I drove down the windy
road on a windy day.”
•Homophone – a word that is pronounced like another word but is different in meaning, origin, or spelling, e.g., ‘mail-male’, ‘sale-sail’, ‘flower-flour’.
12. FALSE COGNATES/FALSE FRIENDS
False friends are words in two languages (or letters in two alphabets) that look or sound
similar, but differ significantly in meaning. An example is the English embarrassed and
the Spanish embarazada. (which means pregnant), or the word sensible, which means
reasonable in English, but sensitive in French and Spanish. In Indonesian: fabric/pabrik,
critic/kritik, diet (Japan)
13. PROBLEM OF SOURCE TEXT: These are illegible texts, or words that are spelled incorrectly.
Exercise
1. Translate the following text into Indonesian.
A dedicated video card (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your
system unit to translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images
you view on your monitor. It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.
Answer:
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...........................................................................................................................................
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 45
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2. Translate the following text into Indonesian
An Ethernet network requires that you install or attach network adapters to each
computer or peripheral you want to connect to the network. Most computers come
with Ethernet adapters preinstalled as network interface cards (NICs).
Answer:
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3. Translate the following text into English
Hardware atau dalam bahasa indonesianya disebut perangkat keras yaitu berupa
peralatan fisik dari sebuah sistem komputer, yang artinya peralatan ini dapat
disentuh dan terlihat fisiknya. peralatan ini terdiri atas 3 jenis, perangkat masukan,
perangkat keluaran, dan perangkat pengolah data.
Answer:
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ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 46
READING
Text 2
PUT A SLASH ( / ) WHERE THE SPACES ARE.
Asprocessors,graphicscards,RAMandothercomponentsincomputershaveincreasedinspeed
andowerconsumption,theamountofheatproducedbythesecomponentsasasideeffectofnormal
operationhasalsoincreased.Thesecomponentsneedtobekeptwithinaspecifiedtemperatureran
getopreventoverheating,instabilitymalfunctionanddamageleadingtoashortenedcomponentl
ifespan.Otherdeviceswhichneedtobecooledincludethepowersupplyunit,optoelectronicdevi
cessuchashigherpowerlasersandlightemittingdiodes(LEDs)andharddisks.Aheatsinkisaheat
exchangercomponentattachedtoadeviceusedforpassivecooling.Itisdesignedtoincreasethesu
rfaceareaincontactwiththecoolingfluidsurroundingit,suchastheairthusallowingittoremove
moreheatperunittime.Otherfactorswhichimprovethethermalperformanceofaheatsinkarethe
approachairvelocity,choiceofmaterialusuallyanaluminumalloyduetoitshighthermalconduct
ivityvalues(229W/mºK),fin(or otherprotrusion)designandsurfacetreatment.
SPEAKING
Underline Subject, Verb, and Object/Complement in each sentence written in the text above. Discuss with your partners.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Translation/Interpreting Work Model
SIGHT/VISUAL TRANSLATION
INPUT (SOURCE
OUTPUT (TARGET
PRODUCTS
LANGUAGE) LANGUAGE)
• Written ➔
Written Texts
➔
Audio Voiced Interpretation
AUDIO TRANSLATION/INTERPRETING
INPUT (SOURCE OUTPUT (TARGET PRODUCTS
LANGUAGE) LANGUAGE)
• Audio ➔
Written Texts, probably stenographic or delayed texts presentation
based on recorded voiced
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 47
input/source
➔
Audio Voiced Interpretation :
-Bilingual Consecutive
Interpreting (one to one, one to
group), with/without electronic
devices
-Multilingual Consecutive
Interpreting (one to one, one to
group), with electronic devices.
-Bilingual simultaneous
Interpreting (one to one, one to
group), with electronic devices
-Multilingual Simultaneous
Interpreting (one to one, one to
group) with electronic devices
VOCABULARY
Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 2. Find the meaning with your partners.
• Processor: • Components: • Power consumption: • Heat: • Increase: • Prevent: • Overheating • Instability:
• Malfunction: • Damage:
• Shortened component lifespan: • Optoelectronic devices: • Higher-power laser:
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 48
• Light emitting diodes: • Heat sink: • Passive cooling: • Remove:
• Air velocity: • Thermal conductivity value: • Fin design:
• Treatment:
PRONUNCIATION
Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.
