english immigrants in modern spain
DESCRIPTION
ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS IN MODERN SPAIN. Herbert S. Klein Madrid March 6, 2010. English Traditional Emigrants since 18 th century Spain as Destination only becomes important in late 1990s – 60% come after 2000 (timing equal to all but Moroccans) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ENGLISH IMMIGRANTSIN
MODERN SPAIN
Herbert S. KleinMadrid March 6, 2010
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English Traditional Emigrants since 18th century
Spain as Destination only becomes important in late 1990s – 60% come after 2000 (timing equal to all but Moroccans)
English represent 4th largest immigrant community.
They grow steadily and as late as 2009 retain their rank among immigrant groups
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Graph 2: Major Immigrant Groups (> 50,000) in Spain, Padrón Municipal 2009 (000)
622402
355293
220194
174158
139129128125
1018685
807977
64
535352
757
6256
RumaniaMarruecos
EcuadorUK
ColombiaBolivia
ArgentinaAlemaniaBulgaria
PerúChinaBrasil
PortugalFrancia
DominicansItalia
PoloniaParaguay
UcraniaVenezuela
UruguayCuba
SenegalArgelia
PakistánFuente: INE 12 09
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Graph 6: Total Inmigration into the UK, and Outmigration of British Citizens, 1991-2007 (000)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: UK,ONS, http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15053
Inflow-all countries
Outflow-UK_Citizens
After 2000 Spain second only to Australia as destination of UK emigrants
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Regional Origins quite Diverse
No direct correlation between Size of Regional English Population and Emigrant Populations in Spain
Many regions do not participate in migration
Spanish bound English emigration rate close to UK emigration rates for 1901-1910
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European Emigration Rates per 1,000 population, 1901-1910
10.8
8.3
7.7
6.1
5.7
5.7
2.3
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Italy
Norway
UK
Sweden
Portugal
Spain
Austria-Hungary
Swizterland
Russia
Germany
France
Source: Chesnais, Demographic Transition, table 6.4
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Table 1: English Emigrants listed in the ENI 2007, and the Resident UK mid Year Population
of their districts of Origin in 2007
District / Region ENI 2007
Mid Year English
Population
Emigration Rate per thousand resident
pop
Greater London 57,596 7,556,900 7.6
Yorkshire (Yorkshire) 16,904 5,177,200 3.3
Lancashire (North West) 11,469 1,168,100 9.8
Merseyside (North West) 10,964 1,350,200 8.1
West Midlands 10,954 5,381,800 2.0
Greater Manchester (North West) 10,507 2,562,200 4.1
Wales 10,061 2,980,000 3.4
Surrey (South East) 8,180 1,098,200 7.4
Kent (South East) 7,556 1,394,700 5.4
West Yorkshire (Yorkshire) 7,535 2,181,200 3.5
Northamptonshire (East Midlands) 7,283 678,300 10.7
Essex (East Anglia) 6,633 1,376,400 4.8
Leicestershire (East Midlands) 6,326 641,000 9.9
Hampshire (South East) 5,669 1,276,800 4.4
Durham (North East) 5,537 504,900 11.0
West Sussex (East Anglia) 4,407 776,300 5.7
Lincolnshire (East Midlands) 4,117 692,800 5.9
Staffordshire (West Midlands) 4,102 825,800 5.0
Berkshire (South East) 3,917 407,000 9.6
Lothian Region (Scotland) 3,615 809,764 4.5
Cheshire (North West) 3,437 688,700 5.0
Northern Ireland 3,261 1,759,100 1.9
Bristol (South West) 3,245 416,400 7.8
Bedfordshire (East Anglia) 3,219 407,000 7.9
Hertfordshire (East Anglia) 3,062 1,066,100 2.9
Devon (South West) 2,988 750,100 4.0
Somerset (South West) 2,902 522,800 5.6
Dorset (East Anglia) 2,851 406,800 7.0
East Sussex (East Anglia) 2,806 508,300 5.5
Derbyshire (East Midlands) 2,702 758,200 3.6
Grampian Region (Scotland) 2,683 535,290 5.0
