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  • 8/9/2019 English Grammar - Spoken English Institute - Lucknow

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    English Grammar 1

    Confidence, Fluency & Personality

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    English Grammar 2

    Confidence, Fluency & Personality

    INTRODUCTION TO CDI

    The Career Development Institute was established to achieve the following objectives:

    Youmight have a professional degree ,you might be a good student you might be verygood in the subject knowledge but if you lack communication you will not be able to

    communicate your knowledge to the other person henceforth losing out on the future

    prospects even if you get through it you would not get the desired package.

    Recognizing the importance of English Language Fluency is the success of every career,CDI has introduced a range of programs to enhance English communication skills for

    Individuals. Whether you wish to start learning English as a beginner or whether you are a

    student, Executive, House wife, we have the right learning package for you, based on your

    level.

    CDI teaches English in a very easy way making it as a part of your daily life. The instituteemphasize in teaching British English because it is the most acceptable language over the

    world with the use of correct grammar and neutral accent.

    CDI offers programs catering to various levels of learners from the basics to the advanceslevel.

    Other career Options - In todays work culture every carrier option would require anindividual to be good in communication as well as in interpersonal skills no matter how

    qualified you are in the respected subject of interest.

    Various Job Fields- Information Technology, Management, Retail Industry, Mass

    Communication, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Fashion design, Allied health, Telecom,

    Hospitality, Banking and Commerce, Army, Infrastructure, Sales and Marketing, Aviation,

    Finance, Legal, Manufacturing and Engineering, Acting and Sports.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Topic Name Page NoTopic No

    1 The Sentence 3 11

    2 Noun 12 18

    3 Adjective 19 30

    4 Articles 31 35

    5 Adverb 36 - 41

    6 Case 42 44

    7 Clauses 44 49

    8 Conjunction 50 51

    9 Determiners 52 52

    10 Gerunds and Infinitives 53 56

    11 Preposition 57

    62

    12 Pronouns 63 65

    13 Direct and Indirect Speech 66 69

    14 Pluralisation Guide 70 71

    15 Punctuation Guide 72 74

    16 Asking Questions 75 80

    17 Spelling Guide 81

    82

    18 Prefixes and Suffixes 83 86

    19 Tenses 87 98

    20 Verb 99 113

    21 Grammar Chants 101 - 102

    22 1000 Most Common Phrases 103 111

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    CHAPTER 1 - THE SENTENCE

    Lets take two Examples

    Sentence No 1 Ram is a Good Boy.

    Sentence No 2 Boy is good Ram.

    Now can you tell which sentence is correct Sentence 1

    or Sentence 2?

    The answer is Sentence 1 because the group of wordsin Sentence 1 in making sense (you can understand)

    So a group of words like this, which makes complete

    sense (you can understand), is called a Sentence.

    A sentence is a group of words which starts with a

    capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question

    mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). A sentence contains

    or implies a predicate and a subject.

    KIND OF SENTENCES- Sentences are of 4 kinds

    Assertive or Declarative Sentence Those which

    make statements or assertions; as,E.g.: Humpty

    Dumpty sat on a wall.

    Interrogative Sentences Those which ask questions;as, E.g. Where do you live?

    Imperative Sentences A sentence that expresses a

    command or an entreaty. E.g. - Be Quite, Stand Up.

    Exclamatory Sentence - A sentence that expresses

    strong feeling. E.g. how cold the night is!

    SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

    When we make a sentence

    - We name some person or thing and- Say something about that person or thing

    In other words, we must have a subject to speak about

    and we must say orpredicate something about that

    subject.

    Hence every sentence has 2 parts

    SentenceLucknow is a Beautiful city.

    SUBJECT PREDICATE

    PARTS OF SPEECH

    Lets take an example

    Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

    Red

    Green

    Yellow

    Blue

    PenViolet

    Purple

    Apple

    Mango

    Banana

    Orange

    SpinachGrapes

    Guava

    January

    April

    July

    September

    DecemberMonday

    June

    Assertive or

    Declarative

    Sentence - They

    make statements

    Imperative

    Sentences -

    Expresses a

    command

    Interrogative

    Sentences -

    Ask Questions

    Exclamatory

    Sentence -

    Expresses strong

    Feeling

    The part which namesa person or thing

    Subject

    The part which tellssomething about thesubject

    Predicate

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    Now can you tell which is the odd word in these

    groups?

    Group 1 Colors - Pen

    Group 2- Fruits - Spinach

    Group 3 - Months - Monday

    By this example we can observe that everything has its

    own category and if something comes in between we

    come to know about it.

    Similarly English Grammar has 8 categories of

    speeches which are also called as Parts of Speech. Lets

    learn them.

    There are 8 parts of Speech -

    1. Noun2. Verb3. Pronoun4. Adjective5. Adverb6. Conjunction7. Interjection8. Articles

    Sentences contain clauses.

    Simple sentences have one clause.

    Compound sentences and complex sentences have two

    or more clauses.

    Sentences can contain subjects and objects.

    The subject in a sentence is generally the person orthing carrying out an action. The object in a sentence is

    involved in an action but does not carry it out, the

    object comes after the verb.

    For example:

    The boy climbed a tree.

    If you want to say more about the subject (the boy) or

    the object (the tree), you can add an adjective.

    For example:

    The young boy climbed a tall tree.

    If you want to say more about how he climbed the tree

    you can use an adverb.

    For example:

    The young boy quickly climbed a tall tree.

    The sentence becomes more interesting as it gives the

    reader or listener more information.

    There are more things you can add to enrich your

    sentence.

    Parts of a sentenceDescription

    Adjective Describes things or people.

    Adverb Alters the meaning of the verb slightly

    Articlea, an - indefinite articles

    the - definite articles

    Conjunction Joins words or sentences together

    InterjectionA short word showing emotion or

    feeling

    Noun Names things

    Preposition Relates one thing to another

    Pronounused instead of a noun to avoid

    repetition

    Proper noun

    (subject)

    The actual names of people or places

    etc.

