ENGLISH III - 2013

Literary Terms Review

SERMONS, DIARIESPERSONAL NARRATIVES

POETRYWRITTEN IN PLAIN STYLE

Puritan Writings

Puritan Writers

William Bradford – Of Plymouth PlantationAnne Bradstreet – Poetry:

Here follow Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House

To My Dear and Loving Husband In Reference to Her Children

Age of Reason

Began in EuropeAlso called Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Reason, Enlightenment

Ben Franklin The Autobiography of Ben Franklin

Jonathon Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Patrick Henry Speech to the Virginia Convention

Thomas Paine The Crisis

Rationalism

The belief that human beings can arrive at truth by using reason as opposed to authority, religion, or intuition.

Rationalists’ Beliefs

God’s gift to man was the ability to reasonThis ability to think things through allowed

men to discover scientific and spiritual truthEVERYONE had the ability to better

themselves and his or her lifeGod made it possible for all people to

discover the truth at all times not just the “elect”

Which Unit

Term is this?

Realism

Regionalism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

a revolt against rationalismaffected literature and artintuition, imagination, and

emotion are superior to reasonpoetry superior to sciencecontemplation of natural world

is a means of discovering truthdistrust of industry and

idealization of rural life and wilderness

ROMANTICISM

The Romantic Realm

The Journey- To get away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought, poets ran toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of the imagination.

Celebrating the mind- Romanticism emphasized feeling and intuition over reason, sought wisdom in natural beauty, and valued poetry above all other works of the imagination.

The Wilderness Experience

Looking to westward expansion and the development of the frontier of inspiration, American novelists broke away from European tradition.

The Biggies

Washington IrvingEdgar Allan Poe

The Fireside Poets

The Fireside Poets, immensely popular in their time, created some poems of lasting merit, but their essential literary conservatism prevented them from being truly innovative.

Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The Cross of Snow

John Greenleaf Whittier- Snow- Bound: A Winter Idyll

Oliver Wendell Holmes Old Ironsides

Which Unit

Term is this?

Realism

Regionalism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

movement in the romantic traditionevery individual can reach ultimate

truths through spiritual intuitionGod is present in every aspect of

Natureeveryone is capable of

apprehending God through the use of intuition

all of Nature is symbolic of the spiritoptimistic view of the world as goodevil is nonexistent

TRANSCENDENTALISM

Basic Assumption

Instinct vs. Logic The intuitive ability, instead of the rational, became

the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche with the world psyche also known as the Oversoul, life-force, prime mover, and God

The Biggies

Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

Which Unit

Term is this?

Realism

Regionalism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

attempts to depict life accurately

void of idealism or romanticismconcentrates on contemporary

life focus on middle- and lower-

class lives in particularrejects extravagant languagein favor of simple, everyday

diction

REALISM

Principles Of Realism

Insistence upon and defense of "the commonplace".

Character more important than plot.

Attack upon romanticism and romantic writers.

Which Unit

Term is this?

Realism

Regionalism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

emphasizes a specific geographic setting

reproduces the speech, behavior, and attitudes of the people who live in that area

REGIONALISM

The Local Color Movement (1865-1880)

• regional writers began to write about its various aspects. • American s wanted to know what their country looked like, and how the varied

races which made up their growing population lived and talked. It was the age of the first mappings and surveyings of the West; it was the age of the in which the rails of of the first transcontinental railroad had bound East and West.

• The East asked what kinds of people leading what kinds of life are at the end of those bands of iron?

• The Western regionalists answered: Men and women like yourselves, but dressed differently, speaking differently, with different social ways: fantastic deserts, mile deep canyons, mountains high enough to bear snow the year round, forests with trees as wide as man can stretch and wider, villages where the only woman was the town whore, camps where the only currency was gold-dust.

• Writers of the South told of swamps where the cypress grew out the green-scummed water and the moss grew down into it, and of the cities where the obsessive blood-consciousness of its inhabitants testified to the mingling of the races.

• Mid-western authors narrated the tales of the plains where a man could be lost in the dust or ruined by hailstorm; of cities where where fortunes were made or lost in a day's trading on the beef or grain exchanges.

• The literary map of America, so long a small corner of light in the east, with a glimmer on the southern coast, began to be totally illuminated.

Which Unit

Term is this?

