english grammar ver 0.83

7/28/2019 English Grammar Ver 0.83

1/94

Elementary

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Version 0.83

By

Cupo

2008

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OBSAH

1. Zmen / Pronounsosobn, zvratn, privlastovacie, recipron, ukazovacie, neurit, vzan a opytovacie

2. Sloves / Verbsrozdelenie, tvorenie oznamovacej vety, otzky a zporu, pravideln a nepravidelnsloves, modlne sloves can, could, may, might, need, must, would, should, frzovsloves, idimy , have / have got, non-progressive verbs

3. asy / Tensesprtomn as, prtomn priebehov as, budci as, budci as-to be going to, budcias priebehov, Which future? Will, going to, or present progressive (or present forfuture), budci dokonav as, budci dokonav priebehov, vyjadrenie blzkejbudcnosti, minul as, minul priebehov as, predprtomn as, priebehovpredprtomn as, predminul alebo minul as? predminul as

4. Prdavn men / Adjectivesstupovanie prdavnch mien

5. Podstatn men / Nounsrody, tvorenie mnonho sla, nepotateln podstatn men, urit a neurit lenskloovanie, vyjadrenie mnostva

6. Spojky / Joins

7. slovky / Numeralszkladn slovky, radov slovky, matematick kony, vyjadrenie dtumu, vyjadrenieasu

8. Prslovky / Adverbsprslovky miesta, asu a spsobu, tvorba prsloviek z prdavnch mien, stupovanieprsloviek

9. Predloky / Prepositionsprepositions, verbs+ prepositions

10. Passivespassives : introduction, simple present passive, future passive, simple past passive,present progressive passive, present perfect passive, passive or active? Which tense?

11. Infinitives and Gerundsgerunds after adjectives and preposition, gerund after nouns and prepositions, gerundsafter verbs and preposition, gerund after special verbs, gerund after special phrases,infinitive without ,to,

12. Conditionalspresent, past, future, continuous and mixed conditional

13. Participles

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1. Zmen / Pronouns

1.1 Osobn zmen / Personal Pronouns

A, 1. pd, subjektov osobn zmen

I jaYou tyHe onShe onaIt to

We myYou vyThey oni

- V modernej anglitine neroroznvame 2.osobu jednotnho a mnonho sla, teda anivykanie a tykanie.

- V slovenine v neutrlnom jazykovom prejave osobn zmen nepouvame. Preto ichnepouvame ani v preklade z anglitiny do sloveniny

She is reading a book > ta nejak knihu

- Pri porovnvan rovnakch lenov sa asto ponechva so zmenom aj sloveso.

He is as tall as I am > Je tak vek ako ja (som)asto vak aj njdeme > He is as tall as me.

- We, you, they mvaj niekedy ir a neuritej vznam, v slovenine vyjadren zvratnmzmenom sa :

In France, we drink more wine than here. > Vo Franczsku sa vypije viac vna ne tu.They make whiskey in Ireland > V rsku sa vyrba whiskey.

- Existuje aj ,neosobn subjektov zmeno one, pouvan na vyjadrenie veobecne platnch

hodnt a mylienok.One does not always do what one wants. > Vdy nerobme to, o chceme.

Zodpoved mu privlastovacie zmeno ones > jednho, nie, svoj

To do ones duty > Plni si svoju povinnos.

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B, Ostatn pdy, objektov osobn zmen

me mi, ma, mneyou ti, teba, tebe, ahim mu, jemu, nm, jeho, ho

her ju, jejit ono

us ns, nm, namiyou vs, vm, vami, imthem ich, im

- V sasnom benom jazyku sa tieto objektov zmen pouvaj vo funkcii samostatnchsubjektovch:

It is me > To som ja

- Objektov osobn zmen sa pouvaj vo funkcii priameho alebo nepriameho podmetu. Pritom sa zhoduj v rode a v sle s podstatnm menom, ktor nahrdzaj.

I told my brother > I told him

Priame pouitie

Tell him! > Povedz mu!

Nepriame pouitie

Give it to her! > Daj jej to!

Neuritkov vzba

I want them to go away > Chcem aby (oni) odili

Bez to

Let me do it > Nechaj ma to urobi (doslova)She made him change his mind > Presvedila ho

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1.2 Zvratn zmen / Reflexive pronouns

myself ja sm, ja sama, sa, seba, mneyourself ty sm, ty sama, sebe, si, seba, sa, osobne,himself on sm, sm, sm seba, sa

herself ona seba, sama, saitself ono samo, sebe, samo sebe, sa, smoneself sa, sm, sa, (neosobn)

ourselves my sami, sebe, si, my, sa, ns samch,yourselves vy sami,themselves oni sami, ony samy

- Oneselfsa pouva ako zvratn zmeno pri neuritku

to kill oneself > zabi sato ask oneself > spytova sa seba

- Zvratn zmeno sa men poda slovesnho tvaru

They introduced themselves > Predstavili sa

- Treba odliova zvratn zmeno so slovesom od slovesa so zmenom, ktor zdrazujevykonvaela deja

She killed herself out of despair > Zabila sa zo zfalstvaShe killed the kittens herself > Sama zabila maiatka.

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1.3 Privlastovacie zmen / Possessive Pronouns

A, Nesamostatne stojace

my mj, moje, moja, moji

your tvoj, tvoja, tvoje, tvojihis jehoher jejits jeho

our n, nae, naa, naiyour v, vae, vaa, vaitheir ich

B, Samostatne stojace

mine mj, moje, moja, mojiyours tvoj, tvoja, tvoje, tvojihis jehohers jejits jehoown vlastn, vlastn, vlastn

ours n, nae, naa, naiyours v, vae, vaa, vaitheirs ich

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1.4 Recipron zmen / Reciprocal Pronouns

Each other jeden druhho, navzjom vzjomneOne another navzjom, kad kadmu

Pvodne sa Each other pouvalo tam kde lo o dva prvky aOne anothertam kde lo o viac prvkov.Dnes sa pouva vainou len Each other.

they dont speak to each other any more > Vbec sa spolu nerozprvaj (s dvaja)They dont speak to one another > Nerozprvaj sa navzjom (Viacer)

1.5 Ukazovacie zmen / Demonstrative Pronouns

This toto, tento, tto,

These mnon sloUkazuje na blzke veci v priestore aj ase

That to, tamto, tamtThose mnon sloUkazuje na vzdialen veci v priestore a ase

1.6 Neurit zmen / Indefinite Pronouns

Some nejak, -, -Pouvame v kladnch oznamovacch vetchAny nejak, -, -Pouvame v otzkeNo nijak, -, -, iadnyV zpornej vete predchdza kladn sloveso

Zloen neurit zmenaSomebody, something, somewhere, somehow, somewhen, someway, someone Anybody, anything, anywhere, anymore

Nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere Neurit zmen + else in, al

Anything else?Anybody else?

I think we meet somewhere else > Myslm e sme sa stretli niekde inde

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1.7 Vzan zmen / Relative pronouns

Na osobyWho ktor, ktoWhose ktorho

Whom ktormu

Na veciWhich ktor, pouijeme ak je limitovan mnostvoWhat ktor, pouijeme ak nie je limitovan mnostvo vberuThat ktor

That a whom / who sa ako vzan objektov zmen asto vynechvaj

The man I saw > mu, ktorho som videl.

1.8 Opytovacie zmen / Interrogative Pronouns

Who ktoTo whom komu, s ktormWhose koho, , ia, ieWho / whom kohoWhich ktorWhat o, ak, ktor

Who is it? > Kto je to?To whom are you going? > Ku komu ide?

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1.9 Both, neither, either, ako zmen

Both obaja, obe, oboje

I like both. > Mm rd oboch.

Neither ani jeden, iadny, vbec

I like neither > Pi sa mi ani jeden (doslova), > Nepi sa mi ani jedenNeither came > Ani jeden nepriiel

Either obaja, oboje, hociktorEither of ktorkovek

Give me either > Dajte mi hociktor (z tch dvoch)

- Me za nimi nasledova of + zmeno

You must see both of them. > Muste vidie obochNeither of yours will be okay > Ani jeden z vaich nebude OKEither of yours will be okay > hociktor z vaich bude vyhovova

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2. Sloves / Verbs

2.1 Rozdelenie slovies

A, Pomocn sloves

- vlastn pomocn slovesBeHaveWillWould- modlne pomocn slovesCanCouldMayMightMust

NeedDareShallWillShouldOught toWouldWould ratherCanMayHave toHad betterUsed to

B, Plnovznamov slovesLive, work

alej rozdeujeme sloves naA, PravidelnLook - lookedSave - saved

Play - playedB, NepravidelnBe - was beenDo did doneEar ate eaten

-Pri neuritku zvyajne uvdzame asticu toTo by byTo have ma-Vetky sloves maj vo vetkch osobch prtomnho asu v oznamovacieho spsoburovnak tvar ako neuritok s vnimkou tretej osoby jednotnho sla kde sa pridva

koncovka sI take he takes

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2.2 Oznamovacia veta

A, plnovznamovch slovies

I take We take

You take you takeHe takes they takeShe takesIt takes

B, pomocnch slovies

I am ImYou are youreHe is hesShe is shes

It is its

We are wereYou are youreThey are theyre

2.3 Tvorenie otzkyA, plnovznamovch slovies

Do I take? Do we take?Do you take? Do you take?Does he take? Do they take?Does she take?Does it take?

