english grammar elementary - etosi.it time grammar.pdf · english grammar elementary a cura di...

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Elementary

A cura di NADIA TOSI

Centro IDA ITE “Enrico Tosi” – Busto Arsizio

A cura della Prof.ssa Nadia Tosi – Docente di Lingue e Letterature Straniere 2

CONTENTS

DEFINITE ARTICLES ………………………………………… 3

INDEFINITE ARTICLES ……………………………………… 3

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS …………………… 4

PLURALS ………………………………………………………. 5

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ………………………………… 6

Verb to BE ……………………………………………………… 7

THERE IS ………………………………………………………. 11

THERE ARE …………………………………………………… 11

CAN …………………………………………………………….. 12

MUST …………………………………………………………… 13

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS …………………….. 14

SIMPLE PRESENT …………………………………………… 15

PRESENT CONTINUOUS …………………………………… 20

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES and PRONOUNS …………….. 23

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS …………………………………. 25

MOLTO …………………………………………………………. 26

UN PO’ …………………………………………………………. 27

Verb to BE – SIMPLE PAST …………………………………. 28

SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS ……………………….. 29

SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBS …………………….. 30

PAST CONTINUOUS …………………………………………. 31

SIMPLE FUTURE – WILL ……………………………………. 32


ARTICLES DEFINITE ARTICLES THE + singular EX: The girl in blue is my sister

THE + plural Ex: The boys on the car are my friends INDEFINITE ARTICLES We use the INDEFINITE ARTICLES ONLY with SINGULAR nouns. A + consonant (singular) Ex. There is a cat in the garden

AN + vowel (singular) Ex. There is an old cat in the garden We can’t use the INDEFINITE ARTICLES with the plural Ex. There is an old book on the table (singular) There are old books on the tables. (plural)


PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS

Singular

Plural

I

WE

YOU

YOU

HE

THEY

SHE

IT


PLURALS

The plural of a noun is made by adding – S to the singular

day - days house - houses

Nouns ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES

box - boxes kiss - kisses

watch - watches

Nouns ending in CONSONANT + Y: 1) transform Y in I 2) add – ES

canary - canaries

baby - babies country - countries

Nouns ending in –F / -FE add – VES

knife - knives wife - wives

leaf - leaves Irregular plurals

man - men woman - women

child - children foot - feet

person - people


POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Personal pronouns SUBJECT Possessive adjectives

I

MY

YOU

YOUR

HE

HIS

SHE

HER

IT

ITS

WE

OUR

YOU

YOUR

THEY

THEIR


To BE Simple present

AFFIRMATIVE form

FULL form

SHORT form

singular

I AM

I’ M

YOU ARE

YOU’ RE

HE IS

HE’ S

SHE IS

SHE’ S

IT IS

IT’ S

plural

WE ARE

WE’ RE

YOU ARE

YOU’ RE

THEY ARE

THEY’ RE



INTERROGATIVE form

singular

AM I ?

ARE YOU ?

IS HE ?

IS SHE ?

IS IT ?

plural

ARE WE ?

ARE YOU ?

ARE THEY ?



SHORT ANSWERS

singular

Affirmative form Negative form

Yes, I AM

No, I’ M NOT

Yes, YOU ARE

No, YOU AREN’ T

Yes, HE IS

No, HE ISN’ T

Yes, IT IS

No, IT ISN’ T

plural

Yes, WE ARE

No, WE AREN’ T

Yes, YOU ARE

No, YOU AREN’ T

Yes, THEY ARE

No, THEY AREN’ T

We can’t use the affirmative short answers in the CONTRACT form.



NEGATIVE form

FULL form

SHORT form

singular

I AM NOT

I’ M NOT

YOU ARE NOT

YOU AREN’ T

HE IS NOT

HE ISN’ T

SHE IS NOT

SHE ISN’ T

IT IS NOT

IT ISN’ T

plural

WE ARE NOT

WE AREN’ T

YOU ARE NOT

YOU AREN’ T

THEY ARE NOT

THEY AREN’ T


Singular form

THERE IS

THERE ISN’ T

IS THERE ?

Ex: There is a cat in the garden.

There isn’t a cat in the garden.

Is there a cat in the garden?

Plural form

THERE ARE

THERE AREN’ T

ARE THERE ?

