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ENGLISH G R A M M A R 1

byEdward R. Rosset



Written by / Escrito por:Edward R. RossetMember of the Bachelor of A rts Asso ciation of Euskadi.Miembro de l Co legio de Licenciados de Filosofia y Letrasde Euskadi

Published by / Editado por:Editorial Stanley

Layout / Diseno y M aquetacion:

Angela Gomez Martin

Front page de sign / Diseno portada:Diseno Irunes

© Ed itorial StanleyApdo. 207 -20302IRU N-SPAINTelf. (943) 64 04 12 - Fax. (943) 64 38 [email protected]

www.gentedellibro.com

ISBN: 84-7873-282-9Dep. Leg.: Bl- 8804-03

First e dition / Prim era ed icion 1992Second ed ition / Segunda edicion 1995Reprinted / Reimpresion 1998Reprinted / Reimpresion 2000

Third ed ition /Te rce ra edicion 2003

Printers / Imprime:Imprenta Berekintza



I N D E X

1 The present of BE 2

2 T h e present o f HAVE 4

3 There is - there are 6

4 A/an -the 8

5 The, an, a - Omission of articles 10

6 School/the school - Hospital /thehospital 12

7 Some, any 14

8 To Have (Past tense) - To Be (Pasttense) 16

9 The plural of nouns 18

10 Personal pronouns as subjects andobjects 20

11 Possessives: possessive 's and s ' _ 24

12 Adjectives: Attributes - predicatives 26

13 Interrogative and negativesentences in present 28

14 Prepositions of place: on, in, at 30

15 Prepositions o f time: on, in, at 36

16 Prepositions o f time: for, during,since, f rom 38

17 Prepositions of distance anddescriptions 40

18 The present continuous 42

19 The simple present tense 44

20 "Going to" fo rm 46

21 The future simple 50

22 The imperative 52

23 Adverbs of frequency and degree _ 54

24 The past simple tense 58

25 Like - would you like? 62

26 When - clauses 64

27 Demonstratives: this/these,that/those 66

28 Both and all 68

29 Say and tell 72

30 What a/an - what - how 74

3 1 Can - could - to be able 76

32 Be with ages and measurements _ _ 78

33 Comparative and superlativeadjectives: comparison 80

34 Good at, look like, what is ... like? _ 82

35 Present perfect tense: for andsince 84

36 Verbs with tw o objects 86

37 Question words as subjects 88

38 Reported or Indirect Speech 90

39 So am I - So do I - Neither/nor am I 92

40 Some and something in offers andrequests 94

41 Infinitive of Purpose 96

4 2 Conditional Structures 98

43 Structures with get 102

44 Still, yet, already, since, for, during 104

45 Questions tags 106

46 Passive voice 108

47 Interrogative pronouns 110

48 Relative pronouns 112

Appendix 115



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ENGLISH G R A M M A R 1

byEdward R. Rosset



U T ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

T h e p r e s e n t o f B e

A f f i r m a t i v e

I am/I'mY o u are/you're

He is/he's

She is/she's

It is/it's

W e are/we'reY o u are/you're

They are/they're

Saludos

N e g a t i v e

I am not/I'm n otY o u are not/you're not/you aren't

H e is not/he's not/he isn't

She is not/she's not/she isn't

It is not/it's not/it isn't

W e are no t/we 're not/we aren'tY o u are not/you're not/you aren't

They are not/they're not/they aren't

Interrogative

A m I?A re you?Is h e ?

Is she?Is it?

A re w e ?

A re you?

A re they?

Hello/Hallo Hola

Good morning Buenos dfas

Good a fternoon Buenas tardes

Good evening Buenas tardes (a pa rtir de las seis)Good night Buenas noches (se usa para desped irse)

Goodbye Adios

How are you? ^Como estas? ^Com o esta usted?

Very well, than k you Muy bien, gracias

How do you do? Tanto gusto (solo para presentarse)

RecuerdeEl pronombre "I" siempre se escribe con mayuscula.

Los objetos y los animates son, po r regla general, neutros.

En ingles hay que poner siempre el sujeto en todas ias frases(pero solo un sujeto, no dos).

Recuerde

Y o u se puede traducir po r tu o usted (en singular).You tambien signified vosotros, vosotras y ustedes (en plural).

2S TA N L E Y



X R S S ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. En este ejercicio hay que poner el verbo be en la form a correcta.E x a m p le : T h e h o u s e is ve ry nice, It is a n i c e h o u s e .

T h e b o y s are tall. T h e y are ta l l b o y s1 . This d o g w h i t e . It a w h it e d o g .

2 . T h e h o u s e s g re e n . T h e y g r e e n h o u s e s .

3 . t h e s e b o o k s in t e r e s t i n g ? Ye s , t h e y i n te r e s t i n g b o o k s .

4 . M r B ro w n tall. H e a v e r y tall m a n .

5 . T h e t ab les n o t sm al l. The y ve ry b ig t a b l e s .

6 . th e g a r d e n s n i ce ? Ye s , t h e y v e r y n ic e g a r d e n s .

7 . T h e doo r b ig . It a v e r y b ig d o o r.8. t he hous e ve ry b ig? No , it no t ve ry b ig .

9 . W h a t t h o s e p e o p le d o in g ?

1 0 . T h e d o g ea t ing th e m e a t .

11 . The dog and the ca t in t he g a r d e n .

12 . " David a n d Jane in the s i t t ing - room?" "No , they in theki tchen."

13. "B o y s , w h e r e y o u ? " "W e in t h e g a r d e n ."

2 . Rellene la s f rases con el saludo apropiado.E x a m p l e : H o w are y o u ? Very well, t h a n k y o u .

1 . "Th is is M r Jone s . " "How you do , M r Jone s? "

2 . A t b rea kfas t : "Good boys ."

3 . , John . H o w a r e y o u ?

4. Hello, Pe te r. I f ine , and how are ?

5 . I t i s 3 o ' c lock . Good

6. G o o d , Mr J o h n s o n . It is 7 p m .

7 . I am g o in g h o m e , .

8. I t is 11 p .m. "Are yo u g o i n g h o m e , M r Jo n e s ? " " Ye s , "

3. Escriba estas frases con el verbo contraido.E x a m p l e : Yo u a re a m a n . You're a m a n .

1 . T h e y a r e h e r e . h e r e .2 . T h e y a r e n o t h e r e . h e r e . h e r e .

3 . S h e i s n o t a girl. a girl. a girl.

4 . Yo u a r e n o t a t h o m e . a t h o m e a t h o m e .

3STANLEY



UNIT 2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR

T h e p r e s e n t o f H a v e


I have/I'veY o u have/you've

H e has/he's

She has/she 'sIt has/it'sW e have/we've

Y o u have/you've

They have/they've

Negative

I have not/haven't/don't haveY o u have not/haven't/don't haveH e has not/hasn't/doesn't have

She has not/hasn't/doesn't have

It has not/hasn't/doesn't have

W e have not/haven't/ don't have

Y o u have not/haven't/don't have

They have not/haven't/don't have

In terrogat ive

Have l?/Do I have?Have you?/Do you have?

Has he?/Does he have?

Has she?/Does she have?

Has it?/Does it have?

H a v e we ?/Do we have?

Have you?/Do you have?

Have they?/Do they have?

• A veces s e dice "I have got" o "I've go t", e tc.E s decir, se anade la palabra "got" sin que porello se a ltere e l significado.

• El verbo TO HAVE puede ir seguido de un com-plemento para referirse a un gran numero deactividades diferentes. El significado dependede la expresion: en algunos cases have se pue-de reemplazar por eat o drink, en otros portake, receive, spend, etc:

I have tea a t five o'clock.He has coffee for breakfast.She has a showe r e very day.The boys have a swim every da y insummer.Have a look a t this bookJim, have a wash

• Cuando el verbo have significa t e n e rla in-terrogacion y nega tion se pueden hacer de dosformas:

D o you have many brothers? / Haveyou got many brothers?

- Does he have a car? / Has he got acar?

• Se suele ahadir got al verbo have en presen-te. Es completam ente opcional, aunque muy co-mun. Sin em bargo, no se anade en respuestascortas o en las "coletillas":

"Have you got an ice-cream ?" 'Yes, I

have."

• Sin embargo, cuando e l verbo have se puedereemplazar por otro verbo: eat, drink, take , etc.entonces la form a negativa e interrogativa solose puede hacer de una manera:

"D o you have breakfast in the morning?""No, I don 't usually have anything to eatin the morning.""Does s he have a holiday?" "No, shedoesn't have a holiday."

• En estos cases no se puede usar hav en't got.• Notese tambien que en la form a afirmativa nos e anade "got".

I have breakfast / lunch / dinner.You have a bath / a shower / a nap.

4STANLEY



X R S S ENGLISH G R A M M A R

1 . E n e s t e e j e r c i c io t ie n e q u e p o n e r la s f ra s e s e n l a o t r a f o r m a d e i n t e r r o g a c i o n on e g a c i o n .

E x a m p l e : H a v e you got a d o g ? Do you have a dog?

1. D o e s Mr S m i th h a v e a large h o u s e ?

2 . H a s Ji m m y g o t a c a t ?

3 . W e h a v e n 't g o t a n e w c a r

4. The dog hasn't got a little h o u s e in the g a r d e n .

5 . H a ve y o u g o t a s i s t e r i n N e w Yo r k?

6 . She h a s n ' t got a f r ie n d at s c h o o l .

7. The c h i l d r e n don't h a v e t i m e to p lay.

2 . P o n g a e s t a s fr a s e s e n f o r m a n e g a t iv a .E x a m p l e : T h e y h a v e d i n n e r at 7. They don t have dinner at seven.

1 . We h a v e c o f f e e a f t e r l u n c h .

2. T h e y h a v e a h o u s e in the c o u n t r y.

3 . S h e o f te n h a s a g l a s s o f w i n e .

4. We h a v e t ro u b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g h i m .

5. She has a b a t h in the e v e n i n g .

6 . We h a v e a g o o d t i m e o n S a t u r d a y n i g h t s .

7. She has a g o o d h u s b a n d . .

8. We have a m e a l in a r e s t a u r a n t .

9 . T h e y h a v e a d a y o f f v e r y o f t e n .10. I h a v e an i n t e l li g en t d o g . .

11. We h av e a q u a r r e l e v e r y d a y.

12. Have a r e s t .

1 3 . H e h a s a g l a s s o f w in e w it h h is d i n n e r .

14. I have a s h o w e r e v e r y d a y.

1 5 . M y f a th e r h a s a c u p o f c o f f e e a f te r l u n c h e v e r y d a y.

16. We h a v e m a n y d i f fi c u lt ie s . .

17. Have a l o o k at t h i s b o o k .

18. T h e y h a v e d i n n e r e a r ly. .

1 9 . W e h a v e a w a lk e v e r y e v e n i n g .5

STANLEY



UNIT 3

T h e r e i s - t h e r e a re• En ingles, el presente de l verbo impersonal h a b e r , es decir, "hay", tiene dos fo r m a s : there

is , cuando a f ra s e es singular; there are cuan-do la f ra s e s es plural:

There is a man.There is a woman.There is a sandwich.

• There is se puede contraer a There's siem-p re que la f ra s e continue:

There's a tall m an in the sitting-room.There's a little do g in the garden.

• P e r o no se puede con traer cuando la f ra s etermina ahf.

Is there a dog? Yes, there is.

• Por regla ge neral, usamos e s t a estructuracuando nos referimos a algo que no conoce-m o s t o d a v fa :

• En fo r m a interrogativa se cam bia el orden.

Is there?• La negacion se pone en tercer lugar.

There is not.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Ejemplos d e fr a s e s e n

singular Is there a ny tea in the teapot?" "Yes,there is " Is there anybody in the house?" "No,there is not" (isn't) Is there any water in the glass?" "Yes,there is ""Is there any tim e? " "No, there is not "(isn't)

• Usamos there are cuando la frase e s plural:There are m any houses in this street.There a re some children playing in thepark.

• En la fo r m a interrogativa se cambia el orden:Are there many flowe rs in this park?Are there a ny glasses in the kitchen?

• En cuanto a la fo r m a nega tiva, la negacion se

pone en t e r c e r lugar:There are not many people at theconcert today.There are not many things to d o in thisplace.

E j e m p l o s d e f r a s e s e n plural A re there m any trees in the park?""Yes, there are." A re there any lamps on the w all?" "Yes,there a re." A re there m any cats in the house?""No, there are not." (aren't) A r e there any glasses on the table?""No, there a re not." (aren't)

6STANLEY




1 . En este ejercicio tiene q u e poner t h e r e is o t h e r e a r e .E x a m p l e : T h e r e is a m a n i n t h e r o o m . T h e r e are t w o w o m e n i n t h e g a r d e n .

1 . R o b e r t , t h e r e m u c h c o ff e e in the c o ff e e - p o t ? N o , t h e r every m u c h . I ' m g o i n g t o m a k e s o m e .

2 . T h e r e a lo t of g r a s s in this g a r d e n , bu t t h e r e m u c h i n M rB r o w n ' s g a r d e n .

3 . "Cons t ab le Jame s , t he re m uch t ra ff ic t oday a long E lm Aven ue? " "Yes ,t h e r e m any ca rs u s ing th i s road today."

4 . In m y s c h o o l t h e r e m a n y t e a c h e r s . T h e r e a l s o m a n yc la s s r o o m s . Ho we v e r, t h e r e fe w s t u d e n t s .

5 . T h e r e s o m e t h in g I w a n t to d o t oday.

6 . T h e r e a g r o u p o f girls ta lk ing in the p l ayg round .

7 . The re m any boys p lay ing foo tba l l.

8 . " t he re m any g i rls i n yo u r c la s s ?" "The re on ly one girl."

9 . t h e r e m a n y p e o p le a t t h e c o n c e r t t o d a y ?

1 0 . "Do w e have m uch t im e? " "No , t he re any t im e l e f t, I 'm a f ra id . "

2. En este ejercicio hay que poner there's s iempre que se pueda.E x a m p l e : There's a lo t o f w a t e r in the jar

1. a lot of w h i s k y in the bo t t le .

2 . a n y t e a in t h e t e a - p o t ? Ye s ,

3 . Let 's g o Pe t e r, a lo t o f no i se in th i s p l ace . I don ' t like it .

4 . " m a n y c h a i rs in the d i n i n g - r o o m ? " " Ye s , ."

5 . " t im e to p lay ano the r gam e? " "Yes , p len ty o f t im e ."

6 . " any w i n d o w s o p e n ? " " o n ly o n e w in d o w, a n d i t 's c losed."

7. " any f r ee t ime l e f t ? " "Yes , ."

3. Ahora va a poner las frases siguientes en plural.E x a m p le : T h e r e i s a m a n . There are two men.

1 . The re" s a tall w o m a n .

2 . The re" s a b i g h o u s e .

3. Is t h e r e a t e le p h o n e in t h i s p l ace?

4 . T h e r e i s n o t a g o o d c o u n t r y r o a d .

5 . T h e r e i s a h i l l ove r t he re .

6 . I s t h e r e a go o d m a g a z i n e ?

7 . T h e r e i s no t a g o o d r e s t a u r a n t in t h i s t o wn .

8. Is t h e r e a w in d o w in t h is r o o m ?

9 . The re i s a b ig t ree i n th is s t r ee t .

7STANLEY




A / a n - t h e• Usamos a o an cuando es la primera vez quehablamos de un objeto:

He had an apple in his bag.She had a very nice dog.

• Sin em bargo, si los oyentes saben a que nosreferimos usamos e l articulo determinado:

I left the books o n the table, a nd theapples in the fridge.

• Asum imos que los que nos escuchan saben a

que libros y m anzanas nos referim os:• Otros ejemplos:

There wa s a boy holding hands w ith agirl in the park. The boy had s hort da rkhair, an d the girl had long fair hair.I saw a play last night. The play w asabout a man who loved a woman but thewoman didn't love the man.There are a carpet and a lamp in thisroom. The carpet is new but the lamp isold.

2. Usamos the cuando esta clara la situationde la persona o cosa a que nos referim os:

The doctor came this morning to seeGrandpa, (su medico de cabecera)The light w as o n all night, (la luz de estahabitation)The bank opens at nine, (este banco enparticular)I took th e train at the station, (este trenen particular en la estacion de estaciudad):

•Tambien con:

the navyth e army

- the policethe post office, etc.

8STANLEY

3. Usam os a/an cuand o nuestro interlocutor nosabe a que nos referim os:

I am looking for a book, (no nos dice quelibro)He bought a car. (no sabemos quecoche)Ma ry sat on a chair, (no sabemos cual)We stayed at a nice h otel in Benidorm.I had a meal in a restaurant.

4. Usamos el a r t f cu lo the con radio, cinema,theatre. . . tambien con sun, earth, moon,universe, etc:

I o ften listen to the radio.I never go to the theatre.A spaceship is going to the moon.The earth goes round the sun.

5. No solem os usar e l artfculo the con las co-

midas:What time is dinner?What are you going to have forbreakfast?Are we going to have lunch?

•Tampoco usamos the con w atch, television:She never watches television.W e always watch the news on TV.



E X E R C I S E S ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. C o n t e s t e e s t a s p r e g u n t a s s e g u n el e j e m p lo .E x a m p l e : " Wa s it a g o o d r e s ta u r a n t ? " "Yes, it was the best restaurant in town."

1 . " Is i t ex pe ns ive p ic ture ?" "Yes , i t i s m os t ex pe ns ive in the gal lery."2 . " Wa s it l ong t r ip? " "Yes , it is l o n g e s t trip I h a v e e v e r m a d e .

3 . "Was it la rge ho use ?" "Yes , it w as l a rges t hous e in the v illage . "

4 . " Is she bea u t ifu l g i r l?" "Yes , she i s m os t be au t i fu l girl i n town ."

5 . "W as it goo d ho te l?" "Yes , it wa s bes t ho te l in Londo n . "

2. En e s t e e j e r c i c io hay que p o n e r a / a n o th e . Si no h a c e n f a l t a , p o n g a un g u i o n .E x a m p l e s : S h e a l w a y s g o e s t o the bes t r e s tau ran t in town .

He s p e n d s t h e a f te r n o o n w a t c h in g — t e le v is i o n .W e h a d a n i c e m e a l in a g o o d r e s t a u r a n t .

1. He lives in sm al l v il lag e in coun t ry.

2 . I do n ' t l ike g oing to t h e a t r e , I p r e f e r go ing to c i n e m a .

3 . A f t e r d in n e r t h e y w e n t fo r w a l k .

4 . I d o n 't like w a t c h i n g t e l e vi s io n in m o r n i n g s .

5 . Mal ta is i s land in the M e d i te r r a n e a n . c a p i t a l is Va le t t a .

6 . S h e w r o t e h e r n a m e a t t o p o f p a g e , o n r ig h t .

7 . I t is n ice day. sun is sh in ing in sky.8 . W h e r e d i d y o u s e e f il m , o n t e l e vi s io n o r a t c in e m a ?

9 . "Have y o u g o t r ad io?" "No , I do n ' t l ike l is ten ing to radio."

1 0 . T h e U . S . A . w a s f i rs t co un t ry to s e n d a m a n to m o o n .

1 1 . 1 h a d b ig b r e a k f a s t a n d I 'm n o t h u n g r y n o w.

12 . W hat is longe s t r ive r in w or ld?

13 . W hy don 't you invi te yo ur bo yf r ien d to d inner?

14 . He is a s ea m an . He spe nd s m os t o f h i s l if e a t s ea .

1 5 . W h e n I was a boy I u s e d to l ive nea r sea .

3 . E s ta s s o n a lg u n a s d e la s c o s a s q u e h iz o a y e r. E s c r ib a u n a f ra s e p a r a c a d a u nM o r n i n g : 8 .3 0 b r e a k f a s t 9.00-9.30 rad io 10 .00-12.00 w alk/seaa f te rnoon : 1 .00 lunch 3.00-4.30 t e l ev i s ionev en ing : 7 .00 d inner 8.00-10.30 c i n e m aE x a m p l e : I h a d b r e a k f a s t at half past eight.

1 . F rom 9 .00 until 9 .30 I l is t ene d .

2 . F rom 10.00 till 12.00 I was w a l k in g by .

3 . At 1 .00 I .

4 . F rom 3 .00- to 4 .30 .

5 . At 7 .00 .

6. From9

STANLEY



UNIT 5

T h e , a n , a - O m is s io n o f articles1. Solemo s om itir el uso de the antes de unsustantivo cuando nos referimos a alguien oalgo e n gene ral:

Children are nice.She is afraid of dogs.Crime doesn't pay.I love collecting stamps.

- She likes music.Life is very d ifficult no wa days.Doctors are very we ll paid.

• Tambien suprim im os el a rticulo co n most:Most people like pop music.Most dog s are faithful to their ow ners.

2. Generalmente ponemos an en vez de a cuan-do la palabra siguiente empieza por vocal:

- an elephant- an idea

an airfield

• Sin em bargo, depende de la pronun ciation delas palabras que siguen a los artfculos:

a uniforma universityan houra n M Pan honest m anan heira unique vase

• El a rticulo indefinido a/an se usa siempre consustantivos en singular, pero n o con plurales:

I have a catI have some cats /1 have cats

• No se de be om itir el articulo delante de profe-siones:

My daughter is studying to be a doctor.

• Usamos e l articulo the con ciencia y tecno lo-gia:

I like th e telephone.Galileo invented th e telescope.The do lphin is a mam mal.

- The w hale is the biggest anima l on earth.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

•Tambien n os referimos a los instrumentos mu-sicales de esta m anera:

I like playing th e guitar.He will play the trumpet tonight.

• Usamos the co n algunos ad jetivos para r e f e -

rirnos a clase s d e personas:th e richth e dyingth e blindth e English

STANLEY




1 . E n este ejercicio tiene q u e elegir la forma correcta , c o n o s in the.E x a m p l e s : I love a n i m a l s / the a n i m a l

1 . W o m e n / T h e w o m e n a re m o r e s e n s it ive t h a n m e n .

2 . M o s t / T h e mos t peop le ha te v io lence / the v io lence .

3. Don't go to that restaurant. Mea l s / The meals are terrible.

4. Al l p ic tu res / All the p ic tu res o n t ha t wa l l be long t o m y f a t h e r.

5 . M y s i s t e r is v e r y i n t e r e s t e d in the ar t / ar t .

6 . T h e hunt ing / Hunting is v e r y c r u e l s o m e t im e s .

7 . D o y o u like th e skiing / sk i ing?8. They got married last y e a r but the marriage / m ar riage w asn 't succes s fu l .

9 . F ru i t / The f ru i t i s good fo r you .

10 . Look a t the f ru i t / f ru i t on tha t s t and . How n ice i t looks

11. In t h is co un t ry th e c o f f e e / c o f f e e is c h e a p e r t h a n t h e t e a / t e a .

1 2 . T h e c h e e s e / c h e e s e w e h a d a f t e r t h e m e a l w a s d e l ic io u s .

2. iComo se llam a la gente que vive en los pai'ses que se mencionan a continuacion?Example : Br i t a in The British.

I.England 8 . Wa l e s

2 . Spa in 9 . S c o t l a n d

S . G e r m a n y 1 0 . P o r t u g a l

4 . France 11. Japan

S . I t a l y 1 2 . U . S . A .

6 . S w it z e r la n d 1 3 . Ch ina

7 . I re land 1 4 . R u s s i a

3 . Complete la s frases usando t h e c o n estos adjetivos.dying - d e a d - injured - poor - needy - rich - blind - w o u n d e dE x a m p le : T h i s is a t r a f fi c c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r the blind.

1 . T h e y s a y t ha t D ick Turp in robbe d to give th e m o n e y to .

2 . A f t e r t h e p la n e c r a s h , w e r e b u r ie d a n d w e r e t a k e n t ohospital.

3 . This o ld h o u s e is go ing t o b e u s e d a s a s h e l t e r fo r .

4 . A f t e r t he ba t t le , the c r ie s o f an d filled the n ight a i r.

11STANLEY



UNIT 6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

S c h o o l / t h e school - Hospital/the hospital1. Algunas palabras de uso frecuente suelen su-primir el artfculo cuando se usan para lo que

han sido disehadas.• Estudiemos esta situation :

- Mr Ca r te r had an accident yesterday,a n d h e w a s taken to hospital .

At the m o m e nt he is still in hospital.- Mrs C a r te r wen t to the ho spi ta l to visit

h im, and she is a t the hosp i ta l now.

• En otras palabras, si ingresas en el hospital

como paciente: y o u g o to hospital o a re t a k e nto hospital.

• Si vas d e visita: yo u go to the h ospital o youare at the hospital visiting somebody.

2. church, court, school, p rison, university,college, bed.

• Suprimimos e l a rtfculo delante de todos estos

sustantivos cuando les damos un sentido deuso:- I go to church on Sundays. / I am going

to bed, I'm tired.S h e takes h e r children to school everyday.He w a s sen t to prison fo r robbery.I'll take you to court if you do n't pay.

• De igual forma decimos:The injured are in hospital .M y children a re a t school now.The w ho le f am ily w ere in/at church.

- He s studying at Bristol University.He is in bed resting.

• Usamos todas estas palabras con el a rtfculothe cuando se visitan o se usan por otras razo-nes:

I w e n t to the church to see the newaltar.He o f ten go es to the pr ison to givelectures.M r Kent w ent to the school to speak toth e m aths teacher.

3. sea, home, w ork, town.

• Se dice: go to sea as sa ilors. To be at sea.They a re joining th e navy a nd soon w illgo to sea.They've been a t sea fo r a we ek / I waso n m y w a y to w o r k.These people are hard at w ork.

• Se suele omitir el the co n town cuando setrata de la ciudad del que habla:

W e of ten go to to w n to do s o m e

shopping. W e w e r e in to w n lastWednesday.

• La palabra home no lleva prepo sition con ver-bos de movimiento:

Let's g o h o m e . They a r rived home late.

• Con los verbos be, stay, etc. se usa at:Th e children a re a t home. Let's s tay a th o m e .

12STANLEY



UNIT 7

S o m e , a n y• Los a r t fcu lo s partitives some y any se tradu-ce n por algo de, algun, un poco, u n o s , algu-

nos, nada de, etc.• En general some se usa para frases afirmati-v a s mientras que any se usa para fr a s e s inte-rrogativas y negativas.

F r a s e s a f i r m a t i v a sThere a re some girls in the park.I've got some books to read.There is some beer in my glass.He's got some papers to read.I've got something to tell you.He's got some interesting ideas.M y sister has got some coffee.There is something on your plate.

P r a s e s i n t e r r o g a t i v a sHave you got any wine?Ha s she got any champagne?Is there a ny tea in the tea-pot?Are there any books on the table?Have w e got any coffee?Have you got anything to tell m e?Have they got an ything to d o?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Fra s e s n e g a t i v a sThey haven't got any children.She hasn't got any tea.There isn't any milk in the glass.He hasn't got any paper.You haven't got any good ideas.W e haven't got any beer.I haven't go t any books to read.M y sister hasn't got any friends.There aren't any trees in this garden.

haven't got anything to do.