B, pomocnch slovies

Am I? Are we?Are you? Are you?Is he? Are they?

Are she?Is it?

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2.4 Tvorenie zpornej otzky

A, plnovznamovch slovies- do not > dont- does not > doesnt

Do I not work? Do we not work?Do you not work? Do you not work?Does he not work? Do they not work?Does she not work?Does it not work?

B, pomocnch slovies

Am I not? Are we not?Are you not? Are you not?

Is he not? Are they not?Is she not?Is it not?

2.5 Tvorenie zporu

A, plnovznamovch slovies- do not > dont- does not > doesnt

I do not take we do not takeYou do not take you do not takeHe does not take they do not takeShe does not takeIt does not take

B, pomocnch slovies

I am not Im notYou are not youre notHe is not hes not

She is not shes notIt is not its not

We are not were notYou are not youre notThey are not theyre not

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2.6 Pravideln sloves

-Pravideln sloves tvoria jednoduch minul as a minul prastie pridanm ed k tvaruneuritku bez to

To select > selected

-Vnimky

A, Sloves zakonen na epriberaj iba d

To save > saved

B, Sloves zakonen na y maj tvaried

To cry > cried

Vnimkou s sloves zakonen na oy , ayTo stay > stayed

C, Koncov spoluhlska sa zdvojuje, ak sa neuritok kon na przvun slabiku

To occur > occurredTo defer > deferred

D, Ak je na konci l

To compel > compelled

-Vslovnos zvis od zakonenia slovesa

I worked > t po neznelej spoluhlske, okrem tHe called > d po znelej spoluhlske okrem dWe wanted > id po t a d

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2.7 Nepravideln sloves

-Minul as a minul prastie sa tvoria nepravidelne

To take i took taken

Ich minul as a minul prastie sa mu zhodova aj odliova

To cut I cut cutTo drink I drank drunk

Pri niektorch slovesch je nepravideln iba minul prastie

To show I showed shown

Niekedy mono poui pravideln aj nepravideln tvar

To dream I dreamed dreamedTo dream I dreamt dreamt

-Zoznam niektorch nepravidelnch slovies

Priebehov tvar minul as trpn rod/min. prastie

Be being was / were beenBeat beating beat beatenBecome becoming became becomeBegin beginning began begunBreak breaking broke brokenBring bringing brought broughtBuild building built builtBurn burning burnt burntBuy buying bought boughtCatch catching caught caughtChoose choosing chose chosenCome coming came comeCost costing cost cost

Cut cutting cut cutDo doing did doneDraw drawing drew drawnDream dreaming dreamt dreamtDrink drinking drank drunk Drive driving drove drivenEat eating ate eatenFight fighting fought foughtFind finding found foundFly flying flew flownForget forgetting forgot forgotten

Forgive forgiving forgave forgivenGet getting got got

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Give giving gave givenGo going went goneGrow growing grew grownHave having had hadHear hearing heard heard

Hit hitting hit hitHold holding held heldKeep keeping kept keptKnow knowing*(2.13) knew knownLay lying laid layLearn learning learnt learntLeave leaving left leftLend lending lent lentLet letting let letLie lying lay lainLose losing lost lost

Make making made madeMean meaning*(2.13) meant meantMeet meeting met metPay paying paid paidPut putting put putRead reading read readRide riding rode riddenRing ringing rang rungRise rising rose risenRun running ran runSay saying said saidSee seeing saw seenSell selling sold soldSend sending sent sentSet setting set setShut shutting shut shutShine shining shone shoneSing singing sang sungSink sinking sank sunk Sit sitting sat satSleep sleeping slept slept

Speak speaking spoke spokenSpend spending spent spentStand standing stood stoodSteal stealing stole stolenStrive striving strove strivenSwim swimming swam swumTake taking took takenTeach teaching taught taughtTear tearing tore tornTell telling told toldThink thinking thought thought

Understand understanding*(2.13) understood understoodWake waking woke woken

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Wear wearing wore wornWin winning won wonWrite writing wrote written

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2.8 Modlne sloves

pre modlne sloves s charakteristick nasledujce body

- nemaj prponu s v 3. osobe jednotnho sla

- nemaj minul prastie

- nemaj prtomn prastie

- nemaj do v zpore a otzke

A, Can / can not = cant Mc, vyjadruje:

- ability / schopnos

I can swim. > viem plvaI cant speak Japanese. > neviem po japonsky

-Offering / ponkanie

Can I buy you a drink? > mem ti kpi drink?

- Possibility / monos

Can we meet for lunch tomorrow?

- Requesting / iados

Can we have two coffees please?

- Permission / povolenie

Excuse me. Can I sit here?

-V chbajcich slovesnch asoch a tvaroch sa namiesto canpouva To be able to. V praxisa vak asto pouva can aj na vyjadrenie budcnosti.

He had been able to do it > mohol to urobiThey will be able to repair it > bud to mc opravi

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B, Could / could not = couldnt mohol by som, mohol som

Sloveso could je vlastne minul tvar od slovesa can, ale pouva sa rovnako ako can i v aseprtomnom a budcom, a rovnako ako can, ke hovorme o monostiach:

- Past:

He could have spoken to her yesterday.

-Present:

He could be in the kitchen.

- Future:

You could take the train tomorrow.

-Requests:

Could you help me, please.

-Suggestions:

We could visit my mother next week.

-Ability:

I could play the piano when I was a child.

- Could sa uva podobne ako sloveso can - ale je tu rozdiel, hovorme sce o monosti, alezrove hovoriaci vyjadruje urit odstup. hovorme o vzdialenej monosti - me byvzdialen v ase - hovoriaci hovor o monostiv minulosti. alebo ide o spoloensk odstup. Alebo sa uitm slovesacould ponkud ditancujeme od svojho tvrdenia mono je to vetko inak.

- Ability in the past:

I could play the piano when I was a child.

- Requests:

Could you help me, please?

- Suggestions:

You could take the train tomorrow.

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- Possibilities in the present:

He could be in the kitchen.

- Possibilities in the future:

We could visit my mother next week.

- Possibilities in the past:

He could have spoken to her yesterday.

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C, May / may not = maynt smie, mc,

Rovnako ako v prpade can a could - pomocou may meme o nieo poiada alebo nieoponknu. May je aleko zdvorilejie, formlnejie sloveso.Rozdiel gramatick: pri ponuke i iadosti sa may d poui iba v prvej osobe (sg.,pl.) I

may, we may.

-Offering:

May I help you?

- Formal requests:

May we have a bottle of wine, please?

- Permission:

May I sit here?

- To speculate about or consider things that are probably true in the present:

They may be outside.

- To speculate about things that will probably be true in the future:

He may come to the party on Sunday.

- To speculate about or consider things that were probably true in the past:

She may have spoken to him yesterday.

- Pomocou slovesa may hovoriaci vyjadruje nzor, e nieo je a alebo nie je pravdepodobn.

- ak sa m v minulosti vyjadri pouije sa miesto may spojenie to be allowed

I was not allowed to stay > nesmel som zosta

- na vyjadrenie budcnosti sa me poui may.

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D, might / might not mohol by

Aj ke might je minul tvar, nepouva sa iba v minulom ase, ale rovnako ako may sapouva v ase prtomnom i budcom.Vznam a pouitie slovesa might je v zsade rovnak ako u slovesa may: hovoriaci si mysl,

e nieo bolo - je - bude pravdepodobn, ale pece jenom rozdiel existuje.

hovoriaci sa od svojho tvrdenia ditancuje, minul tvar slovesa dodva odstup. Vzdialenos vase, zdvoril odstup a alebo chceme naznai, e sa tak trochu od svojho tvrdeniaditancujme.

- Asking in a very formal way for permission:

Might I make a suggestion?

- Making suggestions:

You might want to see a doctor.

- Talking about things that are probable in the future:

They might come to dinner tomorrow.

- To speculate about things that are probably true in the present:

She might be in the office.

- To speculate about things that were probably true in the past:

I might have left my books on the bus.

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E, must / must not / have to musie

- Must usually expresses the feeling and wishes- Have to expresses obligation (je to nevyhnutn)

I must stop smoking (chcem to)I have to stop smoking (doktorove nariadenie ap.)

-To give orders or strong advice:

I must stop smoking.You must be here early.You mustnt wear jeans.

-To say that we are sure about something in the present:

Mary is crying. She must be unhappy.

-To say that we are sure about something in the past:

Johns car was here. Its not here now. He must have gone.

F, Must not nesmie

-Vyjadruje prsny zkaz. na vyjadrenie nemusm sa pova vraz need not

- Must nem tvar minulho asu, miesto toho pouvame had to - minul as od have to.

G, Need / need not potrebova

I need money > potrebujem peniaze

Need not Nemusie

You need not tell them > nemuste s nimi hovori

- na vyjadrenie minulho asu sa pouva had to

I had to come > musel som prs

Zhrnutie may/must/can

Can mem can not nememMay smiem may not nesmiem

must not nesmiemMust musm need not nemusm

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H, Would

-Pouva sa hlavne ako pomocn sloveso v podmieovacom spsobe

I would sleep > spal by som

-alej sa pouva na vyjadrenie zdvorilej iadosti

Would you help me? > pomohli by ste mi?

- vyjadrenie slovenskho, chcel by som

I would like.

- Polite requests:

Would you open the window?

- Offering:

Would you like a drink?

- Talking about likes and preferences:

Id like to go to France. Id prefer a black coffee.