SPEAKING
In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for
student B and vice versa.
Student A
1. What do you know about internet safety? 2. Is the internet dangerous? 3. Do you think people will change their identity on the internet? 4. What do you do to protect your accounts on the internet? 5. Have you ever been the victim of internet crime?
Student B
1. What comes into your mind when you read the article of “Internet safety for children”?
2. How dangerous is the internet? 3. Have you ever visited a suspicious site? 4. What are the positive and negative impacts of social networking? 5. What will you do to decrease those negative impacts?
Exercise
Read the following text carefully.
The motherboard is the key circuit board holding the essential
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 49
Line 2 processing parts of a computer. It allows all the parts of your
computer to receive power and communicate with one another. It is
usually screwed to the case along its largest face, which could be the
Line 5 bottom or the side of the case depending on the form factor and
orientation. The form factor describes the shape and layout of the
motherboard. It affects where individual-components go and the
shape of the computer's case is. Attached directly to the
motherboard are the CPU, RAM, expansion cards, networking, video,
and audio components.
Choose the best answer based on the text above.
1. What does “it” in line 2 refer to? a. The circuit board b. The processing part c. The motherboard d. The computer parts
2. Where is each motherboard component based? a. It is based on the motherboard forms b. It is based on the motherboard shape c. It is based on the motherboard parts d. It is based on the motherboard units
Read the following text carefully.
A dedicated video card (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your
Line 3 system unit to translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images you
view on your monitor. It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.
Modern video cards include ports allowing you to connect to different
Line 7 video equipment; also they contain their own RAM, called video memory.
Video cards also come with their own processors or GPUs. Calls to the CPU
for graphics processing are redirected to the processor on the video card,
importantly speeding up graphics processing. Updating to a dedicated
Line 11 graphics card offloads work from the CPU and system RAM, so not only
will graphics processing be faster, but the system’s overall performance
will improve.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 50
The video card also controls the number of colors your monitor can
display. The number of bits the video card uses to represent each pixel on
the monitor (referred to as the bit depth) determines the color quality of
the image displayed. The more bits available, the better the color detail of
the image.
Choose the best answer based on the text above.
3. What part of speech does the word “integrated” in line 3 belong to? a. Noun b. Verb c. Adjective d. Adverb
4. Word “importantly” in line 7 is best replaced by….. a. Notably b. Greatly c. Momentously d. Significantly
5. What tense is used in the underlined sentence in line 11? a. Simple Present tense b. Simple Past tense c. Present Perfect tense d. Present Continuous tense
SPEAKING
Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you
about computer security and its aspects. Draw your summary in a mind map. Share your
reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.
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LESSON V OVERVIEW
Artificial Intelligence
Skills focus :
Reading, Speaking, Listening, and Writing
Lesson Objectives :
Analyze the noun phrases
Write sentences
WARM-UP
Intelligence: Walk around the class and talk to other students about intelligence. Change
partners often. After you finish, sit with your original partner(s) and share what you
found out.
SPEAKING I
In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words from the article are most interesting and which are most boring.
scientists / intelligence / the future / the human brain / nanobots / memory / intellectuals / our greatest challenges / innovation / pioneers / science fiction
Have a chat about the topics you liked. Change topics and partners frequently.
SPEAKING II
With your partner(s), talk about some of these 21st-Century technological challenges
(identified by the US National Academy of Engineering). Change partners and share
what you talked about.
Challenge Possible? How? When? Benefits?
a. Make cheap solar energy b. Reduce carbon emissions
c. Provide access to clean
water
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d. Understand the entire brain
e. Prevent nuclear terrorism f. Make cyberspace safe g. Improve our cities h. Make better medicines
i. Advance
personalized learning
SPEAKING III
With your partner, talk about for which of the things below you would put nanobots
into your body. Rank them in order of most important to you. Change partners and
share your ideas and findings
a. _____ to live to be 125 b. _____ to play an instrument like a concert performer c. _____ to speak a new language fluently d. _____ to play computer games like the world’s best player e. _____ to be happy all day, every day f. _____ to look very young for all of your life
WRITING I
Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word ‘robot’. Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them. Together, put the words into different categories.