    Verb Action or doing word

    For example:

    WHAT MAKES A COMPLETE SENTENCE?

    If it helps you, think about a sentence as if it were askeleton, the skeleton contains various bones and these

    bones are put together to form different parts of the

    body. So are sentences formed by words, the words

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Simplehttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Compoundhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Complexhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Subjectshttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Objecthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Objecthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Subjectshttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Complexhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Compoundhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Simplehttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htm
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    are the bones and they are put together in different

    ways to form sentences.

    SIMPLE SENTENCES

    A simple sentence contains a single subject and

    predicate. It describes only one thing, idea or question,

    and has only one verb - it contains only an

    independent (main) clause.

    Any independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.

    It has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete

    thought.

    For example:

    Jill reads.Even the addition of adjectives, adverbs, and

    prepositional phrases to a simple sentence does not

    change it into a complex sentence.

    For example:

    The brown dog with the red collar always barksloudly.

    Even if you join several nouns with a conjunction, or

    several verbs with a conjunction, it remains a simple

    sentence.

    For example:

    The dog barked and growled loudly.COMPOUND SENTENCES

    Compound sentences are made up of two or more

    simple sentences combined using a conjunction such

    as and, oror but. They are made up of more than one

    independent clause joined together with a co-

    ordinating conjunction.

    For example:

    "The sun was setting in the west and the moon was

    just rising."

    Each clause can stand alone as a sentence.

    For example:

    "The sun was setting in the west. The moon was just

    rising."

    Every clause is like a sentence with a subject and a

    verb. A coordinating conjunction goes in the middle of

    the sentence, it is the word that joins the two clauses

    together, the most common are (and, or, but)

    For example:

    I walked to the shops, butmy husband drove. I might watch the film, orI might visit my friends. My friend enjoyed the film, butshe didn't like the

    actor.

    COMPLEX SENTENCES

    Complex sentences describe more than one thing or

    idea and have more than one verb in them. They are

    made up of more than one clause, an independent

    clause (that can stand by itself) and a dependent

    (subordinate) clause (which cannot stand by itself).

    For example:

    "My mother likes dogs that don't bark."

    Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or

    adjectival.

    THE ANATOMY OF A SENTENCE

    THE VERB

    The verb is the fundamental part of the sentence. The

    rest of the sentence, with the exception of the subject,

    depends very much on the verb. It is important to

    have a good knowledge of the forms used after each

    verb (verb patterns), for example: to tell [someone] TO

    DO [something]

    Here we can see that the verb to tell is followed

    immediately by a person (the indirect object, explained

    later), an infinitive with 'to', and, possibly, an object for

    the verb you substitute for DO.

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/clausetext.htm
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    Verbs also show a state of being. Such verbs, called BE

    VERBS or LINKING VERBS, include words such as:

    am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, became, seem,

    appear, and sometimes verbs of the senses like tastes,

    feels, looks, hears, and smells.

    For example:

    "Beer and wine are my favourite drinks." The verb"are" is a linking (be) verb.

    Fortunately, there are only a limited number of

    different verb patterns. Verbs can descibe the action

    (something the subject actually does) or state

    (something that is true of the subject) of the subject.

    For example:

    ACTION: I play football twice a week. STATE: I've got a car.

    Some verbs can represent both actions and states,

    depending on the context.

    For example work:

    ACTION: David's workingin the bank. STATE: David works in a bank.

    FINDING THE VERB

    When you analyze a sentence, first identify the verb.

    The verb names and asserts the action or state of the

    sentence.

    For example:

    "Working at the computer all day made David'shead ache."

    The main verb of the sentence is "made", not working.

    Verbs identify our activity or state.

    For example:

    eat, sleep, run, jump, study, think, digest, shout,walk ....

    THE SUBJECT

    The subject is the person or thing the sentence is

    'about'. Often (but not always) it will be the first part

    of the sentence. The subject will usually be a noun

    phrase (a noun and the words, such as adjectives, that

    modify it) followed by a verb.

    FINDING THE SUBJECT

    Once you determine the verb, ask a wh...? Question of

    the verb. This will locate the subject(s).

    For example:

    David works hard.o Who "works hard"?=David does=the

    subject.

    Beer and wine are my favorite drinks.o What "are my favorite drinks"? Beer and

    wine are=the subjects.

    The subject(s) of a sentence will answer the questions,

    "who or what."

    THE PREDICATE

    Once you have identified the subject, the remainder of

    the sentence tells us what the subject does or did. This

    part of the sentence is the predicate of the sentence.

    The predicate always includes the verb and the words

    which come after the verb. For example:

    Michael Schumaker drove the race car.o "Michael Schumaker" is the subject; "drove

    the race car" is the predicate.

    MORE ADVANCED TERMINOLOGY

    THE OBJECT

    Some verbs have an object (always a noun or

    pronoun). The object is the person or thing affected by

    the action described in the verb.

    Objects come in two types, direct and indirect.

    The direct object refers to a person or thing affected by

    the action of the verb.

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Actionshttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Statehttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Statehttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm#Actions
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    For example:

    "He opened the door. "- here the door is the directobject as it is the thing being affected by the verb to

    open.

    The indirect object refers to a person or thing who

    receives the direct object.

    For example:

    I gave him the book." - Here him (he)is the indirectobject as he is the beneficiary of the action.

    TRANSITIVE / INTRANSITIVE VERBS

    Verbs which don't have an object are called

    intransitive. Some verbs can only be intransitive

    (disagree). In addition they cannot be used in the

    Passive Voice e.g. smile, fall, come, go.

    For example:

    David disagreed. - intransitive.