Ex: There are three cats in the garden

There aren’t three cats in the garden

Are there three cats in the garden?


CAN

AFFIRMATIVE form

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

CAN

PLAY

NEGATIVE form

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

CAN’ T

PLAY

INTERROGATIVE form

CAN

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

PLAY?


MUST

AFFIRMATIVE form

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

MUST

PLAY

NEGATIVE form

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

MUSTN’ T

PLAY

INTERROGATIVE form

MUST

I

YOU HE

SHE IT

WE YOU THEY

PLAY?


PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS

Singular

Plural

ME

US

YOU

YOU

HIM

THEM

HER

IT


SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE form

Example: to COME

1 singular

I

COME

2 singular

YOU

COME

1 pural

WE

COME

2 plural

YOU

COME

3 plural

THEY

COME


SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE form

3rd person singular

The 3rd person singular of the simple present adds –S to the infinitive

Ex: to COME

3 singular – masculine

HE

COMES

3 singular – feminine

SHE

COMES

3 singular – objects/animals

IT

COMES

Spelling notes Verbs ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES

WASH - he WASHES KISS - he KISSES

GO - he GOES WATCH - he WATCHES

Verbs ending in CONSONANT + Y:

1) transform Y in I 2) add -ES

Ex: to fly he FLIES to try he TRIES

BUT to PLAY he PLAYS regular form


SIMPLE PRESENT

INTERROGATIVE form

Example: to COME

AUXILIARY

SUBJECT

VERB

without TO

DO

I

YOU

WE YOU THEY

COME ?

3rd person SINGULAR

AUXILIARY

SUBJECT

VERB

without TO

DOES

HE

SHE IT

COME ?


SIMPLE PRESENT

SHORT ANSWERS

DO YOU DRINK COFFEE? YES, I DO NO, I DON’ T DOES PAUL PLAY TENNIS? YES, HE DOES NO, HE DOESN’ T DO YOU AND MARY SMOKE? YES, WE DO NO, WE DON’ T


SIMPLE PRESENT

NEGATIVE form

Example: to COME

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB without TO

I

YOU ----------

WE YOU THEY

DON’ T

COME

3rd person SINGULAR

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB without TO

HE

SHE IT

DOESN’ T

COME


PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE form

I

AM

GOING

YOU

ARE

HE

IS

SHE

IS

IT

IS

WE

ARE

YOU

ARE

THEY

ARE


PRESENT CONTINUOUS

INTERROGATIVE form

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB -ING form

AM

I

GOING?

ARE

YOU

GOING?

IS

HE

GOING?

IS

SHE

GOING?

IS

IT

GOING?

ARE

WE

GOING?

ARE

YOU

GOING?

ARE

THEY

GOING?

SHORT ANSWER Ex: ARE YOU GOING HOME? YES, I AM NO, I’M NOT


PRESENT CONTINUOUS

NEGATIVE form

I

‘M NOT

GOING

YOU

AREN’ T

HE

ISN’ T

SHE

ISN’ T

IT

ISN’ T

WE

AREN’ T

YOU

AREN’ T

THEY

AREN’ T


INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

SOME

SOME + plural nouns

+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)

AFFIRMATIVE form Ex: There are SOME potatoes on the table. There is SOME butter in the fridge OFFERS Ex: Would you like SOME coffee? Would you like SOME biscuits? REQUESTS Ex: Can I have SOME water, please? Why don’t you buy me SOME ice cream?


INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

ANY

ANY + plural nouns

+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)ormo

INTERROGATIVE form Ex: Are there ANY potatoes left? Is there ANY butter in the fridge? Ex: There aren’t ANY potatoes left There isn’t ANY butter in the fridge.

NO

NOT ..……ANY We use NO instead of NOT …..ANY in the NEGATIVE sentence but the verb of the sentence is POSITIVE Ex: There isN’ T ANY coffee left There is NO coffee left


PERSONAL PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE

SUBJECTS

OBJECTS

ADJECTIVES

PRONOUNS

I

ME

MY

MINE

YOU

YOU

YOUR

YOURS

HE

HIM

HIS

HIS

SHE

HER

HER

HERS

IT

IT

ITS

___

WE

US

OUR

OURS

YOU

YOU

YOUR

YOURS

THEY

THEM

THEIR

THEIRS


MOLTO VERY + adjective Ex: That house is VERY tall

AFFIRMATIVE form A LOT OF LOTS OF + UNCOUNTABLE + PLURAL nouns Ex: Bees produce A LOT OF honey There are A LOT OF new houses in this city

INTERROGATIVE form MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE Ex: Do bees produce MUCH honey? MANY + PLURAL nouns Ex: Are there MANY cars in the street?