Realism

Regionalism

Naturalism

Romanticism

Transcendentalism

an extension of Realismclaimed to portray life

exactly as it wasrelied heavily on the fields of

psychology and sociologydissects human behavior

with objectivityauthors of this period were

influenced by Darwinian theories of the survival of the fittest

NATURALISM

Two Approaches to the Concept Of Naturalism

That it is an extension or continuation of Realism with the addition of pessimistic determinism. "... no more than an emphatic and explicit philosophical position taken by some Realists ... (that position being one of) a pessimistic, materialistic determinism." - George J. Becker It is Realism with a "necessitation ideology." - Richard Chase

That it is different from Realism.

Modernism

Centers of Modernism

1. Stylistic innovations - disruption of traditional syntax and form.

2. Artist's self-consciousness about questions of form and structure.

3. Obsession with primitive material and attitudes.

4. International perspective on cultural matters.

Modern Attitudes

1. The artist is generally less appreciated but more sensitive, even more heroic, than the average person.

2. The artist challenges tradition and reinvigorates it.

3. A breaking away from patterned responses and predictable forms.

Modern Themes

1. Collectivism versus the authority of the individual.

2. The impact of the 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

3. The Jazz Age. 4. The passage of 19th Amendment in 1920 giving

women the right to vote. 5. Prohibition of the production, sale, and

consumption of alcoholic beverages, 1920-33. 6. The stock-market crash of 1929 and the

Depression of the 1930s and their impact.

The Biggies

E. E. CummingsWilliam Faulkner F. Scott FitzgeraldRobert FrostErnest HemingwayJohn Steinbeck

Harlem Renaissance

Common Themes

Alienation Marginality The use of folk materialThe use of the blues traditionThe problems of writing for an elite audience

THESIS•A PROPOSITION STATED OR PUT FORWARD FOR CONSIDERATION•TO BE DISCUSSED AND PROVED•TO BE MAINTAINED AGAINST OBJECTIONS

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM

ANTITHESIS•OPPOSITION; CONTRAST•THE DIRECT OPPOSITE

•Her behavior was the very antithesis of cowardly.

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM

•Undecided

•Resubmit

Choose the prefix of the following

words.

The opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero in a story

Can be a character or any other kind of obstacle

The central character in a story

The one who initiates or drives the action

May or may not be the story’s hero

Some are actually villains

NAME THESE TERMS!

ANTAGONISTANTAGONIST PROTAGONISTPROTAGONIST

The opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero in a story

Can be a character or any other kind of obstacle

The central character in a story

The one who initiates or drives the action

May or may not be the story’s hero

Some are actually villains

NAME THESE TERMS!

One who does not change much in the course of a story

Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action

Types of Characters

One who does not change much in the course of a story

Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action

Types of Characters

Dynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round CharacterDynamic/Round Character

Static/Flat CharacterStatic/Flat Character

One who does not change much in the course of a story

Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action

Has few personality traitsSummed up by a single

phrase (i.e. loyal sidekick)

Have more dimensions to their personalities

Complex like real people

Types of Characters

Dynamic Dynamic CharacterCharacterDynamic Dynamic

CharacterCharacter

Static CharacterStatic Character

One who does not change much in the course of a story

Changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action

Has few personality traitsSummed up by a single

phrase (i.e. loyal sidekick)

Have more dimensions to their personalities

Complex like real people

Types of Characters

Dynamic Dynamic CharacterCharacterDynamic Dynamic

CharacterCharacter Round CharacterRound CharacterRound CharacterRound Character

Static CharacterStatic Character Flat CharacterFlat Character

Direct or Indirect Characterization?

Tom used to sleep in the ally behind the bar and wore torn clothes. INDIRECT Implies that Tom is poor.

Sarah had golden hair and blue eyes, which made her stand out from the rest. DIRECT

Bill was a liar and a cheat, and no one respected him as a result. DIRECT

Samantha was not looking forward to wearing a frilly dress to the dance. INDIRECT Implies that Samantha is a

tomboy.

Internal or External Conflict?

Rachel can see the answer key on the teacher’s desk, but cannot decide if she should look at it. INTERNAL

Jonathan was late to work because his car would not start. EXTERNAL

Due to the thunderstorm, Andrew’s baseball practice was canceled. EXTERNAL

Allison does not know how to tell her parents that she is failing Algebra. INTERNAL

The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience

Dependent on diction and style

How the reader feels about the plot, characters, and events while reading and after reading the work

How the author intends for the audience to feel and to react to the events and characters

TONE OR MOOD?

TONETONE MOODMOOD

The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience

Dependent on diction and style

How the reader feels about the plot, characters, and events while reading and after reading the work

How the author intends for the audience to feel and to react to the events and characters

TONE OR MOOD?