    Verbs that have an object are called transitive verbs

    e.g. eat, drive, give.

    For example:

    David gave her a present.Some verbs can be transitive or intransitive e.g. sing

    For example:

    Xavier Nadu sings. - intransitive. Xavier Nadu sings pop songs. - transitive.

    ADVERBIALS

    An 'adverbial' or 'adverbial phrase' is a word or

    expression in the sentence that does the same job as an

    adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the

    action in the verb was done.

    For example:

    I sometimes have trouble with adverbs. He spoke very quietly. I've read that book three times. She'sgone to the bank.

    The first tells us the frequency of the action

    (sometimes), the second how he carried out the action

    (quietly), and the third how many times the action has

    happened (three).

    The fourth is a little different, as in this case the

    adverbial (gone to the bank) is more or less demanded

    by the verb (has).

    To remember the form of such verbs use your

    notebooks to write down the different forms.

    For example:

    to go [somewhere] to put [something][somewhere]

    This information is also useful when deciding the

    order of adverbials in a sentence. Unlike the previous

    parts of the sentence, a sentence can contain an

    indefinite number of adverbials, although in practice

    it's a good idea to keep them few in number.

    COMPLEMENT

    A complement is used with verbs like be, seem, look

    etc. Complements give more information about the

    subject or, in some structures, about the object.

    There are various definitions of 'complement', which

    range from the very general (anything in the predicate

    except the verb, including the direct object and

    adverbs) to the much more restrictive one used here.

    A complement is the part of the sentence that gives

    you more information about the subject (a subject

    complement) or the object (an object complement) of

    the sentence.

    The complement to be used, if any, is dependent onthe verb used in the sentence. Subject complements

    normally follow certain verbs.

    For example:

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/voicetext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/voicetext.htm
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    He is Spanish. She became an engineer. That man looks like John.

    Object complements follow the direct object of the

    verb-

    For example.

    They painted the house red. She called him an idiot! I saw her standing there.

    The complement often consists of an adjective or noun

    phrase, but can also be a participle phrase, as in the

    last example. It is often not very clear whether a

    phrase is a complement or an adverbial.

    SHORT FORMS IN ENGLISH

    THE LONG AND THE SHORT OF IT

    Verb conjugation and contraction - in other words;

    "The short form".

    In English we use the short form a lot. We say thingslike: I'm / you're / didn't etc. instead of I am / you are /

    did not etc.

    We also use these short forms in informal written

    English. When we write in the short form, we use an

    apostrophe (') for the missing letter(s).

    Forms of the auxiliary verbs to be, to do and to have:-

    To be - Simple Present Form

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long form Short form Long form Short form

    I am I'm I am not I'm not

    He is He's He is not He isn't orHe's not

    She is She's She is not She isn't orShe's not

    It is It's It is not It isn't orIt's not

    You are You're You are notYou aren't orYou're

    not

    We are We're We are not We aren't orWe're not

    They are They're They are not They're not

    To be - Simple Past Form

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long form Short form Long form Short form

    I was

    ---

    I was not I wasn't

    He was He was not He wasn't

    She was She was not She wasn't

    It was It was not It wasn't

    You were You were not You weren't

    We were We were not We weren't

    They were They were not They weren't

    To do - Simple Present Form

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long form Short form Long form Short form

    I do

    ---

    I do not I don't

    He does He does not He doesn't

    She does She does not She doesn't

    It does It does not It doesn't

    You do You do not You don't

    We do We do not We don't

    They do They do not They don't

    To do - Simple Past Form

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    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /you / we / they

    did

    ---I / he / she / it /you / we / they

    did not

    I / he / she / it /you / we / they

    didn't

    To have - Simple Present Form

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long

    form

    Short form Long form Short form

    I have I've I have not I haven't orI've not

    He has He's He has not He hasn't orHe's not

    She has She's She has not She hasn't orShe's not

    It has It's It has not It hasn't orIt's not

    You have You'veYou have

    not

    You haven't orYou've

    not

    We have We've We have notWe haven't orWe've

    not

    They

    haveThey've

    They have

    not

    They haven't orThey've

    not

    To have - Simple Past Form

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    had

    I'd

    he'd

    she'd

    it'd

    you'dwe'd

    they'd

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    had not

    I hadn't orI'd

    not

    he hadn't or

    he'd not

    she hadn't or

    she'd notit hadn't or

    it'd not

    you hadn't or

    you'd not

    we hadn't or

    we'd not

    they hadn't or

    they'd not

    The long and short forms of the modal verbs can, could,

    shall, should, must, will and would

    CAN

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    can

    ---I / he / she/ it / you

    / we / they cannot

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    can't

    COULD

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    could

    ---

    I / he / she/ it / you

    / we / they could

    not

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    couldn't

    MUST

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    must

    ---

    I / he / she/ it /

    you / we / they

    must not

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    mustn't

    SHALL

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    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /you / we / they

    shall

    ---I / he / she/ it / you/ we / they shall

    not

    I / he / she / it /you / we / they

    shan't

    SHOULD

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long form

    Short

    form Long form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    should

    ---I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    should not

    I / he / she / it

    / you / we /

    they shouldn't

    WILL

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    will

    I'll

    He'll

    She'll

    It'll

    You'll

    We'll

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    will not

    I won't orI'll

    not

    He won't or

    He'll not

    She won't or

    She'll not

    It won't orIt'll

    They'll not

    You won't or

    You'll not

    We won't or

    We'll not

    They won't or

    They'll not

    WOULD

    Positive Statement Negative Statement

    Long formShort

    formLong form Short form

    I / he / she / it / you /

    we / they would

    I'd

    He'd

    She'd

    It'd*

    You'd

    We'd

    They'd

    I / he / she / it /

    you / we / they

    would not

    I wouldn't

    orI'd not

    He wouldn't

    orHe'd not

    She

    wouldn't or

    She'd not

    It wouldn't

    orIt'd not*

    You

    wouldn't or

    You'd not

    We wouldn't

    orWe'd not

    They

    wouldn't or

    They'd not

    * Not "good" English, but you will hear occasionally.