- Speculating about the past:

That would have been in 1980 I suppose.

- Talking about habits or characteristics in the past:

Hed sit for hours reading.

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I, Should / should not

-mal by som, nemal by somVyjadruje slab prkaz alebo odporuenie v zpore zas slab zkazPouva sa na vyjadrenie rady, odporania

You should do it > mal by si to urobi

- vyjadrenie slovenskho rd by som

I should like .

- Distant possibility:

If you should see him, tell him Ive left.(keby si ho nhodou videl, povedz mu, e somodiiel.)

-Probability:

He should be here soon.

-Prediction:

I should be perfectly happy if I won a million pounds.

-After verbs such as command, order, insist (nariadi, prikza, trva na nieom):He insisted that the contract should be signed immediately. (Trval na tom, aby bolazmluva ihne podpsan.)

-After some adjectives such as important, vital: (nevyhnutn, nutn, podstatn, dleit):

Its important that they should study hard for the exam.

-Talking about obligation or duties(mal by som):

He should see his mother more often.

-Asking for / Giving advice:

What should I do? I think you should call her.

-Offering:

Should I help you?

-Talking about obligation or duties:

He should see his mother more often.

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-Talking about failed obligation in the past:

He should have told me.

- Possibility:

If you should see him, tell him Ive left.

- Probability:

He should be here soon.

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J, Had better

I had betterYou had better not > youd better

I / you / he, she, it better do mean, this is a good thing do now

You had better take your umbrella

We use had better to talk about present, not pastWe use both should and had better, to say, this is good thing to do nowWe use should but not had better, to say, this is good thing to do generalWe do not use had better in question.And note that we do not usually say you had better to customers, teachers or bosses

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K, Used to

I used to play pianoDid you used to piano?I did not used to piano

We use used to + infinitive for finished habits and situations: things were true in past, but noware not.Used to is not real modal, we make question and negatives with did.

Pat used to have long hair.I used to play piano, but I stopped

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2.9 Frzov sloves

Pozri sborBBC_phrasalverbs FRAZOVE SLOVESA

Be behind by pozadu, st za niekmIm behind you > stojm za vami (podporm vs)Be down v koncoch, by pokazenBe in by doma, by v mdeBe off by preBe out by na slobode, by mimoBe over skoniBreak down pokazi sa (auto), nepen jednanieBreak in vlmanie doBreak out prepuknBring up vychova, navrhn nieo

Come across narazi naCome round prs na nvtevuCount on spolieha sa na nieo

Count on me, sir.Do well by spenFill in vyplni (formulr)Fill up natankovaFind out zistiGet by prejsGet down to pusti sa do nieohoGet off vystpi z (vlaku)get on nastpi do, vychdza s niekm

they get on well > dobre spolu vychdzajget out vystpiget up vsta, vstvaget to know dozvedie sagive up zanecha (napr. fajenia)

you must give up smokinggive in vzda sago away odsgo on pokraova (continue)

go off presta ma dao rd, zvoni, vybuchn,vypn, pokazihold on aka,hold up dra hore (hlavu),veri si, zdra sa, prepadnlet in zasva, klamalet down sklama niekoho, spustilook after stara sa olook for hadalook forward to tei sa nalook out dva si pozor look up hada (v slovnku)make up vymyslie si, nali sa

pick up zdvihn (nieo), vyzdvihn, ui sashe pick up language very quickly

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put down poloiput aside odloi (miestne)put through prejs skrz, dovola sa (tel.)see off odprevadisee to dozera na nieo

slip up urobi nedopatrenm chybuSomeone at the bank has slipped up and put the decimal point inthe wrong place

Speak up hovori hlasnejieSpeak up for vyslovi sa pre nieo, presadzova nieo

She speak up up for freedom of speechSlow down spomaliStand by st u nieoho, niekohoStand up verejne sa postavi za, zasta saSwitch upSwitch down

Take away odniestake after podoba sa na niekohotake off vzlietnu, vyzliec sa, - vea vznamov

the plane takes offthrow away premrnitake up prija, - vea vznamovturn up zvenie intenzity nastavenia zariadeniaturn down znenie intenzity nastavenia zariadeniawrap up zabali ( nieo), ukoni schdzuwash up umywake up prebudi sa

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2.10 Idimy

Pozri sborBBC_Idiomy

- to be as cool as a cucumber

to be very calm (studen ako ryba, ni ho nerozhde, chladnokrvn)

- to be a peach

to be a very nice person (by vemi prjemn)

- to be the top banana

to be the most important person in a group (by nejdleitejia osoba z nejakej

skupiny, hlavne v prci)

- to be a smart cookie

to be intelligent (by bystr, pohotov)

- to be a lemon

to be bad, defective (je to mejd, je to nani - vetinou o prstroji, stroji)

- to be a piece of cake

to be very easy (by ahk, hraka)

- to bring home the bacon

to earn money for food, clothing (zarba na chleba, na ivobytie)

- to walk on eggshells

to be extremely careful on what we do or say; too careful (chodi okolo po pikch,

velmi opatrne

- a storm in a teacup

brka v pohri vody

- That's not my cup of tea.

To nie je ni pre ma.

- You can't have your cake and eat it.

Neme ma vetko. / Neme chcie, aby sa vlk naral a koza zostala cel.

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- That's a different kettle of fish

To je nieo in. To je in kva.

- Not for all the tea in China.

Ani za ni na svete.

- to sell like hot cakes

jt na draku

- to have one's fingers in many pies

To be involved in a lot of different projects at the same time many pies (robi vearznych vec naraz)

- to lend someone an ear

to listen to someone (povat niekoho)

- to hold one's tongue

to keep quiet when you want to say something (dra jazyk za zubamy aj ke by smechceli nieo poveda)

- to be hot-headedto get angry very easily (by horkokrvn, horca hlava, vbun, rchlo sa rozli)

- not to have anything between the ears

to be stupid (by hlpy)

- to lead someone by the nose

aha niekoho za nos

- to be chicken

to be afraid (b se, by vystraen)

- to eat like a pig

to have bad table manners (nevedie se chova u stolu, jes ako prasa)

- to work like a dog

to work really hard (drie ako k)

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- to eat like a bird

to eat a small amount of food (jes ako vrabec, mlo)

- to eat like a horse

to eat a large amount of food (jes vea)

- to be a turkey

to be a stupid person (by hlpy, natvrdl)

- to be a rat

to be a bad person, someone who does mean thing to other people (by krysa, zllovek, robi podrazy)

- to be foxy

to be sexy (by praliv)

- to see red

to be very angry (vidie erveno, by nahnevan)

- to be yellow

to be afraid (b se)

- to be white as a sheet

to be very pale in the face because of illness or fear (by biely ako krieda)

- to be in the pink

to be very healthy (by krv a mlieko)

- to be in the red

not to have enough money to pay all of one's bill (ma dlhy, neb solventn)

- to be in the black

to have enough money to pay for all of one's bills (by solventn, ma dos penaz nazaplatenie vetkch zvzkov)

- to feel blue

to feel bad, depressed (ma depresie)

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- once in a blue moon

very infrequently, hardly ever (raz za uhorsk rok)

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2.11 have : actions

We use have in a lot of common expressions to talk about action. We do not use have gotlike this

Have breakfast, lunch, diner, a drink,Have eggs for breakfast, have fish for lunchHave a wash, a shower, a bathHave a good time, a bad time, a party, a holiday, a gameHave a good flight / trip / journey etc.Have a conversationHave a baby

2.12 have got

We often use got with have, especially in present. This do not change the meaning

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2.13 non-progressive verbs

Some verbs are normally used in simple tenses, even if we mean just now.The most important non-progressive verbs:

Hate, know, love, understand,mean, need, prefer, seems, wantAgree, believe, depend, matter, recognize, remember

I hate music, I know, I love that color, do you understand? What does this mean?I need some help, I prefer juice, Ann seems unhappyWhat does he want? (NOT what is he wanting)

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3. asy

3.1 Prtomn jednoduch as / Simple Present simple

- Tvorenie

Vo vetkch osobch m tvar neuritku bez to s vnimkou 3. osoby jednotnho sla, ktorpriber koncovku s

A,I take We takeYou take you takeHe takes they takeShe takesIt takes

B, Zpor

- do not > dont- does not > doesnt

I do not take we do not takeYou do not take you do not takeHe does not take they do not takeShe does not takeIt does not take

C, Otzka

Do I take? Do we take?Do you take? Do you take?Does he take? Do they take?Does she take?Does it take?

D, Zporn otzka

Dont I work? (Do I not work?) Dont we work?

Dont you work? Dont you work?Doesnt he work? Dont they work?Doesnt she work?Doesnt it work?

-Pravopisn zmeny v 3. osobe jednotnho slaSloves zakonen na spoluhlsku o > oes

To go > he goes

Sloves zakonen na y > ies

To try > she tries

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-Pouitie

Jednoduch prtomn as vyjadruje veobecne znme pravdy a kontatovania

The sun shines > slnko svieti

I dont like bananas > nemm rd bannyI think you are right > myslm e mte pravdu

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3.2 Priebehov prtomn as / Continuous present tense

-TvorenieTvor sa pomocou slovesa to be v konkrtnej osobe + sloveso + ing

I am working we are workingYou are working you are workingHe is working they are workingShe is workingIt is working

OtzkaAm I working? Are we working?Are you working? Are you working?Is he working? Are they working?Is she working?

Is it working?