Strathclyde Region (Scotland) 2,440 1,192,419 2.0
Gloucestershire (South West) 2,389 582,600 4.1
Tyne y Wear (North East) 2,311 1,089,300 2.1
Norfolk (East Anglia) 2,298 840,700 2.7
Buckinghamshire (South East) 2,273 490,600 4.6
Suffolk (East Anglia) 2,167 709,400 3.1
Sources: UK, NSO at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106
& INE, ENI 2007,
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Graph 4: Relative Share of Spanish Immigrants by UK Origin, and Relative Importance of UK Regions in Total UK Population, 2007
21.4%
13.6%
13.2%
9.6%
8.3%
7.8%
7.0%
6.6%
5.9%
3.7%
2.9%
12.8%
11.6%
14.0%
8.7%
8.7%
7.4%
9.6%
9.1%
8.7%
5.0%
4.3%
London
North West
South East
Yorkshire & Humber
Scotland
East Midlands
East
West Midlands
South West
Wales
North East
ENI2007 & UK, Office for National Statistics, Population Trends no. 137 (Autumn, 2009), p. 56
Immigrants in Spain
UK Population
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Graph 5: Distribution of household wealth including pension wealth by region, 2006/08 (in 000 £)
494
417
402
371
356
342
340
323
311
301
289
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
South East
East of England
South West
London
Wales
East Midlands
Scotland
West Midlands
North West
North East
Yorkshire & the Humber
Source: Wealth and Assets Survey, Office for National Statistics
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Immigrants, ENI2007
Period Arrived in Spain English Non-English
before 1990 20.9 18.11990-1999 19.5 20.9after 2000 59.6 60.9Total 100 100(n) 268,917 4,188,200
Table 2: Period of Arrival of English and Non-English
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Demographic Structure Unique
Oldest of the immigrants
Fewest in Working Ages
Closest of Immigrant Groups to Spanish resident population in terms of age
Normal sex ratios for entire UK group, but UNUSUAL sex ratios for persons over 60
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Table 3: Age of English and Non-English Migrantsby when they Arrived in Spain , ENI2007
Age English Non-English
< 16 9.1 14.6 16 to 24 8.2 28.2 25 to 34 14.4 33.1 35 to 44 12.4 14.6 45 to 59 33.4 7.3 60+ 22.6 2.2
100 100268,918 4,174,149
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Graph 9: Ratio of Working Age Population 16 to 44 years of Age Among the Principal 27 EU Immigrants ( > 10,000), PM 2007
74%
72%
71%
67%
63%
61%
54%
44%
38%
38%
38%
35%
35%
28%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Rumania
Lithuania
Poland
Bulgaria
Portugal
Italy
France
Ireland
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Denmark
Germany
UK
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Graph 10: Distribution of Native and Foreign Born by Age Groupings, Padrón Municipal 2007
10%
30%
39%
21%15%
42%
25%18%
15%
64%
16%
5%5%
20%
35%
50%
65%
0-15 16-44 45-64 65+
English Spaniards Foreigners
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Graph 11: Sex Ratio by Age in the UK Population and the English Resident in Spain, 2007
105 105 105 106 105 101 100 98 98 98 98 97 95 93 8878
65 45
107 106 106 105
8879
90
100105
9990 92
103
124
142132
112
96
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0-4 05-09
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
Source: PM 2007 & http://w w w .statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106
mal
es p
er 1
00 f
emal
es
UK Resident Population English in Spain
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Graph 12: Age Pyramid of English in Alicante, PM 2007(n=105,509)
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0-405-0910-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-7475-7980-84
85+
Percentage in each Age Cohort
Males Females
Classic retiree age structure
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Table 4: Marital Status of English and Other Major Immigrant Groups INE-ENI2007 (percentages across)