    CHAPTER 2 - NOUN

    Is a name of the person, place or things. Here are some

    examples of nouns: boy, river, friend, Mexico,

    triangle, day, school, truth, university, idea, John F.

    Kennedy, movie, aunt, vacation, eye, dream, flag,

    teacher, class, grammar. John F. Kennedy is a noun

    because it is the name of a person; Mexico is a noun

    because it is the name of a place; and boy is a noun

    because it is the name of a thing.

    Lets take some examples

    Ram was a great king.

    Allahabad is on the banks of river Ganga.

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    The sunshines bright.

    Note Things includes

    All objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell.

    Something that we can think of but cannot perceive by

    senses.

    Types of Nouns There are majorly divided into 2

    groups -

    Proper Noun Common Noun

    Definition It is the

    name of person or place.

    It always starts with a

    capital letter.

    Some examples of proper

    nouns are: Mexico, John

    F. Kennedy, Atlantic

    Ocean, February,

    Monday, New York City,

    Susan, Maple Street,

    Burger King.

    1. Sita is properNoun

    2. Hari is a properNoun

    3. Kolkatta is aproper noun

    4. India is propernoun

    Definition It is the

    name given in common to

    every person or thing of

    the same class or kind.

    Some examples of proper

    nouns are: class, girl, boy,

    city, country.

    1. Girl is a commonnoun

    2. Boy is a commonnoun

    3. City is a commonnoun

    4. Country is acommon noun

    Some other Types of Nouns

    Collecti

    ve

    Nouns

    Abstract

    Nouns

    Countable

    Nouns

    Uncount

    able

    Nouns

    Definiti

    on

    isthe

    name of

    the

    Definition is

    the name ofquality, action,

    state.

    E.g.

    Definition

    are the namesof objects,

    People, etc.

    That we can

    Definiti

    on

    arethe

    names of

    the

    number

    (or

    Collecti

    on) of

    personsor

    things

    taken

    together

    and

    spoken

    as one

    E.g.

    Crowd,

    team,

    heard,

    army,

    Fleet,

    jury

    ,family,

    nation,

    Commit

    tee.

    A Fleet

    Collecti

    on of

    ships or

    vessels.

    An

    army

    a

    collectio

    n of

    soldiers

    Quality

    Goodness,

    Kindness,whit

    eness,

    Hardness,brightness,

    Honesty,

    Wisdom,

    Bravery.

    Action

    Laughter,

    Theft,

    movement,

    Judgment,hatred.

    State

    childhood,

    Boyhood,

    youth, slavery,

    Sleep,sickness,

    death,

    Poverty.

    The names of

    Arts and

    Sciences are

    also abstract

    nouns (E.g.

    Grammer,Mus

    ic,

    Chemistry

    count.

    E.g.

    Book,Pen,Apple,boy,

    Sister, doctor,

    horse.

    Countable

    nouns have

    Plural form

    but

    uncountable

    nouns do not.

    E.g. we say

    Books but

    we cannot say

    milks

    things

    which

    we

    cannot

    count.

    E.g.

    Milk, oil,

    sugar,

    gold,

    honesty.

    The Noun Gender -

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    Masculine

    Gender

    Feminine

    Gender

    Comm

    on

    Gende

    r

    Neuter

    Gender

    Def. The

    noun that

    denotes

    male.

    E.g.

    Boy,Lion,H

    ero

    Def.The noun

    that denotes a

    female.

    E.g.

    Girl,Lioness,Her

    oine

    Def.

    The

    noun

    that

    denote

    s either

    a male

    or a

    female.

    E.g.

    Parent,

    Child,

    Servant

    Def. the

    noun that

    denotes

    neither

    male nor

    female.

    E.g.

    Book,Pen,T

    ree

    The Noun Number

    Singular Noun Plural Noun

    Def. The noun that

    denotes one person or

    thing.

    E.g. Boy,Girl,Cow

    Def. The noun that

    denotes more than one

    person or thing.

    E.g. Boys, Girls, Cows.

    NOUNS

    A noun is the word that refers to a person, thing or

    abstract idea. A noun can tell you who or what.

    There are several different types of noun:-

    There are common nouns such as dog, car, chair etc. Nouns that refer to things which can be counted

    (can be singular or plural) are countable nouns. Nouns that refer to some groups of countable

    nouns, substances, feelings and types of activity

    (can only be singular) are uncountable nouns.

    Nouns that refer to a group of people or things arecollective nouns.

    Nouns that refer to people, organisations or placesare proper nouns, only proper nouns are

    capitalized.

    Nouns that are made up of two or more words arecalled compound nouns.

    Nouns that are formed from a verb by adding -ingare called gerunds

    ABSTRACT NOUNS

    An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot sense; it is

    the name we give to an emotion, ideal or idea. They

    have no physical existence, you can't see, hear, touch,

    smell or taste them. The opposite of an abstract noun is

    a concrete noun.

    For example:-

    Justice; an idea, bravery and happiness are all abstract

    nouns.

    Here is an a-z list of some common abstract nouns:-

    adoratio

    nartistry

    belief bravery

    calm charitychildhoo

    dcomfort

    compassi

    on

    dexterity

    ego

    failure faith feelingsfriends

    hip

    happines

    shate honesty hope

    ideaimpressi

    on

    infatuati

    on

    joy

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncommon.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncollective.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounproper.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noungerund.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounconcrete.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounconcrete.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noungerund.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounproper.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncollective.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncommon.htm
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    law liberty love loyalty

    maturity memory

    omen

    peace prideprincipl

    epower

    redempti

    onromance

    sadnesssensitivi

    tyskill sleep success

    sympat

    hy

    talent thrill truth

    wit

    COLLECTIVE NOUNS / GROUP NOUNS

    A collective noun is a noun that is singular in form but

    refers to a group of people or things.