Importante

* A veces usamos some en preguntas cuando nosreferimos a algo rnuy concreto.

Do you w ant some wine?- C an I have som e sugar?- Can you give m e some water?

Can you cook some rice?

* Any a veces tiene el sentido de cua lquiera.Any dictionary will give you the meaning of this.

- Anybody can tetl you that.Despues de if/whether signified alguna, alguien.

If there is any doubt let me know.+1 don't know whe ther anybody w ill come o r not.

14STANLEY



UNIT 8

T h e p a s t o f H a v e a n d B e

P a s t t e n s e o f H a v e ( t e n e r )

A f f i r m a t i v eI hadY o u h a dHe hadShe hadIt h adWe hadY o u h a d

They had

Nega t i veI hadn't/I did not haveY o u hadn't/You d id n o t haveH e hadn't/He did not haveS h e hadn't/She did not haveIt hadn't/It did not haveWe hadn't/We did not haveY o u hadn't/You d id n o t have

They hadn't/They did not have

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

I n t e r r o g a t i v eHad l?/Did I have?Had yo u?/Did you have?Had he?/Did he have?H a d she?/Did she have?H ad it?/Did it have?Had we?/Did we have?Had you? /Did you have?

Had they? /Did they ha ve?

Recuerde

El past tense ingles equivale a l imperfecto y tambien al indefinido, asf pues:lhad=Yotenia/ tuve.

We had a house in the country many years ago.I h a d a d o g when I w as a child.Did you have to do that yesterday?

La forma interrogativa y negativa del have tambien se puede formar con la particula did."Did yo u have a storm last night?" "No , we didn 't have a storm."

T O B E ( pas t t ense ) S E R o E S TA R


I w a sY o u wereH e w a sShe wasIt wa sW e wereY o u wereThey were

Nega t i veI was not (wasn't)Y o u were n o t (we ren't)H e w a s n o t (wasn't)She was not (wasn't)It w a s n o t (wasn't)W e were n o t (we ren't)Y o u were not (weren't)They were n o t (weren't)

I n t e r r o g a t i v eW a s I?We r e you?W a s he ?Was she?W a s it?We r e w e ?Were you?We r e they?

• El past tense equivale al imperfecto y tambien al indefinido, asi pues:

I w as = yo era / estaba / fui / estuve.I was in London yes terday.Little Jim was very good last we e k ."Were you a t the concert last night?" "No, I wa sn ' t .""Where we r e you yes te rday a f te rnoon ?" "I w as a t the c inema."

6

STANLEY




1. R e lle n e lo s h u e c o s co n : h a v e , h a d , did, d i d n ' t .1 . " the s t u d e n t s h a v e a n y t i m e to p l a y ? " "No, t h e y h a v e

t im e "2 . "Did y o u an y th in g t o d o l a s t n ig h t? " "No, I d idn ' t ."

3 . "Did t h e y h a v e a n y t h in g to e a t ? " "No, t h e y a n y t h i n g to eat "

4 . T h e y d idn ' t m u c h t im e , d id t h e y ?

5 . W h a t d id y o u in y o u r p o ck e t la s t n ig h t?

6 . Jam es h av e t im e to d o i t l a s t Su n d a y ?

7 . "Did y o u a n y c o f f e e a f t e r l u n c h ? " "Yes, I a c u p o fc o f f e e . "

8 . "Did t h e r u n n e r s a n y t h i n g to d r in k d u r in g th e m a r a t h o n ? " "No, t h e yn o th in g to d r ink ."

2 . C o m p l e te la s f r a s e s c o n w a s o w e r e .1 . " W h e r e t h e c h i ld r e n y e s t e r d a y ? " " T h e y a t t h e c in e m a . "

2 . " you a t the co n ce r t l a s t n ig h t? " "Yes, I ."

3. " it v e r y c o l d l a s t w i n t e r ? " "No, i t no t a v e ry co ld win te r. "

4 . " W h e r e Mrs. E v a n s la s t W e d n e s d a y ? " "She a t h o m e a llday."

5 . " the t ea ho t e n o u g h ? " "Yes, it qui te hot, t h a n k you."

6 . W h a t th e s t u d e n t s d o i n g w h e n th e t e a c h e r a r r i v e d ?

7 . W h a t t i m e yo u g o in g to do i t?

8 . H o w m a n y w o m e n w o r k i n g a t th e f a c t o r y ?

9 . T h e c h ild r e n d o in g t h e ir h o m e w o r k w h e n I a r r i ve d .

1 0 . W e w a i t in g fo r y o u a l l n ig h t .

11 . W h y s h e s o a n g r y w i t h m e ?

1 2 . S h e s h o p p i n g a ll m o r n i n g .1 3 . " it r a i n in g w h e n y o u l e f t? " "No, it ra in ing ."

1 4 . "W h a t y o u r ead in g ?" " I r ead in g a v e ry in t e r e s t in g b o o k . "

3 . E lija la f o r m a c o r r e c t a .E x a m p l e : W h e r e w a s /were P e t e r 's m o t h e r a l l day y e s t e r d a y ?

1 . S a n d r a a n d Jill w a s / w e r e i n b e d un t i l te n o ' c lo ck .

2 . W h y w a s / w e r e M r s S m i th 's d a u g h t e r s o u t s o la t e ?

3 . W h e n w a s / w e r e t h e s c h o o l m a s t e r g o in g t o g iv e u s t h e d i p lo m a s ?4 . W h y w a s / w e r e t h e p o l ic e a s k in g f o r o u r p a p e r s ?

17STANLEY



UNIT 9

T h e plural o f n o u n s1. Generalmente se forma el plural de lossustantivos ahadiendo una s al singular:

day, days ca t , cats house, ho uses

2. Los nombres que terminen en o, ch, sh, ss,o x form an el plural ahadiendo es:

potato potatoes kiss kissesbrush brushes pouch - pouchesbox boxes

• Sin embargo, la s palabras de origen extranje-

ro que terminan en o solamente ahaden una s:kilokimonopianophotosopranosolo

kiloskimonospianosphotossopranossolos

3. Los s ustantivos que terminan en y siguiendoa una consonante forman el plural cambiandola y por e s :

lady ladiescity cities coun try countries

• Sin embargo, lo s sustantivos que terminan eny despues de una vocal forman el plural ana-diendo una s:

to y toysboy - boys

monkey - monkeys

4. Hay doce sustantivos que terminan en f o fe,cuyo plural cambia en ves . Es tos sustantivoss o n :

wolf she lf loa f knifewife she af life half

thief se lf leaf calf

shelf - shelvescalf calveswife wives

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• Las demas palabras que terminan en f o feahaden una s:

safe safes chief chiefscliff cliffs

5. Alguno s sus tant ivos forma n el plural def o r m a distinta a l singular:

m a n m e n w o m a n w o m e nchild children ox oxen

foot - feet tooth teethgoose geese mouse mice

6. Algunos animales no cam bian en plural:sheep deer troutcod squid mackarelsalmo n carp plaiceduck partridge.

• E l plural d e fish puede ser fishe s, cuando setrata de peces vivos , pero no es muy corriente.

There are a lot of fish in the sea .

7. Algunas o tras palabras tampoco cambian:quid aircraftcounsel hundredweight

o stone (con significad o de peso).

8. Los nombres co lectivos, po lice, crew , fam ily,team, etc., pueden llevar el verbo en singular o

en plural, segun el sentido que le demos a lafrase:

O ur police is very e fficient.Our team is the best.The police a re looking for the thief.

« > O ur team are wearing the new shorts.

18STANLEY




1. Rellene con la palabra apropiada en plural:d y n a m o , t o m a t o , f l y, l o a f , d o n k e y, h a n d k e r c h i e f , m o u s e , s q u i d , q u i d , g o o s e ,l o u s e , t o o t h , s h e e p , d e e r.

1 . M y m o t h e r b o u g h t t w o o f b r e a d fo r d inner.

2 . T h e h u n t e r c o u l d s e e s e v e r a l in t h e d i s ta n c e .

3 . T h e s h e p h e r d ' s d o g w a s r o u n d i n g u p a l l t h e f o r t h e n i g h t.

4 . T h e h o s p i ta l h a d t w o f o r e m e rg e n c i e s .

5 . Sh e cu t up th ree la rge fo r the s a l a d .

6 . Jim m y, y o u m u s t c l e a n y o u r t h r e e t im e s a d a y, a f t e r m e a l s .

7 . T h e l i t t le gir l w a s d i r ty a n d h e r ha i r w a s fu l l o f .

8 . T h e g o o s e - b o y w a s l ook ing a f t e r t h e b y th e r iver.9. He gave m e a coup le o f fo r the j o b .

1 0 . S e v e r a l a t t a c k e d t h e f r o g m a n s q u i rt in g t he i r b l a c k i n k o n h i m .

11. I 'm s u r e t h e r e a re in the a t t i c . I can h e a r t h e m s q u e a k in g .

1 2 . I have a v e r y b a d co ld s o I 've taken a c o u p le o f .

1 3 . I t was h o t an d t h e r e w e r e a lo t o f b u z z i n g a r o u n d .

14 . Tw o m e n a p p r o a c h e d u s r id ing o n t w o inc red ib ly o l d .

2. Estos sustantivos colectivos pueden llevar el verbo en singular o en plural segun elsentido que les d emos. Tache e l verbo que crea que esta m a l, o subraye el que este bien.

E x a m p l e : T h e a v e r a g e f a m i l y ( w h i c h o n l y c o n s i s t s o f f o u r m e m b e r n o w a d a y s ) i s / a rea g r e a t d e a l s m a l l e r t h a n i n t h e o l d d a y s .

1 . T h e po l i ce i s / a re look ing f o r t h e two f ug i t ives .

2 . T h e t e a m i s / a r e a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s e c o n d d i v i s i o n .

3 . O u r t e a m h a s / h a v e p l a y e d o n e o f t h e i r b e s t g a m e s t h i s s e a s o n .

4 . M y f a m i ly is /a r e w o n d e r f u l. T h e y a r e a l l h e l p in g m e .

3. Todos estos sustant ivos terminan en f o fe. Algunos cambian en plural por ve s ,otros no:

br ie f , l ea f , c l i ff , loa f , s a fe , life, g r i e f , kn i f e , wo l f .E x a m p l e : T h e Pope h a s pub l i shed t w o n e w briefs.

Th e leaves are f a l l ing f rom th e t r ees . I t ' s au tumn.

1 . T h e r e a r e m a n y in t h e m o u n t a in s t h is w i n t e r.

2 . T h e h o o l i g a n s w e r e b r a n d i s h in g a s t h e y a p p r o a c h e d h im .

3 . I t ' s very easy t o b e c o m p a s s i o n a t e w i th o t h e r p e o p l e 's

4 . T h e tw o so ld ie r s d ropped the i r r i f l e s a n d r a n f o r t he i r

5. He n e e d e d a s a f e to k e e p m o n e y a n d d o c u m e n t s in . In the s h o p t h e y h a d t w o m o d e l s o fa n d h e c h o s e t h e b i g g e r o n e .

6 . S h e b o u g h t t h r e e o f b r e a d fo r t e a .

7 . T h e w h i te o f D o v e r a r e f a m o u s a l l o v e r t h e w o r ld . 9

STANLEY



EXERCISES E N G L I S H G R A M M A R

1 . R el lene lo s espacios e n b ianco con los p ronombres pe r sona les que c r eac o n v e n i e n t e .

E x a m p l e : That's Mary 's baby. It is very small.1 . "W h e r e d id y o u l e a ve t h e b o o k ? " " lef t on the t ab le in the

hall."

2 . "D id Ja n e c o m e w i th y o u t w o ? " " Ye s , c a m e w i th _. "

3 . "She l ikes suga r, no t you." "Ex ac t ly, i t's tha t l ikes su ga r, no t

4 . I th ink yo u ' re p re t t i e r than thes e g i r ls . Ye s , a r e p re t t ie r than

5 . Le t 's go fo r a w a lk . Jus t you an d .6 . Help ( to) ca r ry , the p o o r girl h a s f a i n te d .

7 . N o b o d y c o u l d d o i t e x c e p t , a n d I d i d n 't w a n t to .

8 . W e a re m u c h b e t t e r t h a n a t f oo tba l l .

9 . They knew a ll a b o u t m y friend a n d .

10 . " D i d y o u c o m e w i t h S U s a n ? " " Ye s , I c a m e w i t h J e ff a n d . "

11 . " D id h e g i ve y o u a s w e e t ? " "Ye s , h e g a v e P e t e r a n d a s w e e t e a c h .

1 2 . A n o l d m a n a s k e d m y f r ie n d a n d w h a t t im e it w a s .

2 . Reemplace la s p a la b r a s s u b ra y a d a s po r p r o n o m b r e s p e r s o n a l e s .E x a m p l e : G o w i t h J o h n a n d Mary to vis i t Frank and Mark, (he r / them)

1. I t was ve ry k ind o f you to g ive Pe te r and me a hand .

2 . Bll f o u n d Pe te r a job .

3 . M a r y w e n t w i t h H e n r y t o t h e t h e a t r e .

4 . "Did Janet te l l B o b a n d J im a b o u t th e a c c i d e n t ? " " Ye s , M a r y t o l d B o b a n d Jim."

5 . I t w as P e t e r w h o len t John a n d m e t h e m o n e y.

6. It n e v e r o c c u r r e d to F r e d t h a t p e r h a p s To n y w a s l y ing .

7. It s t r u c k b o t h m e n t h a t e v e r y o n e w a s unusua l ly s i l en t .

8 . Did t he boys give yo u so m e t h i n g fo r Sandra?

21S TA N L E Y




1. Elija entre el pronombre personal en nominative (sujeto) y el acusativo (objeto).Example: J im, can you ring / me tonight?

1 . "W ho 's that spe aking? " "It 's I /m e, Pauline. H o w a r e you , Janet?"

2 . T h e b o o k s ? O h , I / m e s e n t t h e y / t h e m t o h e / h i m b y p o s t l a s t w e e k .

3 . T h i s l e t t e r i s f o r s h e / h e r a n d t h e s e a r e f o r w e / u s .

4. Sil ly Bill I t w a s h e / h i m w h o c h o s e t h e w a l l p a p e r.

5 . I/M e h a v e n ' t s e e n h e / h im f o r t h r e e y e a r s .

6 . I t ' s two months s ince I /me las t s aw he /h im.

7 . I m a d e i t for s h e / h e r. S h e / H e r s e n t it to he /h im.

8 . "W here 's Tim ?" "Tha t 's he /h im , ove r t he re . "9 . She/Her gave it to he/him.

10. He/Him bought i t for u s /we .

1 1 . T h e y /T h e m s e n t th e le t ter to h im /he .

1 2 . "W h o is speak ing" "Oh , th i s is R o b e r t . lt "s m e / I, R o b e r t "

2. Estas frases se pueden poner con dos complementos cambiados como en elejemplo.

E x a m p le : S h e i s n o t a s p r e t t y a s I a m . She is not as pretty as me.1. I a m n o t a s b a d a s h e is .

2. She is not as clever as I am.

3 . I a m n o t a s f a s t a s t h e y a r e .

4 . W e a r e n ' t a s t a ll a s th e y a r e .

5 . He is no t a s g o o d a s she i s .

6 . S h e e a t s a s m u c h a s I d o .

7 . P e t e r i s no t as s tup id a s w e a r e .

8 . W e a re n o t a s c lever a s t h e y a r e .

9 . Pauline is not as pretty as I am.

2 3S TA N L E Y




P os s es s i v esp o s s e s s i v e ( s) a nd ( )• Cuando un ser viviente (persona o animal)posee algo, se usa lo que se llama el genitive

sajon o caso posesivo:La manzana de Pedro (the a pple o fPeter) se con vierte en: Peter's app le.

A) Primero se traduce el poseedor: Peter,B) despues la preposicion de bajo el

aspecto de 's ,C) por ultimo la cosa posefda sin a rtfculo:

apple.Th e house of Mary.

se convierte en - Mary's house.- The egs of the dog.se co nvierte en - The dog's legs.- The kitchen of my mo ther.se co nvierte en - My m other's kitchen.

This is Mary's house an d that o ne isJane's, (la de Jane )The dog's legs a re black, an d the cat'sare wh ite, (las d el gato)

I Recuerde

* Si el poseedor es plural y termina en s,se aftade solamente el apostrofo:

The apples of the girls.s e convierte en * The girls apples.

The house of the boys.se convierte en The boys' house.

The legs of the cats.se convierte en • The cats' legs .

The hobby of those families.se convierte en - Those fam ilies' hobby.

• Sin embargo, en caso d e nombres propios oapellidos que terminen es s hay dos opciones :

I live in St. Jam es's Square;St James' Square.

The J ones's dog is very noisy;- The Jones' dog.That is th e E vans's house, on thecorner;

th e Evans' house.

• Si son extranjeros o clas icos, solo se anade elapostrofo:

Cervantes' works a re interesting.This is Pythagoras' Theorem.

• Con nombres compuestos o largos e l apos-t ro fo se pone al final:

My brother-in-law's guitar.The Prince of Wales's country house.

• Tambien se puede pone r 's despues de inicia-

les: The MP's secretary.The VIP's b odyguard.

• Con expresiones de tiempo tambien e s admi-sible el uso del genitive sajon:

today's papera m onth's h olidaytomorrow's w eather

twenty minutes' break o two hours'delay o in tw o months' time

• Es muy corriente usar el genitivo sajon contiendas (la palabra shop se sobreentiende):

My w ife is at the hairdresser's.Is there a butcher's near here?

• Tambien hospitales, iglesias, catedrales y fir-mas com erciales se escriben c on 's:

Barclays' (bank)St. Joh n's (College)St. Paul's (Cathedral)

• Cuando hablamos con algun conocido a ve-ces omitimos la palabra house:

W e a re going to Peter's.She's staying at the Brown's.

STANLEY




1. En este ejercicio hay que unir dos sustantivos. A veces hay que usar el apostrofo,con o sin s, otras veces la preposition of.

E x a m p le s : T h e w i n d o w / t h e r o o m / The window of the roomT h e m o t h e r / P e t e r / Peter's mother

1 . T h e h o u s e / To m

2 . T h e e y e s / t h e d o g

3 . T h e d o o r / th e r o o m

4 . T h e n a m e / t h is to w n

5 . The n a m e / m y h u s b a n d

6 . T h e t o y s / the ch i ld ren

7 . T h e n e w s p a p e r / t o d a y

8 . T h e d a u g h t e r / B e r n a r d

9 . Th e c o u n t r y h o u s e / m y uncle a n d a u n t

1 0 . T h e b i rt h d a y / m y f a t h e r

2. Lea la frase y escriba otra usando el genitivo sajon.E x a m p l e : T h e r o o m o f t h e ch i l d ren is ups ta i r s .

The children's room is upstairs.

1 . The h o u s e o f M r a n d M r s C a r te r is n e w.2 . The tail o f o u r c a t i s b l a c k a n d w h i t e .

3 . T h e h u s b a n d o f m y fr i e n d i s ve r y tall

4 .1 r e c e i v e d th e le t ter o f U n c l e G e o rg e l a s t n i g h t

5 . Th e m o t h e r o f m y cous in i s m y a u n t .

6 . The hea d o f tha t b i rd i s b lack .

7 . T h e f r i e n d s o f m y s i s t e r a re ve ry p re t ty.

8 .1 d idn ' t s e e th e w i f e o f y o u r b r o t h e r l a s t n igh t .

3. A h o r a v a m o s a usar el genitivo sajon con expresiones de tiempo, medida, distancia,peso; con tiendas, e t c .

E x a m p l e : T h e w e a th e r / y e s t e r d a y / w a s v e r y g o o dYesterday's weather was very good.

1 . T h e c o f e r e n c e / l a s t yea r / w a s te r r ib le

2 . T h e h o u s e i s / tw o h o u r s / w a l k / f r o m h e r e

3 . H o w h e a v y i s i t ? A b o u t t w o p o u n d s / w e i g h t

4 . This r iver i s / 20 mi l e s / long 5 . The y w en t to the Hosp i ta l o f S t . Pe te r.

6 . W e w e n t to v i s it t h e C a t h e d r a l o f S t . P a u l.

7 . W e w e n t t o th e s h o p o f W o o l w o r t h to d o s o m e s h o p p i n g.

2 5STANLEY




A d j e c t i v e s : A t t r i b u t e s - p r e d i c a t i v e s• Los adjetivos que se colocan delante de lossustantivos se llama n atributos:

a beautiful song- a tired expression

a typical meal

• Con ciertos verbos, tales como: be, seem,appear, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, amenudo ponemos un adjetivo de tras. Estos ver-bos se llaman verbos copulatives, y los adjeti-vos en esta posicion se llaman predicatives:

s h e is nice

- you look beautifulhe feels strong

• Los verbos look, taste, feel, and smell pue-den ir seguidos de un adjetivo predicative o deu n adverbio:

She looks angry, (ad j.)She is looking at you angrily, (adv.)You mus t be careful, (adj.)The do ctor felt my leg carefully, (adv.)She looked calm , (adj.)She looked calmly a t the two men.(adv.)

• Algunos verbos como sit, lie, stand, puedenir seguidos de adjetivos predicativos.

• A lgunos verbos se usan para m ostrar como elsujeto d e la frase cambia:

People go pale, red, w hite w ith anger;blue w ith co ld; green w ith envy.

• Turn se puede usar tambien con todas estasexpresiones:

She turned purple with rage.

• Go tambien se usa con ad jetivos en muchoscasos cuando las personas o las cosas c am-bian a peor:

& People go crazy, mad, deaf, bald, blind.(Sin em bargo go no se suele usar conill, tired y old).

- Meat goes bad, m ilk goe s off, horses golame, bread goes stale, machines gowrong, iron goes rusty.The leaves of the book go yellow w ithage.

• El verbo come se suele usa r co n expresionesque tienen un final feliz:

All m y dream s have come true.Everything will come out all right in theend.

• Los ad jetivos principal, sheer, chief, mainson atributos que se ponen delante de lossustantivos a los que califican:

The main road of the town is closed tothe traffic.

• Sin embargo, afraid, upset, alive, alone,asleep van siempre siguiendo al verbo, por loque son predicados:

She is s till alive.

• El significado de late y early depende de suposicion.

W e caught an early train.The train arrived/was early.

• Cuando poor significa "sin dinero" puede seratributo o predicado:

- He is a poor m an.This man is poor.

• Cuando poor significa "desgraciado" debe seratributo:

The poor child had an a cciden t.

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EXER SES

1. En las f r a s e s que v i e n e n a c o n t in u a c i o n t ie n e que a h a d ir , b i e n un a d j e t i v op r e d i c a t i v e , o u n a d v e r b i o .

E x a m p l e : T h e f o o d tasted horrible, (horrible/horribly)

1 . H e t a s t e d t h e s o u p . ( s u s p i c io u s / s u s p i c io u s l y )

2 . Th i s exerc i s e looks to m e . (terrible/terribly)

3 . S h e l ooked . S h e d idn ' t s eem t o b e . ( c a l m / c a l m l y )(nervous /ne rvous ly )

4 . S h e lo o k e d a t t h e a n g r y m o b . ( c a lm / ca l m l y )

5. He t u rned o n th e m a n behind h im . (angry/an gr i ly)

6 . T h a t m u s i c s o u n d s I can ' t s t and it ( t e r r ib le / t e r r ib ly )

7 . M a r y g r e w a s t im e pas sed , ( im pa t ien t / im pa t ien t ly )

8 . S o m e t h i n g s m e l ls i n t h e k i tc h e n , ( g o o d / w e l l )

9. He m ade he r . (happy /hap p i ly )

1 0 . She s ings . ( beau t i fu l /beau t i fu l ly )

2 . E n e s t e e j e r c ic io t ie n e u n a s p a r e ja s d e f r a s e s , e n u n a f r a s e u s a m o s e l a dc o m o a t r i b u t o , en la o tr a c o m o p r e d ic a d o . Una de las dos f r a s e s no tiene s e n t i d o .T a c h e l a .

E x a m p l e : He i s the c h i e f e n g i n e e r.

1 . Th i s i s the m ain s t r ee t . / Th i s s t r ee t is the m ain .

2 . This is an alive m a n . / This man is alive.3 . Th i s c l i en t i s ou r p r incipal . / Th i s i s ou r p r incipal c l ien t .

4 . Th i s i s an a f r a id g i r l . /This g i r l i s af ra id .

5 . T h a t is m y u p s e t m o t h e r. / M y m o t h e r i s u p s e t .

6 . T h a t i s an a l o n e m a n . / T h a t m a n i s a l o n e .

7 . S h e i s a n a s h a m e d girl. / S h e is a s h a m e d o f i t.

8 . T h e s e a r e a l i k e g i r l s . / T h e s e g i r l s a r e a l i k e .

3 . t A d je t i v o s o a d y e r b i o s ? A lg u n a s p a la b r a s p u e d e n s e r l a s d o s c o s a s . In ca l g u n o s a d v e r b io s s e p u e d e n e s c r ib i r d e d o s f o r m a s d i fe r e n t e s .

This is a s low train (adj.) Go s lo w (adv.) S h e w a s driving s lowly, (adv. )E x a m p l e : P l e a s e , b e c a r e f u l a n d dr ive slowlyl ( s l o w )

1 . A ro a d g o e s f ro m o n e place to ano ther, (straight)

2 . P l e a s e , cu t a l l the e x p l a n a t io n s . W e ' ll b e t h e r e . ( s h o r t)

3 . S h e i s a s inger. S h e s ings ve ry . ( w e l l/ g o o d )

4 . Th is t r a in i s a t r a in . I t goe s ve ry . ( fa s t )

5 . G o t o t h e s t a t io n a n d t a k e t h e t ra i n t h a t g o e s t oLondon , (d i r ec t /d i r ec t ly )

6 . I h a v e n ' t b e e n t o t h e t h e a t r e v e r y m u c h . ( la t e / la te ly )

7 . I ha te a r r iv ing . ( la t e / la te ly )

8 . Yo u can ea t in m y r e s t a u r a n t i f you w a n t , ( f re e / f re e l y )

9 . He can jum p very . (high/highly)27

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ENGLISH GRAMAR

This engineer is the chief



EXERCISES

1 . Rellene lo s huecos c o n l a s particulas d o , d o e s , don ' t o d o e sn ' t .E x a m p l e : Do you go to the beach every day? Yes, I do.

1 . What y o u friend d o i n t h e mornings?

2. They come here very often.

3. Fred's friend do his homework every day.

4. Mr Smith's wife do the shopping in this supermarket?

5. These people go to many concerts, do they?

6. your friend's mother cook well?

7. When you do your homework?

8. these people go to the beach every day in summer?

9. That old woman, Mrs Brent, hear very well, does she?

1 0 . M y teacher, o l d M r Rock, speak t o u s .

2 . Responda estas preguntas usando respuestas cor tas .Example: Do you go to school every day? Yes, I do. No, I don t.

