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TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY OF CULTURAL WORDS IN NANNYDIARIES NOVEL INTO BUKU HARIAN NANNY
A ThesisSubmitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Strata One
By
RIZKI AMALIA
109026000010
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2014
i
ABSTRACT
Rizki Amalia, Translation Ideology of Cultural Words in Nanny Diaries Novelinto Buku Harian Nanny. Thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Adaband Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,2014.
In this research, the writer focused on the translation field, especiallyabout translation ideolgy and cultural words in Nanny Diaries. The objective ofthe research is finding either the ideology and cultural words are contained inNanny Diaries and its translation, the ideology of translation and cultural wordstranslation that are used by the translator in translating the ideology and culturalwords in the novel of source language, English version into Bahasa Indonesia,nanny Diaries
The writer uses qualitative descriptive method in order to get theobjectives of the research. The writer collects the data by reading the novel and itstranslation, marking the ideology and cultural words that found in both of versionsand making notes about them in writer’s notbook, calssifying the data based onVenuty’s category of ideology and translation of cultural words based onNewmark’s theory, analyzing the data based on the theories ideology oftranslation and cultural words translation which are taken from some relevantreferences.
Based on the research, the writer concludes that the translator SiskaYuanita uses two ideology according Venuty’s theory, namely: domesticationideology and foreignization ideology. The cultural words in the translated novel isclassified into five cultural categories by Newmark, they are ecology, materialculture, social culture, organizations, and gestures and habits. And the mostfrequently translation ideology applied is domesticating.
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APPROVEMENT
TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY OF CULTURAL WORDS IN NANNY
DIARIES NOVEL INTO BUKU HARIAN NANNY
A Thesis
Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
RIZKI AMALIANIM. 109026000010
Approved by:
DANTI PUDJIATI, M.M., M. Hum.NIP. 19731220 199903 2 004
(Day/Date: )
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2014
iii
LEGALIZATION
Name : Rizki Amalia
NIM : 109026000010
Title : Translation Ideology of Cultural Words in Nanny Diaries Novel into
Buku Harian Nanny
The thesis entitled has been defended before the Letters and Humanities
Faculty’s Examination Committee on October 24th, 2014 It has already been
accepted as a partial fufillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, October 24th, 2014
Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chairman) ________ _______19640710 199303 1 006
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) ________ _______19781003 200112 2 002
3. Danti Pudjati, M.M., M.Hum (Advisor) ________ _______19731220 199903 2 004
4. M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum (Examiner I ) ________ _______
5. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum (Examiner II) ________ _______
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the bestof my knowladge and belief, it contains no material previously published orwritten by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has beenaccepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or otherinstitute of higher learning, except where acknowlaedgement has been made in thetext.
Jakarta, October 24, 2014
Rizki Amalia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Alhamdulillahirrabil’alamiin, all praise and thanks are given to Allah
SWT, for guiding the writer amazingly and mysteriously during the process of
this research. Greeting and invocation are presented to Prophet Muhammad SAW,
who has guided humanity to the right path blessed by the Lord.
The writer would like to give her gratitude to his beloved parents, Hj.
Dahliah and H. Achmad Chaidir, her siblings Darmawan, Rahmah Sari, Umi
Faridah and her grandma Oma for their silent prayer and who always accompany
her with love and attention.
This thesis could not be completed without great deal of help from many
people especially Mrs. Danti Pudjianti M.M., M. Hum the deepest gratitude for
his guidance, helpful correction, patient, cooperation, and time until this thesis
completed.
Thanks for all the meaningful people that help the writer doing this
research. It would not be finished without their aids and supports. They are as
follows:
1. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum. the dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Drs. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Mrs.
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters.
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3. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department, especially to M. Agus
Suriadi M.Hum and Moh. Supardi M.Hum who helped the writer to finish
this thesis and teaching her many things during study.
4. All the librarians and the Academic staff of Adab and Humanities Faculty
and State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta and PKBB
UNIKA Atma Jaya.