    Sometimes they refer to a group of specific things:-

    For example:-

    Tables, chairs, cupboards etc. are grouped under the

    collective nounfurniture.

    Plates, saucers, cups and bowls are grouped under the

    collective noun crockery.

    These collective nouns are often uncountable.

    Sometimes they are more general:-

    For example:-

    Groups of people - army, audience, band, choir, class,

    committee, crew, family, gang, jury, orchestra, police,

    staff, team, trio

    Groups of animals - colony, flock, herd, pack, pod,school, swarm

    Groups of things - bunch, bundle, clump, pair, set,

    stack

    When such a group is considered as a single unit, the

    collective noun is used with a singular verb and

    singular pronouns.

    For example - The committee has reached its decision.

    But when the focus is on the individual members of

    the group, British English uses a plural verb and plural

    pronouns.

    For example - "The committee have been arguing all

    morning." This is the same as saying "The people in thecommittee have been ...."

    A determiner in front of a singular collective noun is

    always singular: this committee, never these committee

    (but of course when the collective noun is pluralized, it

    takes a plural determiner: these committees).

    COMMON NOUNS

    A common noun is a word that names people, places,things, or ideas. They are not the names of a single

    person, place or thing.

    A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless

    it is at the beginning of a sentence.

    For example:-

    People:-

    man, girl, boy, mother, father, child, person, teacher,

    student

    Animals:-

    cat, dog, fish, ant, snake

    Things:-

    book, table, chair, phone

    Places:-

    school, city, building, shop

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/determinertext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/determinertext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htm
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    Ideas:-

    love, hate, idea, pride

    COMPOUND NOUNS

    A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or

    more words. Most compound nouns in English are

    formed by nouns modified by other nouns or

    adjectives.

    For example:

    The words tooth andpaste are each nouns in their

    own right, but if you join them together they form a

    new word - toothpaste.

    The word black is an adjective and board is a noun,

    but if you join them together they form a new word -

    blackboard.

    In both these example the first word modifies or

    describes the second word, telling us what kind of

    object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the

    second part identifies the object or person in question.

    Compound nouns can also be formed using the

    following combinations of words:-

    Noun + Noun toothpaste

    Adjective + Noun monthly ticket

    Verb + Noun swimming pool

    Preposition + Noun underground

    Noun + Verb haircut

    Noun + Preposition hanger on

    Adjective + Verb dry-cleaning

    Preposition + Verb output

    The two parts may be written in a number of ways:-

    1. Sometimes the two words are joined together.

    Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room =bedroom

    2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen.

    Example: check-in

    3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words.

    Example:full moon

    A good dictionary will tell you how you should write

    each compound noun.

    Concrete Nouns

    A concrete noun is the name of something or someone

    that we experience through our senses, sight, hearing,

    smell, touch or taste. Most nouns are concrete nouns.

    The opposite of a concrete noun is an abstract noun.

    For example:-

    Cats, dogs, tables, chairs, buses, and teachers are all

    concrete nouns.

    Countable / Uncountable Nouns

    A noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable

    nouns can be "counted", they have a singular and

    plural form .

    For example:

    A book, two books, three books ..... An apple, two apples, three apples ....

    Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns or

    noncount nouns) cannot be counted, they are not

    separate objects. This means you cannot make them

    plural by adding -s, because they only have a singular

    form. It also means that they do not take a/an or a

    number in front of them.

    For example:

    Water Work Information Coffee Sand

    Countable

    (use a/an or a number in

    front of countable nouns)

    Uncountable

    (there is no a/an or number

    with uncountable nouns)

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounabstract.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounabstract.htm
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    An Apple / 1 Apple Rice

    I eat an apple every day.eat rice every day. (not I eat a

    rice every day.)

    Add (s) to make a countablenoun plural

    There is no plural form foran uncountable noun

    apples rice

    I eat an apple every day.

    pples are good for you.

    eat rice every day. Rice is good

    or you.

    A computer= Computers are

    un.

    To make uncountable nouns

    countable add a counting

    word, such as a unit of

    measurement, or the general

    word piece. We use the form

    "a ....... of ......."

    An elephant=Elephants are

    large.Rice=a grain of rice

    Water=a glass of water

    Rain=a drop of rain

    Music=a piece of music

    You can use some and any

    with countable nouns.

    Some dogs can be dangerous.

    I don't use any computers at

    work.

    You can use some and any

    with uncountable nouns.

    usually drink some wine with

    my meal.

    don't usually drink any water

    with my wine.

    You only use many and few

    with plural countable nouns.

    So many elephants have been

    hunted that they are an

    endangered species.

    There are few elephants in

    England.

    You only use much and little

    with uncountable nouns.don't usually drink much

    coffee.

    ittle wine is undrinkable

    though.

    You can use a lot of and no

    with plural countable nouns.

    No computers were bought last

    week.

    A lot of computers were reportedbroken the week before.

    You can use a lot of and no

    with uncountable nouns.

    lot of wine is drunk in France.

    o wine is drunk in Iran.

    Making uncountable nouns countable

    You can make most uncountable noun countable by

    putting a countable expression in front of the noun.

    For example:-

    A piece of information. 2 glasses of water. 10 litres of coffee. Three grains of sand. A pane of glass.

    Sources of confusion with countable and uncountable nouns

    The notion of countable and uncountable can beconfusing.

    Some nouns can be countable or uncountable

    depending on their meaning. Usually a noun is

    uncountable when used in a general, abstract meaning

    (when you don't think of it as a separate object) and

    countable when used in a particular meaning (when

    you can think of it as a separate object).