NEGATIVE form (the verb in the sentence is negative) MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE Ex: There isn’t MUCH honey in the jar on the table MANY + PLURAL nouns Ex: There aren’t MANY cars in the street


UN PO’ A LITTLE + UNCOUNTABLE + SINGULAR noun Ex: There is A LITTLE bread A FEW + PLURAL nouns Ex: There are A FEW biscuits left.


To BE Simple past

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WAS

I WASN’ T

WAS I ?

YOU WERE

YOU WEREN’ T

WERE YOU ?

HE WAS

HE WASN’ T

WAS HE ?

SHE WAS

SHE WASN’ T

WAS SHE ?

IT WAS

IT WASN’ T

WAS IT ?

WE WERE

WE WEREN’ T

WERE WE ?

YOU WERE

YOU WEREN’ T

WERE YOU ?

THEY WERE

THEY WEREN’ T

WERE THEY ?


Simple past

REGULAR VERBS


I PLAYED

I DIDN’ T PLAY

DID I PLAY ?

YOU PLAYED

YOU DIDN’ T PLAY

DID YOU PLAY ?

HE PLAYED

HE DIDN’ T PLAY

DID HE PLAY ?

SHE PLAYED

SHE DIDN’ T PLAY

DID SHE PLAY ?

IT PLAYED

IT DIDN’ T PLAY

DID IT PLAY ?

WE PLAYED

WE DIDN’ T PLAY

DID WE PLAY ?

YOU PLAYED

YOU DIDN’ T PLAY

DID YOU PLAY ?

THEY PLAYED

THEY DIDN’ T PLAY

DID THEY PLAY ?


Simple past

IRREGULAR VERBS Ex: GO - WENT - GONE


I WENT

I DIDN’T GO

DID I GO ?

YOU WENT

YOU DIDN’T GO

DID YOU GO ?

HE WENT

HE DIDN’T GO

DID HE GO ?

SHE WENT

SHE DIDN’T GO

DID SHE GO ?

IT WENT

IT DIDN’T GO

DID IT GO ?

WE WENT

WE DIDN’T GO

DID WE GO ?

YOU WENT

YOU DIDN’T GO

DID YOU GO ?

THEY WENT

THEY DIDN’T GO

DID THEY GO ?


PAST CONTINUOUS


I WAS GOING

I WASN’T GOING

WAS I GOING?

YOU WERE GOING

YOU WEREN’T

GOING

WERE YOU GOING?

HE WAS DRINKING

HE WASN’T DRINKING

WAS HE DRINKING?

SHE WAS DRINKING

SHE WASN’T

DRINKING

WAS SHE

DRINKING?

IT WAS RUNNING

IT WASN’T RUNNING

WAS IT RUNNING?

WE WERE

TRAVELLING

WE WEREN’T TRAVELLING

WERE WE

TRAVELLING?

YOU WERE READING

YOU WEREN’T

READING

WERE YOU READING?

THEY WERE SWIMMING

THEY WEREN’T

SWIMMING

WERE THEY SWIMMING?


SIMPLE FUTURE - WILL


I WILL GO

I WON’T GO

WILL I GO?

YOU WILL DRINK

YOU WON’T DRINK

WILL YOU DRINK?

HE WILL COME

HE WON’T COME

WILL HE COME?

SHE WILL SWIM

SHE WON’T SWIM

WILL SHE SWIM?

IT WILL RUN

IT WON’T RUN

WILL IT RUN?

WE WILL PLAY

WE WON’T PLAY

WILL WE PLAY?

YOU WILL DANCE

YOU WON’T DANCE

WILL YOU DANCE?

THEY WILL WASH

THEY WON’T WASH

WILL THEY WASH?

WILL + NOT = WON’T

english grammar elementary - etosi.it time grammar.pdf · english grammar elementary a cura di...

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