WRITING II Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):
a. Computers will match men and women in perfect marriages. (T / F) b. Machines will be more intelligent than humans within two decades. (T / F) c. A leading scientist likes painting pictures using very small robots. (T / F) d. The scientist suggested that machines inside us is natural progress. (T / F) e. A US organization asked scientists for 18 21st-Century challenges. (T / F) f. The scientist in the article has no background in computing. (T / F) g. Technology developments will increase by 50 times in 32 years. (T / F) h. Things we see in sci-fi movies will become commonplace in reality. (T / F)
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VOCABULARY Match the following synonyms from the article:
1. leading a. speed
2 predicted b. point out
3. within c. future
4. upcoming d. developer
5. extension e. top
6. identify f. specialists
7. experts g. forecast
8. pioneer h. inside
9. pace i. sci-fi
10. science fiction j. addition
Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):
1. computers will be as intelligent a. part of our
everyday lives
2 overtake the power b. 18 top intellectuals
3. tiny robots c. powerful memories
4. make us think faster and give us more d. as humans
5. technology will be a further e. called nanobots
6. one of f. challenges
7. identify our greatest technological g. speech recognition
8. a very impressive h. extension of that
9. He also pioneered automatic i. of the human brain
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10. more and more a j. background in
science
LISTENING
Put the words into the gaps in the text.
A leading US scientist has __________ that computers will be as intelligent as humans
by 2029. Futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the
Advancement of Science that in the __________ future, machine intelligence will
__________ the power of the human brain. He said that __________ two decades
computers will be __________ to think quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a
picture of us having tiny robots called nanobots implanted in our brain to __________
our intelligence and health. He told reporters that these microscopic nanobots would
work with our brains to make us __________ faster and give us more powerful
memories. Kurzweil explained that we are already “a human machine civilization” and
that the upcoming technology “will be a __________ extension of that."
Dr Kurzweil was one of 18 __________ intellectuals asked by the US National Academy
of Engineering to __________ our greatest technological challenges. Other experts
included Google __________ Larry Page and the human genome pioneer Dr Craig
Venter. Kurzweil has a very impressive background in science and innovation. He was an
innovator in various __________ of computing, including the technology __________
CDs. He also pioneered automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts the pace
of new inventions will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will
see 32 times more technical __________ than the past half century." This means
__________ from science fiction movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become more and more a part of our __________ lives.
able progress
near identify
boost behind
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further fields
overtake everyday
predicted top
scenes think
founder within
LISTENING II
Fill in the blanks based on the listening record.
A leading US scientist has predicted that computers ___________ intelligent as humans
by 2029. ___________ Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the
Advancement of Science that ___________ future, machine intelligence
_______________ power of the human brain. He said that within two decades
computers will be able to think quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a picture
___________ tiny robots called nanobots implanted in our brain ___________
intelligence and health. He told reporters that these microscopic nanobots would
_______________ brains to make us think faster and give us more powerful memories.
Kurzweil explained that we are already “a human machine civilization” and that the
upcoming technology “will be a _______________ of that."
Dr Kurzweil ___________ 18 top intellectuals asked by the US National Academy of
Engineering ______________ greatest technological challenges. Other experts included
Google founder Larry Page and the ___________ pioneer Dr Craig Venter. Kurzweil has a
very impressive background in science and innovation. He was an innovator
_____________ of computing, including the technology behind CDs. He also pioneered
automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts ___________ new inventions
will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will see 32 times more
technical progress than ___________ century." This means scenes from science fiction
movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become ______________ a
part of our everyday lives.
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AFTER READING AND LISTENNING
Article Questions: Look in your dictionaries / computer to find collocates, other meanings, information, synonyms … for the words ‘near’ and ‘future’.
Near future
• Share your findings with your partners. • Make questions using the words you found. • Ask your partner / group your questions.
Gap Fill: In pairs / groups, compare your answers to this exercise. Check your answers. Talk about the words from the activity. Were they new, interesting, worth learning…?
Vocabulary: Circle any words you do not understand. In groups, pool unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings.
Student Robots Survey: Write five GOOD questions about robots in the table. Do this in
pairs. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper. When you have
finished, interview other students. Write down their answers.
STUDENT 1 STUDENT 2 STUDENT 3
_____________ _____________ _____________
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Q.1.
Q.2.
Q.3.
Q.4.
Q.5.