1. Does your brother's friend like swimming?

2 . D o y o u g o to s e e th e doctor when y o u have a cold?

3 . Does Peter's uncle come t o s e e h i m o f t e n ?

4 . D o th e children drink water with their meals?

5. Do they cut the grass very often?

6 . Does Mr Smith like playing golf?

7 . D o y o u listen t o t h e news o n t h e radio?

8 . Does M rs Evans g o shopping every morning?

3. Aqui t ienes unas respuestas. Tu t ienes q ue hacer la s preguntas .Example: No, I don't go every day. Do you go every day?

1 . Yes, Mr Smith goes to work by bus.

2. No, they don't do their homework.

3 . Yes, my friends like dancing.

4. No, I don't speak French.

5. Yes, my friends like running.

6. No, my father doesn't smoke.

7. Yes, my friend's mother cooks very well.

8. No, we don't play tennis very often.

9 . T h e headmaster? Yes, h e teaches very well. 29

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ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 14

P r e p o s i t i o n s o f p l a c e : on , i n , a tA t• Cuando consideramo s un sitio com o un punto

(sin tamano real), usamos at:I live in Linster. (e s impo rtante para m f)The trains don't stop a t Linster. (e s soloun punto en el viaje)At the two -mile m ark, he wa s leadingthe other runners.We stopped for an hour a t Orly airport.

• A menudo usamos at con el nombre de unlugar cuando e stamos interesados en la activi-dad que se desa rrolla alii, no en la forma exac-ta o dimensiones del lugar. Nos encontramoscon alguien at the station, no estamos intere-sados en el hecho de que sea fuera o dentro,sino que consideramos a la estacion como unsitio de encuentro. A m enudo usam os at cuan-

do hablamos de cafes, restaurantes, o sitiosdonde se estudia o trabaja:I'll be at the club at 8.We'll eat at MacDonald's, in High Street.He had a beer at that little pub round th ecorner.I w as a t the thea tre last night.I was a t school from 1960 to 1971, andat university from 1971 to 1974; afterthat I worked a t Barnard's Enterprises.

• Tambien usamo s at con nombres de activida -des de grupo:

a t a m eeting/at th e theatre/at a conce rt/a t a lecture/at a m atch/at th e cinema

• Fi'jese en la diferencia entre in Oxford(en la c iudad ) y at Oxford (en la universi-dad); y entre in the corner (r incon) y at /on the corne r (esquina) .

30STANLEY

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

On (lines)• Usamos o n para de cir que algo esta tocando

o cercano a una Ifnea, o algo parecido a unali'nea. (no, frontera, carretera):

W e have a house on th e river.Tijuana is o n the frontier betweenMexico and the U.S.A.Bath is o n the road to Bristol.

O n (surfaces)

• Usamos on cuando algo esta tocando unasuperficie:

The book is on the table.They spend the m orning in a boat on thelake.Put th e picture on the other wa ll.There 's som ething on th e sole o f myshoe.There's a stain on the ceiling.




I. Complete estas frases usando in, on, or at con una de las frases dadas a continuation:th e s e co n d f lo o r L o n d o n th e eas t coas tt h e P y r e n e e s t h e w i n d o w th e b a c k o f t h e e n v e l o p em y wa y to w ork the r igh t the back o f the c lassth e t raff ic l ights th e she l f th e back o f the c inemaE x a m p l e : T h e ma in o ff i ce o f the c o m p a n y is in London .

1. O n t h e cont inent people dr ive

2 . She wa s look ing a t the passe r s -by.

3 . J immy w a s si t t ing

4 . Wr i t e y o u r n a m e a n d a d d r e s s

5. It's a l i t t le f ishing vil lage6 . I s topped the re

7 . W e h a ve a little h o u se

8 . She lives above us ,

9 . T h e c a r w a s s t o p p e d

10 . The book was

I I . The young coup le w a s w a t c h in g th e film sit t ing

2. Com plete estas fra ses con in, on, at .E x a m p l e s : T h e p o l i c e m a n w a s s t a n d i n g on t h e c o r n e r o f t h e s t r e e t .

1. T h e r e w a s n o n a m e th e door, s o w e k n o c k e d .

2 . T h e m a n h a d a s c a r h is l e f t cheek .

3 . The y l ived a sm al l i s land o ff the coas t o f F lor ida.

4 . Don ' t use the f ron t en t r ance . Th ere ' s ano ther en t r ance the back .

5 . My o ff i ce i s t he g round f loo r. The second door the r igh t .

6 . S h a k e sp e a r e w a s b o r n S t r a t fo r d Av o n .

7 . They go t m ar r i ed Bos ton twe n ty yea r s ago .

8 . The spo r t s r esu l ts a r e the back page o f the new spap er.

9 . I have a f r i end w ho lives a sm al l v il lage the coas t .

10 . T h e r e w e r e m a n y c a r s p a r k e d t h is s t r e e t .

11 . I ' l l meet he r the c o r n e r of the s t r ee t .

12. I wa s s tuck in a t raff ic ja m m y w a y h e r e .

13. T h e r e w a s a n a c c id e n t th e c r o s s r o a d s la s t n ight .

14. T h e r e is a he rd o f she ep tha t f ie ld .

15. I can ' t s e e y o u th is pho tograph.

16. Th ere i s a pa th the end o f th is s t r ee t .

17. I don ' t l ike spending t h e d ay si t t ing a d e sk .3

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1 . C o m p l e te e s t a s f r a s e s . U til ic e in , a t , o n c o n u n a d e la s p a la b r a s d e e s t a s e a h o s p i ta l t h e a t r e b e d

t h e s t a t io n t h e c in e m a c h u r c h p r i s o n

t h e a i r p o r t s c h o o l a f a r m w o r k

E x a m p l e : M y p la n e la n d s a t 3 .0 0 . P l e a s e , m e e t m e at t h e a i r p o r t .

1 . O u r t ra i n w a s d e l a ye d . W e h a d t o w a i t f o r h a lf a n h o u r.

2 . It w a s a lo n g v o y a g e . T h e y w e r e f o r t w o m o n t h s .

3 . She has n 't go ne to un ive r s i ty ye t . She ' s still

4 . Has Jim go t up y e t ? No, he is still 5 . T h e r e is a n ice p lay t on igh t .

6 . T h e y a l w a y s g o t o t h e S u n d a y S e r v i c e , t h e y a re still

7 . I w a s b r o u g h t up in the c o u n t ry,

8 . He wa s ja i l ed fo r t en ye ar s . He 's s t il l

9 . I'll b e until 6 i n m y o f f i ce .

1 0 . H e h a d a b a d a c c id e n t l a s t m o n t h a n d he 's still 1 1 . W h e re w e r e y o u las t n ight? I w a s w a t c h i n g a f i lm.

2 . C o m p l e te e s t a s f r a s e s c o n in y a t .E x a m p l e : T h e r e w e r e a l o t o f y o u n g p e o p l e at th e c o n c e r t .

1 . W e h a d a p a r t y F r a n k 's h o u s e la s t night.

2 . D o n ' t c o m e to s e e m e t o m o r r o w. I w o n 't b e h o m e .

I'll be John 's .3 . M a r y a n d Je a n a r e s t u d e n t s H a r va r d U n i ve r s it y.

4 . I haven ' t s een J ane fo r a l ong t ime . I las t s a w h e r M ik e 's w e d d i n g .

5 . T h e r e ' s a c o n c e r t th e A lber t Fes t iva l Hall t on igh t .

6 . F reddy 's pa ren t s live M an che s te r.

7 . H e s p e a k s g o o d S p a n i s h . H e s t u d ie d M a d r id f o r a y e a r.

8 . I t wa s a s low t r a in . I t s topp ed every little s t a t ion .9 . Yo u w e r e n 't th e p a r t y, w e r e y o u ?

1 0 . M y s e c r e t a r y w a s n 't w o r k t o d a y. S h e w a s

h o m e ill bed .3 3

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UNIT 14 (Cont.) ENGLISH GRAMM AR

A t church, in hospital , etc.• Hay algunas expresiones que no usan a r t fc u -

lo, algunas con in, otras con at:in bedin hospitalin cou r tin church/at churchin prisonin Am er ican Englishin schoolin college

in universitya t s choo la t universitya t w o r ka t college

Addresses• A t s e u sa con e l numero de l a ca lle :

S he lives a t number 27 ,pero... S he lives in Bo s ton Road .

• Si usamos el numero y el nombre de la calledecimos at:

She lives a t 27 London A venue .

• Con los pisos siempre decimos on:I live on the th ird f loo r/on the groundfloor.

Recuerde

Decimos arrive in con pai'ses y ciudades:When did you arrive in England/in London?

• Decimos a rrived at con iugares comunes:He arrived late at school.at workat the hotelat the park

• No usamos preposicidn con verbos de m ovimiento y home:He arrived home.

3 4STANLEY



EXERCISES ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1 . C o m p le t e e s t a s f r a s e s c o n u n a p r e p o s i c io n c u a n d o s e a n e c e s a r io .E x a m p l e : A t w h a t t im e d i d y o u a r r ive at th e a i r p o r t ?

1 . M y h u s b a n d a l w a y s a r r i ve s h o m e v e r y e a r l y.

2 . I h a d a s tr a n g e f e e l in g w h e n I f i r s t a r r ived th i s co un t ry.

3 . W h e n t h e t w o b o y s a r r iv e d t h e c in e m a t h e y j o in e d t h e q u e u e .

4 . T h e y a r r iv e d L o n d o n e a r l y in t h e m o r n i n g .

5 . W h a t t im e d o y o u u s u a l ly a r r iv e t h e o f f i ce i n t h e m o r n i n g ?

6 . W h a t t im e d o t h e b o y s a r r ive h o m e f r o m s c h o o l ?

7 . W h a t t im e a r e w e e x p e c t e d t o a r r i ve t h e h o t e l?

8 . T h i s t ra i n a r r i ve s p l a t f o r m 8 .

9 . W h e n d i d s h e a r r ive N e w Yo r k ?

10 . He a r r i ve d w o r k e a r ly fo r o n c e .

11 . T h e y a r r iv e d l a te t h e m e e t i n g .

12 . The p lane a r r ived the a i rpo r t 2 hou r s l a te .

1 3 . W e a r r i ve M a j o r c a 7 h o u r s la t e .

14. Darling, I'll be arriving h o m e late today.

2 . U s e e s ta s p a l a b r a s c o n u n a p r e p o s i c i o n ( c u a n d o s e a n e c e s a r io ) p a r a c o m p le t a r la s f ra s e s :prison, c h u r c h , hospital, school, b e d , w o r k , un iver s i ty

E x a m p le : T h e c o n v i c t is in prison.

1. T h e children a r e a l r e a d y asleep.

2 . M y s o n is s t u d y i n g m e d ic i n e .

3 . M r B r o w n h a d a n accident. He is .

4. It 's late. Take t h e c h i ld r e n in y o u r c a r.

5 . W e a r e getting married a n d w e have t o go to s p e a k t o t he vicar.

6 . M y m o t h e r is c o m i n g to s p e a k t o t h e h e a d m a s t e r.

7 . Let's g o . I w a n t t o g o t o t h e S u n d a y S e r vi c e .

8 . T h e la w y e r w e n t t o s p e a k t o t h e c o n v ic t .9 . M r Smi th is in his o f f i c e . He is .

1 0 . M y f a t h e r h a s g o n e to h is o f fi c e . He is o n h i s w ay .

3 5STANLEY



EXERCISES

1. En este ejercicio tiene que poner fo r o during.E x a m p l e : I t has b een r a in in g fo r t h r e e d a y s . But i t d idn ' t ra in during th e n igh t .

1 . W e n e v e r g o o u t t h e w e e k . W e o n l y g o o u t a t w e e k e n d s .

2 . M y b r o t h e r h a s b e e n o u t o f w o r k s ix m o n t h s .

3 . M y w i fe h a s n 't s p o k e n to m e a w e e k .

4 . Sh e w a i t ed fo r y o u h a l f an h o u r in th e r a in .

5. He l ived in S o u th A m e r i c a m a n y y e a r s .

6 . T h e p ro d u c t io n o f the f a c t o r y s t o p p e d th e s t r i k e .

7 . W h e n I w as i l l I co u ld n ' t e a t a n y t h i n g s e v e r a l d a y s .

8 . I fe l l a s l ee p th e f i lm .9 . I h a v e b e e n w a i tin g a g e s . W h e r e h a v e y o u b e e n ?

2. Complete con fo r o s ince.Example: I was s tudy ing for two h o u r s . It has b een raining since f o u r o'clock.

1 . W e w a t c h e d t e l e v is i o n t w o h o u r s la s t n ig h t .

2 . We h a v e b e e n w a t c h i n g t e l e vi s io n 5 o ' c lo ck .

3 . I h av en ' t e a t en an y th in g b r ea k fa s t .

4 . We h a v e n 't s e e n e a c h o t h e r a l o n g t im e .

5 . T h a t h o u s e h a s b e e n e m p t y s ix y e a r s .

6 . T h a t h o u s e h a s b e e n e m p t y 1 9 80 .

7 . I ' v e k n o wn h e r a l o n g t i m e .

8 . I h a v e n ' t s e e n h e r C h r i s t m a s .

9 . W e a r e g o in g a w a y a w e e k . W e 'll b e b a c k o n 8th S e p t e m b e r.

3. Complete con f rom o s ince.E x a m p l e : I w a s t h e r e from t h r e e to f o u r b u t n o b o d y c a m e .

I ' v e b een h e r e since t h r e e o 'c l o c k b u t n o b o d y ' s c o m e .

1 . W h a t h a v e yo u b e e n d o i n g n in e o ' c lo c k t h is m o r n i n g ?

2 . M y lu n c h t im e is o n e t o t h r e e .

3 . I 've b ee n w a i t in g sev en o ' c lo ck .

4 . I l i k e wa tch in g T V n ine to t e n .

5 . I h av en ' t s een y o u w e m e t in Par i s a y e a r a g o .

6 . M o s t p e o p le w o r k n in e to f i v e .

7. I t i s two y e a r s I l as t s a w J im.

8 . I h av en ' t s een Jim June 1990 .

9 . I w a i te d t w o t o f o u r b u t s h e didn't c o m e .39

STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R




Prepositions of direction and m a nn e rFrom• Indica procedencia:

The t ra in is coming f rom P aris .W h e n are they coming back from SouthAmer i ca?They a re com ing a ll the w ay f romChicago .It 's 200 miles f rom London to Bris tol.

T o• Indica d irection a o estado en:

I 've been to Pa r is f ive t im es.She 's never been to a footba ll m atch.W e a re going to fly to N e w York .Let's go to a conce r t tonight .

Into• Usamos into en vez de to cuando entramosdentro de algun sitio:

T h e y w e n t into the room .

Th e dog ran into the house .The o ld m an wa lked into the shop .A bird flew into the room.

By• Usamos by para decir como viajamos:

by train by road by planeby car by sea by airby rail by underground by ship

by bus by bicycle by landI a lw ays go to Paris by plane.He some t im es goes to w o rk b y bicycle.W e never go b y air. W e prefer to go bytrain.

• Si usamos by no podemos decir my car / thebus / a taxi, e tc . Decimos in my car, on thetrain.

O n• Usamos on para ir a pie y en transposespublicos:

on the bus - on the 5.30

train - on aplane - o n f oo tGe t on the bus , quick Le t's get on thetrain.

• U s a m o s in pa ra coch es y taxis:- in my car - in a car - in a taxi

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EXERCISES

1. Complete co n f ro m , to, o into.E x a m p le : T h e p lane h a s a r r ived from Pa r i s .

1 . T h e y h a ve c y c l e d P a r i s R o m e .2 . He g o t t h e ca r an d d r o v e o f f .

3 . Your m o t h e r is c o m i n g b a c k t h e s h o p s .

4 . T h a t m a n is g o i n g t o b e s e n t p r is o n .

5. He t r ave l s every d a y N e w Yo r k Wa s h i n g t o n .

6 . I can run he re th e c h u r c h in f ive minu tes .

7. He ran a w a y h o m e a t 15 .

8 . S h e w a lk e d q u ie t ly th e r o o m a n d s a t d o w n .

9 . I s tha t the t ra in com ing Se v il le?

2. Complete co n by, on, o in.E x a m p le : T h e y a re c o m i n g b y t ra in . On t h e 6 o ' c lock t r a in .

1. Quick Get the train. It's leaving.

2 . I'll take y o u t o t h e s t a t ion m y c a r.

3 . We ' l l g o t o t h e s t a t ion a t ax i .

4 . I've c o m e t o w o r k t a x i t h is m o r n i n g .

5. He o f t e n g o e s to w o r k b i c y cl e in s u m m e r.6 . Ge t the bus , hu r ry up

7 . He go t h is m o t o r c y c l e a n d r o d e o f f .

8 . They ' r e a r r iv ing th e 7 .30 t ra in f r o m M a n c h e s t e r.

9. The p a s s e n g e r s w e r e already seated the plane.

1 0 . I d o n 't like t rave l ling und erg roun d .

1 1 . "Are you go ing a i r ?" "No , s ea .

12 . "We 'll p rob ab ly go on ho liday yo ur f a the r 's ca r."

3. Haga preguntas como en el ejem plo.E x a m p l e : No, I have ne ver been to Afr ica . Have you b e e n to A f r ica?

1 . No , I h a v e n e v e r b e e n t o t he U n i t e d S t a t e s .

2 . N o , m y d a u g h t e r h a s n e ve r be e n t o R o m e .

3 . N o , t h e y h a ve n e v e r b e e n to S w e d e .

4 . N o , t h e y h a v e n e v e r b e e n to Aus t r a l i a .

5 . No , I ' ve never been to Por tuga l .

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ENGLISH GR MM R

41



UNIT 18

T h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• E l p r e s en te co n t in u e se fo r m a con el p r e s en te

del ve rbo au x i lia r to be + el g e ru n d io :


I am w o r k in gY o u a re w orkingH e is w o rk in gW e a re w o r k in g

Y o u a re w o r k in gT h e y a re w o r k in g

N e g a t i v e

I am not w o r k in g

Y ou are not w orkingH e is n o t w o r k in g

W e a re n o t w o r k in g

Y o u a re n o t w o r k in gT h e y a r e n o t w o rk in g

I n t e r r o g a t i v e

A m I w o r k in g ?A re you w o rk i n g ?I s he w o r k in g ?A re w e w o r k in g ?

A re y o u w o r k in g ?A re th e y w o r k in g ?

U s o s del p r e s e n t e c o n t in u o

1. P ara una a cc i o n que e s ta s u c e d ie n d o a c tu a l -m e n t e :

It is raining.We a re sitting at the table fo r dinner.W h a t are you do ing? I'm w a tch ing TV.

2. Para una a cc i o n ac t u a l p e ro que no n e c e s a -r i a m e n t e e s t a s u c e d i e n d o en el m o m e n t o enque se hab la :

I'm reading a very interesting book.H e ' s learning French.

The Smiths a re building their ow nhouse.

3. Una fo r m a c o r rie n t e de e x p r e s a r las i deasd e fu t u r e p la n e a d o :

He is taking m e to the cinema tonight.I'm meeting John at seven this evening. A re you doing a nything tom orrowmorning?" "I'm playing tennis withJanet."I'm hav ing dinner w ith your sister onSaturday.He 's going to the doctor o n Monday.

4. A m e n u d o u s a m o s el p re s e n t e co n tin u o cu an -d o h a b l a m o s a c e r c a d e u n p e r f o d o p r e s e n t e ,p o r e j e m p l o : t o d a y, t h i s s e a s o n , t h i s t e r m ,e t c . :

She is wo rking very hard these days.W e are not studying maths this term.Robert is not playing tennis this season.

5. Ta m b ie n u s a m o s el p r e s e n t e c o n t in u o p a r ah ab la r s o b re s itu a c io n es cam b ian t e s :

The standard of living is rising in this

country.Your French is definitely getting better.

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1. P o n g a el v e r b o en la f o r m a c o r re c t a .E x a m p l e : K e e p qu ie t , / am listening t o the radio , ( l is ten)

Le t ' s g o to p l ay fo o tb a l l . It is not raining no w . (no t ra in )1 . I h av e to d r iv e a f t e r th e par ty. I an y th in g to n ig h t , ( d r in k )

2 . W e t h is m o n t h . W e a r e o n h o l id a y, ( n o t w o r k )

3 . W h y y o u r r a in co a t? I t is not r a in in g , (wea r )

4 . L o o k a t t h o s e b o y s T h e y s t o n e s a t p eo p le a g a i n , ( t h r o w )

5 . t h e p lay, d a r l in g ? I t w as w r i t ten b y Sh ak e sp e a re , ( en jo y )

6 . D o n ' t m a k e a n o i s e . I to c o n c e n t r a t e , ( t r y )

7 . L o o k It aga in , ( ra in )8 . E x c u s e m e , I fo r t he s t a t io n . C a n y o u tell m e t h e w a y ? ( l o o k )

9 . Ch i ld r en , y o u a lo t o f n o i se . Go to p lay in th e g a rd e n , (m ak e )

1 0 . W h a t l a n g u a g e ? I c a n 't u n d e r s t a n d a w o r d , ( s p e a k )

2 . C o m p l e t e e s t a s f r a s e s u s a n d o u n o d e e s to s v e r b o s .c h a n g e / w e a r / r ise / f a l l / get / lose / w o r kE x a m p l e : T h i n g s are changing very f a s t in this c o u n t r y.

1 . T h e s t a n d a r d o f l iving f a s t in s o m e E u r o p e a n c o u n t rie s .2 . W h y y o u a coa t? I t ' s very h o t t o d ay.

3 . T h e l eve l o f the w a t e r s in c e th e r a i n s t o p p e d t h r e e d a y s a g o .

4 . Th in g s v e ry ex p e n s ive . L i fe is i m p o s s i b l e

5 . W e a lo t o f m o n e y in t h i s b u s i n e s s

6 . T h e y v e r y h a r d t h e s e d a y s .

3. C o m p l e t e la s f r a s e s co n p r e s e n t e continue con p r o y e c c io n al future".

E x a m p l e : I am driving a f t e r th e p a r t y s o I 'm not drinking, (d r ive /d r ink) .

1 . I the b a b y a t s e v e n o ' c l o c k . ( b a t h e )

2 . W e t e n n i s o n S u n d a y m o r n i n g , ( p la y )

3 . Th e y th e i r an n iv e r sa ry d in n e r o n F r id ay, ( h av e )

4 . W h a t tim e y o u t o m o r r o w ? (c o m e )

5 . T h e y a f t e r lu n c h , I th ink , (a r r ive)

6 . " A r e y o u c o m in g t o m o r r o w ? " "N o , , so r ry. " (wo rk )

7 . Yo u r f r ie n d m a r r ie d n e x t m o n t h , i sn ' t s h e ? ( g e t )8 . W h e r e y o u r b o y f r ie n d ? ( m e e t )

9 . "Wh a t y o u th is ev en in g ?" "No th in g , I a th o m e . " ( d o / s t ay )

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UNIT 19

T h e present simple• La forma afirma tiva del presente de indicative tien e la misma forma queel infinitive, excepto que normalmente la tercera persona ahade una s.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

I work

you work

he/she/it w orks

w e work

you work

they wo rk

I play

you playhe/she/it plays

w e play

you play

they play

I watch

you wa tch

he/she/it wa tches

w e w atch

y o u wa tch

they wa tch

Los verbos que terminan en ss, sh, ch, x, oahaden es en la terce ra persona d el singular:

I kiss, he kissesI watch, he wa tchesI rush, he rushesI box, he boxesI go, he goesI do , he does

I fish, h e fishe s

• Cuando u n verbo te rmina e n y de t ras deuna consonante , cambiamos la y en i, yahadimos e s :

I copy, he copiesI try, h e tries

• Sin em bargo, lo s verbos que terminan en ydetras de una vocal siguen la regla general:

I play, he playsI obey, he obeysI say, he says

• El present simple se usa para expresar un aaccion h abitual. For regla general se suele usarcon adverbios o f rases a dverbiales tales com o:always, never, often, occasionally, every day,usually, on Sundays, in winter.

& I always go to Miami in summer.She never te lls m e what to do.W e play football every day.I often speak to he r on the phone.On Sunday a fternoons w e s tay at home.

• Con algunos verbos s iempre se usa la form ahabitual, pues no adm iten la continua:

I love you.She likes me.I believe you.She feels very w ell.I hear noises a t night.He hates you.I wan t a little more.She adores him.He admires her.

• Con verbos de actividad mental s e suele usartambien la forma habitual:

knowmeanexpectassumeagreefeelrealizesupposerecognizerememberseeunderstandthink

4 4STANLEY




1 . C o m p l e te la s f r a s e s c o n e l v e r b o e n la f o r m a c o r r e c ta .E x a m p l e : C h i l d r e n o f t e n go to s c h o o l b y bus .

1 . Jo n a th a n n ev e r to w o r k l a t e , ( g o )

2 . M y f a t h e r s o m e t i m e s t e l e v is i o n in t h e m o r n in g s , ( w a t c h )

3 . I t o cca s io n a l ly in su m m er, b u t n o t v e ry o f t en . ( r a in )

4 . We a l w a y s E n g l is h in the En g l i sh c l a s s , ( sp eak )

5 . M y p a r e n t s o u t t o d i n n e r o n S a t u r d a y s , ( g o )

6 . M r s G r e e n u s u a l l y h e r ch i ld r en g o o d n ig h t , ( k i s s )

7 . Th i s so ld i e r n ev e r o rd e r s , ( o b ey )

8 . M r B r o w n to N e w Yo rk a b o u t t w o o r t h r e e t im e s a y e a r , ( g o )

9 . T h e s e p e o p l e to th i s p la c e e v e r y w e e k , ( c o m e )

2 . C o m p l e te la s f r a s e s u s a n d o u n o d e lo s v e r b o s q u e d a m o s a c o n t in u a c io nf ee l , l o o k , sm e l l , h a t e , l o v e , like, w a n t , a g r e e , r e m e m b e r , s e e .E x a m p l e : I s e e M r E v a n s e v e r y m o r n i n g o n h is w a y to w o r k .

1 . S h e h a s g o o d m e m o r y. S h e e v e r y t h i n g .

2 . I w i t h y o u ab o u t t h a t . Y o u a r e r i g h t.

3 . M y d a u g h t e r t o s t u d y a t O x f o r d n e x t y e a r.

4 . S h e g e t t i n g u p e a r ly o n M o n d a y m o r n in g s .

5 . I v e r y lo n e l y w h e n I am a lo n e .

6 . A m o t h e r h e r c h i ld r e n v e r y m u c h .

7 . T h a t y o u n g g i r l v e r y b e a u t i fu l .

8 . T h i s c a k e v e r y g o o d .

9 . I g o in g fo r a w a lk i n t he c o u n t r y in sp r in g .

3 . E l i j a e n t r e la f o rm a h a b i t u a l y la f o rm a c o n t i n u a .E x a m p l e : P e t e r a n d Dav id are playing t en n i s a t f ive .