ZporI am not working we are not workingYou are not working you are not workingHe is not working they are not workingShe is not workingIt is not working

- Zmeny v pravopise pri tvoren prtomnho prastia

A, V jednoslabinch slovesch sa zdvojuje koncov spoluhlska, ak pred ou stojjednoduch krtka samohlska

Sit > sitting

B. Odpad koncov e

Shine > shiningWrite > writing

-PouitiePouva sa na vyjadrenie - innosti ktor prve prebieha

- zmeru- zvyku, nvyku,- doasnho sprvania

A, Vyjadrenie innosti ktor prve prebieha

John is working in the garden > john pracuje v zhrade (prve teraz)Pozn. na vyjadrenie zamestnania sa pouva jednoduch prtomn as

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B, Vyjadrenie zmeru, takmer istej budcnosti

Im leaving tomorrow > Zajtra odchdzam

-Vznamov rozdiel medzi jednoduchm a priebehovm prtomnm asom

I go to school > chodm do kolyI am going to school > idem do koly

-Sloves pri ktorch sa priebehov as nepouva

A, Sloves vyjadrujce postoj, nzor, elanie

Know, understand, mean, seem, wish, and hope

B, Sloves vyjadrujce citov vzah

Like, love, hate, mind

C, Sloves zmyslovho vnmania

See, hear, feel, smell, taste

- Niektor sloves nadobdaj v priebehovom ase trochu in vznam

She is seeing her mother > navtvi matku

- Priebehov tvary niektorch slovies

Be being Have havingBuy buying Leave leavingCatch catching Lie lyingCome coming Lose losingDo doing Make makingDrink drinking Pay payingDrive driving Ride ridingEat eating Run running

Feel feeling Say sayingFly flying Send sendingForget forgetting Sit sittingGet getting Take takingGive giving Tell tellingGo going Wake wakingThink thinking Win wonWear wearing Write writing

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3.3 Budci as / Future tense

-TvorenieBudci as sa tvor pouitm pomocnho slovesa shall a will a prtomnho neuritku. Shall sa

pouva v jednotnch slach. Will v ostatnch pdoch.

Shall >llWill >ll

I shall go we shall goYou will go you will goHe will go they will goShe will goIt will go

Zpor

Shall not > shantWill not > wont

I shall not go we shall not goYou will not go you will not goHe will not go they will not goShe will not goIt will not go

Otzka

Shall I go? Shall we go?Will you go? Will you go?Will he go? Will they go?Will she go?Will it go?

Zporn otzka

Shall I not go? (Shant I go?) Shall we not go?

Will you not go? (Wont you go?) Will you not go?Will he not go? Will they not go?Will she not go?Will it not go?

-V modernej anglitine sa pouva iba will vo vetkch pdoch

- V otzke sa vak v 1.osobe naalej pouva shall

What shall we do next? > o budeme robi alej

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Vnimkou je vyjadrenie vzdialenej budcnosti

Where will we be in twenty years time? > Kde budeme o 20 rokov?

-will namiesto shall v 1.osobe znamen pevn mysel, vu nieo urobi budcnosti. (will

ako podstatn meno znamen vu)

I will do it > urobm to (som odhodlan to urobi)

- Pouitie shall namiesto will v 2. a 3.osobe vyjadruje zvzok, vstrahu, alebo printenie

You shall not kill > nezabije

- Shall ako zdrazujci prvok v spojeniach

Lets go, shall we? > Pome, dobre?Lets try, shall we? > Poksime sa, dobre?

-asto pouvame shall I? alebo shall we? ke sa ptame alebo navrhujeme o robi.

Shall I put this light on?Where shall we meet tomorrow?Shall we go and see Bill?

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3.4 Budci as priebehov

I will be workingWill you be working?She will not be working

We can use this future progressive to say something will be going on at certain time in future

This time tomorrow, I will be skiing.

The future progressive is also used for planned or expected future

I will be seeing you one of these days (I expect)

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3.5 Vyjadrenie blzkej budcnosti

-Na vyjadrenie myslu urobi nieo v blzkej budcnosti sa pouva vraz to be going to +neuritok slovesa

I am going to do it > idem to urobi

-Na vyjadrenie ete bliej, bezprostrednej budcnosti sa pouva vraz to be about +neuritok slovesa

I am about to do it > prve sa to chystm urobi

-Aj priebehov prtomn as me vyjadrova budcnos

I am leaving for Spain next week > Na budci tde odchdzam zo panielska

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3.6 tvar I AM TO

We can talk about the future by saying that something is to happen. We often use thisstructure to talk about official plans and fixed personal arrangement.

The president is to visit Scotland in September.

You are (not) to can be used to give orders

You are to do your homework before you watch TV.She can go out, but she is not to be back late.

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3.7 Which future? Will, going to, or present progressive (or present for future)

Predictions

Going to: we can see future in the present: we see things coming starting or coming

Look out! You are going break the glass

Will: we think or believe things about the future.

Do not give him watch- he will break it. (I think it because I know him)

Decisions:

Going to: decision are already made

There are a lot of letters to answer. I know, I am going to do them all on Thursday

Will: we are making decisions

We have got letter from Jan. ok, I will answer it

Plans:

Going to and present progressive are often both possible when we talk about plans.We use present progressive mostly for fixed plans with a definite time and/or place

I am going to see Ann soon.I am meeting Ann at the theatre at 8.00pm

We can use simple present to talk about timetables, cinema etc programmes and dates

Our train leaves at 8.10What time does your flight arrives?

The film starts at 7.30My birthday is on Tuesday this year.

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3.8 Budci dokonav as / Future perfect tense

Tvor sa pomocnm slovesom shall / will + have + minul prastie

I will have worked

Will you have worked?She will not have worked

We can use future perfect to say that something will have been completed by a certain time inthe future.

I shall have done it.> budem to ma uroben...You will have done it> budete to ma uroben....The builder says he will have finished by Sunday.

3.8 Budci dokonav priebehov / future perfect progressive

I will have been workingWill you have been working?He will not have been working

We can use future perfect progressive to say how long something will have continued by acertain time

Next Christmas, I will have been teaching for twenty years

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3.9 Minul as / Past tense

-Tvorenie

I worked we worked

You worked you workedHe worked they workedShe workedIt worked

Zpor

Did not > didnt

I did not work we did not work You did not work you did not work

He did not work they did not work She did not workIt did not work

Otzka

Did I work? Did we work?Did you work? Did you work?Did he work? Did they work?Did she work?Did it work?

-PouitieVyjadruje dej ktor zaal aj skonil v minulostiVyjadrenie zdvorilej iadosti

I wondered if you were free this weekend.

-Pravideln sloves tvoria jednoduch minul as a minul prastie pridanm ed k tvaruneuritku bez to

To select > selected-Vnimky

A, Sloves zakonen na epriberaj iba d

To save > saved

B, Sloves zakonen na y maj tvaried

To cry > cried

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Vnimkou s sloves zakonen na oy , ay

To stayed > stayed

C, Koncov spoluhlska sa zdvojuje, ak sa neuritok kon na przvun slabiku

To occur > occurredTo defer > deferred

D, Ak je na konci l

To compel > compelled

-Vslovnos zvis od zakonenia slovesa

I worked > t po neznelej spoluhlske, okrem t

He called > d po znelej spoluhlske okrem dWe wanted > id po t a d

-Nepravideln sloves

To take i took taken

Ich minul as a minul prastie sa mu zhodova aj odliova

To cut I cut cutTo drink I drank drunk

Pri niektorch slovesch je nepravideln iba minul prastie

To show I showed shown

Niekedy mono poui pravideln aj nepravideln tvar

To dream I dreamed dreamedTo dream I dreamt dreamt

-Modlne pouitie minulho asuV nasledujcich prkladoch sa minul as nepouva vo svojej zkladnej funkcii na vyjadrenieasovho sledu, ale vyjadruje mysel, elanie(asto nesplnen)

A, Nesplnen elanie v prtomnosti

If I were you...> Keby som bol tebou/Vami (na tvojom mieste)...........V tomto prpade pouijeme were vo vetkch osobch

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B, Po to wish

I wish I knew> chcel by som vedie...

-minul asy niektorch nepravidelnch slovies

Be was/were Have hadBuy bought Leave leftCatch caught Lie layCome came Lose lostDo did Make madeDrink drank Pay paidDrive drove Ride rodeEat ate Run ranFeel felt Say saidFly flew Send sent

Forget forgot Sit satGet got Take took Give gave Tell toldGo went Wake wokeThink thought Win wonWear wore Write wrote

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3.10 Minul priebehov as / Continuous past tense

-Tvorenie

I was sitting we were sitting

You were sitting you were sittingHe was sitting they were sittingShe was sittingIt was sitting

Zpor

Was not > wasntWere not > werent

I was not sitting we were not sitting

you were not sitting you were not sittinghe was not sitting they were not sittingshe was not sittingit was not sitting

Otzka

Was I sitting? were we sitting?Were you sitting? Were we sitting?Was he sitting? Were they sitting?Was she sitting?Was it sitting?