Married & Living with Spouse
Married and not Living with Spouse
Married and not Living with Spouse, but other Couple Present
Single & alone
Single with Partner
Widow & alone
Widow with partner
Separate & alone
Separated with Partner
Divorced & alone
Divorced with partner
UK 62.4% 1.1% 0.3% 11.5% 8.5% 5.0% 0.3% 1.0% 0.3% 5.3% 4.4%Rumanía & Bulgaria 50.1% 5.3% 0.1% 23.1% 14.7% 1.3% 0.1% 1.3% 0.5% 1.6% 1.9%Marruecos 53.0% 10.4% 0.0% 26.9% 2.8% 3.3% 0.0% 1.6% 0.1% 1.8% 0.1%Ecuador 33.9% 6.4% 0.5% 28.0% 21.9% 0.7% 0.1% 2.3% 1.4% 2.7% 2.1%Colombia 34.7% 5.4% 0.7% 30.4% 18.3% 2.3% 0.3% 3.0% 1.4% 2.6% 1.1%Bolivia 25.4% 9.4% 0.0% 35.4% 22.1% 2.5% 0.0% 2.0% 0.5% 1.4% 1.3%Argentina 52.2% 1.7% 0.0% 22.1% 14.0% 3.5% 0.1% 2.1% 1.3% 2.1% 0.9%China 51.6% 9.3% 0.0% 31.4% 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%UE 27 without Spain 52.2% 3.0% 0.1% 19.4% 13.4% 3.5% 0.3% 1.6% 0.7% 3.3% 2.4%Total 45.7% 6.3% 0.2% 25.7% 12.0% 2.8% 0.2% 2.1% 0.7% 2.8% 1.5%
Notes: *INE-ENI2007 signifies that this table created from the INE website rather than from the original spss files.
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Table 5: Civil States of English Males & Females Over 60Civil Status males females
Soltero/a 6.8% 3.0%Casado/a 82.7% 64.3%Viudo/a 4.7% 19.0%Separado/a 1.2% 0.3%Divorciado/a 4.6% 13.4%Total 100.0% 100.0%
(n) 61,192 43,646
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Table 6: Civil States & Living Arrangements of English Men
Civil StatusLive alone or With Friend
Live with Partner Total
MENSingle 1,689 2,448 4,137 Married 2,023 48,600 50,623 Widowed 2,878 - 2,878 Separated 203 525 728 Divorced 1,188 1,639 2,827 Sub Total 7,981 53,212 61,193
13% 77% 100%WOMENSingle 683 645 1,328 Married 1,285 26768 28,053 Widowed 7,166 1116 8,282 Separated - 133 133 Divorced 3,769 2081 5,850 Sub Total 12,903 30,743 43,646
30% 70% 87,292
60 years of age and older
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The Classic Retirement Community
Thus more home owning, more direct renters, more married with spouses present than any other major immigrant group
Primarily came to Spain for Weather and Cheap Housing
Unusual residential distribution of English compared to all other Groups
Coasts and Islands – few in Madrid or interior provinces.
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Table 7: Motivation for Coming to Spain for English and Non-English ImmigrantsENI 2007
English Non-English
1. For the ClimateYes 53.6 7.7No 46.4 92.3Total 100 100
2. Because of the Cost of Living in SpainYes 27.8 10.6No 72.2 89.4Total 100 100
3. To RetireYes 24.8 1.4No 75.2 98.6Total 100 100
4. Because Unemployed Yes 1.2 21.4No 98.8 78.6Total 100 100
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Type Tenancy English Non-EnglishOwner 20.7 3.2Renter 56.6 63Cesión (sub-lease) 16.8 26.3Other 5.9 7.5Total 100 100
Table 8: Type of Tenancy of First Home, ENI2007
Level English Non-English
Muy bien 27.7 37.3Bien 20.8 33.4Suficiente 22.4 14.2Necesita mejorar 29.1 15.1
TOTAL 100 100
Table 9: Language Competence in Spanish ENI2007
Table 10: Marriage Endogamy Among the English, , Other Major Groups and Total Immigrants INE-ENI 2007
EnglishRumanians-Bulgarians Morrocans Ecuadorians All Immigrants
married to own nationals 76.1% 95.8% 82.1% 82.1% 67.9%married to other nationals not spanish 5.5% 0.4% 1.4% 1.4% 5.6%married to Spaniards 18.4% 3.8% 16.5% 16.5% 26.5%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Unmarried 36.2% 44.5% 36.6% 59.2% 47.7%
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Age & Income Discrimination among UK Settlements in Spain
Yorkshire vs Southeast origins
Balearic islands attract richer migrants, and Canaries poorer ones in general
Malaga, Castellón, Granada & Madrid more exclusive and Girona is dominated by poorer migrants. Alicante and other communities more mixed.