Pe te r a n d Dav id play t e n n i s e v e r y S a t u r d a y.1 . M y f a th e r ea r ly ev e ry d ay. ( g e t u p )

2 . W e lu n ch ea r ly to d ay, ( h av e )

3 . W e S h a k e s p e a r e a t s c h o o l, ( re a d )

4 . W e o n e o f S h a k e s p e a r e ' s p la y s a t s c h o o l e v e r y d a y. ( re a d )

5 . S h e n e v e r w h a t t o d o . ( k n o w )

6 . M y g r a n d p a r e n ts in M a n c h e s t e r , ( li ve )

7. I don't understand these people. you t h e m ?( u n d e r s t a n d )

8 . T h e w a ter I'll m ake th e t ea . (bo i l )

9 . T h e m o o n r o u n d th e e a r t h , a n d th e e a r t h r o u n d th e s u n .(go )

45STANLEY



EXERCISES

I . En e s t e e j e r c i c io d e b e d e c i r c u a n d o v as a h a c e r a lg o .E x a m p l e : H a v e y o u r e a d t h e l e t t e r ? N o , I'm going to r e ad i t n o w.

1. "Have yo u w a s h e d y o u r h a n d s ? " " N o , I

2 . "Has s h e m a d e th e t e a ? " "N o , s h e

3 . "Have yo u d o n e y o u r h o m e w o r k ? " "N o , I

4 . "Has S u e w a s h e d th e d i sh es?" "No , s h e

5 . "Have y o u b o u g h t th e b o o k ?" "No , I

6 . "Has To n y p o s t ed th e l e t t e r ? " "No , h e

7 . "Have y o u t y p e d th e l e t t e r s? " "No ,

8 . " H a v e t h e b o y s w a s h e d t h e c a r ? " " N o ,

9. "Have th e B r o w n s p a i n t e d th e h o u s e ? " " N o ,

1 0 . "Has l i tt le J imm y gon e to s c h o o l ? " " N o ,

1 1 . "Have yo u d o n e th e i r o n in g ?" "No ,

1 2 . "Has s h e s p o k e n t o the t e a c h e r ? " " N o ,

1 3 . "Have yo u c o o k e d th e m e a t ? " " N o ,

1 4 . "Have yo u b o u g h t th e d r i n k s ? " " N o ,

15. "Have y o u h a d b r e a k f a s t ? " "N o ,

2 . E n e s t e e j e r c ic i o t ie n e q u e h a c e r p r e g u n t a s c o n g o i n g to .E x a m p l e : " S h e 's w o n t h e f o o t b a l l p o o ls ." "W h a t is she going to d o w i t h t h e m o n e y ?

1 . "I h a v e b o u g h t a p u l lo ve r. " "W h e n? " ( w e a r )

2 . "W e h a v e b o u g h t a little t ab le ." "W h e r e ? " ( p u t )

3. "I h av e p a in t ed a n e w p ic tu r e ." "W h e re? " ( h a n g )

4. "I h av e b een in v i t ed to a p a r ty to n ig h t . " "Wh o? " ( g o )

5. "I h a v e w r i t t e n a l e t te r. " "When? " (p o s t )

6 . "He has w r it te n a b o o k . " "Wh en?" (pub l i sh )

7 . "Th ey h av e so ld th e h o u s e . " " W h e r e? " ( live)

8 . "Sh e h a s d iv o rced F ran k . " "Wh o? " ( m a r r y )

47STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 2 0 (Con t .)

I R e c u e r d e

* C o m p a re m o s ei going to (prediction) con willusado para probable futuro.

• Will es una manera comun de expresar lo quepiensa, cree, e s p e ra , etc. ei que habla:

it w ill probab ly be hot tomorrow.Cereals w ill be expensive this year.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

• W ill y g o in g t o s on m u y p a rec idos e n e s tetipo d e f ra s e s y cua lqu ie r a d e l o s d o s s e p u e d eusa r :

It w ill take us a long tim e to get there.- It is going to take us a long tim e to ge t

there.

D i f e r e n c i a s

• 1. G o in g to im plica que hay s e h a le s que su-c e d e r a a lgo . W ill im p lica qu e e l que hab la c r eeq u e s u c e d e ra .

• 2. G o in g to se usa con un f u tu ro r e la t ivam en -te inm ed ia to ; wi l l n o im p lic a n in g u n tie m p o e npar t icular y p o d r f a r e fe r ir s e a u n fu t u r o r e m o t o .

* This o ld car is going to break down,• significa que h a c e ru id o s r a ro s y que nos vaa d e j a r tir a d e s e n e l c a m i n o .

This old car will break down,• significa que s u c e d e ra en a lg u n tie m p o ene l fu t u r o ( q u iz a ta r d e m u c h o e n a ver ia r se . )

D e fo r m a p a r e c id a :• My father is going to get better• significa que e s ta d a n d o s e n a t e s de m e jo -rar.

My father w ill get better.• ind ica con f ian za y qu iza una eve n tua l r ecu -peration, p e ro n o d a ide a d e q u e v a y a a m e -jo r a r e n e l p r o x im o f u tu r o .

48STANLEY




1. A h o r a tiene que decir lo que piensa que va a suceder en estas situaciones.E x a m p l e : A ma n read ing the pap er is w a lk ing near a ho le , ( fa l l )

He is going to fall into the hole.

1 . Jim is tak ing h i s exa m s . He is ve ry c lever and w ork s ha rd , (pas s )

He

2 . The sky i s fu l l o f da rk c louds , ( r a in )

It

3. F rank is running in a race. He is ve ry good . He trains a lot . (win)

He

4 . T h e c a r i s m a k i n g s t r a n g e n o i s e s , ( b r e a k d o w n )

I t

5 . Mary i s st i l l in bed . I t i s n ine o 'c lock , ( la te for work)

S h e

6. Li t t le J im is p laying w i th the f i re , (burn)

He h is han d .

7 . T h e little g i r l i s p lay ing w i th the s c i s so r s .

S h e h e r f in g e r.

8 . W e a re w o r k in g v e r y h a rd t o s u c c e e d .

W e

2. Tiene que elegir entre going to y will.E xam ple : " I ha ven 't go t m y ca lcu la t ing ma ch ine , and I'm going to ta k e a n e x a m in

five minutes ." "Don ' t worry, I ' l l lend yo u mine."

1 . "I haven ' t g o t a n y m o r e p a i n t . I can 't f in i sh pa in t ing th e r oom." "Don ' t wor ry,I get you s o m e ."

2 . "W hat co lo (u ) r pa in t th e k i t c h e n ? " "I d o n 't k n o w , I think

I pa in t it blue."

3 . " D a d , m y bike is b roken." "Is i t? All r ight . I have a l ook a t i t th is evening."

4 . " D a d , th e T V d o e s n ' t w o r k . " " Ye s , I k n o w. I r epa i r i t in a minute."

5. "I d o n ' t k n o w h e r a d d r e s s " " O k a y, I d o w n fo r y o u "

6 . "How to L o n d o n ? " "I d o n ' t k n o w, I th ink I by t ra in ."

7 . " W h e n to w r it e th a t s t o r y ? " "I d o n ' t k n o w. I th ink I n e x tm o n t h . "

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UNIT 21

T h e future simple

A ff i r m a t i v e

I sh all/will playY o u will play

H e will playW e shall/will play

Y o u will play

They will play

N e g a t i v e

I shall/will n ot playY o u will not play

H e will no t playW e sha ll/will not play

Y o u w ill n o t play

They will not play

I n t e r r o g a t iv e

Shall/will I play?Will yo u play?

W ill he play?

Shall we play?

Will you play?

W ill the y play?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

• El shall tiene poco uso en practica. Solo seus a para o frecerse a hacer algo, o sugerir algu-na cosa:

Shall w e go for a p icn ic tom orrow ?(sugerencia)Shall I open the window ? (ofer ta )

< * Sha ll I ca r ry tha t case for you , mada m ?(oferta)Shal l we go to the disco, boys?(sugerencia)

• Shall not se abrevia a shan't y w ill not s eabrevia a won't.

• E n forma afirmativa se suele decir colo-quialmente:

I'll you'll he'll she'l lit'll we'll they'll

Usos del futuro1. Para expresar opiniones, especulacionesacerca del futuro. Se puede usar con verbostales como: think, know, suppose, wonder,believe, be sure.

I am sure he'll pa ss his driving test.I suppose they'l l sell it. It's such an oldcarI think they'l l wait for us there .

2. El futuro se usa tambien para acciones habi-tuales que suponemos tendran lugar:

Summer will come eventually.Na t ions w ill get toge ther in the end andsave humanity.Ot h e r s w ill com e af te r these .

3. El futuro tambien se usa en frases que ten-gan idea de cond ition:

If yo u co m e ea r ly, w e ' ll go to the c inema.If yo u give m e th e letter, I'll post it.I'll drink th e milk if it is w a r m .W e'll go out if it do esn 't rain.

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1. C o m p le t e la s f r a s e s s ig u ie n t e s c o m o en el e j e m p l o .Example: w e will probably know th e result next week.

1. Jim pass his examination. He hasn't done any work.

2. When she comes home she notice many changes.

3. We probably go to South America next year.

4. I expect they go by train.

5. Don't worry about the injection. I hurt you.

6. I am sure he get the job. He's got experience.

7. If you don't come here I go there.

8 . W e go ou t i f i t rains.

9. If i t gets warmer, w e g o t o t h e beach.

2 . E n c a d a f r a s e t ie n e u n a s i tu a c io n . O f re z c a s e p a r a h a c e r a lg o , o s u g i e r a a lE x a m p l e : The window is open. It's very cold. Shall I close the window?

1 . Yo u ' r e going o n holiday. Yo u c a n g o b y c a r o r b y plane, (car)

2. Yo u ' r e going out tonight. You would like to go to the theatre.

3 . Yo u have a common friend in hospital. Y o u want to visit him. H is name is Jerry.

4 . Yo u would like t o a s k Carol t o g o t o t h e cinema with you, b u t you'reundecided.

5. You and your friends are talking about going to the disco tonight?

3. C o m p l e t e co n w ill o g o i n g toExample: "Are you going to the cinema tonight?" "I don't know. / // probably go."

1 . "Is it going to rain tonight?" "Yes, it probably soon."

2 . " D o y o u think w e g e t there in time?" "O f course y o u "

3. "What are you going to eat? Make a decision " "Okay, then. I have asteak."

4. "Are you going out?" "Yes, we to the theatre."

5. "What would you like to drink, wine or beer?" "I have wine, please."

6. "There has been an accident on the road " "Oh, no I call an ambulance."

7. "I've got a headache. Can you get me something?" "All right. I an aspirinfo r you."

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UNIT 2 2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR

T h e i m p e r a t i v e• El imperative suele tener el sentido de unaorden, aunque tambien podemos usar el impe-

rative com o sugerencia o consejo.• En ingles se conjugan todas las personas, in-cluyendo la primera, cosa que en espanol noexiste. Cuando traducimos let me come recu-rrimos a dejam e v enir.

Impera t ivo

v e n t uq u e v e n g a e lq u e v e n g a e l l aq u e v e n g a ( e l l o )v e n g a m o sv e n i d

let me comecomelet him comelet her comelet it come (animal)let us (let's) comecome

que venga n ellos/ellas le t them come

Jesus said: "Let the children come tom e ".

C o m e o n boys Let's play a g a m e o ffootball .S it dow n he re and e a t this

> "Nelly is com ing." "O kay, let her come."

• E l impe rative negative se forma poniendo donot (don't) delante de todas las personas:

& Don't let me play.Don't let us play, (let us not play)Don't play.

Don't play.Don't let him/her/it play.Don't let them play.Don' t le t Peter go w ith you .Don' t make so much noise , the chi ldrena re sleeping.Don' t le t them play with you.Don't l e t me s e e y o u d o that again.

Recuerde

que en la primera persona del plural se adm iten dos formasde negacion:

Don t let us go too early. / Let us not go too early.Don t let s speak about that again / Let s not speak

about that again.• Fijese tam bien, que da lo mismo decir let us que let's.

• En el imperativo, no existe la forma interrogativa.

• Normalmente, en e l imperativo no se usa la palabra you.Aunque cuando estudiemos las formas enfaticas veremo s quepodemos hacerlo s i queremos dar entasis a la frase.

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X R S S ENGL.SH GRAMMAR

1 . C o m p l e te la s s ig u ie n t e s f r a s e s e n im p e r a t iv o .Example: Mary, finish your soup.

1. "I want to go to the cinema." "Okay, darling, two tickets at the Odeon."(buy)

2. Here is the camera. a picture of me with the baby, (take)

3. "The children are coming."" come."

4. I don't want to see you do that again. see you do that again

5 . Esther, Charles that I want to see him. (to tell)

6. You must not leave anything on the plate. Please, anything on the plate.

7 . " We don't need to hurry." "O.K., hurry. W e have plenty o f time."8. "He is waiting for you." "All right, wait."

2 . E s t u d ie la s i t u a c i o n y fo r m e u n a f r a s e e n im p e r a t iv o p a r a c a d a u n a d e eE x a m p l e : Nelly is waiting fo r you, b u t y o u don't want t o s e e her.

Yo u r friend: "Nelly is waiting fo r you."Yo u : "Let her wait "

1 . Yo u want t o s e e your children, s o y o u s a y t o your wife: .

2. You don't want to give charity to lazy people. They can work.S o y o u say: work

3 . They inform y o u that Diana is going to post th e letters. Y o u agree to that. S o y o u say:O k a y, them.

4 . They tell y o u that Charles is going away. Y o u don't mind. S o y o u say:A ll right, go i f he wants to .

5 . Yo u like th e hotel. Y o u want to stay there. S o y o u s a y t o your wife: staya t this hotel.

3 . A continuation tiene u n a s f ra s e s e n im p e r a t iv o . P o n g a l a s e n f o r m a n e g a t iv a .E x a m p le : L e t Peter come with u s . Don't le t Peter come with u s.

1. Let's go to the cinema tonight.

2. Let the children come with us

3 . Let us speak to the Jones."

4. Have a look at this.

5. Eat vegetables, children.

6. Mary, let's take a taxi.

7. Margaret, try on these jeans.

8. Mary, let me see you do that.

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UNIT 23

A d v e r b s o f f r e q u e n c y a n d d e g r e eA d v e r b i o s d e f r e c ue n c ia

• Los ad verb ios de fr ecu en c ia son oss iguientes :

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

F r a s e sa f i r m a t i v a s

oftenalwaysoncetwiceusuallycontinuallyoccasionallyfrequentlysometimesrepeatedlyperiodically

F r a s e sn eg a t i v a s

neverhardlyrarelyseldomeverhardly ever

• Los adve rbios de los dos g r u p o s se co locann o r ma lmen te :

1 . D e s p u e s d e l v e r b o s e r o d e u n v e r b odefect ive:

- S h e is always late fo r wo rk.I can never understand these people.My father is often wrong.

W e must never criticize other people.2 . En t re e l su je to y e l ve rbo , en los tiem pos s im -ples:

They never come to see us.- We sometimes g o to s e e them.

I always a rrive on tim e fo r w ork.

3 . C on los tiem pos com pue s tos , e l adverb io sep o n e e n t re e l auxiliar y e l participio:

I have always done m y duty.Y o u had never spoken like that before.

O f t e n

• A v ece s en co n tram o s la pa labra often alf inal d e u n a f ras e jun to c o n very o quite:

He comes to see us v ery often.I have seen them in the park quiteoften.

• Tam b ien al f ina l de una fr a s e en co n tr amo s :o n ce , tw ice , f r eq u en t ly, r ep ea t ed ly.

I've been there once.They go to Italy v ery frequently.

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EXERCISES

1. Tiene que poner las f rases en e l o rden apropiado usando un adverbio de f recue ncia .E x a m p l e : n e v e r /w e t a lk / a b o u t t h a t / a t h o m e

W e never talk about that at home.1 . a l w a y s / s h e / i s / t e l l i n g / u s / w h a t / t o / d o .

2 . v e ry o f te n / w e /c o m e / h e r e .

3 . I / o f t e n / h a v e / t o l d / y o u / n o t / t o / d o / t h a t .

4 . n e v e r / w e / c a n / b e / s u r e / o f / h i s / r e a c t i o n .

5 . s o m e t i m e s / t h e y / w o r k / a l l / n i g h t .

6 . s e l d o m / w e / g o / d a n c i n g / o n S a t u r d a y s .

7 . r a r e l y / t h e y / c o m e / t o S p a in / o n h o lid a y.

8 . o c c a s i o n a l ly / h a v e / l /b e e n / to M a d r i d .

9 . o n c e / o n l y / h a v e / l / b e e n / t h e r e .

1 0 . f r e q u e n t ly / v e r y / w e h a v e / t ra v e l /t o C a n a d a .

1 1 . Very o c c a s i o n a l l y / m e e t / y o u / p e o p l e / l i k e t h a t .

2. Responda como en el ejemplo:Example: D o y o u g o to Spain v e r y o f t e n ?

Yes, I often go to Spain

1 . Have y o u e v e r m e t a n y b o d y l i k e t h a t ? We l l , y o upeop le l ike tha t , ( s e ldom)

2 . Have yo u eve r b e e n to N e w Yo r k ? No , It o N e w Yo r k , ( never )

3 . Have y o u e v e r b e e n to S o u t h A m e r ic a ? Ye s , I. ( twice)

4 . Ha ve y o u e v e r d o n e t h i n g s like t h a t ? Y e s , I. ( con t inua l ly )

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ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 2 3 (Cont.)

M u c h - h o w + a d je t iv o o a d v e r b io

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Adverbs o f degree

• S o n : a lmost extremely

only fa r nearly fairly absolutely hardly

barely muchcompletely justenough quiteentirely rather

sotoo

really scarcely

veryetc.

1 . U n adve rb io d e g rado m od i fica a u n a d je t ivoo a o t ro adve rb io . G en e ra lm en te s e co loca d e -lante:

Y o u are qu ite right.- We are almost ready.

• Sin embargo, enough va a co ntinua tion :This house is not big enough for us.

She do esn't w alk fast enough.2. Los siguientes adverbios de grado p u e d e nmodif icar a lo s v e r b o s : a l m o s t , q u i t e , r a t h e r,r e a l ly, s c a r c e ly, e n o u g h , ju s t , h a r d ly, a little,m u c h , n e a r ly.

• T o d o s , e x c e p to m u ch , se co locan en tr e el su-je to y e l v e r b o :

I nearly fell into th e river.

I really enjoyed the film.• Con el v e r b o ser y con los v e rbos de fec tivesse co locan de t r a s :

- I am just going.- S h e can hardly speak.

• Con los tie m p o s c o m p u e s to s se co loca en tr ee l au xiliar y e l participio:

W e have just arrived.

They have nearly finished.

Much

• En f ra s e s a f irm a t ivas m u ch t ie ne un uso lim i-tado . Se p re f ie r e u sa r a lo t o lo ts :

Have you got much money? No , Ihaven't go t m uch. Yes, I have got a lotof money / lots of m oney.

H o w para preguntar

• H o w m u ch se u sa pa ra cosas incon tab le s ( fr ase s e n s ing u lar ) .

• H o w m a n y s e u s a pa ra co sas co n tab le s ( fr a -se s en p lu ra l) :

How much sugar do you want?How many trees are there?

H o w + a d je t iv o o a d v e r b io

• How c o m b in a con g r an va r ieda d de adjetivosy a d v e r b io s ta le s c o m o : d e e p , big, far , lo n g ,o l d , w id e , etc.:

Ho w far is it to the station?How b ig is this tow n?How often do you come here?How wide is this roa d?How long is this river?How well can you swim?

Ho w long?: t ime

• La e x p r e s io n how lon g se p u e d e u s a r p a rap regun ta r c u a n t o t i e m p o :

How long do you take to do this?How long ago did he live?

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EXERCISES

1. Ponga la s f r a s e s en e l o rden ap rop iado u sando un a dverbio de g r a do .a l m o s t - is - r e a d y - d innerE x a m p l e : Dinner is almost ready.

1 . f e l l / t h e o l d m a n / n e a r l y / a s / h e c r o s s e d / t h e r o a d .

2 . I h a v e / e n j o y e d / r e a l l y / t h e f i l m .

3 . c o u l d / s h e / h a r d l y / s p e a k / w h e n / s h e / c a m e / o u t / o f / t h e / w a t e r.

4 . h a r d l y / w e / s p o k e / t o / e a c h / o t h e r / d u r i n g / t h e / m e a l .

5 . q u i te / l/ li k e d / t h e / o l d m a n ' s s p e e c h .

6 . t h a t / c a r /e n o u g h / is / f o r /u s / n o t / b ig .

7 . T h e E v a n s / a r ri ve d / h a v e /j u s t/ h o m e .

8 . s h e / h a r d l y /c a n / s p e a k / th e a c c i d e n t /a f t e r.

2 . A continuacion tiene u n a serie d e adverbios y adjetivos para q u e lo s combine c o n how.deep , b ig , f a r, long , qu ick ly, we l l, o f t en , m uch , ma ny, w ideE x a m p l e : How much d o e s t h i s c o s t ?

1. Ho w is t h e sea in t h i s p l a c e ?

2 . Ho w i s t h e Mis s i s s ip i r ive r?

3 . Ho w is t h e P o s t O f f ic e ?

4 . How a re you go ing to t ake , da r ling? It 's l a te .

5. How people w e r e t he re a t the c o n c e r t ?

6 . How d id you pay fo r i t?

7 . How d o e s the bus p a s s t h i s w a y ?

8 . Let ' s s e e h o w y o u c a n s w i m .

9 . L e t 's s e e h o w y o u c a n d o t h is a d d i t i o n .

1 0 . "How i s the c o r r id o r ? " " A b o u t 2 0 m e t re s "

11 . Ho w is t h e s t a t i o n ? I 'm in a hu r ry.1 2 . H o w d o y o u c o m e to this p l a c e ?

1 3 . H o w w a s t h e r iver y o u s w a m a c ro s s ?

1 4 . H o w h a ve y o u b e e n w o r k i n g in t h is c o m p a n y ?

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ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 24

T h e p a s t s i m p l e t e n s e• En ingles el past tense comprende el imper-fe c t o y e l indefinido, po r lo tanto h a y q u e tradu-

c ir segun e l sentido de la frase.

Verbos regulares

• Para formar el pasado de un verbo regular seahade ed:

I w orkedyou workedhe workedw e wo rkedyou workedthey w orked

• Si el verbo ya termina en e solo se ahade la d:I lived.

• Los verbos mo nosflabos, y los bisilabos queterminan e n consonante, co n acento en la ulti-m a silaba , duplican la consonan te final:

stop • stoppedadmit - admittedprefer preferredconfer conferred

• Los verbos que terminan en y detras de unaconsonante cambian la y por i al anadir la ed:

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

trycrycarry

studyhurry

triedcried

- carried

- studiedhurried

Irregular verbs

• Los verbos irregulares forman el pasado def o r m a distinta. Por ejemplo el verbo go:

wentyou wen the wentw e wentyou wentthey w ent

• Como se vera, la tercera persona del singular

no anade una s.

Recuerde

• Q ue os verbos regulares que terminan ent o en d, como count, visit, add, collect,want, pretend, accept, etc., al anadir la edse pronuncian como en castellano:

countedvisitedaddedcollectedwantedpretendedaccepted

• Los demas verbos regulares que terminanen otras letras, no pronuncian la e que seanade:

seem seemed [seemd]walk walked [walkd]play played [playd]live lived [livd]wash washed [washd]

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1 . R e s p o n d a a e s t a s p r e g u n t a s , p r im e r o e n f o r m a a f ir m a t iv a y d e s p u e s e n E x a m p l e : D i d y o u d r in k th e mi lk?

Ye s , / drank it. No, / didn't drink it.

1 . D id h e e a t th e p o t a t o e s ? Ye s , .

N o , .

2 . D i d y o u f in i sh y o u r d r in k ? Yes , .

N o , .

3 . D id you s p e a k to h e r ? Ye s ,

N o , .4 . D id she buy the b o o k ? Ye s ,

N o , .

5 . D i d t h e little girl c r y ? Ye s , s h e .

N o , .

6 . D id th e b o y s ru n in th e r ace? Yes ,

N o , .

7 . Did Jan e w i n t h e m a t c h ? Ye s , .

N o , .

8 . D id y o u w o r k h a r d ? Ye s ,

N o , .

2 . P o n g a e s t a s f r a s e s e n p a s a d o . T o d o s l o s v e r b o s s o n regulares.E x a m p l e : I s to p o n m y w a y to w o r k.

/ stopped on my way to work.

1 .1 t r y to d o t h a t e v e r y d a y

2. He co l lec ts al l the e x a m p a p e r s

3 . T h e s e b a b ie s c ry a lo t

4 . T h e ch i ld ren p lay in the p a rk

5 . I admit it 's m y f au l t

6 .1 p r e f e r t o t r av e l a lo n e

7 .1 a lway s t r av e l a lo n e

8 . W e a l w a y s h u r r y t o g e t h o m e

9 . I a l w a y s s t u d y in the ev en in g s5 9

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UNIT 2 4 (Con t .) ENGLISH GRAMMAR

U s e o f t h e p a s t te n s e

• Se usa p a ra a c c io n e s que se c o m p le t a ro n ene l pasado .

I m e t Peter yesterday.We went to Paris last year.I last s a w h im two years ago.She phoned m e last Sunday.

Formation d e la in t e r roga tion y neg ac ion :

Aff i rma t ive

I w e n tY o u w e n tH e w e n tW e w e n tY o u w e n t

T h e y w e n t

Interrogat ive

D id I go?D id y o u g o ?D id h e g o ?D id w e g o ?D id y o u g o ?

D id th e y go ?

Negative

I d id not (d idn ' t ) goY o u d id no t (didn't) goH e d id no t (didn't) goW e d id not (d idn ' t ) goY ou d id no t (didn't) g o

T h e y d id no t (d idn 't ) go

• C u a n d o u s a m o s una pa r tfcu la de in te r roga-t ion o n egac ion (did, d o , d o e s ) , e l v e rbo s epo ne en in f in i tive :

"Did you phone Tony?" "No, I didn't.""Did you invite Mary to the party?" "No, Ididn't invite her.""Did you like th e film?" "No, I didn't likeit.""Did you see him?" "No, I didn't.""Did you speak to my teache r?" "No, Ididn't."

• Ei v e r b o h a v e pa ra in t e r rog a r y n e g a r en pa-sado u s a la p a r t fcu la au x ilia r did:

"Did you have a d o g when you were achild?""No, I didn't have a dog. I had a cat.""Did th e children have schoolyesterday?""No, they didn't have school." "They hadthe day off.""Did you have breakfast this morning?""No, I didn't have breakfast today." "I hadbreakfast yesterday."

Para la formation del verbo to be enpasado vease UNIT 7

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1. Las frases q ue tiene a continuation debe po nerlas en forma interrogativa y negativa.E x a m p l e : I w e n t to L o n d o n o n M o n d a y .