- Pouva sa na vyjadrenie - deja v minulosti ktor prebiehal v bliie urenej chvli- deja v minulosti ktor bol naruen alebo preruen inm dejom- okolnost v minulosti- dvoch sasne prebiehajcich dejov v minulosti

A, vyjadrenie deja v minulosti ktor prebiehal v bliie urenej chvliWe were watching TV at seven yesterday > Vera o 7. sme pozerali TV

B, vyjadrenie deja v minulosti ktor bol naruen alebo preruen inm dejom

He was walking when it started to rain > Prechdzal sa ke (nhle) zaalo pra

C, vyjadrenie okolnost v minulosti

It was raining > pralo

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D, vyjadrenie dvoch sasne prebiehajcich dejov v minulosti

I was reading while he was writing > ja som si tal zatia on psal

E, vyjadrenie zdvorilej iadosti

I was wondering if I might use your phone.

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3.11 Predprtomn as / Present perfect tense

-Tvorenie

Podmet + have/has + sloveso + minulho prastie

Minul prastie pravidelnch slovies je toton s minulm asom a tvor sa prponou ed.Minul prastie nepravidelnch slovies sa tvor nepravidelne

Be was beenCome came comeDrive drove driven

I have heard we have heardYou have heard you have heardHe has heard they have heard

She has heardIt has heard

Zpor

Have not > haventHas not > hasnt

I have not heard we have not heardYou have not heard you have not heardHe has not heard they have not heardShe has not heardIt has not heard

Otzka

Have I heard? Have we heard?Have you heard? Have you heard?Has he heard? Have they heard?Has she heard?Has it heard?

-PouitiePredprtomn as pouva na vyjadrenie innosti alebo deja ktor zaal v minulosti a trv do

prtomnost alebo sa zaal v minulosti a jeho nsledky trvaj do prtomnosti

A, Otzka ktorou sa ptame i sa u nieo stalo

Have you ever been to England? > Bol si niekedy v Anglicku?Have you ever seen me? > videl si ma niekedy?

B, Otzka ktorou sa ptame ako dlho dej prebieha

How long have you known her? > ako dlho ju pozn?

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C, Zporn otzka ktorou tvrdme e sa dao doposia neodohralo

I have never seen it > nikdy som to nevidel

D, Vyjadrenie deja ktor sce skonil ale obdobie poas ktorho prebiehal stle trv

I have written 2 letters today > dnes som napsal 2 listy

E, Vyjadrenie deja ktor zaal v minulosti a stle trv

I have known her for 1 years > poznm ju 1 rok

F, Vyjadrenie deja ktor skonil v minulosti ,ale jeho nsledky stle trvaj

Tom has broken his arm > tom si zlomil ruku. (a m ju stle zlomen)

G, Vyjadrenie deja ktor skonil v minulosti a oznamujeme ho ako nov sprvu

Ann has bought new car- Vyjadrenie blzkej minulosti

Na vyjadrenie blzkej, bezprostrednej minulosti sa pouva predprtomn as s prslovkoujust

I have just finished > prve som skonilThey have just left > prve odili

-Minul prastie niektorch nepravidelnch slovies

Be been Have hadBuy bought Leave leftCatch caught Lie lainCome come Lose lostDo done Make madeDrink drunk Pay paidDrive drove Ride riddenEat eaten Run runFeel felt Say said

Fly flown Send sentForget forgotten Sit satGet got Take takenGive given Tell toldGo gone Wake wokenThink thought Win wonWear worn Write written

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3.12 Priebehov predprtomn as / present perfect continuous (progressive)

- Tvorenie

Podmet + have / has + been + sloveso v priebehovom tvare

I have been living we have been livingYou have been living here for 10 years > bva tu 10 rokovHe has been living they have been livingShe has been livingIt has been living

Otzka

Have / has + podmet + been + sloveso v priebehovom tvare

Have I been waiting? have we been waiting?Have you been waiting long? > akte dlho?Has he been waiting? have they been waiting?Has she been waiting?Has it been waiting?

Zpor

Podmet + have/has + not + been + sloveso v priebehovom tvareHave not > haventHas not > hasnt

I have not been learning we have not been learningYou have not been learning French long > neu sa po franczsky dlhoHe has not been learning they have not been learningShe has not been learningIt has not been learning

-PouitieTento as vyjadruje dej ktor trv od minulosti do prtomnosti prp. a do budcnosti

Od jednoduchho predprtomnho asu sa li tm, e dva v draz na trvanie deja.asto sa viae na niektor vzby, ktor uruj trvanie deja ,napr. Since > od toho asu doterazFor > poas

She has been living in Bratislava since 1995 > ije v BA od roku 1995She has been living in BA for 7 years > ije v BA 7 rokov

How long have you been sitting here? > ako dlho tu sed?We have been working for long time and now we are really tired > pracovali sme dlho

a teraz sme skutone unaven

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3.13 Predprtomn alebo minul as?

A, Predprtomn as pouijeme ak - ide o svislos, kontinuitu minulosti s prtomnosou,prpadne udalos i situcia nie ete skonen

I have known him for ten years > Poznm ho desa rokov

- udalos alebo situcia nie je presne uren, zaraden

I have never seen him > nikdy som ho nevidelI have heard it on the radio > Poul som to v rozhlase

-udalos sa odohrvala v ete neskonenom asovom

obdob

I have seen three films this week > videl som tri filmy tento tde

B,Priebehov predprtomn as pouijeme ak chceme da draz na trvanie deja

She has been living in Bratislava since 1995 > ije v BA od roku 1995She has been living in BA for 7 years > ije v BA 7 rokov

C, Minul as pouijeme - ke je udalos, innos, i situcia presne asovo zaraden

Last year, our sales increased by 10 perc > Minul rok sa n predaj zvil o 10 perc.

- ke sa udalos, innos, i situcia odohrala u v skonenomasovom obdob

The Romans were good soldiers > Rimania boli dobr vojaci.

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3.14 Predminul as / past perfect tense

Tvorenie

Podmet + had + sloveso + minul prastie

I had seen we had seenYou had seen me > videl si maHe had seen they had seenShe had seenIt had seen

Otzka

Had i seen? Had we seen?Had you seen me? > videl si ma?

Had he seen? Had they seen?Had she seen?Had it seen?

Zpor

Had not > hadnt

I had not seen we had not seenYou had not seen me > nevidel si maHe had not seen they had not seenShe had not seenIt had not seen

Pouitie

Vyjadruje dej v minulosti ktor sa odohral pred inm minulm dejomPredminul as sa pouva najm v svetiach, kde umouje vyjadri asov nslednos

jednotlivch dejov, to , e jeden dej predchdza druh

I had not seen him for years when we met in London > Nevidel som ho cel roky, kesme sa stretli v Londne

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3.15 Priebehov predminul as

Tvorenie

Podmet + had + been + sloveso v priebehovom tvare

I had been working we had been workingYou had been working > pracoval siHe had been working they had been workingShe had been workingIt had been working

Otzka

Had I been working? Had we been working?Had you been working? > pracoval si?

Had he been working? Had they been working?Had she been working?Had it been working?

Zpor

Had not > hadnt

I had not been working we had not been workingYou had not been working you had not been workingHe had not been working they had not been workingShe had not been workingIt had not been working

Pouitie

Vyjadruje dej ktor zaal pred inm minulm dejom, a v dobe ke nastal druh minul dejstle trvalDej vyjadrenPriebehovm predminulm asom me a nemus by skonen nstupom dejavyjadrenho minulm asom, na rozdiel od predminulho asu

I left because they had been making fun of me > odiiel som pretoe si zo ma robilizbavu.I had already been sleeping for two hours when come back > spal som u dve hodiny kesa vrtila

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4. Prdavn men / Adjectives

4.1 Stupovanie prdavnch mien

-stupovanie krtkych prdavnch men

Za krtke pokladme jednoslabin prdavn men,

Pravideln stupovanie

New newer the newest

-Pravidelne vnimky

1, koncov e odpad

Large larger

2, koncov y sa men na i

Happy happier Lovely lovelier

3, koncov spoluhlska sa zdvojuje v jednoslabinch prdavnch mench ak nasleduje poprzvunej jednoduchej samohlske

big biggerslim slimmer

B, nepravideln stupovanie

Good better the bestWell better the bestBad worse the worstLittle less the leastMany more the mostMuch more the mostFar farther the farthest

Far further the furthest

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-stupovanie dlhch prdavnch mienZa dlh pokladme dvoj a viac slabin prdavn mendvojslabin prdavnch men zakonen na y, w, er, so, me mono poklada za dlh ajkrtke

Lazy lazier = more lazyNarrow narrower = more narrow

- opisne pomocou more / most, less/least

Expensive more expensive the most expensiveLess expensive least expensive

- zoslabovanie a zosilovanie

A little trochu, o nieo

A bit trochu, o nieoA little bit trochu, o nieoMuch oveaFar oveaA lot oveaOf all zo vetkch

Tom is a little better than my brother > tom je o nieo lepi ako jeho bratIt is much worse than you think > je to ovea horie ne si mysl

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5. Podstatn men / Nouns

5.1 Rody

- Musk rod

Sli na pomenovanie muov, muskch bytost

Man, father, boy

- ensk rodSli na pomenovanie ien, enskch bytost

Woman, mother, girl

ensk podstatn men sa tvoria niekedy od muskch pridanm koncovky ess

Actor - actress, tiger - tigress

-Stredn rodSli na pomenovanie veci a zvierat s neupresnenm rodom

Stone, plane, fly, dog

5.2 Tvorenie mnonho sla

Mnon slo tvoria len potateln podstatn men, a to pridanm koncovky s

A car > two carsA book > two books

- Pravideln vnimky

A, men zakonen na s, x, z, ch, sh, (a men zakonen na o,pred ktorm je spoluhlska)Priberaj koncovku es

Bus > busesChurch > churches

Tomato > tomatoesB, men zakonen na y,pred ktorm je spoluhlska, sa y men na ies.