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Graph 17: Distribution of South East and Yorkshire Origin Immigrants by Comunidad & Province of Residence, 2007 ( in rank order > 1000
residents or more) ENI 2007
9%
18%
21%
13%
11%
7%
11%
12%
24%
6%
16%
43%
11%
62%
13%
5% 15% 25% 35% 45% 55% 65%
Alicante
MálagaIslas Baleares
TenerifeMurcia
BarcelonaAlmería
CádizMadrid
Las Palmas
ValenciaLa Coruña
SevillaGranada
GironaVizcaya
CastellónCórdoba
TOTAL
South East
Yorkshire & Humber
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Graph 18: Ratio of the English Population 45 and older in their Principal Settlments in the Comunidades & Provincias of Spain, PM 2007 (> 1,000 in rank order)
72%60%
58%53%
73%69%
45%53%
28%27%
43%12%
54%9%
53%56%
40%70%
21%60%
5% 15% 25% 35% 45% 55% 65% 75% 85%
Alicante Málaga
Tenerife BALEARS MURCIA Almería
Palmas (Las) Valencia
Barcelona MADRID
Cádiz GALICIA Granada
Coruña (A) Tarragona
Girona Sevilla
Castellón Pontevedra
TOTAL
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Under-represented among workers
Concentrated in Tourist services and education. Crucial role of British Council in Spain (their best overseas market)
Not in agriculture, industry or construction – the traditional immigrant occupations
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Graph 19: Foreigners Paying in to the Social Security System as of December 2007
257340
256697
230572
141358
78243
77396
66052
63399
58309
54920
51724
50580
43510
41737
41074
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
MARRUECOSECUADORRUMANIA
COLOMBIAPERU
PORTUGALITALIACHINA
REINO UNIDOARGENTINA
BULGARIABOLIVIA
ALEMANIAFRANCIAPOLONIA
http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/Estadistica/Est/aaa/11
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Level of Education English Non-English
Tiene estudios pero no sabe qué estudios tiene 2.00% 0.90%Sin estudios formales 0.10% 0.30%Educación primaria incompleta 1.50% 1.80%Educación primaria 10.50% 15.40%Primer ciclo de educación secundaria 21.10% 16.90%Segundo ciclo de Educación Secundaria 33.60% 35.60%Primer ciclo de la educación terciaria 22.70% 18.40%Segundo ciclo de la educación terciaria 2.10% 1.80%No tiene o no sabe si tiene estudios 6.50% 8.70%
Total 100.00% 100.00%
Table 11: Level of Education of English and Non-English Immigrants, ENI 2007
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Graph 20: Principal Economic Activities of the English, Compared to the Germans, and other Leading Immigrant Groups who work and are resident at least 3 years in Spain, INE/ENI 2007
25%
20%
11% 10% 10%
7%5% 4% 4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Hostelería Educación Comercio ereparación devehículos de
motor
Actividadesinmobiliarias
Transport ycomunicaciones
Construcción Serviciosprestados a lacomunidad y
personales
Industriamanufacturera
Actividadessanitarias yveterinarias
Reino Unido Alemania Rumanía y Bulgaria Marruecos Ecuador