• Now return to your original partner and share and talk about what you found out. Change partners often.
• Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.
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DISCUSSION
STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
a) What did you think when you read the headline? b) What springs to mind when you hear the word ‘robot’? c) Are you looking forward to a world full of robots?
d) How will the world change if computers and robots became more intelligent than
humans? e) Do you think robots really could take over the world?
f) Would you like to be implanted with nanobots that would boost your intelligence
and memory? g) What would you like your robot to do? h) What could a robot do if it were 1,000,000 times more intelligent than us? i) What would humans be able to do better if they could think faster?
STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
a) Did you like reading this article? b) What do you think are our greatest technological challenges? c) What do you know about the human genome project? d) What invention would you like to see? e) If you were a pioneer, in what field would you like to be an innovator? f) Do you think life is becoming like a sci-fi movie? g) Will all this amazing technology and innovation solve all of the world’s problems? h) What questions would you like to ask Dr Ray Kurzweil? i) Did you like this discussion? Why (not)?
GRAMMAR
Put the correct words from a–d below in the article.
A leading US scientist has (1) ____ that computers will be as intelligent as humans by
2029. Futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the Advancement
of Science that in the (2) ____ future, machine intelligence will overtake the power of
the human brain. He said that (3) ____ two decades computers will be able to think
quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a picture of us having tiny robots called
nanobots implanted in our brain to (4) ____ our intelligence and health. He told
reporters that these (5) ____ nanobots would work with our brains to make us think
faster and give us more powerful memories. Kurzweil explained that we are already “a
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 60
human machine civilization” and that the upcoming technology “will be a further (6) ____ of that."
Dr Kurzweil was one of 18 top intellectuals asked (7) ____ the US National Academy of
Engineering to identify our greatest technological challenges. Other experts included
Google (8) ____ Larry Page and the human genome pioneer Dr Craig Venter. Kurzweil
has a very impressive background (9) ____ science and innovation. He was an innovator
in various fields of computing, including the technology (10) ____ CDs. He also
pioneered automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts the (11) ____ of new
inventions will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will see 32
times more technical progress than the past half century." This means scenes from
science fiction movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become more
and more a part of our (12) ____ lives.
1. (a) predict (b) prediction (c) predicted (d) predictably
2. (a) near (b) nearly (c) nears (d) nearness
3. (a) without (b) therein (c) herein (d) within
4. (a) boot (b) boost (c) boast (d) beast
5. (a) microchip (b) microscope (c) microscopic (d) micros
6. (a) extended (b) extends (c) extended (d) extension
7. (a) by (b) for (c) to (d) bye
8. (a) finder (b) founder (c) fonder (d) fender
9. (a) on (b) as (c) for (d) in
10. (a) rear (b) back (c) behind (d) beyond
11. (a) race (b) pace (c) space (d) ace
12. (a) everyday (b) every day (c) all day (d) today
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WRITING
Write about robots for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper.
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SPEAKING
Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you
about computer security and its aspects. Draw your summary in a mind map. Share your
reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.
HOMEWORK
1. VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a
dictionary or Google’s search field (or another search engine) to build up more
associations / collocations of each word.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 62
2. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find out more about Dr Ray Kurzweil, his work and his predictions. Share what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson.
3. INVENTIONS: Make a poster about the inventions you think we will see in the future. Show your work to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all have similar things?
4. ROBOT ATTACK: Write a magazine article about how super-intelligent robots try to
take over the world. Include imaginary interviews with the robot leader and the robot
creator.
Read what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Write down new words and expressions.
5. LETTER: Write a letter to futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil. Ask him three questions about
what he thinks the future will be like. Give him three predictions of your own. Read your
letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will answer your questions.
ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 63
References Frankenfeld, F. (1993). Basic of computer hardware and software. American Journal of Health-System
Pharmacy, 50(4), 717-724. Gupta, P., Kumar, P., Sandeep, Wason, S., & Yadav, V. (2014). Operating System. International Journal of
Computer Science and Information Technology Research, 37-46.
Menkus, B. (1992). Introduction to Computer Security. Computers and Security, 11, 121-127.
Mladenovic, M., Boljat, I., & Zanko, Z. (2017). Comparing loops misconceptions in block-based and text-
based programming languages at the K-12 level. Educ Inf Technol.
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