The explicit or direct meaning of a word or expression

The “dictionary definition” of a word

The associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase

Connotation or Denotation?

DenotationDenotation ConnotationConnotationThe explicit or direct

meaning of a word or expression

The “dictionary definition” of a word

Benign - having a kindly disposition; gracious

Malignant - disposed to cause harm, suffering, or distress deliberately; feeling or showing ill will or hatred.

The associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase

Benign - used when describing tumors or growths that do not threaten the health of an individual

Malignant - used to describe cancerous tumors

Connotation or Denotation?

•A VERY BRIEF STORY•TOLD TO ILLUSTRATE A POINT OR SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING

ANECDOTE

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A BRIEF, CLEVERLY WORDED STATEMENT•MAKES A WISE OBSERVATION ABOUT LIFE

APHORISM

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A STATEMENT THAT APPEARS CONTRADICTORY BUT REVEALS A KIND OF TRUTH

PARADOX

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A TYPE OF WRITING THAT RIDICULES THE SHORTCOMINGS OF PEOPLE OR INSTITUTIONS IN AN ATTEMPT TO BRING ABOUT A CHANGE

SATIRE

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

A discrepancy between appearances and reality

Discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what does happen

Occurs when someone says one thing but really means something else

Occurs in a play when the audience knows something that the characters on stage do not

Types of Irony

Situational IronySituational IronySituational IronySituational Irony Dramatic IronyDramatic IronyDramatic IronyDramatic Irony

IronyIrony Verbal IronyVerbal Irony

Blank VerseBlank Verse Free VerseFree Verse

Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter

Poetry that does not conform to regular meter or rhyme scheme

An attempt to reproduce the natural rhythms of spoken language

Blank Verse vs. Free Verse

SLANT RHYME•A RHYMING SOUND THAT IS NOT EXACT

•FELLOW/FOLLOW•MYSTERY/MASTERY•HERE/THERE/WERE

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM

METER•A PATTERN OF STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES IN POETRY•CREATES RHYTHM IN POETRY

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A STORY OR POEM IN WHICH CHARACTERS, SETTINGS, AND EVENTS STAND FOR OTHER PEOPLE OR EVENTS OR FOR ABSTRACT IDEAS OR QUALITIES

ALLEGORY

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A VERY SHORT STORY TOLD IN PROSE OR POETRY THAT TEACHES A PRACTICAL LESSON ABOUT HOW TO SUCCEED IN LIFE

•THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE•THE BOY WHO CRIED WOLF•THE GOOSE THAT LAID THE GOLDEN EGGS

FABLE

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A WORK THAT MAKES FUN OF ANOTHER WORK BY IMITATING SOME ASPECT OF THE WRITER’S STYLE•OFTEN HUMOROUSLY EXAGGERATE CERTAIN FEATURES IN THE ORIGINAL WORK

•SCARY MOVIE•ROBIN HOOD: MEN IN TIGHTS

PARODY

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

•A THE USE OF HINTS AND CLUES TO SUGGEST WHAT WILL HAPPEN LATER IN A PLOT•CREATES SUSPENSE

FORESHADOWING

NAME THE FOLLOWING TERM

Identify the technique

used in each sentence.

Simile

Metaphor

Personification

Hyperbole

Allusion

Her eyes were shining stars. The rustling leaves whispered my

name. He was a real Romeo with the ladies. He was so excited that he exploded

with happiness. Her face drooped like a wilting flower. The rain on the rooftop sang a lullaby

to me. Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel. My mother eats like a bird. That chocolate chip cookie is calling

my name. He runs faster than a speeding bullet. The tall grass danced in the fields. The soft grass was a bed of silk.

EXTENDED METAPHOR•EXTENDED OR DEVELOPED OVER A NUMBER OF LINES OR WITH SEVERAL EXAMPLES

•“FAME IS A BEE. IT HAS A SONG – IT HAS A STING – AH, TOO, IT HAS A WING.”

•Emily Dickinson

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERM

Identify the technique

used in each sentence.

Alliteration

Assonance

Analogy

Onomatopoeia

“Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re gonna get.” – Forrest Gump

But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls. – “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”

I could hear a buzzing in my ear.

The tide rises, the tide falls, the twilight darkens, and the curlew calls. – “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”

“Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before…” – Poe, “The Raven”

A enormous clap of thunder startled the crowd.

"Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground“ - Pink Floyd

"Withdrawal of U.S. troops will become like salted peanuts to the American public; the more U.S. troops come home, the more will be demanded." – H. Kissinger in a Memo to President Nixon