    For example:-

    glass - A glass of water. (Countable) | A window

    made of glass. (Uncountable)

    Some supposedly uncountable nouns can behave like

    countable nouns if we think of them as being in

    containers, or one of several types.

    This is because 'containers' and 'types' can be counted.

    Believe it or not each of these sentences is correct:-

    Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two coffees a

    day.

    (Here coffees refers to the number of cups of coffee)

    You could write; "Doctors recommend limiting

    consumption to two cups of coffee a day."

    The coffees I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian.

    (Here coffees refers to different types of coffee)

    You could write; "The types of coffee I prefer are Arabica

    and Brazilian."

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    !Note - In good monolingual dictionaries, uncountable

    nouns are identified by [U] and countable nouns by

    [C].

    GERUND NOUNS

    A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun

    formed from a verb by adding -ing. It can follow a

    preposition, adjective and most often another verb.

    For example:

    I enjoy walking.

    PREDICATE NOUNS

    A predicate noun follows a form of the verb "to be".

    He is an idiot. (Here idiot is a predicate noun because

    it follows is; a form of the verb "be".)

    A predicate noun renames the subject of a sentence.

    Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister. (Margaret

    Thatcher is the subject and Prime Minister is thepredicate noun - notice it follows 'was' the past tense

    of 'to be'.)

    PROPER NOUNS

    Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the words

    which name specific people, organisations or places.

    They always start with a capital letter.

    For example:-

    Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:-

    Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones...

    The names of companies, organisations or trade marks:-

    Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - WWW

    Given or pet names of animals:-

    Lassie Trigger Sam

    The names of cities and countries and words derived from

    those proper nouns:-

    Paris - London - New York - England - English

    Geographical and Celestial Names:-

    the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars

    Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-

    The Taj Mahal - The Eiffel Tower - Room 222

    Historical events, documents, laws, and periods:-

    the Civil War - the Industrial Revolution - World War I

    Months, days of the week, holidays:-

    Monday - Christmas - December

    Religions, deities, scriptures:-

    God - Christ - Jehovah - Christianity - Judaism - Islam -

    the Bible - the Koran - the Torah

    Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-

    the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford

    Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex Hoover

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    CHAPTER 3 - ADJECTIVE

    Is often defined as a word which describes or gives

    more information about a noun or

    pronoun. Adjectives describe nouns in terms of such

    qualities as size, color, number, and kind.

    In the sentence

    The lazy dog sat on the mat, the word lazy is an

    adjective which gives more information about the

    noun dog.

    We can add more adjectives to describe the dog as well

    as in the sentence

    The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the rug.

    We can also add adjectives to describe the rug as in

    the sentence the lazy, old, brown dog sat on the

    beautiful, expensive, new rug.

    The adjectives do not change the basic meaning or

    structure of the sentence, but they do give a lot more

    information about the dog and the rug.

    As you can see in the example above, when more than

    one adjective is used, a comma (,) is used between the

    adjectives.

    Lets take some more examples

    He is a brave boy. (Boy is Noun and Adjective Brave

    tells about boys personality)

    There are twenty boys in this class. (Boys and class are

    nouns here and twenty, this (Adjectives) because they

    are adding information.

    Sita is a cleverGirl. (Girl of what kind) clever shows

    what kind of girl Sita is; or clever describes Sita

    I dont like thatboy. (Which Boy?) that points outwhich boy is meant.

    He gave mefive mangoes. (How many mangoes)

    five shows how many mangoes he gave me.

    There is a little time for preparation. (How much time)

    little shows how much time there is for preparation.

    KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

    Descript

    iveAdjectiv

    es

    Or

    Adjectiv

    es of

    Quality

    Adjectives of

    Quantit

    y

    Adjectives of

    Number

    s

    Exclamatory

    Adjectiv

    es

    Emphasizing

    Adjective

    s

    Show the

    kind or

    quality ofa person

    or thing

    E.g.

    (a) India

    is a vast

    country.

    (b)

    Harish

    Chandra

    was a

    truthful

    man.

    (c) Kabir

    Dar was

    agreat

    poet.

    (d) The

    brave

    boy didnot leave

    the

    burning

    deck.

    Show

    the

    quantityof a

    thing.

    Some

    adjective

    s many

    be used

    as of

    quantity

    or

    number,

    accordin

    g to

    their

    use.

    E.g.

    1.1

    Show

    how

    manypersons

    or things

    are

    meant, or,

    in what

    order a

    person or

    thing

    stands.

    E.g.

    (a) There

    are

    seventeen

    hundred

    students

    in our

    college.

    (b)Few

    Indians

    hate theirculture.

    (c)How

    many

    players

    Word

    'what' is

    sometimes used as

    an

    exclamato

    ry

    adjective.

    For

    example:

    E.g.

    1. Whata

    boy you

    are!

    2. What

    folly!

    3. Whata

    lucky girl

    she is!

    4. What

    an idea!

    5. Whatagame!

    Are used

    to

    emphasizethe

    statement

    E.g.

    1. I saw all

    this with

    my own

    eyes.

    2. This is

    the very

    man who

    was

    disturbing

    the

    meeting.

    4. Mind

    your own

    business.

    5. I am my

    ownmaster.

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    were

    awarded

    for their

    best

    performa

    nce?

    (d) No

    teachers

    were

    present in

    the

    meeting.

    (e) The

    cat drank

    up all the

    milk in

    the pot.

    E.g. 1.1

    S.No.Adjectives of

    QuantityAdjectives of Number

    1.The cat drank all the

    milk.The boy sold all his books.

    2. I have no difficulty. I have no pens.

    3.The man did not eat

    any bread.

    Are there any mango trees in

    the garden?

    4.There is enough

    sugar in the milk.

    I have not enough plates in my

    kitchen at present.

    5.My grandfather lost

    all his wealth.