Did you go to London o n Monday?I didn't go to London o n Monday.

1 . T h e train left a t seven ?

2. I t rained last night. ?

3 . I s aw your friend i n t h e station. ?

4 . We played tennis yesterday. ?

5 . T h e c a r stopped a t t h e traffic lights. ?

6 . S h e w r o t e a book. ?

7 . S h e opened th e shop a t 9 . ?

8. He broke a plate. ?

2. Ponga estas f rases en interrogativa y negat iva.Example: She had a baby yesterday.

D id she have a baby? She didn't have a baby.

1 . W e h ad a shower in the evening.

9

2. They had a villa Mexico.

9

3. We had something in common.

9

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UNIT 2 5

Like - w o u l d y o u l ike?• En ingles el verbo like es exactamente igualque los dem as verbos en cuanto a la conjuga-

tion. Hay que olvidarse de la form a reflexiva am i m e gusta, a ti te gusta, etc.:

"D o you like Marian?" "Yes, I like hervery much.""Does she like fish?" "No, she doe sn'tlike it.""Does Mark like running?" "Yes, he likesit quite a lot.""Does your mother like cooking?" "No ,

she doe sn't like it very much."

Verbs + gerund

• E l verbo like, junto con hate, enjoy, mind,love, dislike, prefer, etc., va a m enudo segui-do del gerundio:

hate flying.- She enjoys reading at night.

I don't like people sm oking here.She d islikes working with h im .I don't mind obeying orders.

- I prefer working alone.

• De odas form as, tambien s e acepta el infinitivecon like, love, prefer, hate:

I love w alking in the country.I love to walk in the country.I prefer coming here.I prefer to come here.

Like

• Aunque normalmente aceptamos tanto e lgerundio com o el infinitive detras de l verbo like,hay, sin embargo, una ligera d iferencia en tre losdos usos.

• Generalmente decimos: I like running cuan-

do disfruto haciendolo:Do you like cooking?(iDisfrutas cocinando?)I don't like driving.(N o disfruto conduciendo.)

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• Pero s i usamos e l verbo like, no en el sen tidode disfrutar, sino de preferir, entonces usa -mos el infinitive detras:

I like to wash the car on Saturdays.(N o necesariamente disfruto lavando elcoche.)She likes to do the housework first thingin th e morning.

Would like

• El condiciona l del verbo like va siempre s e-guido de infinitive:

I would like to be very ta ll.I would like to b e a cham pion.

• Lo mismo ocurre con los verbo s love, prefer,hate:

- I'd love to accomp any y o u o n yourtravels.

• Tambien podemos usar would you like +noun + gerund:

I would like these people to stopsmoking in my office.

• El w ould like se puede usar seguido delinfinitive compuesto:

I would have liked to have been herewhen that happened.

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EXERCISES

1. Responda estas preguntas usando lo s verbos que se le dan a continuacion.E x a m p l e : W h y d o y o u g o t o t h e b e a c h e v e r y d a y ? ( lo v e / s w i m )

Because I love swimm ing.

1 . W h y d o n 't yo u w a s h y o u r h a ir i n t h e e v e n i n g s ? ( li k e /d o / m o r n in g s )

2 . W h y d o y o u g o to t h e c o u n t r y e v e r y S u n d a y ? ( e n j o y / w a l k )

3 . W h y d o y o u g e t u p la t e o n S u n d a y s ? ( li k e / s ta y / b e d / la t e )

4 . W h y d o y o u w a t c h T V s o o f t e n ? ( e n j o y / w a t c h )

5 . W h y d o n 't y o u t a k e a s h o w e r ? ( lik e / h a v e /b a t h )

2. Ponga el verbo en gerundio o infinitivo.E x a m p l e : I e n j o y playing t e n n i s . W o u l d you l ike to speak E n g l i s h , p l e a s e ?

1 . I d o n 't m in d to s c h o o l e v e r y d a y. ( w a l k )

2 . M y s i s t e r lik e s ( w a l k ) b u t h a t e s ( r u n )

3. I lo v e p eo p l e , (m ee t )

4. I w o u l d n ' t l ik e on the 20 th f loor, ( l ive)

5 . W o u l d y o u lik e w i th u s t o th e c i n e m a ? ( c o m e )

6. I like the w a s h i n g - u p in the m o r n i n g s , ( d o )

7. Do you e n j o y in the c o u n t r y ? ( l i v e )

8. l"d h a t e C h r is t m a s a l o n e , ( s p e n d )

9 . H e p r e f e r s t o c y c l in g , ( w a l k )

10. I l ike to the d e n t i s t t w i c e a y e a r , (g o )

3. Las f r a ses que v ienen a continuacion se pueden escrib ir de dos fo rm as . Cambielascomo en el e jemplo .

E x a m p l e : / would have liked to go to the party. I would like to have gone to the party.

1 . I w o u ld h a v e l ik e d to win the m a t c h .

2. I w o u l d n ' t h a v e l ik e d to s p e n d C h r i s t m a s t h e r e .

3. I w o u l d h a v e l ik e d to see t h a t new p lay.

4. I w o u l d h a ve li k e d to be l y ing on the b e a c h all d ay.

5. I w o u l d h a v e l ik e d to go on t ha t t r ip .

63S TA N L E Y

ENGLISH GR MM R



EXERCISES

1. En las f r a s e s s igu ien tes debe poner e l verbo en e l t iempo c o r re sp on d i e n te .E x a m p l e : W h e n it stops raining I'll go out to play.

1. W h e n I la s t ( s e e ) h im h e w a s still l iving i n L o n d o n .2 . W h e n y o u ( s e e ) M a r y a g a i n , y o u h e r. ( r e c o g n i z e )

3 . I you ( p h o n e ) w h e n I h o m e f r o m w o r k , (g e t)

4 . W h e n I (be) on h o l i d a y n e x t m o n t h , I you a p o s t ca r d .( s e n d )

5 . I ( ge t ) th e b o o k w h e n I t o t he l ibrary, (go)

6. W h e n I (finish) r e a d i n g it you have it. (can)

7 . I ( n e e d ) a n y h e lp w h e n I up . ( g ro w )

8 . Yo u ( r e c o g n i z e ) h im , w h e n y o u h im aga in , ( s ee )

9 . W h e n t h e p o l ic e ( c o m e ) , t h e y a s k e d a lo t o f q u e s t io n s .

2. A h o ra t iene que formar una f rase de las dos que se le d a n .E x a m p le : Yo u a r e l e a v i n g s o o n . Y o u mu s t v i s it u s b e f o r e th a t .

You must visit u s before yo u leave.

1. Y o u w i ll be in S p a i n n e x t m o n t h . Y o u m u s t c o m e a n d s e e u s t h e n .

w h e n .

2 . We ' l l f ind a f l a t in Br i s to l . Then we ' l l g ive you our addres s .w h e n .

3 . I 'm g o ing to f in i sh r ead ing the pape r. Then I 'll ge t the t ea r eady.

w h e n .

4 . I w i l l make my d e c i s io n . T h e n I w i ll let you k n o w.

a s s o o n a s .

5 . I w i ll f in i sh . The n I w i ll c o m e .

a s s o o n as .

6 . Yo u will r ead th e b o o k . T h e n yo u will s e e i t c lear ly.w h e n .

3. En este ejercicio tiene que poner w h e n o as.Example : H e w a s panting a s h e climbed th e stairs.

1 . H e h a d j u s t w o n t h e l o t te r y I f i rs t m e t h im .

2 . I'll b u y t h a t f o r y o u I g o s h o p p i n g .

3 . H e w a s v e r y w e l l k n o w n a t e a c h e r.

4 . T h e f o g d i s p e r s e d t h e s u n r o s e .5 . H o w c a n y o u e x p e c t t h e c h i ld r e n t o b e t r u t h f u l y o u tell lie s y o u r s e l f ?

6 . Just h e le f t th e h o u s e h e r e m e m b e r e d th e key.

7 . We will t a lk a b o u t it h e c o m e s t o s e e u s .

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ENGLISH GR MM R




D e m o n s t r a t i v e s : t h i s / t h e s e , t h a t / t h o s e• Pueden se r ad jetivos d em ostrativos y pronom -bres demostrativos.

• Cuando s e usan com o ad jetivos, concuerda ncon su sustantivo en numero. Son los unicosadjetivos que hacen esto. Todos los demas a d-jetivos s on invariables.

this m anthese menthat womanthose wom en

A d j e t i v o s

T H I S• Se traduce por este, esta, esto.

THAT• Se traduce po r ese, esa, eso, aque l, aque lla.

THESE• Se traduce por estos, estas.

THOSE• S e t raduce po r esos , e sas , aq ue l lo s ,aquellas.

This man here is v e r y t a l l .That wom an there h as a little dog.There's a tree in this garden.There's a table in that room there.These boys here are very tall.

Those girls there have nice dresses.These glasses here have beer in.Those glasses there have water in .

P r o n o m b r e s

T H I S• Se traduce por este, esta, esto.

THAT• Se traduce por ese, esa, eso, aquel, aque-lla, aquello

THESE• Se traduce por estos, estas.

THOSE• Se t r a d u c e por e s o s , esas, a quellos, aq uellas:

This is water, and that is m ilk .This is bread, and that is b u t t e r.These c h i l d r e n are v e r y c le v e r, butthose are s t u p id .

• A menudo usamos one despues de this, othat:

The p i c t u r e I'm talking ab out is this one

here, not that one.• P e r o no despues de these o those:

The photos I want are those.

Recuerde

• Q ue los de m ostrativos que se usan comopronombres normalmente, se refieren a co-sas, no a gente:

I found this inside the wa llet,(pronombre)

I know this boy (adjetivo).Estan'a mal

I know this,refiriendose a una persona.

• Los pronom bres dem ostrativos despues dewhat se refieren a cosas:

What is that?W ha t are those?

• Los pronombres dem ostrativos this y thatdespues de w ho se refieren a personas:

W ho is this?Who's that?

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1. A las f rase s que t iene a con t inua cion le s fal ta un ad je t ivo dem os tra t ivo . Pongase lo.E x a m p l e : This m a n i s v e r y tall. These m e n a r e v e r y s h o r t .

1 . w o m a n h e r e is v e r y b e a u t if u l.2 . Go and tell him n o w, instant

3 . p e o p l e t h e r e , a r e lis t e n in g t o m a n o v e r t h e r e .

4 . Loo k , t r ee s he re , a r e the b igges t in the pa rk .

5 . c la s s r o o m s h e r e a re very o ld .

6 . s cho o l ch i ld ren over the re a re p lay ing foo tba l l .

7 . " W h o 's m a n o v e r t h e r e ? " "O h , m a n is To m S m it h ".

8 . D o y o u s e e b i rds a t t h e to p o f t h e t re e ?

9 . C a n y o u s e e p ig e o n o n t h e r o o f ?

2. A continuacion vamos a usar los pronombres demostrativos.E x a m p l e : These a r e t h e e a s y o n e s . Those a r e t h e mos t d i ff i cu l t .

1 . Th i s is my um bre l la , one is you r s .

2 . here a r e t h e n e w boys . over there a re t he ve te rans .

3 . w h o w e r e w o u n d e d w e r e t a k e n t o h o s p it a l.

4 . "W ha t 's in your ha nd ? "" i s a t rop ica l f ru it ."

5 . "Look a t the p h o t o s " " W h ic h p h o t o s ? " " o v e r t h e r e . "

6 . D o y o u se e th a t m a n ? W e ll, is t h e m a n I w a n t y o u t o m e e t .

7 . L o o k a t t h e s e c h i ld r e n h e r e a r e t h e chi ldren I w a n t y o u t o l o o k a f t e r.

8 . w h o w i s h t o g o n o w, s t a n d u p .

9 . Look a t the top o f the hill. a r e th e m e n a n d w o m e n w h o a r e w a it in g f o ry o u .

3. Ahora vamos a usar lo s demost ra t ivos jun to co n one/ones , s iem pre que sea f ac t ib le .E x a m p l e : This one h e r e is the b e s t in the s h o p .

1. Do you like this coa t? No, I p re fe r over there.

2. Th at ch air i s too low. I 'l l s i t on he re .

3 . "W hich soc ks do you l ike b es t , the g ree n so cks o r the b lue sock s? " " I p re fe r the b lueo n e s h e r e . I don 't like ."

4 . These pu l lover s a re ve ry n ice , b u t I p r e f e r o v e r t h e r e .

5 . T h o s e h o u s e s o n t h e hill a re beau t i fu l , b u t w h a t a b o u t h e r e ?6. The picture I am refer r ing to is here.

7 . D o y o u s e e t h e tw o gir ls b y th e w in d o w ? We l l, a r e t h e mos t in te l l igen t inthe c las s .

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UNIT 28

Both and all1. All (pronombre) puede ir seguido de of +th e / this / these / that / those / posesivos y

sustantivos.

B O T H ( p r o n o m b r e ) + o f :

• Se puede usar de la misma m anera, pero so-lamente co n forma s en plural. E l of aquf se om itea m enudo, especialmente con all + un sus tanti-vo o pronom bre en singular.

all the village

all (of) Peter's friendsall her lifeboth (of) the village sall (of) theseboth (of) his parents

2. Con all/both + of + p ronomb re personal,el of no se puede o mitir:

all of itboth of them

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

I R e c u e r d e

• que hay una construccion alterna tiva:pronombre personal + all/both :

all of itse reemplaza por it allall of us

- we all (sujeto)us a ll (objeto)all of youse reemplaza por you allall of them

they all (sujeto)them all (objeto)

• De la misma form a:both of us

w e both- us bothboth of them- they both- them bothAll of them w ere there.

They w ere all there.All/Both of us came.

We all/both came.They drank all/both the bottles.They drank all/both of them.They drank them all/both.Do you see those boys? W ell, all ofthem speak French.This is my frien d Jeff. We are b othvolunteers.All of us knew the answ er to thequestion.

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1. A continuacion tiene dos frases. Unalas usando b o t h o al l .E x a m p l e : Jim w a s l a te . Jack w a s l a t e t o o . Both Jim and Jack were late.

1. He closed th e door. He c lo sed th e w i n d o w t o o .

2 . S h e p lays th e p i an o . S h e s in g s to o .

3 . J a m e s w e n t . Jennifer w e n t t o t he par ty too .

4 . S h e s p e a k s F r e n c h . S h e c a n a l so sp eak I t a l i an .

5 . H e h a s w r i tt e n a p la y. H e h a s a l s o w r i t te n a n o v e l .

6 . T h e b o y h a s b r o k e n a p l a t e . H e h a s b r o k e n a s a u c e r t o o .

7 . H e h a s t e l e p h o n e d . H e h a s w r i t t e n t o o .

8 . He h a s wo n t h e 1 0 0 m . r a ce . He h a s wo n t h e long ju m p t o o .

2. En este ejercicio tiene que cambiar la f rase ta l como se hace en el ejemplo.E x a m p le : B o t h t h e c h i ld r e n w e r e t o o y o u n g . The children were both t o o y o u n g .

1 . B o t h o f t h e c a t s w e r e s i t t i n g o n t h e c a r p e t .

2 . B o t h o f t h e w o m e n w e r e ta lk in g fo r h o u r s o v e r a c u p o f t e a .

3 . Bo th ca r s a re v e r y f a s t .

4 . B o t h th e p i a n o s n e e d t u n i n g u p . T h e y s o u n d t e r r ib l e .

5 . Bo th girls a re v e ry intelligent.

6 . Bo th th e h o u ses n eed p a in tin g .

7 . Bo th p a i r s o f t r o u s e r s a re very d i r ty.

8 . B o t h p l a n e t s a re very s imi la r.

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UNIT 2 8 (Cont.)

" B o t h " y " b o th o f"

• Both se puede usar de dos m aneras en lamisma frase:

- Both of the children have been toParis.

- The ch ildren have both been toParis.

• Both con una frase sustantivada :Both (of) the bikes broke down soon

after the start.Both (of) m y sons are very tall.I bought both (of) these vases inGreece.

• Both puede usarse como adjetivo:She had burns on both hands.

• Si both se refiere al sujeto d e la frase , s epuede poner en la misma position que losadverbios de tiem po, es decir, en tre el suje-to y el verbo :

We both like beer.The girls both looked English.

• o detras d e l verbo se r:Y o u are both too young.The girls were both very pretty.

• E n preterite perfecto se pone entre el auxi-liar y el participio:

W e have both been to the sameschool.My parents have both been invited tothe party.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

• Ha y varias construcciones posibles con both:Both dogs were asleep.

Both th e dogs were asleep.Both of the dogs were asleep.The dogs w ere both asleep.

" B o t h " c o m o p r o n o m b r eWe'll buy both, please.Both looked the sam e to me.Give me both.

Both are very similar.

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X R S S E N G L I S H GRAMMAR

1. R e e m p la c e la f ra s e que se le da con o t r a que s i g n i f i q u e lo m i s m o . Use al l .Example : Al l o f them en joyed the par ty. They al l en joyed the par ty.

1. All of us are very t i red .

2 . T h e y a re a l l h e r e .

3 . I d r a n k all of i t

4 . We sen t them a ll

5 . Al l o f you a re wrong

6 . I bought the m all.

7 . She broke a l l of i t8. We ate all of i t .

9 . They a ll c a m e late to w o r k .

10. Al l of the m are very in teres t ing.

11 . W e a r e a ll very intel ligen t .

12 . They a re a l l very thirsty

13. All of us were t i r ed .

2 . C a m b ie e l s u s t a n t iv o p o r u n p r o n o m b r e p e r s o n a l .E x a m p l e : Al l my f r iend s like r id ing. All of them like riding / They all l ike riding.

1. A ll t hose ch i ldren a re a do rab le .

2. Al l cakes have sugar.

3 . Al l whisky is expensive.

4. All t hese people a re r ight.

5. Al l these g i r l s a re beaut i fu l .

6. All Shakespeare ' s p l ays a re g o o d .

7. All the o r a n g e s a re bad.

7

STANLEY



UNIT 29

S ay a n d te llTell

• Significa "decir", igual que say; la diferenciaradica en el uso. El verbo tell se usa general-mente cuando detras hay un complemento in-directo, es decir, una persona que recibe la ac-cion del verbo :

Tell m e something about that.Don't tell h er anything yet.She didn't tell her mother w hat she had

seen.John told h is father that he wa s goingto do it.I will tell you the t ruth tom orrowmorning.Did the girls tell you wh at they intend todo?They never told us th e w hole truth.What did he tell the children?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Recuerde• que en algunos casos tell equivaiea say to.

They told h im that it was verydifficult.They said to him that i t w as verydifficult.She told us that she was com ing.She said to us that she wascoming.

S a y

• Se usa generalme nte cuando no hay un com-plemento indirecto detras del verbo, es decir,n o hay nad ie que reciba la accion del verbo:

W h a t d id you say? I d idn't say anything.W hat did Peter s ay last night?He said that it is going to rain today.Mary said that she is going to getmarried.

Did she say that, really?Say wha t you want, nobody is listeningto you.Don't say that It is terrible

• En algunos casos tell signified contar, rela-tar, narrar un cuento. E n estos casos el verbotell puede no llevar complemento indirecto:

He told a story. He told m e a story.Mum, tell a story, please . M um, tell us astory, please.

• Lo mismo ocurre con las palabras truth y ie:H e told a lie. H e told m e a ie.He told th e truth. He told m e the truth.

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1. Ponga el v e r b o tell o s ay.E x a m p l e : S h e d i d n ' t sa y a ny th ing . He d idn 't tell me a n y t h i n g .

1 . W h a t d i d y o u r c o u s i n y o u la s t n i g h t ?

2 . He m e t h a t h e h a s n ' t g o t an y m o n e y.

3 . Sh e sh e is go ing to r e a d fo r a w h i le .

4 . the ch i l d ren t o ge t up ear ly.

5 . M u m , M a r y t h a t she i s g o i n g to have a s h o w e r.

6 . Did stie y o u w h e n s h e e x p e c t s t o f i n i s h ?

7 . Yo u didn't n e x t w e e k w a s Diana's birthday.

8 . S h e s h e w a s o n a d ie t . S h e w a s t o o f a t .9 . W h o d id y o u c a m e w i th y o u l a s t n igh t?

1 0 . I 'm a f r a i d s h e d i d n ' t w a n t t o m e a n y t h in g .

11 . S h e t h a t th e c h i c k e n w a s d e l i c i o u s .

1 2 . He m e to g o t h e r e b y u n d e rg r o u n d .

1 3 . D id Mr B r o w n h e w a s g o i n g to do i t t o d a y ?

2 . E n a lg u n a s c ir c u n s t a n c i a s s e p u e d e u s a r e l v e r b o t e l l s in c o m p le m e n to d e t ra s .E x a m p l e : S h e told th e t ru th a t t he trial.

1 . T h a t girl is a lw ays l ie s .

2 . M y f a t h e r l ik e s s t o r i e s .

3 . M y s o n , yo u mus t a lways t h e t r u t h .

4 . I 'm a f ra id she a lie .

5 . M y g r a n d m o t h e r u se d to b e a u t if u l s t o r i e s .

3 . E l v e r b o t e l l a v e c e s s e p u e d e s u s t i t u i r p o r s a y to .E x a m p l e : W h a t d id y o u tell h i m ? W h a t d id y o u say to h im?

1 . He d idn ' t t e l l me tha t , you kno w

2 . Sh e i s n o t g o i n g to te l l u s a n y t h in g .

3 . " I 'm leav ing a t once , " J ames to ld me .

4 . "Come here , " h e told th e girl.

5. He t o ld h e r t h a t h e h a d ju s t h e a r d th e n e w s .

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UNIT 30

E x c l a m a t i o n s : W h a t a/an - w h a t - h o w

ENGLISH G R A M M A R1

W h a t a /an

• Se usa con sustan tivos en singular:« > What a girl

What a beautiful girlWhat a boyW h a t a silly boyWhat a houseWhat a strange houseWhat a bookWhat an interesting bookW hat a face he has

W hat an attractive face he has• En la colum na de mano derecha hem os ana-dido un adjetivo ca lificativo. Com o sa bem os, unad jetivo calificativo es un adorno que se le ana-de a l sustantivo para que sepa e l oyente comoes e l sustantivo. Esto, por lo tanto, no altera laformation de la oration : wh at a/an + sustan ti-vo (con o sin adjetivo).

What

• Se usa con sustan tivos e n plural y con cosasincontables:

What housesWhat strange housesW h a t coffeeW h a t terrible coffeeW h a t weatherW hat aw ful we atherWhat girlsWhat beautiful girlsWhat nonsenseWhat silly nonsenseWhat menWhat horrible men

Ho w

• Se usa con a djetivos y adverbios:How bigHow big this house isHow darkHow dark that tunnel isHow wonderfulHo w w onderful she isHow stupidHow s tupid I was to lose m y ticketHo w difficult

How difficult that isHow w ideHow wide this river is

No confundas:What a long road this isjQue carretera tan larga es esta

c o n :How long this road is

Que larga es esta carretera• Observa que decim os:

What a long road this is y no is this,puesto que no es una pregunta.

I Recuerde

• que how long signified qu e largo/cuantomide de largo, pero tambien signified cuan-

to tiempo.How long are you going to stay here?

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EXERCISES

1. Re llene las f ras es con what , what a , o wh a t an .E x a m p l e : W ha t a m ea l I t's te r r ib le

1. h o u se It 's aw fu l

2 . id io t tha t m a n is

3. unt idy r o o m that is

4 . a w f u l w e a t h e r w e a re h av in g

5 . b ee r t h is is

6 . a t t r ac t iv e p r o p o s i t i o n

7 . s c r u f f y c lo t h e s h e a lw a y s w e a r s8. a lo t of m o n e y s h e ' s g o t

9 . h o r r ib l e m e n

2. Rellene lo s huecos co n h o w, what , o wh a t a / a n .E x a m p l e : Ho w d i f f icu l t th is p rob lem is

1 . w o n d e r f u lW e c a n g o t o Sp a in in July

2 . h eav y th o s e su it ca se s a r e

3 . h a i r cu t y o u 've g o t , Jam es

4 . f an ta s t i c b a rg a in I f o un d y e s t e r d a y

5 . lo n g q u e u e s t h e r e a r e f o r t h e b u s e s

6 . w a s t e o f time

7 . lucky yo u w e r e t o w in the p r i ze

8 . c le v e r y o u w e r e t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t io n

9 . s tu p id fo o l y o u a r e1 0 . p i ty, w e d idn ' t a r r ive in t i m e

3. Ahora va a cam biar la f r a se ta l c o m o en e l e j emplo .E x a m p l e : W h a t t e r r i b l e c o f f e e th is i s . Ho w terrible this coffee is

1 . W h a t a l a rg e h o u se th i s is

2 . W h a t a cu r io u s s to ry th i s is

3 . W h a t s c r u f f y b o y s t h o s e a r e

4 . W h a t a t e r r ib l e m ea l t h i s is

5 . W h a t c le v e r p e o p l e t h o s e a r e

6 . W h a t a s i l ly s to ry th is is

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ENGLISH GR MM R




C an - could - b e ab le• Can es un verbo defective. La conjugationcompleta de es te verbo se da en la pagina 126.

1. El infinitive del verbo poder es to be able:Th e y long to b e ab le to l ive in freed om .

2. Can solamente se usa para el presente deindicative:

S h e c a n d o it a lone .I can go tonight.

3. No anade una s en la tercera persona delsingular:

He can com e wi th you .S he can do i t tom orrow .

4. No admite la partfcula to ni delante ni detras:W e can go tonight.Th e y can c o m e a t any t im e .

5. No admite la pa rticula do ni para interrogarni para negar:

C a n y o u c o m e ?Can they do it?Th e y cannot do i t a lone.You cannot go there tonight.

6. La form a negativa se puede contraer:I can't , you can't , he can't , we can't , theycan't.I couldn't , you cou ldn't, he co uldn't, wecouldn't , they couldn't .

7. Could se usa para e l pasado y el conditio-nal:

I could do i t a lone, but I d idn 't w an t to .(podia)I could do it for you , I suppose, (pod ria)

• Para todos los demas tiempos se usa la locu-tion be able (ser capaz, vease pag. 126).

FutureI'll be able to go tonight.Will h e b e ab le to c o m e in t im e?

Preter i te perfectoI hav e been ab le to finish it in t im e .

Recuerde

* Can-Could se pueden traducir a veces por saber cuando expre-samos una habilidad de hacer algo:

I can swim very well.She could speak four languages.

* La forma impersonal se puede generalmente se traduce po r youcan aunque tambien se puede usar la voz pasiva:

You can t do that here/That can t be done here.Eso no se p u e d e hacer aqui.

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EXERCISES

1. Tien e unas f rases en forma af i rmat iva. Oebe ponerlas en interrogat iva y negat iva.E x a m p l e : Yo u c a n s p e a k f o u r l a n g u a g e s . a n y o u speak four languages?

You can't speak four languages.

1 . T h a t little g i rl c a n t y p e v e r y w e l l . ?