Baby > babiesLady > ladiesFly > flies

C, men zakonen na f, alebo fe, sa f alebo fe men na ves

Calf > calves

Knife > knivesWolf > wolves

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D, niektor podstatn men tvoria mnon slo nepravidelne

Child > childrenFoot > feetGoose > geese

Louse > liceMan > menMouse > miceMan > menPenny > penceTooth > teethWoman > women

5.3Nepotateln podstatn men

Sa nemu pouva s slovkou, netvoria mnon slo a mu st bez lena

- medzi sa nepotateln podstatn menpatria

A, ltkov podstatn men

Water, blood, sugar, coffee, air, meat, glass, wine, butter, tea

B, abstraktn podstatn men

Love, work, time

C, ostatn nepotateln podstatn men

Money, hair, luggage, advice, information, news

5.4 Urit a neurit len

- urit len theoznauje bytos alebo vec, nejakm spsobom zaraden, bliie uren

The (,di) elephant the (,de) hour the girls

- neurit len a / anSprevdza podstatn meno oznaujce bliie neuren osobu i vec. Nepouva sav mnonom sle.

A man an orange

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5.5 Skloovanie

1. pd mu man2. pd od mua from man3. pd k muovi to man

4. pd na mua at man5. pd o muovi about man6. pd s muom with man

5.6 Vyjadrenie mnostva

Much singular uncountable nounMany plural nouns

We can prefera lot (of) orplenty

(A) little uncountable singular noun(A) few plural

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6. Spojky / Joins

Although aj ke, i ke, hoci, akokovek And aAfter po, potom

As ako, ke, ak As soon as ako nhle, len oBecause pretoe, leboBefore skr ako, predtmEven if aj ke, aj kebyEven though napriek tomu, aj keHowever avak If ak, i

Neither vbec nieNevertheless napriek tomuOr alebo

Than akoSo tak, tedaSo that tak, eUntil do tej doby neUnless iba ak When keWhile pokia

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7. slovky / Numerals

7.1 zkladn slovky

0 nought zero nil o

1 one2 two3 three4 four 5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven

12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety

21 twenty-one32 thirty-two44 forty-four 55 fifty-five

100 one hundred600 six hundred1,000 one thousand10,000 ten thousand168 one hundred and sixty-eight255 two hundred and fifty-five691 six hundred and ninety-one1,032 one thousand and thirty-two

15,578 fifteen thousand five hundred and seventy-eight1,000,000 one million

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12,236,669 twelve million two hundred thirty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-nine1,000,000,000 one thousand million (GB)

One billion (US)1,367.23 one thousand three hundred and seventy-six point twenty three0,025 zero point twenty-three

7.2 radov slovky

1st first2nd second3rd third4th fourth5th fifth6th sixth7th seventh8th eighth

9th ninth10th tenth11th eleventh12th twelfth13th thirteenth14th fourteenth15th fifteenth16th sixteenth17th seventeenth18th eighteenth19th nineteenth20th twentieth21st twenty-first22nd twenty-second30th thirtieth40th fortieth50th fiftieth60th sixtieth70th seventieth80th eightieth90th ninetieth

33rd thirty-third55th fifty-fifth100th hundredth1,000th thousandth1,000,000th millionth

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7.3 matematick kony

- nsobenie / multiplication

23*32=736 twenty-three times thirty-two is seven hundred and thirty-six

- Delenie / division

32:5=6.4 thirty-two divided by five is six point two

- Stanie / addition

326+75=401 three hundred and twenty-six plus seventy-five is four hundredand one

- Odtanie / subtraction

555-66=489 five hundred and fifty-five minus sixty-six is four hundred andeighty-nine

- Zlomky

1 / 2 one-half 1 / 3 one third1 / 4 a quarter3 / 4 three quarter 4 / 5 four fifths

7.4 vyjadrenie dtumu

18th October 1991 the eighteen of October nineteen ninety-oneJanuary 4th January the fourth, the fourth of January3-9-91 the third of September nineteen ninety-one

7.5 vyjadrenie asu

13:15 it is one fifteen pm / it is quarter past one13:30 it is one thirty pm / it is half past one10:45 it is ten forty-five am / it is quarter to eleven

Past pouijeme od 01 minty po 30 mintuTo pouijeme, od 31 minty po 59 mintu

11:05 it is five past eleven09:50 ` it is ten to ten

On 18th October 2006

At 13:15, weekend, nightIn morning, evening, afternoon, week, seasons, months, years

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8. Prslovky / Adverbs

8.1 prslovky miesta, asu a spsobu

- prslovky miesta

Above hore, nadHere tuOutside vonkuInside vntriThere tamBetween medzi (dvoma)Among medzi (viacermi)

Near nealeko, blzko

- prslovky asu

Seldom zriedkaAlways vdyEarly skoroEver vdy

Never nikdyOften astoSometimes niekedyUsually zvyajneStill stle

- prslovky spsobu

Almost skoro, takmer Enough dosFast rchloFluently plynuleHardly akoSlowly pomaly

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8.2 tvorba prsloviek z prdavnch mien

Prslovky sa tvoria z prdavnch mien pridanm prpony ly

New newly novo

Nice nicely pekne

- ak kon prdavn meno na l sa l zdvojuje

Usual usually zvyajneReal really skutone

- ak sa kon prdavn meno na y to sa men na i

Easy easily ahkoReady readily pohotove

- nepravideln stupovanie

Good well dobreNear near blzko

8.3 stupovanie prsloviek

-prslovky ktor maj prponu ly stupujeme pomocou more a most.

Quickly more quickly most quicklySlowly more slowly most slowly

- ostatn stupujeme pomocou er a est

Near nearer nearestFast faster fastest

- nepravideln stupovanie

Well batter best

Badly worse worstLittle less least

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9. Predloky / Prepositions

9.1 jednoduch predloky

About o, okolo

Above nadAfter po (asove aj priestorovo)Along popri, pozdAt u, v (miestne) v (asovo)Before pred (asovo aj miestne)Below podBeside mimo, popri, veda, priBesides mimo, vedaBetween medzi (dvoma)But okremBy u, veda, od (autora), v (asovo), akm spsobom (by plane)

Down doleDuring v priebehu, poas,For pre, na,

na, po (asovo)From od, zIn v, na

Za (asovo)Inside v, vntriInto v, do,

Na (miestne), into the gardenLike ako

Near blzkoNext vedaOf od, o, zOn na (miestne), v (asovo)Over nad, cez, po, zaRound okoloAround okoloSince od (asovo)Through cezTill do ( asovo)

Until do ( asovo)To k, doUnder podUp hore, nadWith sWithout bez

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9.2 predloky asu, smeru a miesta

A, prepositions of time

Preposition Use Examples

in

in months in July; in September Year in 1985; in 1999Seasons in summer; in the summer of 69

part of the dayin the morning; in the afternoon; in theevening

duration in a minute; in two weeks

at

part of the day at nighttime of day at 6 o'clock; at midnightcelebrations at Christmas; at Easter fixed phrases at the same time

on

days of the week on Sunday; on FridayDate on the 25th of December*

special holidayson Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my

birthdaya special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th*

after later than sth. after schoolago how far sth. happened (in the past) 6 years ago

before earlier than sth. before Christmasbetween time that separates two points between Monday and Fridayby not later than a special time by Thursday

duringthrough the whole of a period oftime

during the holidays

for period of time for three weeks

from ... tofrom... till/until

two points form a periodfrom Monday to Wednesdayfrom Monday till Wednesdayfrom Monday until Wednesday

past time of the day 23 minutes past 6 (6:23)since point of time since Monday

till/until no later than a special timetill tomorrowuntil tomorrow

to time of the day 23 minutes to 6 (5:37)up to not more than a special time up to 6 hours a daywithin during a period of time within a day

B, prepositions at, in, on

Preposition Examples

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in

We sit in the room.I see a house in the picture.There are trouts in the river.He lives in Paris.I found the picture in the paper.He sits in the corner of the room.He sits in the back of the car.We arrive in Madrid.He gets in the car.She likes walking in the rain.My cousin lives in the country.There are kites in the sky.He plays in the street. (BE)She lives in a hotel.

The boys stand in a line.There is a big tree in the middle of the garden.He is in town.I have to stay in bed.The robber is in prison now.

at

She sits at the desk.Open your books at page 10.The bus stops at Graz.I stay at my grandmother's.I stand at the door.

Look at the top of the page.The car stands at the end of the street.You mustn't park your car at the front of the school.Can we meet at the corner of the street?I met John at a party.Pat wasn't at home yesterday.I study economics at university.The childen are at gandmother's.He's looking at the park.He always arrives late at school.

on The map lies on the desk.The picture is on page 10.The photo hangs on the wall.He lives on a farm.Dresden lies on the river Elbe.Men's clothes are on the second floor.He lives on Heligoland.The shop is on the left.My friend is on the way to Moscow.

Write this information on the front of the letter.When she was a little girl people saw unrealistic cowboy films on

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television.

C, prepositions of place and direction

Preposition Use Examplesabove higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

across

from one side to the other

side

You mustn't go across this road here.

There isn't a bridge across the river.After one follows the other The cat ran after the dog.