    All the books in the bookshelf

    have gone out-dated.

    COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Ramas mango

    is sweet.

    Def. The

    adjective is in

    its simple form.

    It is used when

    no comparison

    is made.

    Haris mango is

    sweeterthan

    Ramas.

    Def.It denotes

    the higher

    degree of the

    quality that the

    positive and is

    used when two

    things are

    Govinds

    mango is

    sweetestof all.

    Def. It

    denotes the

    highest degree

    of quality and is

    used when

    more than two

    things are

    compared.

    E.g. This boy is

    strongerthan

    that.Which of these

    two pens is the

    better?

    compared.

    E.g. This boy

    is the strongest

    in the class

    Note There is another way which we can compare

    things. Instead of saying Ram is stronger than Babu

    we can say Babu is less strong than Ram.

    EXAMPLES OF FORMATION OF

    COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

    By adding 'er' to form the Comparative and 'est' to

    form the Superlative.

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Great Greater Greatest

    Clever Cleverer Cleverest

    Kind Kinder Kindest

    Young Younger Youngest

    Short Shorter Shortest

    Tall Taller Tallest

    Sweet Sweeter Sweetest

    Deep Deeper Deepest

    Old Older Oldest

    Small Smaller Smallest

    By adding 'r' to form the Comparative and 'st' to formthe Superlative when the Positive ends in 'e'.

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Brave Braver Bravest

    Fine Finer Finest

    Noble Nobler Noblest

    Wise Wiser Wisest

    Able Abler Ablest

    Large Larger Largest

    By changing 'y' into 'i' before adding 'er' and 'est'

    when the Positive ends in 'y' preceded by a consonant.

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    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Happy Happier Happiest

    Healthy Healthier Healthiest

    Early Earlier EarliestCostly Costlier Costliest

    Heavy Heavier Heaviest

    When the positive is a word of one syllable and ends

    in a single consonant, preceded by a short vowel, this

    consonant is doubled before adding 'er' and 'est'.

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Sad Sadder SaddestThin Thinner Thinnest

    Fat Fatter Fattest

    Hot Hotter Hottest

    Big Bigger Biggest

    Adjective of more than two syllables form the

    Comparative and Superlative by putting 'more' and

    'most' before the Positive.

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

    Industrious more industrious most industrious

    Careful more careful most careful

    Courageous more courageous most courageous

    Magnificent more magnificent most magnificent

    Some adjectives take either 'er' and 'est' or 'more' and

    'most'.

    Positive Comparative Superlative

    Polite Politer Politest

    Polite more polite most polite

    Common Commoner Commonest

    Common more common most common

    Gentle Gentler Gentlest

    Gentle more gentle most gentle

    Handsome Handsomer Handsomest

    Handsome more handsome most handsomePleasant Pleasanter Pleasantest

    Pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

    Some adjectives are compared irregularly, that is, their

    Comparative and Superlative are not formed from the

    Positive.

    Positive Comparative SuperlativeLittle Less (Lesser) Least

    Much More Most

    Many More Most

    Fore Former Foremost, First

    Fore Further Furthest

    Late Later, Latter Latest, Last

    FORMATION OF ADJEVCTIVES

    Many Adjectives are formed from Nouns

    Noun Adjective

    Man Manly

    Girl Girlish

    Boy Boyish

    Friend Friendly

    Mother Motherly

    Care Careful, Careless

    Silk Silken

    Gold Golden

    Difficulty Difficult

    Honesty Honest

    Trouble Troublesome

    Courage Courageous

    Bravery Brave

    Glory Glorious

    Storm Stormy

    Father FatherlyLaugh Laughable

    Dirt Dirty

    Craze Crazy

    Cream Creamy

    Many Adjectives are formed from Verbs

    Verb Adjective

    Sustain Sustainable

    Think Thinking (intelligent)

    Tickle Ticklish

    Tire Tireless

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    Talk Talkative

    Cease Ceaseless

    Move Moveable

    Throw Throwaway

    Work Workable

    Watch Watchful

    Understand Understandable

    Forget Forgetful

    Relate Related

    Go Gait

    Giggle Giggly

    Arrogate Arrogant

    Breathe Breathy

    Breeze Breezy

    Beautify BeautifulFantasize Fantastic

    Many Adjectives are formed from Other

    Adjectives

    Adjective Adjective

    Red Reddish

    White Whitish

    Tragic TragicalThree Threefold

    Black Blackish

    Sick Sickly

    Whole Wholesome

    Green Greenish

    ADJECTIVES

    Adjectives describe or give information about nouns

    or pronouns.

    For example:-

    Thegrey dog barked. (The adjectivegrey describes the

    noun "dog".)

    The good news is that the form of an adjective does

    not change. It does not matter if the noun being

    modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject

    or object.

    Some adjectives give us factual information about the

    noun - age, size colour etc (fact adjectives - can't be

    argued with). Some adjectives show what somebody

    thinks about something or somebody - nice, horrid,

    beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may

    agree).

    If you are asked questions with which, whose, what

    kind, or how many, you need an adjective to be able to

    answer.

    There are different types of adjectives in the English

    language:

    Numeric: six, one hundred and one

    Quantitative: more, all, some, half, more thanenough

    Qualitative: colour, size, smell etc. Possessive: my, his, their, your Interrogative: which, whose, what Demonstrative: this, that, those, these

    !Note - The articles a, an, and the and the possessives

    my, our, your, and their are also adjectives.

    OPINION

    Adjectives can be used to give your opinion about

    something.

    good, pretty, right, wrong, funny, light, happy, sad,

    full, soft, hard etc.

    For example:

    He was a sillyboy.

    SIZE

    Adjectives can be used to describe size.

    Big, small, little, long, tall, short, same as, etc.

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pronountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pronountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htm
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    For example:

    "The big man." or "The big woman".