2 . I c o u l d g o s h o p p i n g w i t h y o u t h is a f t e r n o o n . ?

3 . W e c a n g o o n h o l id a y t o S a l o u . ?

4 . W e c o u ld g o t o t h a t s u p e r m a r k e t . ?

5 . M u m , y o u c a n s p e a k t o t h e t e a c h e r. ?

2. Rellene lo s espacios con un t iempo apropiado.E x a m p l e : "Can y o u c o m e w i th m e ? " "I d o n ' t k n o w if / will be able to."

1 . I buy the car b e c a u s e it was v e r y e x p e n s i v e .

2 . W e t o d o it y e t . W e 'll d o it t o m o r r o w .

3 . E m ilio , y o u s p e a k E n g lis h w h e n y o u w e r e a c h i ld ?

4 . I p r o b a b l y to h a v e a s h o w e r t o m o r r o w.5 . y o u c o m e t o t h e r a c e s t h is a f t e r n o o n ?

6 . I f you p a s s y o u r e x a m s , y o u g o a w a y.

7 . S o r ry, s i r. I do my h o m e w o r k la s t n ig h t .

8. I t y p e v e r y w e l l, I'm a f r a i d .

9. I to c o m e to m o r ro w, I'm a f r a i d .

1 0 . W e t o u s e it y e t .

3. Ahora v am os a cambiar e l tiempo de las f rases de presente a futuro , y de pasado apreter i te perfecto.

E x a m p l e s : I c a n d o i t n o w . - / will be able to do it tomorrow.I could do it y e s t e r d a y. - / have been able to do it this morning.

1 . Yo u c a n t ype t h i s l e t t e r.

2 . C o u l d t h e y g o s h o p p i n g y e s t e r d a y ?

3 . C a n y o u d o t h a t f o r m e ?

4 . T h e y c o u l d n ' t t e l l m e w h a t h a p p e n e d .

5 . Yo u c a n h a v e t h i s f il m d e v e l o p e d a t th e c h e m is t 's .

6. T h e y c o u l d n ' t do i t p r o p e r l y. ,

7 . She can s p e a k s e v e r a l l a n g u a g e s . ,

8 . I cou ld f i l l i n t he f o r m . .

9. I 'm a f r a i d I c a n 't c o m e t o d a y.77

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1. Le dan unas respuestas. Usted t iene que poner la pregunta .E x a m p l e : S h e i s t w e n t y y e a r s o l d . How old is she?

1 . H e w a s t w e n t y - o n e . ?

2 . M y s i s t e r is t e n . ?

3 . S he i s s i x t o d a y. ?

4 . H e w i ll b e t w e n t y t o m o r r o w . ?

5 . H e s t a r t e d s c h o o l a t t h e a g e o f f iv e . ?

6 . S h e died a t t h e ag e o f e i g h t y. ?

7 . H e w a s t w e n t y w h e n h e w e n t t h e r e . ?

8 . M y f a t h e r w i ll b e f o r t y o n h i s b i r th d a y. ?9. I'll be f if te e n n e x t w e e k . ?

2. Ahora vamos a hacer lo mismo co n medidas.E x a m p le : T h i s m a n i s s ix f e e t tall. - How tal l is this man?

1 . This r iv e r is t w e n t y y a r d s w i d e . ?

2 . T h e s e a is 4 0 0 f e e t d e e p h e r e . ?

3 . T h i s s t r e e t is 2 k m . lo n g . ?

4 . T h e c o r r i d o r is 2 y a r d s w id e . ?

5 . B i g B e n i s 9 8 m . high. ?

6. I d o n 't k n o w , but i t ' s very smal l . ?

7. I d o n 't k n o w e x a c t ly, but the r o o m is v e r y l a rg e .

?

8 . S h e i s f i v e f e e t s i x i n c h e s tall. ?

9 . Th e r i ve r i s 3 0 0 k m s . lo n g . ?

3. Ponga el ve rbo en el t iempo q ue corresponda.E x a m p l e : W h a t s i z e is t h a t ?

1 . W h a t c o l o ( u ) r h e r e y e s ?

2. He j u s t the r i g h t h e i g h t to be a p o l i c e m a n .

3 . H e a fa t m a n o f m e d i u m h e i g h t.

4. W h a t s h o e s iz e y o u ?

5 . S h e t h e s a m e a g e a s y o u .

6 . W h a t t h e w i d t h o f t h e r i ve r ?7. The two r o a d s a b o u t 2 km. in le n g t h e a c h .

8. W h a t the d e p t h of t h i s r iver?

9 . W h a t th e s i z e o f t h a t c l o t h ?7 9

STANLEY



UNIT 3 3 ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

C o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r la t iv e a d j e c t iv e s ; c o m p a r is o n

Adjet ivos cortos

• Para forma r el grade comparative de los adje-t ivos y adverbios cor tos (monosi labos ybisflabos), se afiade er, y para e l superlative seanade est:

tall - taller - tallestsmall - sm aller sm allest

• El que de comparacion se escribe con n(than).

ComparativosPeter is taller than Andrew.O ur house is bigger than yours.

Superlat ives- She is the tallest girl in her class.- This is the sm allest diamond.

A d j e t i v o s largos

• Para la forma tion del grado comparativo deun ad jetivo largo se antepone el adverbio more,igual que en castellano. Para fo r m a r el superla-tive se a ntepone the most:

difficult - more difficult- the m ost difficult

Comparat ivo

This lesson is more difficult than thatone.

Super la t ive- This is the m ost comfortable chair that

I have ever seen.

• Para adverbios que terminan en ly usamosm o r e :

You must drive m ore slow ly.

A d j e t i v o s i r regularesgood - better - bestbad worse wors tfa r farthe r farthest

further further- old - older oldest

elder - eldest

• Con compa rativos se puede poner much o abit.

This is much bigger than that,(mucho mas grande)

- This is a bit sm aller than that,(un poco m as pequeno)

Comparat ivos de igualdad

as as (tan come)

He is a s rich as his brother.M y watch is as good as yours .

• Para frases negativas se puede usar so o ase n la primera parte de la comparacion:

• not so/as as (no tan como)This car is not as/so fast as mine.

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EXERCISES

1. En este ejercicio tiene que poner e l adjetivo en e l grado que corresponda . Todosson adjet ivos cortos.

E x a m p l e s : O u r h o u s e i s bigger t h a n y o u r s . T h i s h o u s e i s the biggest.1 . D i a n a is g i r l i n he r c l a s s , ( p r e t ty )

2 . P e t e r is m u c h t h a n J o h n , ( ta l l )

3 . O u r f r i d g e is t h a n y o u r s , ( n o i s y )

4 . M y h o m e to w n is in Sp a in , ( n i ce )

5 . Th i s g i r l i s a b i t t h a n t h a t one. ( th in )

6 . It's a b i t t o d a y t h a n i t was y e s t e r d a y, ( w a r m )

7. June 21 st . is d ay o f t h e y e a r, ( lo n g )

8 . E v e re s t i s m o u n ta in in th e w o r ld , ( h ig h )

9 . S u m m e r is m u c h t h a n s p r in g , (hot)

1 0 . T h i s e x e r c i s e is m u c h t h a n t h a t one. ( g o o d )

11 . T h a t e x e r c i s e is o f all. (bad)

2. Ahora va a hacer los mismo pero con adjet ivos largos.E x a m p l e : S h e is the most beautiful girl in this t o w n .

Th i s b o o k i s more difficult t h a n th a t one.

1 . Th i s boy is in th is c lass , ( in te l l igen t )

2 . T h a t p r o b l e m is m u c h t h a n t h is one. ( d i f fi cu l t )

3 . S h e h a s th e e y e s t h a t I h a v e e v e r s e e n .( b e a u t i f u l )

4 . T h i s b o o k i s in the l i b r a ry, ( i n t e r e s t in g )

5 . Th i s r o o m i s t h an ev e r, ( u n t id y )

6 . M y f a t h e r is m a n in t h e w o r l d , ( u n d e r s ta n d i n g )

3. Tiene ahora dos frases . Va a fo rma r una f rase en grado comparativo de igualdad.E x a m p l e : P e t e r i s tal l . M a r y i s a l s o tall. Mary is as tall as Peter.

1 . T h i s m o u n t a i n is h i g h . T h a t m o u n t a in i s no t v e ry h igh .

2 . M y ca r i s f a s t . Yo u r car is a l s o f a s t .

3 . Th i s p ro b lem is d i f f icu l t . Th a t p ro b lem is a l so d i f f i cu l t .

4 . D ian a is p r e t ty. Jan e t i s n o t ve ry p r e t ty.

5 . M y b o o k is i n t e r e s t i n g . Yo u r b o o k is a l so in t e r e s t in g .

8 1STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 34

G o o d a t / l o o k like / w h a t is . . . l ike?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Good at

• La expresion good at puede ir seguida de unsustantivo, o de un gerundio:

Peter is very good at maths.Those boys are very good at playinggames.

Look like

• Esta expresion se puede traducir por pare-cer, tener el asp ecto de. Puede ir seguida de

un sustantivo o una frase sustantivada:He looks like a boy of spirit.It looks like rain.That looks like cheese to me.The picture doesn't look like him.He looks like his brother.She looks like her mother.

• Tambien puede ir seguido d e gerundio:The festival looks like being lively.He looked like biting.It looks like being wet all day.He looked like beating the champion.

Look + adjetivo

• Generalmente usamos e sta expresion cuan-do querem os de cir que alguien o algo tiene unaspecto triste, cansado, alegre, etc:

« You look ve ry tired today.A sad-looking little boy stood in front ofhim.The countryside looked beautiful in thesunshine.Pauline looks very excited today.

• Con e l m ismo sentido se puede usar e l pre-sente progresivo:

Y o u are looking very unhappy today.

What's the matter?She is looking very happy today.

What is like?

• Esta expresion se usa para p reguntar comoes fulano, no como esta d e salud.

"What is the new teacher like?" "I thinkhe's very strict.""What is your b oyfriend like?" "O h, h e isvery nice.""Wh a t are the new boys like? " "Well,they look very fit.""What are the recruits like?" 'The y don'tlook very clever to me."

• Nota bien la diferencia entre: What is he like?y H o w is h e ?

What is he like?iComo es?"How is he?" "Very well, thank you.""I Que tal esta?" "Mu y bien g racias."

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1. A con t inuat ion en contra ra varias frases. Cambielas usando g o o d a t o bad at .E x a m p l e : Emi ly p lays t enn i s ve ry we l l . Emily is good at tennis.

1 . M y s o n u n d e r s t a n d s a ll th e m a t h s p ro b l e m s .

2 . M y d a u g h t e r s p e n d s th e w h o l e w i n t e r s k i in g .

3 . Th a t boy can 't ho ld the r ac ke t p roper ly. He can 't p lay t enn i s .

4 . T h e tall b o y r u n s v e r y w e l l. H e c a n r u n l o n g d i s ta n c e s .

2. Gam ble ahora estas fras es usando l o o k l i k e .E x a m p l e : T h e r e a r e a l o t o f c l o u d s , it l ooks l ike r a in .

1 . Th e w e a th e r is good. I t ' s going t o b e s u n n y t h i s w e e k e n d .

It l o o k s .

2 . It is but ter. I a m su re i t's but ter.

We l l , it d o e s n ' t to m e .

3. Is t h a t t e a o r c o f f e e ?

We l l , it t e a to m e .

4 . T h e a p p a r a t u s s e e m e d t o b e c o m p l i c a t e d .It c o m p l i c a t e d .

3 . Ahora t iene unas fra ses explicando q ue aspecto tiene algo. Usted tiene q ue cambiarla s f rases usando l o o k + a d j e t i v o .

E x a m p l e : T h e g i r l w a s e x c i t e d . The little girl looked excited.

1 . S h e w o r e a n e w d r e s s . T h e d r e s s w a s beau t i fu l .

2 . T h e t e a c h e r h a d a n a n g r y e x p r e s s i o n th a t m o r n in g .

3 . T h e g r a s s w a s v e r y g r e e n . I t w a s b e a u t i f u l .

4 . S h e h a d a s a d e x p r e s s i o n o n h e r f a c e .

5 . It h a d a t e r r ib l e a p p e a r a n c e .

4. Tiene ah ora unas respuestas. Usted t iene que poner las preguntas.E x a m p l e : M y b o y f r i e n d is ve ry n ice . - W hat's your boyfriend like?

1 . O u r t e a c h e r is ve ry s t r i c t . ?

2 . My new secretary is beautiful and clever. ?

3 . M y little dog i s v e r y s w e e t . ?

4. He is tall an d in te l l ige nt . ?83

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P r e s e n t p e r f e c t t e n s e : "for" and "since"• El p re te r it e p er fec to d e indicative se fo r m a igual que en e s p a h o l:


I h av e p lay ed

Y ou have playedH e h a s p lay edW e h av e p lay edY o u have p layedT h e y h a v e p l a ye d

I n t e r r o g a t i v eH av e I p lay ed ?

H av e you played?H a s h e p l a ye d ?H a v e w e p l ay ed ?

H a v e y o u p la y e d ?H a v e th e y p l ay ed ?

N e g a t i v eI h av e n o t p l ay edY ou have not playedH e h a s n o t p layedW e h a v e n o t p l ayedY o u h av e n o t p l ayedT h e y h a v e n o t p la y e d

• A m e n u d o u s a m o s el p r e t e r i to p e r f ec t o p a rahab la r de s i tu a c io n e s o acc io n e s que co n tin u anh a s t a e l m o m e n t o e n q u e h a b l a m o s ( o p o c oa n t e s ) :

I h ave lived in this co untry for manyyears .I have always liked English people.

• El p r e t e r i t o p e r f ec t o se usa a m e n u do cons i n c e y f o r.

S i n c e ( d e sd e )• Se usa para de cir cuando e m p e zo algo:

She has w o r k e d th e r e since 1990.I have been reading since five o'clock.I have studied th e piano since I wasfive.It has been raining since M onday.

For (du ran te)• Se usa p a ra d ec ir d u ran t e cu an t o t iem p o seh a e s t a d o h a c i e n d o a l g o ; v a s e g u i d o d e u n ar e f e r e n c i a de t i e m p o (po r e j e m p l o , tw om o n t h s ) :

She has wo rked here for twenty years,o I 've been w aiting for hours.

• E s te t ipo d e f ra s e s se p u e d e tr a d u c ir a l c a s t e -l l a n o d e d o s f o r m a s : H a e s t a d o t r a b a ja n d oa q u i d u r a n t e 2 0 a n o s (l i teral) . L le v a 20 a h o st r a b a ja n d o a q u i ( l ibre).

Ho w long + for

• Es to se e m p le a p a r a p re g u n t a r d u r a n t e c u ato t i e m p o :

How long have you been w aiting for?

• En e s t e t ipo de p r e g u n t a s a m e n u d o s u p r im i-m o s el for:

How long have you been living in LosAngeles (for)?

How long + since• Se e m p le a p a ra p r e g u n ta r c u a n to tie m p o hd e s d e que o cu r rio a lg o :

- How o ng is it since yo u came to livehere?How long is it since you last saw her?

84STANLEY




1. En este ejercicio t iene que poner since o for.Example: I have been doing that lor two years.

She has lived in this town since 1990.1. This is a very old bicycle. I've had it years.

2. My father hasn't had a holiday ages.

3. I haven't had a holiday 1980.4. It's been raining early this morning.5. We've been learning English a very long time.

6. She's been learning French October last year.

7. Old Bronson has been a sergeant twenty years.8. My parents have been married 25 years.9. Old Mr and Mrs Johnson have been married 1950.

2 . Aho ra tiene que formar una nueva frase ta l como en los ejemplos.Examples: It started raining at three o'clock. It has been raining since three o clock.

I met him two years ago. / have known him for two years.

1. He bought his car in January.

He has had his car .2. He went on holiday three weeks ago.

He has been .3. We got married ten years ago.

W e have .4. She went shopping at ten o'clock.

She has .5. We last met when they arrived from Spain.

W e haven't .6. The last time they came to see us was around Christmas.

They haven't .

3. Ahora tiene unas respuestas. Listed tiene que poner la s preguntas.Example: I've been living in New Yo r k for ten years.

H o w long have yo u been living in New York (for)?

1 . I've been doing that job for twenty years.

?2. She's been studying English for two years.

?

3. We've been celebrating all night.?

4. Ahora usa la e s t ruc tu ra Ho w long is it since ...?Example: It's tw o years since I last h a d a holiday. Ho w long is it since y o u last had a holiday?

1 . It's six months since I last had a good meal.

2. It's three months since I last saw her.

3. It's ages since we last met.

85STANLEY




Ve r b s with tw o objects• Complemento directo se refiere a una per-sona o cosa que recibe la accion del verbo:

They ate the cake.

Don' t annoy me.

He th rew the ba ll.

- She d ropped the paper.

• El complemento indirecto se refiere gene-ralmente a la persona que se beneficia de laaccion expresada por el verbo:

Throw me the ball.B u y your sister a present.

• Se llama verbo trans itive el que lleva com-p l e m e n t o directo. L a me jor forma d e averiguars i un verbo e s transitive e s hacerse la preguntai, a quien? o ^que? S i se puede responder, e lv e r b o e s trans itive.

I m et Peter this morning.,A quien encon traste? - Peter

I am read ing the paper.

i,Que es tas leyendo? - the paper

• Los verbos transitivos se pueden poner en vozpasiva:

The dog eats the m ea t.

The m eat is ea ten by the dog .

• Se llama verbo intransitivo el que no llevacomplemento directo y no se puede poneren voz pasiva:

- The plane landed in New York .

The girl runs very fast .

Posicion de los complementos

• El complemento indirecto a menudo se refie-re a u n a persona y s e suele poner delante d e ldirecto:

I gave Peter the book, o d etras con toI gave the book to Peter.

I sent Jane the letter.I s en t the letter to J a n e .

He gave m e the knife.He gave th e knife to me.

Give me it.

Give it to me.I showed Fred the letter.

I s h o w e d the lette r to Fred.

• De la misma forma I'll find a job for Tompodria expresarse I'll findTom a job. Esta cons-truction es posible con los verbos: build, buy,cook, book, find, get, keep, leave, make, order,reserve, etc:

- I'll get you a drink.I'll get a drink for y o u .

I bought him a book .I bought a book for him.

I'll cook you something.I'll cook something for you .

• La construction sin preposition se prefierecuando el objeto directo es una o ration:

Tell me the w hole story.Show me what you've got in yourpocket.

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EXERCISES

1. Con m u c h o s v e r b o s se pueden p o n e r los complementos de dos f o rm a s . Ac o n t in u a c i o n s e l e d a u n a , u s t e d tiene q u e p o n e r l a o t ra .

Example: Give the book to John. Give John the book.1 . Show me the photos. .

2. Lend me the newspaper. .

3 . Ca n y ou pass th e sugar to y o u r sister? ?

4. Show the map to your father. .

5. I'll offer him more money. .

6. Hand me your exams. .

7. Bring the bill to me. .

8. Please, give it to me. .

9. Send him the letter. .

2 . A h o r a v a m o s a h a c u r lo m is m o u s a n d o f o r .Example: I'll get you a drink. / // get a drink for you.

1. I bought a book for Mary. .

2. He'll find a job for me. .

3. I'll fetch you the plate. .

4. She bought Jane a present. .

5. They'll build a house for us. .

6 . I'll prepare something for you. .

7. She made her daughter a dress. .

8. I'll cook you a meal. .

9 . I'll find the money for you. .

10. She got the change for me. .

3 . A c o n t in u a c io n e n c o n t r a r a u n a s f r a s e s c o n u n c o m p l e m e n to d ir e c to la r gla f r a s e q u e h a c e d e c o m p l e m e n t o d ir e c t o p o r u n p r o n o m b r e y p o n g a lo ef o r m a s que sabe.

Example: Show m e what you've go t in your hand. Show it t o m e . Show m e it .

1 . She showed me a wonderful photo.

2. He gave me a very nice present.

3 . She bought h im the book h e wanted to read.

4. He o ffe red he r the best job in the office.

5. I'll lend you the best book in the library.

87STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 37

Q u e s t i o n w o rd s a s s u b je c ts• Who puede hacer el o f cio de sujeto y de com-plem ento del verbo.

• Cuando hace el oficio de sujeto el verbo sepone en form a afirmativa, es decir, s in partfcu-las d e interroga tion :

W ho came yesterday? (sujeto)o W ho spoke at the mee ting? (sujeto)W ho pays the bills? (sujeto)

• Who, whom como complementos d e l verbo :Ingles coloquial:

W ho did you see? Wh o did she talk to?

Ingles gramatical:Whom d id you see? Whom did she talkto ?

• Whose como sujeto:

Whose ca r broke down?Whose horse arrived first?Whose ship sank?

• Whose como complemento de un verbo:Whose book did you borrow ?Whose pen did you use?Whose umbrella did you lose?

• Which como sujeto:Which finger hurts you?Which car won the race?Which horse broke its leg?

• Which com o com plemento:Which hand do you use?o Which of these books do you prefer?

Which horse do you think will w in?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

• What com o sujeto:What caused the fire?What happened last night?

• What com o com plem ento:What paper do you read?What did he say?What do you w ant?

• How many + sustantivo puede ser sujeto deoracion y por lo tanto ir sin partfculas de inte-rrogacion:

How many dogs ran in the race?How many cars crashed on the bridge?How many people w ent to Mad rid?

• How many como complemento:How many things did you buy?How many people did you see ?How many children did the y have?

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1 . A continuacion tiene unas resp uestas, usted tiene q u e hacer la s preguntas. A vecese l w h o e s sujeto y a veces complemento.

Example: I didn't see anybody. - W h o /W h om did you see?P e t e r came with m e . - W ho came with you?

1. Your friend spoke a t the meeting. ?

2. She didn't speak to anybody. ?

3. My mother bought the book. ?

4 . Robert s aw i t. ?

5. My father paid the bill. ?

6. My brother ran in the marathon. ?

7.I didn't tell anybody. ?

8. She didn't give it to anybody. ?

9. He didn't see anyone. ?

2 . W h a t y w h i c h a veces s o n sujetos d e oracion y a veces complementos. Formepreguntas para la s siguientes respuestas c o n w h a t y w h ic h .

Example: Nothing happened yesterday. W h a t happened yesterday?

1. The explosion was caused by gas. ?

2. They ate fish and chips. ?

3. This horse arrived first. ?

4. He reads the "Daily Mail". ?

5 .1 don't know what caused the rebellion. ?

6. She didn't see anything. ?

7. This motor makes the noise. ?

8 .1 didn't say anything. ?

3. Ahora vamos a hacer lo mismo con how many.Example: About twenty people went to Madrid. How many people went to Madrid?

I bought ten books. How many books did you buy?

1. The Evans had six children. ?

2. About ten girls came to the party. ?

3 .1 h a d seven students in m y class yesterday. ?4. Only six dogs run in each race. ?

5. I posted ten letters. ?

6 . Tw o union leaders spoke a t the meeting. ?

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R e p o r t e d or Indirect S p e e c h• Hay dos formas de relatar lo que dice una per-sona: la form a directa e indirecta.

• En la form a directa repetimos las palabrasexactas del que habla:

He said, "I went to London last week".

• En form a indirecta se da el sentido exacto delo que se dice pero sin necesidad de usar laspalabras exactas del que habla:

He said (that) he had gone to Londonthe previous week.

• Cuando convertimos e l estilo directo en indi-recto tenem os que hacer algunos cambios. La

tabla que va a continuation indica estos cam -bios.

Direct speech Ind irect speech

Presente I never go there", he said.

Pasado"I went there yesterday", he said.

Future"I w ill go tomo rrow", he said.

Condicional"I would like to go", he said.

Preterite perfecto"I have done if, he said.

PasadoHe said (that) he never went there.

PluscuamperfectoHe said (that) he had gone there the day before.

CondicionalHe said (that) he wo uld go the next day.

CondicionalHe said (that) he would like to go.

PluscuamperfectoHe said (that) he had done it.

• Hay que tener en cuenta que al pasar a estilo indirecto algunas expresione sde tiempo cambian:

Direct

todayyesterdaythe day before yesterdaytomorrowthe da y after tomorrownext week/month/yearlast week/month/yeara week ago

Indirect

that daythe day beforetw o days beforethe next/following dayin two days' time

the follow ing week/month/yearthe previous week/month/yearthe wee k before/the previous w eek

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UNIT 39

S o am I - So do I - N e ith e r/n o r am• Cuando querem os anadir una adicion afirm a-tiva, yo tam bien etc., en ingles hay varias po-

sibilidades.• E n caso de que haya un verb o auxiliar en lafrase, este verbo se repite:

"I am a man." "So am I ""W e are going to school." "So are w e ""I have a dog." "So have I ""She has a nice house." "S o have I "

• Si el que usamos es un verbo defectivo, tam -

bien se repite e ste verbo:"I can spea k French." "So can I ""I could drive a c a r when I was 14.""So could I ""M y mother can co ok very w ell.""So ca n m ine "

• En los demas casos usamos la s particulasdo, d oes, did, will, would:

"I come every day." "So do I ""She speaks French." "So does he ""I will go tomorrow." "So w ill I ""I wo uld like to go." "So w ould I "'They went to England last summer.""S o d id w e "

• E n caso que la frase sea negativa y quera-m os anadir, yo tampoco, usamos neither on o r :

"I am not a man." "Neither/Nor am I ""She is not a wo m an." "Neither/Nor am I "'They are not very tall.""Neither/Nor a re w e ""I haven't got a dog.""Neither/Nor have I "

• Lo mismo ocurre con los verbo s d efectives:"I can 't speak French." "Neither/Nor can I ""He couldn't come in time."