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After you.against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

alongin a line; from one point toanother

They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket.below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth./sb. is on each sideOur house is between the supermarket and theschool.

By near He lives in the house by the river.close to near Our house is close to the supermarket.down from high to low He came down the hill.From the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front ofthe part that is in thedirection it faces

Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle.Into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.

Near close to Our house is near the supermarket.Next to beside Our house is next to the supermarket.Off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.Onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?Over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.Past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office.round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

throughgoing from one point tothe other point

You shouldn't walk through the forest.

to towards sth./sb.

I like going to Australia.

Can you come to me?

I've never been to Africa.towards in the direction of sth. They walk towards the castle.under below sth. The cat is under the table.Up from low to high He went up the hill.

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9.3 Verbs+Preposition

account for He accounted for such problems.accuse SO of ST He accused her of stealing the money.adapt to They adapted to the new culture.add SO/ST to SO/ST She added milk to the grocery list.add to Translation problems added to the confusion.adjust to They adjusted to their new environment.admit ST to SO She admitted her real age to everybody.admit to She admitted to cheating on the test.agree on We agreed on the price.agree to He agreed to the new conditions.

agree with I agree with you.apologize to SO for ST I apologized to her for being rude.

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appeal to SO for ST The nation appealed to the UN for assistance.approve of The parents approved of the marriage.argue with SO about SO/ST Timmy argued with his father about his curfew.argue with SO over ST The customer argued with the salesman over the store's return

policy.

arrange for SO (to do something) They arranged for an interpreter to be present.arrest SO for ST The police arrested the man for stealing the car.arrive at (a place) They arrived at home.ask for She asked for help.

base on The company bases salary on experience.be absent from (a place) He was absent from class.be accustomed to I am not accustomed to such behavior.be acquainted with He is acquainted with many celebrities.be addicted to ST He is addicted to heroin.be afraid of I am afraid of spiders.be angry at SO for ST I am angry at him for what he said.

be angry with SO for ST I am angry with him for what he said.be annoyed at SO for ST He is annoyed at her for spending so much money.be annoyed with SO for ST He is annoyed with her for spending so much money.be anxious about ST I am anxious about the presentation.be associated with He is associated with the company.be aware of You are not aware of all the problems.be blessed with He is blessed with great musical talent.be bored by They were bored to death by his long speech.be bored with The interviewers were bored with the repetitive comments.be capable of ST He is capable of much more.be cluttered with ST The room is clutter with boxes.be committed to I am committed to improving my language skills.be composed of The meteorite is composed mostly of iron.be concerned about I am concerned about his smoking.be connected to The DVD player is connected to the TV.be connected with They are connected with the project.be content with He is content with the results.be convinced of ST We are convinced of her innocence.be coordinated with ST Testing centers coordinated with the schools to set testing dates.be crowded in (a building or room) It is crowded in the auditorium.be crowded with (people) The auditorium is crowded with people.

be dedicated to She is dedicated to improving her grammar skills.be devoted to He is devoted to his wife.be disappointed in She is disappointed in her son's improvement.be disappointed with She is disappointed with her son for not improving.be discouraged by He was discouraged by the high costs.be discouraged from (doing something) They were discouraged from participating.be discriminated against He discriminates against people who are different.be divorced from SO Mary is divorced from John.be done with ST He is done with the work.be dressed in She was dressed in red.be encouraged with The staff was encouraged with a profit-sharing program.

be engaged in ST He was engaged in that research for more than ten years.be engaged to SO John was engaged to Mary for six months.

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be envious of I am envious of you for having the opportunity to travel.be equipped with ST The expedition is equipped with the latest gear.be excited about I am excited about the opportunities.be exposed to The workers were exposed to dangerous chemicals.be faced with He was faced with many difficult decisions.

be faithful to They are faithful to their company.be familiar with I am familiar with that program.be famous for He is famous for climbing Mt. Everest.be filled with The boxes are filled with clothes and books.be finished with I am finished with my studies.be fond of She is fond of her nieces and nephews.be friendly to SO He is friendly to new coworkers.be friendly with SO He is friendly with new coworkers.be frightened by She is frightened by the coyotes calling at night.be frightened of The kids are frightened of ghosts.be furnished with ST The house is furnished with designer furniture.

be grateful to SO for ST I am grateful to you for your assistance.be guilty of ST He is guilty of the crime.be happy about ST I am not happy about the results.be innocent of ST He is innocent of the crimes.be interested in I am interested in astronomy.be involved in ST He is involved in the program.be involved with He is involved with many charities.be jealous of John is jealous of Mary's close friendship with Tom.be known for ST He is know for his humor.be limited to The speeches are limited to fifteen minutes each.be made from ST The statue is made from old car parts.be made of (material) The statue is made of metal.be married to She is married to a famous politician.be opposed to I am opposed to increasing tuition prices.be patient with SO He is patient with his students.be pleased with I am pleased with the results.be polite to SO She is polite to the visitors.be prepared for He is prepared for such questions at the conference.be protected from The cave paintings are protected from vandalism.be proud of He is proud of his son.be related to She is related to the famous artist.

be relevant to That is not relevant to this conversation.be remembered for ST He is remembered for his bravery.be responsible for She is responsible for the new policies.be satisfied with The teacher is satisfied with the test results.be scared of She is scared of snakes.be terrified of She is terrified of roaches.be thankful for We are thankful for their help.be tired from (doing something) He is so tired from jogging.be tired of (doing something) He is tired of answering the same questions over andover.

be worried about I am worried about her.

beg for They begged for the answer to the riddle.begin with Every sentence begins with a capital letter.

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believe in He believes in ghosts.belong to I don't belong to that organization.benefit from He benefits from the government assistance programs.blame SO for ST He blamed his employees for his mistakes.blame ST on SO He blamed the company's failure on his employees.

boast about She boasted about her new Mercedes.borrow ST from SO He borrowed money from me.care about He cares about what his children watch on TV.care for He doesn't care for fish.catch up with He caught up with her before she got into the elevator.cater to The hotel doesn't cater to tour groups.charge SO for ST The restaurant didn't charge me for breaking the glass.charge SO with ST The police charged him with drunk driving.choose between SO/ST and SO/ST The winner got to choose between a vacation to Tahitiand a new car.chose ST from ST The magician chose a lady from the audience to help him

with the trick.collide with The car collided with a truck.come from He comes from Florida.comment on She wouldn't comment on the accusations.communicate with SO Many people use email to communicate with friends and familyabroad.compare SO/ST to SO/ST The analyst compared the company's current profits to lastyear's.compare SO/ST with SO/ST He shouldn't compare his younger son with his older son.compete with He loves to compete with others.complain about They complained about the quality of the hotel.compliment SO on ST He complimented her on her new dress.concentrate on He needs to concentrate on his work.concern SO with ST You shouldn't concern her with our problems.confess to He confessed to the crimes.confuse SO/ST with SO/ST She confused him with Tom Cruise.congratulate SO on ST She congratulated him on his victory.consent to ST The parents consented to the request.consist of The test consists of 100 multiple choice questions.contribute to ST I contributed to the World Wildlife Fund.convict SO of ST They convicted him of murder.

cope with Can he cope with the large amount of work.correspond with SO I correspond with them by email.count on He counts on their support.cover with She covered her sleeping son with the blanket.crash into He crashed into the tree.cure SO of ST The doctors cured her of the disease.deal with He has to deal with many problems.decide against He decided against taking the job in New York.decide between SO/ST and SO/ST I couldn't decide between the chicken dinner and thesushi.decide on He decide on taking the job in Los Angeles.

dedicate ST to SO He dedicated the song to his girlfriend.demand ST from SO He demanded help from his coworkers.

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depend on The cost of the carpet depends on the quality of the weaving.derive ST from ST He derives a great deal of pleasure from his work.deter SO from ST Nothing could deter her from becoming a policewoman.devote ST to SO He devoted the song to his wife.differ from Your results differ little from mine.

disagree with He disagrees with me.disapprove of Her parents disapprove of her job choice.discourage SO from ST He discouraged his son from quitting school.discuss ST with SO I discussed the situation with them.distinguish between SO/ST and SO/ST The expert couldn't distinguish between the real

painting and the forgery.distinguish SO/ST from SO/ST The expert couldn't distinguish the real paintingfrom the forgery.distract SO from ST The loud music distracted her from her work.dream about I dream about traveling around the world.dream of I dream of a day when poverty no longer exists.

dress SO in ST She dresses her twins in the same clothes.drink to They drank to his new job.elaborate on ST He elaborated on his earlier comments.emerge from ST The dragon emerged from its lair.escape from (a place) They escaped from jail.exchange SO/ST for SO/ST They exchanged dollars for yen.exclude SO from ST He excluded them from the meeting.excuse SO for ST She excused them for being late.expel SO from (a place) The leader was expelled from the country.experiment on They experimented on various ways of preventing the disease.explain ST to SO The teacher explained the project to the students.feel about He felt bad about what he said.feel like I feel like seeing a movie.fight about They fought about who had to do the dishes.fight against Martin Luther King fought against racism and oppression.fight for He fought for improved working conditions.fight with He fought with his parents throughout his teen years.forget about She forgot about the meeting.forgive SO for ST She forgave him for the terrible things he said.gamble on I wouldn't gamble on that happening.gawk at They just gawked at me as though they didn't understand a

thing.gaze at She gazed at the sight in wonder.get back from (a place) He got back from work at 6 o'clock.get married to SO John got married to Mary.get rid of He got rid of his old clothes.get through with I'm never going to get through with this work.get tired of He got tired of the complaining.get used to He needs to get used to the new working conditions.give ST to SO He gave the book to me.glare at She glared at him in disbelief.gloat at He gloated at their failure.

grieve for The nation is grieving for those who died in the accident.gripe at SO She always gripes at her husband.