    AGE

    Adjectives can be used to describe age.

    For example:

    "He was an old man." or "She was an old woman."

    SHAPE

    Adjectives can be used to describe shape.

    Round, circular, triangular, rectangular, square, oval,

    etc.

    For example:

    "It was a square box." or "They were square boxes."

    COLOUR

    Adjectives can be used to describe color.

    Blue, red, green, brown, yellow, black, white, etc.

    For example:

    "The blue bag." or "The blue bags".

    ORIGIN

    Adjectives can be used to describe origin.

    For example:-

    "It was a German flag." or "They were German flags."

    MATERIAL

    Adjectives can be used to describe material.

    "It was a cotton cushion." or "They were cotton

    cushions."

    DISTANCE

    Adjectives can be used to describe distance. l -- o -- n --

    g / short

    long, short, far, around, start, high, low, etc.

    For example:

    "She went for a long walk." or "She went for lots of long

    walks."

    TEMPERATURE

    Adjectives can be used to describe temperature.

    Cold, warm, hot, cool, etc.

    For example:

    "The day was hot." or "The days were hot."

    TIME

    Adjectives can be used to describe time.

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    Late, early, bed, nap, dinner, lunch, day, morning,

    night, etc.

    For example:

    "She had an early start."

    PURPOSE

    Adjectives can be used to describepurpose. (These

    adjectives often end with "-ing".)

    For example:

    "She gave them a sleeping bag." or "She gave them

    sleeping bags."

    !Note - In each case the adjective stays the same,

    whether it is describing a masculine, feminine,

    singular or plural noun.

    When using more than one adjective to modify a noun,

    the adjectives may be separated by a conjunction (and)

    or by commas (,).

    For example:

    "Her hair was long and blonde." or "She had long, blonde

    hair."

    More examples:

    Adjective Pretty Serious Fast Quiet

    Example She was apretty girl.

    He was a

    serious

    boy.

    It was afast car.

    They were

    quiet

    children.

    ! Note - Adjectives that go immediately before the

    noun are called attributive adjectives.

    Adjectives can also be used after some verbs. They do

    not describe the verb, adverbs do that. Adjectives after

    a verb describe the subject of the verb (usually a noun

    or pronoun). They are called predicative adjectives.

    For example:

    "David looks tired." The subject (in this case David) is being

    described as tired not the verb to look.

    There is also the adjective used to, which is explained

    here.

    ADJECTIVE ORDER

    Adjectives can be used to describe lots of things, from

    physical size, age, shape, colour, material, to more

    abstract things like opinion, origin and purpose. We

    can use adjectives together to give a detailed

    description of something. Adjectives that express

    opinions usually come before all others, but it can

    sometimes depend on what exactly you want toemphasize.

    For example:

    "That nice, big, blue bag." (You like the bag.)

    "That big, nice, blue bag." (You like the colour.)

    When we group adjectives together there is a general

    rule for the position of each type adjective, these are:-

    Positi

    on1st*

    2nd

    *3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th

    Opini

    on

    Siz

    e

    Ag

    e

    Shap

    e

    Colo

    ur

    Mater

    ialOrigin

    Purpo

    se

    NiceSm

    all

    Ol

    d

    Squar

    e

    Blac

    kPlastic British

    Racin

    g

    Ugly BigNe

    w

    Circu

    larBlue

    Cotto

    n

    Ameri

    can

    Runni

    ng

    This is just a guide as you wouldn't normally see so

    many adjectives in one description.

    For example:

    "She had a big, ugly, old, baggy, blue, cotton, British,

    knitting bag." Is grammatically correct but a bit too

    long-winded.

    * You might swap opinion and fact adjectives

    depending on what you wish to emphasise:-

    For example:

    http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/ADVERBTEXT.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/usedtotext2.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/usedtotext2.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/usedtotext2.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/usedtotext2.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/ADVERBTEXT.htm
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    "She had a long, ugly nose." emphasising the length of

    her nose.

    "He was a silly, little man." emphasising that the man

    was silly.

    COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES

    When we compare two things or people we look at

    what makes them different from each other.

    For example:

    Tall / Short

    The man on the left is taller than the man on the right.

    The man on the right is shorter than the man on the

    left.

    Fast / Slow

    A car is faster than a bicycle.

    A bicycle is slower than a car.

    Comparative adjectives are used to show what quality

    one thing has more or less than the other. They

    normally come before any other adjectives.

    For example:

    Big / Small

    The red bag is bigger than the blue bag.

    The blue bag is smaller than the red bag.

    FORMING THE COMPARATIVE

    Form RuleFor

    example

    Words of onesyllable ending in 'e'.

    Add -r to theend of the word.

    wide -

    wider

    Words of one

    syllable, with one

    vowel and one

    consonant at the end.

    Double the

    consonant and

    add -er to the

    end of the word.

    big -

    bigger

    Words of one

    syllable, with more

    than one vowel or

    more than one

    consonant at the end.

    Add - er to theend of the word.

    high -higher

    Words of two

    syllables, ending in

    'y'.

    Change 'y' to 'i',

    and add -er to

    the end of the

    word.

    happy -

    happier

    Words of two

    syllables or more, not

    ending in 'y'.

    Place 'more'

    before the

    adjective.

    beautiful -

    more

    beautiful

    The following adjectives are exceptions to this rule:

    'good' becomes 'better'

    'bad' becomes 'worse'

    'far' becomes 'farther' or 'further'

    ! Note - When comparing two things like this we put

    than between the adjective and the thing being

    compared.

    For example:-

    "Mount Everest is higherthan Mount Snowdon."

    "Arguably, Rome is more beautiful than Paris.

    POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

    Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership or

    possession.

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    Subject pronoun Possessive adjective

    I my

    you your

    he his

    she her

    it its

    we our

    they their