"Neither/nor could we "

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Con lo s dem as verbos usamos la s particulasdo, does , did, will, would:

"I d on 't speak French." "Neither/Nor do I ""I don't w ant any more, thanks.""Neither/Nor do w e ""He didn't buy the book.""Neither/Nor did she " S h e didn't come in time.""Neither/Nor did I " S h e w on't speak to us.""Neither/Nor will he "'They w on't do it tomorrow.""Neither/Nor will I ""I w ouldn't like to go.""Neither/Nor would I " S h e wouldn't tell m e anything.""Neither/Nor w ould he "

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1 . A n a d a u n a o b s e r v a c io n a f i r m a t iv a a la s siguientes f r a s e s :E x a m p l e : " S h e is very in te l l igent ." " S o a m I "

1 . "They a re very ta l l" " w e "

2 . "That g i r l is very pre t ty." " I "

3 . "He speaks good Eng l i sh . " " s h e "

4 . " I can run very fas t . " " I "

5 . "Yo u c o u l d f in d a b e t t e r j o b . " " y o u "

6. "I wi l l go t o Pa r i s nex t summer. " " I "

7. "He buys th e paper every day. " " s h e "

8. "I would l ike to s p e a k m a n y l a n g u a g e s . " " I "9 . " I w o u l d g o t h e r e t o m o r ro w . " " w e "

10 . "She can dan ce w e l l. " " he r s i s t e r "

11 . " I was very t i red ." " the o t h e r s "

1 2 . "W e c a m e a s s o o n a s w e c o u l d . " " w e "

1 3 . "T h e y s p e a k p e r f e c t F re n c h ." " w e "

1 4 . "I will buy i t t o m o r r o w. " " I "

1 5 . "I wou ld l ike to h a v e a n o t h e r d r i n k . " " I '

2 . A h o r a v a m o s a h a c e r lo m is m o c o n f ra s e s n e g a t iv a s .E x a m p l e : I a m n o t a tall m a n . - Neither/Nor am I

1. "She is not very pre t ty." " I "

2 . " T h e y h a v e n ' t g o t a b ig h o u s e . " " w e "

3 . "T h e y h a v e n 't d o n e a n y t h i n g y e t . " " w e "

4 . " Yo u d i d n 't c o m e in t i m e . " " y o u "

5 . "They d idn ' t spea k F re nch . "" w e "

6 . " We w o n 't g o o n h o l id a y t h is y e a r. " " w e "

7. "I w o u l d n ' t b u y t h a t . " " I "

8 . "I d idn ' t s e e h i m . " " I "

9 . "They w on 't s top in th i s v il lag e . "" w e "

1 0 . " We d i d n 't g e t p a i d . " " w e "

11. " I can ' t speak Italian."" w e "

12 . "W e co u ldn 't p a y s o m u c h . "" w e "13 . "He w as n ' t in ju red . "" I "

14 . "S h e n e v e r g o e s t o c o n c e r t s . " " h e "

15 . "I d idn ' t th ink abou t i t . " " I "9 3

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S o m e and som ething in offers and requests• Normalmente some se usa con verbos a f ir-mativos:

They bought some cakes.• Pero tambien se suele usar some en frasesinterrogativas cuando la frase indica un a ofer-ta , sugerencia, o peticion, y se espera que larespuesta sea a firmativa:

^ Would you like some wine?Could you do something for me?Can I have some of those sw eets?

Have you got some glasses you canlend me?W hy don't you give her some flowers?Didn't you borrow some books from thelibrary?Would you like some m ore milk?W hy don't yo u give him something todrink?

Linking words both . . . andEither ... orNei ther. . . nor . . .

• Las tres estructuras sirven de union. Both....and . . . s e traduce por tanto. . . com o.. . :

Both Jim a nd Jane w ere late.I like both John and Peter.They were both hungry a nd thirsty.He loved both Susan and Sandra.

• La estructura either.. . o r. .. se traduce por o. . .o . . . :

* You can have either biscuits o r cakes.She is either French or Italian.We'll go there either on Saturday or onSunday.

We can go either by plane or by train.

• La es tructura neither. . . no r. . . se traduce porni... ni.. .:

She can speak neither French norSpanish.The room was neither large nor bright.The girl w as neither pretty norintelligent.The wom an on the phone was neitherRose nor her m other.

• Las frase s negativas com o Ese hombre noera ni Pedro ni Juan se pueden traducir dedos forma s:

The m an on the phone wasn't eitherPeter or John.The man on the phone was neitherPeter nor John.

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EXERCISES

1. Complete estas fra ses con some/someth ing .Example: Can you give me some sugar, please?

1 . Could y o u give m e information about this town?

2. Why don't you send him money?

3. Would you like to eat?

4. Can I have to drink, please?

5 . W h y don't they give them to eat?

6 . What a r e y o u looking f o r ? Have y o u lost ?

7. Can I have more milk in my coffee, please?

8. Would you like to take of these biscuits?

9 . Why don't you give her chocolates?

10. Why doesn't she put up to cover that hole in the wall?

2. Esta vez tiene que hacer frases con: both . . . and ..., ne i the r. . . no r. . . , e i the r. . . o rExample: Bob was late. Jill was late too. Both Bob and Jill were late.

S h e didn't telephone. She didn't write.

She neither telephoned nor wrote.

1 . The windows need painting. The doors need painting, too.

2. I don't drink. And I don't smoke.

3 . He emigrated because h e needed a change. He needed more money, too.

4. You can leave now or you can leave this afternoon.

5. We haven't got any money to go to Disneyworld. And we haven't got time.

6. Is that girl's name Jane? Or is it Julia? It's one of the two.

7. The play was very boring. It was very long, too.

8. The restaurant wasn't good. And it wasn't very cheap.

9. She can't write. She can't read.

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ENGLISH GR MM R




Infinitive o f P u r p o s e• La idea de proposito generalmente se expre-sa con el infinitive. Es decir, usamos to +

infinitive para hablar acerca del proposito dehacer algo (para + infinitive):

S h e w e n t to Paris to learn French.He shouted to w a r n us of the danger.Ma r y te lephon ed to invite us to herwedding .The sec re t a ry w en t ou t to pos t th eletters.

• Tambien usamos to + infinitivo cuando nosreferimos acerca del proposito de alguna cos a,o el porque alguien necesita o quiere algo:

I nee d som eth ing to open this tin.The r ich Arab had s ix bodyguards toprotect him.This fence is to keep people ou t o f m yproperty.This generator is here to produceelectricity.

• Tambien podemos usar in order to/so as +to + infinitivo con un infinitivo negativo:

He pulled out his knife in order /so as tofr ighten them.

- She walked on tiptoe in ord er/so as notto w a k e he r children.

• Con to b e y to have:S he gave up h er job in order /so as to

have m ore tim e for her fam ily.S he got up ear ly in order /so as to havea big breakfast .S he left w o rk a t four in ord er/so as tob e home ear ly.

• Con can y could se usa el so tha t... (parapoder):

She is learning French so tha t she canstudy in Paris.He m oved to Bos ton so tha t h e couldsee h is g i rlf rien d m ore of ten.

• Para que el pue da...:Give h im m y phone num ber so tha t he

can phone m e .He w ea r s g l a s se s so tha t nobody canrecognize him.

• Infinitivo + sustantivo + preposicion:He w a n ts a case to keep h is tapes a ndrecords in .I need a tin opener to open this tin ofasparagus w ith .

• Esto es cuando hablamos de algo en particu-lar, pero si nos referimos a algo con un sen tidoe n general usamos for + gerundio:

This is a box fo r keeping o ld bo oks in .- This is a too l for cutting w o o d .

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EXERCISES

1. Use las p a l a b r a s en p a r e n t e s is p a r a re s p o n d e r a e s t a s p r e g u n t a s .E x a m p l e : W h y a r e y o u g o i n g o u t ? ( b u y / s o m e / m i l k )

I'm going out to buy some milk.1 . W h y d id y o u g o to J im 's s c h o o l ? ( s p e a k / Jim 's t e a c h e r )

2 . W h y a r e y o u w e a r in g b o o t s ? ( ke e p / fe e t /w a r m )

3 . W h y i s s h e g o i n g i n t o h o s p i t a l ? ( h a v e / o p e r a t i o n )

4 . W h y a r e th e y s a v in g m o n e y ? ( g e t /m a r r ie d )

5 . W h y d i d y o u s h o u t ? ( w a r n / y o u / d a n g e r )

6 . W h y a r e y o u g o i n g to the b a n k ? ( c h a n g e / m o n e y )

2. A h o r a va a c o m p l e ta r e s t a s f r a s e s u s a n d o el v e r b o a p r o p ia d o .

k e e p , h a n g , solve, b u y, w e a r , climb, r e a d , celebrate, sitE x a m p l e : T h e r e w a s n o f u rn i tu r e , n o t e ve n c h a i r s to sit on.

1 . W e ha ven 't go t e n o u g h m o n e y a n e w h o u s e .

2. I'm go ing t o b u y a p ic ture in the ha l l .

3 . G e t m e a b o x t h e s e o ld b o o k s in .

4 . We m u s t g e t t o g e t h e r a n d t ry t h e p r o b l e m .

5 . He wa s to o a f ra id th e m o u n t a i n .

6 . I n e e d a n e w d r e s s a t t he w e d d i n g .

7 . I have no t im e b o o k s .

8 . T h e y a r e h a v in g a p a r t y t h e e n d o f t h e c o u r s e .

3 . E n e s t e e j e r c ic io t ie n e q u e e s c r ib i r f r a s e s c o n s o t h a t .E xa m ple: I 'll give y o u h e r a d d r e s s . I w a n t y o u to w r it e to her.

I ' ll give y o u h e r a d d r e s s s o that y o u c a n w r i t e to he r.

1 . He locked h i s door. He d idn 't w a n t t o b e d i s t u r b e d .

2 . I s p o k e l o u d . I w a n t e d e v e r y b o d y to h e a r.

3 . S h e arrived early. S h e w a n t e d t o g e t a g o o d seat.

97S TA N L E Y

ENGLISH GR MM R



UNIT 42

C o n d i t i o n a l S t r u c t u r e s• El cond icional se forma igual que el future,anteponiendo al infinitive las particulas would

o should.

E N G L I S H GRAMMAR1

A ff i r ma t iv e

I should/would go

you would go

h e would g o

w e should/would g o

y o u would go

t h e y w ould g o

In ter rogat ive

should/would I go?

would y o u g o ?

w o u ld h e g o ?

should/would w e go ?

w o u l d y o u g o ?

would they g o ?

N eg a t i v e

I should/would not go

y o u w ould n o t g o

h e would no t go

w e should/would g o

yo u would n o t g o

they wo uld n o t g o

• La particula should solo se usa en ingles muyf o r m a l :

I thought they w ould give m e a diplom a.They expected that the plane w ouldarrive on tim e.She hoped they would come to theparty.

• El condicional se suele abreviar, sobre todoen conversacion: I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd,we'd, you'd, they'd.

I'd go if I could.I'd go to Paris if I spoke French.She'd buy the h ouse if she had money.I'd speak louder if I had to.

• El condicional negative tambien se puedeabreviar: I wouldn ' t , you wouldn ' t , h ewouldn't, etc.

I w ouldn't go if I were you.

C o n d i c i o n a l c o m p u e s t o

• AffirmativeI w ould have gone.

You would have gone.He wo uld have gone.W e would have gone.You w ould have gone.They w ould have gone.

• InterrogativeWould I have gone?Would you have gone?Would he have gone?

• NegativeI w ouldn't have gone.You w ouldn't have go ne, etc.

98STANLEY




1. Haga preguntas.E x a m p l e : P e r h a p s o n e d a y y o u wi l l m e e t a n i c e g irl .

What would you do if you met a nice girl?1 . " P e r h a p s o n e d a y s o m e b o d y w i l l a s k y o u t o g o o u t w i t h h i m " .

W h a t w o u ld you do i f ?

2 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y s o m e b o d y w i l l h i t y o u .?

3 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y a p r e t t y g i r l wi l l s a y s h e l o v e s y o u .?

4 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y h o o l i g a n s will ro b y o u .?

5 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y s o m e o n e w i l l insult y o u .?

6 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y y o u w i l l l o s e y o u r m o n e y i n M e x i c o .?

7 . P e r h a p s o n e d a y y o u w i l l m e e t y o u r f a v o u r i t e f i l m s t a r.?

8 . P e rh a p s o n e d a y s o m e o n e wi l l a s k y o u t o m a r r y h i m / h e r.

2. Ahora responds como en el e jemplo.E x a m p l e : A r e y o u g o i n g t o le a v e a t 5 ? ( w e / a r r iv e /t o o / e a r l y )

If we left at five, we would arrive to o early.

1 . I s Joh n go ing to invit e M ar tha ? (he have to / inv i te M ar ian / too ) . No , if he inv i ted M ar thah e

2 . A re you go ing to s ee th i s ho r ro r f i lm ? (no t s l eep ) . N o , i f I s aw th i s ho r ro r f ilm ,I

3 . I s your b ro th e r go ing to a pp ly fo r the pos t? (no t /ge t it ). No , if he applied f o r the pos t ,he

4 . I s M a r y g o i n g t o c h a n g e c l o t h e s ? ( b e l a t e ) . N o , i f s h e c h a n g e d c l o t h e s ,s h e

5 . Are you go ing to l eave the ca r un locked (be s to len ) . No , i f I l e f t t h e c a r u n l o c k e d ,it

6 . A r e y o u g o i n g t o t a k e M a r y 's n e c k l a c e ? ( b e a n g r y ) . N o , if I t o o k h e r n e c k l a c e ,s h e

7 . Are you go ing to s e l l your ca r? (have to wa lk / to work) . No , i f I so ld my ca r,

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UNIT 42 (Co n t.) ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Types of conditional sentences

• Las frase s condicionales en ingles modernose sue len d ividir en tres tipos:

Type 1:

• W hat will yo u do if it rains?if + present + futureIf it rains, we will stay at home.

Type 2 :

• Wha t would you do if it rained?if + past + simple conditionalIf it rained, we would stay at home.

Type 3 :

• What wou ld you have done if it had rained?if + past perfect + perfect conditionalIf it had rained, we w ould stayed at h o m e .

• Con las frases condicionales de l tipo 1, elverbo principal se pone en futuro simple, yla f rase subordinada en presente. No impor-ta el orden:

If you run, you will catch the train.They w ill go wi thout you if you don'thurry.

- If the wea the r is good , we w ill go for apicnic.

The boys w ill play football if the t eacherlets t hem.

• Con las frase s del tipo 2, el verbo principal sepone en condicional simple, y la frase subor-dinada en pasado:

If you ran , you would catch the train.- They w ou ld go w ithout you if you didn 't

hurry.If the w ea ther w a s g o o d, w e w o u ld g o

fo r a picnic.The boys would p lay football if thet eacher let t hem.

STANLEY

• Co n las frases del tipo 3, el verbo p rincipal sepone en condicional compuesto, y la frasesubordinada en p luscuam perfecto.

If you had run, you would h ave caughtthe train.They would have gone w ithout you ifyou hadn't hurried.If th e wea the r h ad been good, w ewould have gone for a picnic.

The boys w ou ld have p layed football ifthe teacher had le t t hem .



EXERCISES

1 . En es te e jerc ic io t iene que p o n e r e l ve rbo en la f o rm a co r r ec t a . Tip o 1 .E x a m p l e : If I am hungry, I will eat (e a t ) s o m e t h i n g .

1 . I f you a re c lever, you ( so lve ) the p rob lem .

2 . W h a t will you do i f you (w in ) the lo t t e ry?

3 . I will ca tch the t r a in i f i t ( a r r ive ) on t im e .

4 . If it is hot , I (open) the w i n d o w.

5 . The b o y s will p l a y f o o t b a l l if it ( ra in) .

6 . I f yo u don ' t wr i t e be t t e r, I ( u n d e r s t a n d ) a w o r d .

7 . I will r ing you up i f I (have) t im e.

2. Pon el v e r b o en la forma correc ta . Tipo 2 .E x a m p l e : I f you so ld th e h o u s e , y o u would ge t a lo t o f m o n e y.

1. I w o u ld go to the pa r ty if you ( invite) m e .

2 . I f you spo ke goo d En g lish , you ( ea rn ) m ore .

3 . Little Jim wo uld lose the m oney if you (give) it to him .

4 . If I fo u n d m o n e y in the s t r e e t , I ( k e e p ) it.

5 . Yo u w o u ld f e e l b e t t e r i f you ( s to p ) s m o k i n g .

6. If she f ound th e key, sh e (give) it to you .

7 . T h e y w o u l d t e l e p h o n e if t h e y ( c a n ) .

3. P o n e l v e r b o en la f o rm a co r r ec t a . Tip o 3 .E x a m p l e : I f he had been taller, h e would have been a policeman.

1 . I f you had c o m e b y ca r, yo u ( s ave)

time.2 . We w o u l d h a v e s t a y e d a t h o m e if it . ( ra in)

3 . If I had k n o w n she was ill, I ( s e n d )h e r s o m e flo w e r s .

4 . We wo uld have arr ived earl ier if we ( c a t c h )t h e 9 o 'c lock t r a in .

5. I f I had k n o w n y o u w e r e c o m i n g, I(go) t o t he airport to m e e t y o u .

6. You wo uld have been a ccepted if you (fill) inth e f o r m .

7 . I f you h ad a s k e d m e , I (go)g o n e w i t h y o u .

STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R



E X E R C I S E S

1 . C a m b ie e l v e r b o g e t p o r o t ro v e r b o c o n e l m i s m o s i g n i fic a d o .E x a m p l e : S h e g o t t h e t i cke ts a t the O d e o n C in e m a .

She bought the tickets at the Odeon Cinema.

1 . Did you ge t my le t ter?

2 . C a n y o u g e t s o m e a p p l e s a t the sh o p , p l ea se?

3 . I'll ge t you h o m e i n m y car.

4 . I'll get a glass of b e e r for you.

5 . Have y o u g o t a n y n e w s fr o m y o u r b o y f rie n d ?

6 . I'll g e t s o m e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h i s c o m p a n y.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2. A h o r a v a m o s a h a c e r lo m is m o con el t i p o 2.E x a m p le : W h e n p e o p le ge t o ld t h e y f o rg e t t h i n g s .

W h e n p e o p l e become o ld t h e y f o rg e t things.

1 . W h e n y o u g e t t o N e w Yo rk s e n d m e a p o s t c a rd .

2 . M y f r ie n d got h i t by a go l f ball.

3 . T h e p o o r w o m a n g o t v e r y ill.

4 . T h e p icture g o t d a m a g e d o n t h e w a y h e r e .

3. H a g a lo m i s m o con el t i p o 3.E x a m p l e : S h e w a n t s t o g e t h e r f e e t w a r m . She wants to warm her feet.

1.I w a n t to get the car going.

2. Try to get her to s tay w ith us for dinner.

3. I am g o in g t o g e t m y ha i r cut.

4 . T h e prisoner is trying t o ge t h i s hands f r e e .

4. En a lg u n a s de las s i g u ie n t e s f ra s e s se p u e d e a f ia d i r el go t , en o t r a s no. A n a d a elg o t , s ie m p r e q u e s e p u e d a .

E x a m p l e : Have you go t a d o g ? - Yes, I ve g o t a n ice little dog.

1 . The Ev an s h a d a h o u s e in the co u n t ry.

2 . R o b e r t h a s v e ry g o o d m ark s a t school.

3 . T h e b o y s will h av e m an y th in g s t o d o n ex t Su n d ay.

4 . Jill a n d Jane have h a d a l o t o f w o r k t h i s y e a r.

5 . Th ey h av e to c o m e e a r l y e v e r y day, n o t on ly o n M o n d a y s .

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Still, yet, a lre ad y, s in c e , for, duringAlways - never

• Los adverbios always y never se pueden usaren los comienzos de frase con oraciones de im-perative:

Always pay the money you owe.- Never say that again.- Always tell me the truth.- Never throw stones at people.

Always ask for advice.Never go jogging alone.

Still (todavia)

• Se usa para frases afirma tivas e interrogati-vas. Su posicion es la misma que los a dverbiosde frecuencia:

Mr Evans is still in bed.Are you still waiting for an answer?Jimmy still works fo r that company.

Yet (todav i'a)• Se usa para frase s con sentido negative, amenudo en preterite perfecto. Generalme nte losolemo s poner al final de la frase :

I haven't finished the job yet.She hasn't w ritten the letter yet.Have you finishe d w ashing the car yet?

Already (ya)

• Su pos icion e s la misma que los adverbios defrecuencia, aunque tambien puede ir al fina l:

This machine is already too old.I've already read the newspaper.He already knows the truth. He knows italready.

Since (desde)

• A menudo se usa para e xpresiones de tiem pocon preterito perfecto o pluscuamperfecto:

I haven't seen him.I m et her last w eek. I hadn't seen he rsince 1990.

A g o (hace)

• Se pone a l final de la frase. Se refiere a algoque sucedio algun tiempo atras sin idea de con-tinuidad. Normalmente se usa un verbo en pa-sado (past tense):

I went to London s ix m onths ago.I studied Latin years ago.

For (durante)

• Se usa para m arcar la duration de un periodode tiem po. Suele ir seguido del artfculo indeter-

minado a, o de un num eral. A menudo se usacon preterites perfectos o pluscuamperfectos:I haven't seen her for six months, oShe has been on the phone for an hour.

During (duran te)

• Suele ir seguido de l artfculo determinado the,o un adjetivo poses ivo:

- It w a s very cold during th e w inter, oI spoke to h im du ring th e inte rval.I learned a lot during m y stay w ith you.

Nota:

• Con la expresion th e last se usa for:I haven't seen h im for the last tw oweeks.W e haven't done an ything for the lastthree hours.

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UNIT 45

Question Ta g s• Las coletillas o question tags s on preguntasque se ponen a l final de una frase afirmativa:

,verdad?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

1 . Las frase s co n verbos auxiliare s o de fectivesforman la cole tilla con el m ismo verbo. Si la fra-se e s afirm ativa la co letilla ira e n form a interro-gativa/negativa. Si la frase e s negativa, la cole-tilla ira en form a interrogativa so lam ente:

Y o u are a man, aren't you?She is a woman, isn't she?

He isn't a boy, is he?» She isn't a girl, is she?He has a dog, hasn 't h e?W e have a son, haven't w e?He hasn't got a dog, has he?W e haven't got a so n, have w e?You can speak French, can't you?She couldn't run fast, could she?She could cook, couldn't she?He can't speak Italian, can he?

2. Con los dem as verbos se usan las particulasdo, does, e n presente:

You com e every day, don't you?She plays tennis very well, doesn'tshe?You don't speak Chinese, do you?She doesn't cook very well, does she?

3. En pasado se usa did:

You went to Madrid, didn't you?She spoke at the meeting, didn't she?

4. En futuro se usa la parti'cula w ill. Recuerdaque will no t = won 't:

You will go tomorrow, won 't you?They won't come tomorrow, will they?

5. En cond iciona l se usa w ould:They w ould come if they could, wouldn'tthey?She w ouldn't tell you, would she?

Con el verbo impersonal there is/there are:There is a lot of money, isn't there?

There are many people, aren't there?There isn't much time, is there?There aren't many trees, are there?There w asn't anny coffee, w as there?

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1. Com ple te la s f rases poniendo la coletilla con los verbos auxil iares o defect ives.Example: Her birthday is on the 23 rd, isn't it?

1 . H e h a s been a n engineer fo r 20 years, ?

2 . They weren't i n N e w Yo r k yesterday, ?

3. That girl is not coming with you, ?

4. You've got a German car, ?

5 . Yo u r friend can't speak French, ?

6 . M r Brown wasn't a t work yesterday, ?

7 . Yo u haven't given th e fish t o t h e cat, ?

8. You aren't going to leave me here, ?

9. They must take him to hospital, ?

1 0 . Yo u a r e v e r y clever, ?

11 . Yo u c a n help u s with this, ?

12 . He i s going b y car, ?

1 3 . T h e hotel w a s very expensive, ?

14. You can't drive a car without a licence, ?

1 5 . H e h a s borrowed money from you, ?

2. Ahor a va a hacer lo mismo pe ro usando la s part iculas do , d o e s , did, w ill , w o u ld e tc .Example: You went to Mexico, didn't you?

1 . S h e speaks English very well, ?

2 . Yo u learned a lot, ?

3. They didn't buy the video, ?

4 . Yo u will come with us , ?5 . S h e won't pass h e r driving test, ?

6 . Yo u would like t o d o that, ?

7. She wouldn't like that to happen, ?

8. There are many things to do, ?

9. There weren't many people at the concert, ?

1 0 . There i s a lo t o f time, ?

1 1 . That TV set doesn't give a good picture, ?1 2 . Yo u won't g o swimming tomorrow, ?

1 3 . W e will g e t o u r p a y tomorrow, ?

14. It will rain tonight, ?

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UNIT 46

P a s s i v e Vo i c e• La voz pasiva inglesa, igual que en castellano, seforma con el auxiliar to be, y el participio del verbo

que se conjuga.• La preposicion espa nola por se traduce por by.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Activa Pasiva

Presente The d og ea ts the bread .These boys s tudy th isbook.

The bread is ea ten by the dog .This book is studied by theseboys .

Pasado The ca t d rank the m ilk .The player threw the bal l .

The m ilk w as d runk by the ca t .Th e ball w a s t h row n by theplayer.

Future Susan wil l read the book.Alice w ill wash the d ishes .

The book w ill be read by Susan .Th e d ishes wil l be w a s h e d byAlice .

Condicionai M y m o the r wou ld d oit better.They w ould ea t the cake .

It w ould be done be t te r b y mymother.Th e cake w ould be ea ten by

t hem.Preterite perfecto I have broken the jar.

He h a s w rit ten tw o booksthis year.

The ja r has been broken b y m e .Tw o books have been wr i t tenby him this year.

Pluscuamperfecto She had made a deliciouscake .This artist had paintedthe picture.

A del ic ious cake had beenm a d e b y her.The picture had been paintedby this artist.

Future perfectoTh e y

will have stolenthe money.She w ill have takenth e medicine.

The m oney wi ll have beenstolen by them.The medicine wil l have beentaken by her.

Condicionai compuesto wo uld have broken that. That would have been brokenby m e.

Recuerde

• La voz pasiva en ingles se usa mucho mas que en castellano . Se usa amenudo para traducir formas impersonales: se dice, se piensa ...

It is said...It is thought...

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1 . P o n g a la s s ig u ie n t e s f r a s e s e n v o z p a s i v a .Example : My fa ther bu i l t t h i s house . -This house was built by my father.

1. The ch i ld ren w i ll do th i s exerc i se .2 . T h i s h o r se w o n t h e r a ce .

3 . T h i s m a n w r o t e t h i s book .

4 . T h e c e n t r e f o r w a r d s c o r e d a goa l .

5 . My bro ther has r epa i r ed the TV se t .

6 . My w i f e w a sh e d t h e d i sh e s .

7. T h e y w ou ld buy many th ings .

8. The government bought that company.

9 . T h e c o o k h a s p r e p a r e d a g o o d m e a l.

10 . Jim w i l l wr i t e th e let ter.

11. He has sa id many th ings .

12. M y m o t h e r wi l l o p e n t h e w i n d o w.

13. My co l l eague wil l do the job .

2 . A h o r a v a a h a c e r t o d o lo c o n t r a r io . P o n g a e s t a s f ra s e s e n v o z a c t i v a .E x a m p l e : Th e milk w a s d r u n k by the ca t . - The cat drank the milk.

1. T h i s s w e a t e r w i ll b e w o r n by P e te r t o m o r r o w .

2 . The money was s to len by the th ieves .

3 . Jean was t aken ou t by Jeff .

4. A g o a l w a s s c o r e d by t he c e n t re f o r w a r d .

5 . Hamle t w a s w r i t t e n b y S h a k e s p e a r e .

6 . Ma n y w r i t e r s w e r e i n f luenced b y Ce r v a n t e s .

7 . T h e d ish e s w e r e w a sh e d b y m y w i fe .

8 . T h e w o r k h a s b e e n d o n e b y t h e c h i l d r e n .

9 . M any th ings a re b roken by ch i ld ren p lay ing a t hom e.

10 . Tha t f i lm i s go ing to be seen by a l l t he ch i ld ren .