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grumble at SO about ST The old man always grumbles at his wife about their childrennever visiting.happen to What happened to him?harp on She is constantly harping on her husband's bad eating habits.hear about I have never heard about that policy before.

hear from SO Have you heard from your son recently?hear of Have you ever heard of the Anasazi people?help SO with ST He helped me with my homework.hide ST from SO He hid his bad report card from his parents.hinder SO/ST from ST Rebels are hindering aid workers from accessing the area.hinge on Success hinges on his participation in the project.hope for The company hopes for better sales in the coming quarter.insist on He insists on driving even though he is having vision problems.insure against The investment does not insure against loss of income.interfere in ST The couple's parents should not interfere in their relationship.interfere with ST Don't interfere with the natural balance of nature.

introduce SO/ST to SO/ST I introduced him to his girlfriend.invest in We invested in that company.invite SO to I invited her to the party.involve SO/ST in ST We involved them in the decision making.

jabber about He was jabbering about problems at work.joke about We love to sit around and joke about old times.joke with SO about SO/ST He was joking with me about the mistake I made.jot down ST She jotted down notes as he spoke.keep on (doing something) She kept on talkingkeep SO/ST from (doing something) I kept her from making the same mistake.keep ST for SO He wants to keep the toy for his daughter.know about He knows a lot about that subject.laugh about She laughed about what the children had done.laugh at We always laugh at his jokes.learn about I need to learn more about that topic.lend ST to SO I lent my dictionary to her.listen for The mechanic said I should listen for any squeaking sounds.listen to He loves to listen to his MP3 player on the subway.long for I long for a week on the beach in Hawaii.look at Look at this old picture of my grandmother.look forward to I look forward to meeting her parents.

meet with SO We will meet with the organizers next week.mistake SO/ST for SO/ST I mistook him for his twin brother.nod at He nodded at the others.nod to He nodded to them.object to Do you object to my smoking?operate on The surgeon operated on the conjoined twins.

participate in ST We participated in the survey.pay for He paid for our meal last night.persist in The disease persists in rural farms throughout the region.plan on We plan on attending the wedding.praise SO for ST He praises his son for his good grades.

pray for The villagers prayed for rain.prefer SO/ST to SO/ST We prefer salmon to other kinds of fish.

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prepare for We are preparing for a long winter.present SO with ST He will present her with the award for best journalist.prevent SO/ST from (doing something) The campaign is designed to prevent youngpeople from drinking.prohibit SO from (doing something) The school prohibits students from

smoking.provide for It is difficult for them to provide for their families.provide SO with ST The school provides students with textbooks.provide SO/ST for SO The company will provide food and drinks for all.punish SO for ST He was punished for his crimes.quarrel with SO about ST They quarreled with the waiter about the mistakeson the bill.quarrel with SO over ST He quarreled with her over her political beliefs.react to He reacted to the news negatively.recover from ST He is recovering from his illness.refer to ST He was referring to the chart on page 24.

relate to She is not related to their family.rely on We rely on the latest information to make such decisions.remind SO of SO/ST He reminds me of my grandfather.reply to We replied immediately to the letter.rescue SO from SO/ST He rescued the puppy from the icy lake.resign from ST He resigned from the company.respond to We responded to the request for help.result in ST His outburst result in his being fired.retire from ST He retired from the company after 40 years of faithful service.save SO from ST They are working to save mountain gorillas from extinction.search for The are searching for signs of life on Mars.sentence SO to ST The court sentenced him to 20 years in jail.separate SO/ST from SO/ST He separated Billy from the others children.share ST with SO She shared her secret with the others.shout at The old man shouted at the kidsshow ST to SO He showed the pictures to his friends.smile at SO I smiled at the newcomers.speak to SO about SO/ST The director spoke to the employees about thechanges.specialize in ST He specializes in technical translation.spend (money/time) on They spent too much money on their new car.

stand for NASA stands for National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration.stare at Why are they staring at me?stem from The corruption charges stem from allegations of bribery.stop SO from (doing something) The environmental group stopped them from building thenew hotel.subject SO to ST They subject the students to unrealistic standards.subscribe to He subscribed to that magazine.substitute SO/ST for SO/ST You can substitute beef for pork if you don't eat pork.subtract ST from ST He subtracted the expenses from the profits.succeed at ST He will succeed at anything he does.

succeed in (doing something) He succeeded in finishing the marathon.suffer from She suffers from a rare genetic disorder.

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suspect SO of ST The police suspect them of smuggling drugs over the border.take advantage of He took advantage of his connections at the company.take care of He takes care of his pets.talk about They talked about the recent problems.talk to I need to talk to you for a few minutes.

tell SO about ST He told them about what happened.thank SO for ST We thanked them for their hospitality.think about He thought about what she had said.think of They need to think of ways to reduce costs.toast to Let's toast to a long marriage.translate ST into (a language) He translated the instructions into Japanese.trust SO with ST He trusted the new employee with the combination to the safe.turn to They turned to page 123.use ST for ST They use wood for fuel.vote against She voted against the new proposal.vote for He voted for the most popular candidate.

wait for I waited for them at the restaurant.warn about They warned me about pickpockets in the train station.waste (money/time) on They wasted money on another new car.wish for The child wished for a new bicycle before he blew out thecandles on his cake.work for I have worked for them for 20 years.work on They worked on the proposal for two weeks.worry about She worries about her children.write about He wrote a book about his life.write to SO You need to write to your parents more often.yap about He always yaps about the good old days.yearn for He yearns for more adventure in his life.

10. Passives10.1 Passives: introduction

When A does something B, there is often two ways to talk aboutWe use active if we want A to be subjectWe use passive if we want B to be subjectWe make passive verbs with be (am, are) and past participle (cooked, seen)

Active:

A B

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Mrs. Harris cooks our mealsSomebody saw her in Belfast

Passive:

B A

Our meals are cooked by Mrs. HarrisShe was seen in Belfast

Sometimes we make passives with get instead of be, especially in spoken English.

I get paid on FridayMy windows get broken by wind.

10.2 simple present passiveI am wokenAre you woken?She is not woken

We use simple present passive like the simple present active, for things that are always true,and things that happen all the time, repeatedly, often, sometimes, never etc

I am paid weeklyIs Jeremy liked by the other children?

Stamps are not sold here

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10.3 future passive

I will be wokenWill you be woken?He will not be woken

We use future passive like future active, to say things that we think, guess or know aboutfuture, or to ask about the future.

One day all the work will be done be machine.Where will the match be played?

10.4 simple past passive

I was wokenWere you woken?

She was not woken

We use simple past passive like the simple past active, for complete finished actions andevents.

The table was made by my grandfather.Was the letter signed?

10.5 present progressive passive

I have been seenHave you been seen?It has not been seen

We use present progressive passive like the present perfect active, to talk about past actionsand events which are important now-for example, when we give people news

The house on the corner have been sold

10.6 Passive or active? Which tense?We choose passive or active so that we can start the sentence with the thing or person that weare talking about.

Passive: St. Paul cathedral was built between 1675 and 1710. ( about cathedral)Passive St. Paul cathedral was built by Christopher Wren. (about cathedral)Active Christopher Wren built St. Paul cathedral. (about Christopher Wren)

We choose passive or active to continue talking about the same thing or person.

Spanish is a useful language. It is spoken in most of Central and South America.(better than, people speak it in most)

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We have got two cats. They catch a lot of mice. (better than, a lot of mice are caught bythem)

11. Infinitives and ing formsInfinitives to go, to break, to see-ing forms (also called gerunds) going, breaking, seeing

A, we can use both infinitives and ing form. But ing forms are more common.

Smoking is bad for you. (more natural than, to smoke is bad for you)

B, we can use infinitives to say why we do things

I get up early to catch the 7.15 train.

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After some verbs we use infinitives, after others we use ing forms.

I expect to pass my exams. (not I expect passing)I will finish studying in June. (not I will finish to study)

C, We can use infinitives after some adjectives and nouns.

She is ready to leaveI am glad to see youI have got work to do.

D, After prepositions we use ing forms, not infinitives

You can not live without eating (not without to eat.)I usually watch TV before going to bed. (not before to go to bed.)

E, infinitives often have, to before them, but not always

I want to go home, but I can not go.

11.1 gerunds after adjectives and prepositionafraid of They are afraid of losing the match.angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain.

bad atgood at John is good at working in the garden.clever at He is clever at skateboarding.crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis.disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report.excited about We are excited about making our own film.famous for Sandy is famous for singing songs.

fed up with I'm fed up with being treated as a child.fond of Hannah is fond of going to parties.

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glad about She is glad about getting married again.happy about/at The children are not happy about seeing a doctor.interested in Are you interested in writing poems?keen on Joe is keen on drawing.

proud of She is proud of riding a snowboard.

sick of We're sick of sitting around like this.sorry about/for He's sorry for eating in the lesson.tired of I'm tired of waiting you.used to She is used to smoking.worried about I'm worried about making mistakes.

11.2 gerund after nouns and prepositions

advantage of What is the advantage of farming over hunting?

english grammar ver 0.83

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