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UNIT 47 E N G L I S H GRAMMAR

I n t e r r o g a t i v e P r o n o u n sW h o (quien)

• E l prono mbre interrogative w ho es sujeto deoracion:W ho w as tha t woman?Who is going to do it?

W h o m (a quien)

• Es complemento indirecto o circunstancial, ya menudo va acompahado por una preposicion:

Whom did you see last night?A quien viste ayer noche?

Whom did you speak to ?,A quien hablaste?Whom d id they go with?iCon quien/quienes fueron?Whom are you talking about?iD e quien estais hab lando? (acerca de)Whom did he tell?iA quien se lo d i j o?

• F f j e s e que colocamo s la prepo sicion al finalde la frase. Antiguame nte se colocaba al princi-pio - With w hom are you going? pero eso hacaido en desuso.

• En ingles coloquial a veces se suprime la mde whom:

W ho are you going with?W ho were you talking to?

W h o s e (d e q u i en )

• Es un com plem ento determinative. Indica po-sesion:

Whose is this car/Whose car is this?quien es este coche?

W h a t (que)

• Se usa para cosas:What did you say last night?i Q u e d i j is te ayer noche?

W h i c h (cual)

• Se usa para cosas y personas y es m as se-lectivo que w hat:Which is the cheapest?Which is the best?We have tw o Susans here. Which onedo you want to see?

W h y (por q u e ? )"Why was he late? " "Beca use he missedthe train."

W h e n ( c u a n d o )"When do you come here?" "I come hereevery day."

W h e r e (donde)"Where do you live?" "I live in New York."

Ho w ( c o m o )"How did you come?" "I came by train."

I R e c u e rd e

qu e cuando o s p r onom bres w h o y w h a t so nsuje tos d e oracion n o s e usan particulas d einterrogacion:

W ho came yesterday?W ho told you that?W ho a te all the bread?W ho spoke at the m eeting?What happened last night?What caused the fire?

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ENGLISH G R A M M A RE X E R C I S E S

1. Ponga el pronombre interrogative apropiado.E x a m p l e : W h o m did you see t h is m o r n i n g ?

1." is t ha t do g? " " It 's ou rs ."

2." w e r e you talking t o ? " "I was talking to To m ."

3." are you g o i n g to run w it h ? "

4." h a p p e n e d in y o u r s c h o o l l a s t w e e k ? "

5." one do you l i ke?" "I like the one on the lef t ."

6." c a m e w it h you la s t n i g h t ? "

7." are you g o i n g to m a k e the c a k e w ith ? "

8." was she w i t h ? " " S h e was w i th her f r i end ."9." w e r e you t a lk i n g a b o u t ? " "I was talking ab ou t Jim."

2. Estas son las respuestas. Usted tiene que hacer las preguntas.E x a m p l e : P e t e r c a m e w i t h h e r . W ho came w ith her?

1 . I d i d n ' t say a n y t h i n g . ?

2. The d o g ? I t ' s o u r s . ?

3. I was t a lk ing to J im. ?

4. S t ev e told me t h a t . ?

5. I w e n t w i th my f r ie n d . ?

6 . W e s a w th a t w o m a n . ?

7 . W e are go ing to the c inem a w ith Fred . ?

8 . A s h o r t c i r c u i t c a u s e d th e f i r e . ?

3. A con tinua tion se le dan unas frases de relative con la preposicion al principio.Usted tiene que poner la preposicion al final.

E x a m p l e : T o w h o m w e re y o u t a l k i n g ?W ho were yo u talking to ?

1 . A b o u t w h o m a r e y o u talking, b o y s ?

2. W ith w h o m did you h a v e d i n n e r on S u n d a y ?

3 . W ith w h o m w a s s h e w h e n y o u m e t h e r ?

4 . To w h o m a r e y o u g o in g t o g e t m a r r ie d ?

5. W ith w h o m are you g o i n g to run the m a r a t h o n , F r e d ?

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UNIT 48

R e l a t i v e PronounsWh o (quien, que , el cual)

• E s e l su je to de la fr ase subo rd inada d e re lati-v e . S e u s a p a ra p e r s o n as :

This is the man who came.Those a re the boys w ho said that.

That

• P u e d e s e r su je to d e u n a f r ase d e re lative d e -t r a s de all, e v e r y o n e , e v e r y b o d y, n o one ,n o b o d y a n d t h o s e :

& Everybody who/that knew her liked her.Nobody w ho/that saw the accident willforget it.

Whom (a quien)

• E s c o m p le m e n to indirect© o c ircu ns tanc ial , s eu s a p a r a p e r s o n as :

This is the man whom I saw.This is the girl with w hom he fell in love.

• La fo r m a whom se co ns idera muy fo rm al . Eningles co loqu ia l g en e r a lmen te u s amo s w h o othat, y todav ia e s m as co r r ien te o m itir e l pro-n o m b r e :

The girl whom I asked, told me to comeback today.The girl w h o I asked, told m e to comeback today.

The girl that I asked, told me to comeback today.The girl I asked, told me to come backtoday.

• En las o rac ione s que p roporc ionam os una in-fo rmac ion ex t ra s e puede usa r l a p repos ic iona n t e s d e whom (pa ra pe r sonas ) y wh ich (pa raco s a s ) . A s f q u e s e p u ed e d ec ir to whom, w ithwhom, about whom, for w hich, etc.:

M r Jone s, to whom I spoke on thephone last night, is interested in yourplan.

112STANLEY

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

• Sin e m b a rg o , en ingles coloquial , a m e n u dopone m os la p repos ic ion de t ras de l ve rbo

oracion d e re la tive . C uando hacem os e s to g e -n e ra lm e n te u s a m o s w h o e n v e z d e whom:

This is Mr Ca rter, who I wa s te lling yo uabout.

Whose (cuyo)This is the m an whose son is so tall.

Which or that (el cual)

• G en e r a lmen te s e u s a pa ra co sas , pe ro a ve -ce s tam b ien p a r a p e r s o n as :

The car (wh ich/that) I bought last we ek,broke down yesterday.

• Which no se s u e le u s a r d e t ra s de all,everything, little , much, none, no , o d e s p u e sde super la t ives . So lemos usa r that o lo omiti-m o s :

Everything (that) you say will be takendown.This is the best hotel (that) I know.

What (lo que )And this is wha t he said.Is that wha t you wanted?

• C u a n d o e l su je to es una m ezc la de p e r s o n asy co s a s u s a m o s that:

Those are the men and the carts thatw e saw on the way.



EXERCISES

1.Tiene que unir estas dos frases en una usando un pronombre relativo.E x a m p le : T h e p o lic e h a ve c a u g h t t h e m a n . H e s t o l e m y c a r.

The police have caught the man who/that stole my car.1 . A d ic t ion ary is a book . I t is u sed to look up w ord s .

2 . A v e g e t a r i a n i s a p e r s o n . He / S h e d o e s n 't e a t m e a t .

3 . The w o m a n a n s w e re d th e p h o n e . S h e told m e y ou w e r e a w a y.

4 . W h a t w a s th e n a m e o f the b o y ? H e w o n t h e r a c e .

2 . E n e s t e e j e r c ic i o tie n e q u e e s c r ib i r e s t a s f r a s e s d e n u e v o u n i e n d o la s c o n u n aorac ion de r e la t ivo .

Examples : J im ' s f a the r goes runn ing every day. ( J im ' s f a the r i s 80 )Jim's father, who is 80, goes running every day.

1 . The Bos ton t r a in was l a te th i s morn ing . ( I t i s a lways on t ime . )

2 . T h a t w o m a n i s a n a r t is t . (S h e a lw a y s w e a r s a re d d r e s s . )

3 . M r Sm ith is r e t i r ing now. ( He h a s w o r ke d for the c o m p a n y all his life.)

4 . M y f r ie n d s p e a k s F r e n c h a n d Engl ish f luent ly. (His mother is F rench . )

3. Complete estas frases, cuando sea necesario, con t h a t , w h o , o w h a t . En los casos enlos que se pueda escribir t h a t u omitirlo, escribe (that).

Example: Did you hear what she said? Everything (that) I say is t rue .

1 . Te l l m e y o u w a n t a n d I'll s e e w h a t I c a n d o .

2 . M y m o t h e r is t h e o n l y p e r s o n u n d e r s t a n d s m e .

3 . S h e g i ve s h e r d a u g h t e r e v e r y t h in g s h e w a n t s .

4 . I can ' t g ive y o u a n y m o n e y. A ll I've go t i s a few c o i n s .

5 . I can 't ag ree w i th you 've ju s t s a id .

6 . Don ' t tell anyo ne happe ned las t n igh t.

7 . D o n 't b la m e m e f o r e v e r y th i n g g o e s w r o n g .

8 . M y s i s te r a l w a y s d i s a g r e e s w i th e v e r y t h in g I say.

9 . I d o n ' t k n o w , but this is peop le s ay. 3

STANLEY

ENGLISH GR MM R



his page intentionally left blank



A p p e n d i x



A p p e n d i x ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

IrreguInfinitive

to beto beginbo blowto breakto bringto build

to buyto catch

to cometo costto cu tto d oto drawto drinkto e a tto fallto feelto findto g e tto giveto goto grow

to have

to hearto keepto know

to leadto leaveto let

lar verlP a s t

w a s /w e r ebeganblewbrokebroughtbuilt

boughtcaught

camecostcutdiddrewdranka tefellfeltfoundgo tgavewentgrew

had

heardkeptknew

ledleftle t

)S

Pas t participle

been -ser, ester

begun -empezarblown -soplarbroken -romperbrought -traerbuilt -construir

bought -comprarcaught -coger,

atraparcome -venircost -coster

cu t -cortardone -hacerdrawn -dibujardrunk -bebereaten -comerfallen -caerfel t -sentirf o u n d -encontrarg o t -conseguirgiven -dargone ir

g r o w n -crecer

h a d -tener,t omar

heard -oirkept -guardarknown, -saber,

conoce rled -conducirleft -salir, dejarle t -dejar,

perm itir

Inf in i t ive

to lieto maketo meet

to payto putto readto ring

to runto sa yto s e eto sellto sendto shineto showto shut

to si tto sleep

to speakto spendto stand

to swimto taketo tell

to think

to understandto waketo wearto w in

to write

P a s t

laymadem etpaid

putreadrang

ra nsaid

sawsoldsentshoneshowed

shutsatsleptspokespentstoodswam

tooktold

thought

understoodw o k eworew on

wrote

Pas t par t ic ip le

lain -yacermade -hacer

m e t -encontrarsepaid -pagarp u t -ponerread -leer

rung -llamar(al timbre

ru n -corrersaid -decirseen -ver

sold -vendersent -enviarshone -brillar

shown -mostrarshut -cerrar

s a t -sentarseslept -dormirspoken -hablarspent -gastar, pasar

stood -ester de pie

swum -nadar

taken -coger, tomartold -decir, contar

thought -pensar,creer

understood -entenderwoken -despertarseworn -l levar puestow o n -ganar

written -escribir

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p pendi xt ENGLISH G R A M M A R

Ve r b o s e r - e s ta r

IndicativoP r e s e n t eYo soy/estoytu eres/estase l es/estanos. somos/estamosvos. sois/estaisellos son/estan

I m p e r f e c t oyo era/estabatu eras/estabase l era/estabanos. eramos/estabamosv o s . erais/estabaisellos eran/estaban

I n d e f i n i d oyo fui/estuvetu fuiste/estuvisteel fue/estuvonos. fuimos/estuvimosv o s . fuisteis/estuvisteisellos fueron/estuvieron

F u t u r oyo sere/es taretu s e ras / es t a rase l s e ra /es t a ranos. seremos/estaremosvos. sereis/estareisellos seran/estaran

P. Pe r fec toyo he sido/estadotu has sido/estadoel ha sido/estadonos. h e m o s sido/estadov o s . habe i s sido/estadoellos nan sido/estado

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo habi'a sido/estadotu habias sido/estadoe l habia sido/estadon o s . habiamos sido/estadov o s . habiais sido/estadoellos habian sido/estado

A n t e r i o ryo hube sido/estadotu hubiste sido/estadoel hubo sido/estadon o s . hubimos sido/estadov o s . hubisteis sido/estadoellos hubieron sido/estado

Futuro P e r f ec t oyo habre sido/estadotu habras sido/estadoe l habra sido/estadonos. habremos sido/estadov o s . habreis sido/estadoellos habran sido/estado

S u b j u n t i v oP r e s e n t eyo s ea /es t etu seas/estesel sea/es tenos. seamos/estemosv o s . seais/esteisellos sean /es ten

I m p e r f e c t o (ser)yo fuera o f u e setu fue ras o fuesese l fuera o fuese

nos. fu e r amo s o f u e se m o sv o s . fuerais o fueseisellos fueran o fuesen

I m p e r f e c t o ( e s t a r )yo estuviera o estuviesetu estuvieras o estuviesese l estuviera o estuviesenos. estuvieramos o estuviesemosv o s . estuvierais o estuvieseisellos estuvieran o estuviesen

Pre te r i t e p e r f e c t oyo haya sido/estadotu hayas sido/estadoe l haya sido/estadonos. hayamos sido/estadov o s . hayais sido/estadoellos hayan sido/estado

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo hubiera o hubiese sidotu hubieras o hubieses sidoe l hubiera o hubiese sidon o s . hubieramos o hubiesemos sidov o s . hubierais o hubieseis sidoello hubieran o hubiesen sido

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo hubiera o hubiese estadotu hubieras o hubieses estadoe l hubiera o hubiese estadon o s . hubieramos o hubiesemos estadovos. hubierais o hubieseis estadoellos hubieran o hubiesen estado

C o n d i c i o n a lP r e s e n t eyo se r fa /e s ta r iatu serias/estariasel seria/estarianos. s e r f amo s / e s t a r i amo sv o s . serfais/estarfamosellos serian/estarfan

C o m p u e s t oyo habri'a sido/estadotu habrias sido/estadoel habri'a sido/estadon o s . habrfamos sido/estadov o s . habrfais sido/estadoellos habrian sido/estado

I m p e r a t i v ojs e tuj sea e lj s e a m o s nosotrosj s e d vosotrosisean ellosj e s ta tuj e s te e lj e s t e mos nosotrosj e s tad vosotrosj e s ten ellos

Infinitivo G e r u n d i o Pa r t i c ip io Pa r t i c ip io p a s a d ose r siendo sido haber sidoe s t a r estando estado estado

STANLEY



Appendix ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Ve r b o h a b e r - t e n e r

Indicative S u b j u n t i v oP r e s e n t eyo he/tengotu has/tienesel ha/tienenos. hemos/tenemosvos. habeis/teneisellos han/tienen

I m p e r f e c t oyo habia/teniatu habias/teniasel habia/tenianos. habiamos/tem'amosvos. habiais/teniaisellos habian/tenian

I n d e f in id oyo hube/tuvetu hubiste/tuvisteel hubo/tuvonos. hubimos/tuvimosvos. hubisteis/tuvimosellos hubieron/tuvieron

F u t u r eyo habre/tendretu habras/tendrasel habra/tendranos. habremos/tendremosvos. habreis/tendreisellos habran/tendran

P. Pe r fec toyo he habido/tenidotu has habido/tenidoel ha habido/tenidonos. hemos habido/tenidovos. habeis habido/tenidoellos han habido/tenido

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo habi'a habido/tenidotu habfas habido/tenidoel habia habido/tenidonos. habfamos habido/tenidovos. habiais habido/tenidoellos nab an habido/tenido

A n t e r i o ryo hube habido/tenidotu hubiste habido/tenidoel hubo habido/tenidonos. hubimos habido/tenidovos. hubisteis habido/tenidoellos hubieron habido/tenido

Fu tu re P e r f ec t oyo habre habido/tenidotu habras habido/tenidoel habra habido/tenidonos. habremos habido/tenidovos. habreis habido/tenidoellos habran habido/tenido

CondicionalP r e s e n t eyo habrfa/tendriatu habrias/tendrias6 1 habria/tendrianos. habrfamos/tendriamosvos. habriais/tendriaisellos habrian/tendrian

C o m p u e s t oyo habria habido/tenidotu habn'as habido/tenidoel habria habido/tenidonos. habrfamos habido/tenidovos. habriais habido/tenidoellos habrfan habido/tenido

Imperativoihe tujhaya eljhayamos nosotrosjhabed vosotrosjhayan ellosjten tujtenga elitengamos nosotrosjtened vosotrosjtengan ellos

P r e s e n t eyo haya/tengatu hayas/tengasel haya/tenganos. hayamo s/tengamosvos. hayais/tengaisellos hayan/tengan

I m p e r f e c t o ( h a b e r )yo hubiera o hubiesetu hubieras o hubiesesel hubiera o hubiesenos. hubieramo s o hubiesem osvos. hubierais o hubieseisellos hubieran o hubiesenI m p e r f e c t o ( t ener )yo tuviera o tuvies etu tuviera s o tuviesesel tuviera o tuviesenos. tuvieramos o tuviesemo svos. tuvierais o tuvieseisellos tuvieran o tuviese n

Pre te r i t e p e r f ec t oyo haya habido/tenidotu hayas habido/tenidoel haya habido/tenidonos. hayamos habido/tenidovos. hayais habido/tenidoellos hayan habido/tenidoP l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo hubiera o hubiese habidotu hubieras o hubieses habidoel hubiera o hubiese habidonos. hubieram os o hubiesemos habidovos. hubierais o hubieseis habidoello hubieran o hubiesen habidoP l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo hubiera o hubiese tenidotu hubieras o hubieses tenidoel hubiera o hubiese tenidonos. hubieramos o hubiesemos tenidovos. hubierais o hubieseis tenidoellos hubieran o hubiesen tenido

Infinitivo

habertener

G e r u n d i ohabiendoteniendo

Participio

habidotenido

Participio pasadohaber habidotenido

12 0STANLEY



Appendix E N G L I S H G R A M M A R1

Ve r b o a m a r

IndicativeP r e s e n t e P . Pe r fec toy o a m o y o h e a m a d otu a m a s t u ha s a m a d oe l am a e l ha a m a d on o s . amam o s n o s . h emo s amad ov o s . am ais vos . habe is am adoel los am an e llos nan am ado

I m p e r f e c t o P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo a m a b a yo habi 'a amadotu am abas tu h a b fa s a m a d oe l a m a b a e l habi 'a amadon o s . a m a b a m o s n o s. h a b fa m o s a m a d ov o s . am abais vos . hab fa is am adoellos amab an e llo s h ab fan amad o

I n d e f in id o A n t e r i o ryo a m e y o h u b e amad otu am as te tu hub is te ama doe l a mo e l h u b o amad on o s . amam o s n o s . h u b imo s amad ov o s . am as te is vos . hub i s te i s am adoellos am aron e llos hub ie ron am ado

F u t u r o F u t u r o P e r f e c t oyo a m a re yo h ab re amad otu am ara s tu h ab ra s amad oe l am ara e l h ab ra amad on o s . am aremo s n o s . h ab rem o s amad ovos . am are is vos . habre is am adoellos am aran e l los habran am ado

C o n d i c i o n a l I m p e r a t i v oPresen te iama tu iyo a m a r fa iame e ltu am ar ia s jam em o s n o s o tro se l am ar fa n o s. a m a r fa m o s

vos . am arfa ise l los amarfan

C o m p u e s t oyo h a b r fa amad otu habrias a m a d oel habrfa a m a d o InfinitJVO

vo s . h ab r fa i s amad o A m are l los habr fan amado

S u b j u n t i v oP r e s e n t ey o a m e

tu a m e se l a men o s . amemo svos . ame ise l los amen

I m p e r f e c t oyo a m a r a o a m a s etu amara s o amas ese l amara o a m a s en o s . a m a r a m o s o a m a s e m o svos . amarais o amase i sa llo s am aran o ama s en

P r e t e r i t e p e r f e c t oyo h ay a amad otu h a y as amad oe l h ay a amad on o s . h ay amo s amad ovos . haya i s amadoel los hayan amado

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t oyo hubiera o h u b ie s e am ad otu hub ie ras o hub ieses amadoe l hubiera o h u b ie s e am ad on o s . h ub ie r amo s o h u b ie s emo s am ad ov o s . hubierais o hub iese i s amadoellos hubieran o h u b ie s en amad o

G e r u n d i o P a r t i c i p i o Participio pasadoA m a n d o A m a d o Ha b e r a m a d o

12 2STANLEY

Iamad vosotrosIamen ellos

nos. habriamos amado



Appendix ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Ve r b to love

Indicative

P r e s e n t l o v ey o u l o v eh e l o v e sw e l o v ey o u l o v et h e y l o v e

P as t t e n s e l o v e dy o u l o v e d

h e l o v e dw e l o v e dy o u l o v e dt h e y loved

F u t u r eI shall/will loveyou will lovehe will lovew e shall/will loveyou will love

they will love

Present perfect tense h a v e l o v e dy o u h a v e l o v e dh e h a s l o v e dw e h a v e l o v e dy o u h a v e l o v e dt h e y h a v e l o v e d

Past perfect tense h a d l o v e dy o u h a d l o v e d

h e h a d l o v e dw e h a d l o v e dy o u h a d l o v e dt h e y had l oved

Future perfect tenseI shall/will have lovedyou will have lovedhe will have lovedwe shall/will have lovedyou will have loved

they will have loved

Condit ionalP r e s e n t should/would loveyou would lovehe would lovewe should/would loveyou would lovethey would love

Pas t c o n d i t i o n a lI should/would have lovedyou would have lovedhe would have lovedwe should/would have lovedyou would have lovedthey would have loved

I m p e r a t i v elet me lovelovelet him lovelet us (let's) lovelovelet them love

InfinitiveTo love

G e r u n d Pa r t i c ip l e Pas t pa r t i c ip l eLoving Loved Have loved

123STANLEY



A p p e n d i x

Ve r b t o love

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

I n d i c a t i v e

PresentInterrogativedo 1 love?do you love?does he love?do w e love?do you love?d o they love?

Negat iveI do not love

y o u d o n o t lovehe does no t lovewe do no t lovey o u d o n o t lovethey d o n o t love

Past tenseinterrogatived id I love?d id you love?did he love?

d id w e love?did you love?d id they love?

Nega t iveI d id not loveyou d id no t lovehe did not lovew e did not loveyou did not lovethey d id no t love

FutureInterrogativeshall/will I love?will you love?will he love?shal l we love?will yo u love?will they love?

Nega t iveI shall/will n o t love

you will not lovehe will no t lovew e shall/will not loveyou will not lovethey will not love

Present pe rfect tenseInterrogativehave I loved?have you loved?ha s he loved?have we loved?have you loved?have they loved?

NegativeI have no t loved

you have not lovedhe has no t lovedw e have not lovedyou have no t lovedthey have no t loved

Past perfect tenseInterrogativeh a d I loved?had you loved?had he loved?

had w e loved?had you loved?h ad they loved?

N e g a t i v eI had no t lovedyou ha d no t lovedhe h ad n o t lovedw e had not lovedyou h ad n o t lovedthey had not loved

Future perfect tenseInterrogativeshall/will I have loved?will you have loved?will h e have loved?shal l we have loved?will yo u have loved?will they have loved?

Nega t iveI shall/will no t have loved

you wil l no t have lovedhe will no t have lovedw e shall/will no t have lovedyou wil l no t have lovedthey will not have loved

S u b j u n t i v eNota .- Salvo muy raras excepciones, e lm odo sub jun tivo no se usa en ing les .For regla general se usa el mismotiempo q u e en indicative. Ej.: "Cuandoyo vaya" -When I go.

C o n d i t i o n a lP r e s e n tIn te r roga t iveshould/would I love?

would you love?would he love?should/would we love?would you love?would they love?

Nega t iveI should/would not loveyou would n o t lovehe would not lovew e should/would not loveyou would not lovethey would no t loveP a s t c o n d i t i o n a lI n t e r r o g a t i v eshould/would I have loved?would you have loved?would he have loved?should/would w e have loved?would you have loved?would they have loved?

Nega t iveI should/would not have lovedyou would not have lovedhe w ou ld no t have lovedw e should/would not have lovedyou would not have lovedthey w ould no t have loved

I m p e r a t i v eNegativedo not let me love

d o no t lovedo n ot let him lovedo not let us love (let 's not love )d o no t lovedo not le t them love

12 4STANLEY



A p p e n d i x ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Ve r b o th e r e to b e - h a b e r ( im p e rs o n a l)

I n d i c a t i v e

P resen tthere ist here a re

hay

P a s t t e n s ethere w a st h e re w e re

hab ia /hubo

F u t u r et here w i ll be

habra

Present perfect tensethere has beent h e r e h a v e b e e n

ha habido

P a s t p e r f e c t t e n s ethere h ad been

habia/hubo habido

Future perfect tenset h e r e w i ll h a v e b e e n

habra habido

C o n d i t i o n a lP r e s e n tTh ere w o u ld b e

Habria

P a s t c o n d i t i o n a lTh ere w o u ld h av e b een

Habria habido

I m p e r a t i v eLe t there b e

jHaya

InfinitiveThere to b e

Haber

G e r u n dThere being

Habiendo

Par t i c ip le Pas t pa r t i c ip le

12 5STANLEY



Appendix

Ve r b o "to be able" poder

ENGLISH GRAMMAR1

Indicative

P r e s e n t e can/I am ableyo u can/you a re ablehe can/he is ablew e can/we a re ableyo u can/you a re ablethey can/they are able

P a s a d o

I could/l was ableyo u could/you were ablehe could/he w as ablew e could/we were ableyo u could/you were ablethey could/they were able

F u t u r oI shall/will be ableyou will b e able

he will be ablew e shall/will be ableyou will be ablethey will be able

yo puedotu puedesel puedenos. podemosvos. podeisellos pueden

podia , pudepodias , pudistepodia , pudopodiamos , pudimospodiais, pudisteispodian, pudieron

podrepodras

podrap o d re mo spodreispodran

P r e t e r i t e perfectoI have been ableyo u have been ablehe has been ablew e have been ableyou have been ablethey have been able

P l u s c u a m p e r f e c t o

I had been abley o u h ad been ablehe had been ablew e h ad been ableyou had been ablethey h a d been able

F u t u r o perfectoI shall/will have been ableyo u will have been able

he will have been ablew e shall/will have been ableyo u will have been ablethey will have been able

h e podidoh as podidoh a podidoh e m o s podidohabeis podidoh an podido

habfa podidohabias podidohabia podidohab iamos podidohabiais podidohabian podido

habre podidohabras podido

habra podidohabremos podidohabreis podidohabran podido

ConditionalC o n d i c i o n a l

I could/would be ableyou could/would be ablehe could/would be ablew e could/would be ableyou could/would b e ablethey could/would be able

podriapodr iaspodriapodr iamospodriaispodrian

C o n d i c i o n a l compuesto

I should/would have been able habria podidoyo u would have been able habrias podidohe would have been able habria podidow e should/would have been able habriamos podidoyo u would have been able habriais podidothey would have been able habrian podido

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