5. Her brother’s and sister’s; Iqbal Muharram, Rizqi Putri, Eka Fajrie, Nadia
Nurkhoerunnisa, Fauziah Khairunnisa, Imut, Ila, Wardah, Dray, Ayu
Diantika, Hirim Tiurma Angelina, Syahirul Alim, and Lutfi Malik for
giving supports, motivation, accompanies her in bad and good times.
Thank you so much.
6. Her good friends; “KE-11-AN”, Raden, Mega Subandini, Bombom,
Aisyah, Ilham Rizqi, Nabilah Jamaluddin, Holil, Lazuardi and Ilham
Yudiyansyah (Alm) for their helps, supports, jokes, knowladge and thanks
for giving unforgatable friendship.
7. And all people who helped the writer to finish this thesis that cannot be
mentioned one by one, thank you for their kidness. May Allah bless for the
success and happiness.
Jakarta, October 24, 2014
Wrtiter
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT ............................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION............................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study................................................................ 1
B. Focus of the Study.......................................................................... 5
C. Research Question.......................................................................... 6
D. Significance of the study................................................................ 6
E. Research Methodology................................................................... 7
1. Objective of the study .............................................................. 7
2. The method of the research ...................................................... 7
3. Technique of data analysis ....................................................... 7
4. Instrument of the research........................................................ 8
5. Unit of analysis ........................................................................ 8
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CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 9
A. Definition of translation Novel ...................................................... 9
B. Translation and Culture ................................................................. 10
C. Culture............................................................................................ 12
1. Definition of Culture ................................................................ 12
2. The Catagories of Cultural Words ........................................... 13
a. Ecology .............................................................................. 13
b. Material Culture ................................................................. 14
c. Social Culture..................................................................... 15
d. Social Organization............................................................ 16
e. Gestures and Habit ............................................................. 19
D. The Concept Ideology of Translation ............................................ 20
1. Domestication .......................................................................... 22
2. Foreignization .......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS....................................................... 27
A. Data Description ............................................................................ 27
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................ 28
C. Discussion ...................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ............................. 40
A. Conclusions .................................................................................... 41
B. Suggestions .................................................................................... 42
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 44
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 47
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for using
complex system of communication. Language is thought to be fundamentally
different from and much higher complexity than those of other species as it
based on a complex system of rules relating symbols to their meanings,
resulting in an indefinite number of possible innovative utterances from a
finite number of elements.
Language is the most effective tool of communication for people.
Language makes people understandable of what other people mean. When we
talk about the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words,
phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, which are spoken and written.
Communication varies to a certain degree between individuals within the same
culture and the same society, within the same culture and language but within
a different society, between different cultures and languages but with some
shared similarities, and between different cultures and languages with no
similarities at all.
Language is “the system of communication in speech and writing that
is used by people of particular country”1. People communicate each other
using language, both written and oral. Catford defines language as a type of
1A.S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English (New York;Oxford University Press. 2009), P. 752
2
human behavior that is a way in which human beings interact each other in
social situation2.
There are so many languages used all over the world that we are not
able to master them all, but sometimes we need to get the point of something
that is spoken or written in a language that is different from ours. Thus, we
need translations as a way to transfer the meaning, idea, and culture from
source language into our own language to get the point. Translation is an
operation performed on languages; it is the replacement of representation of
text in one language by a representation of equivalence text in a second
language.3 Translation is an arrangement of words based on the consideration
of their meaning in conformity with the source language. It is very interesting
to attain understanding how a translation was conducted so that the words
chosen and combined could be regarded as a good or best translation.4
Translation is very useful and needed by human. By translation,
communication between human beings in various parts of the world can be
done effectively. Science and technology which is evolving from many
countries may be accessed easily. Transfer of science, culture, and other social
activities mostly is done through translation. In other words, translation is an
access to the innovation of science, technology, art and culture in order to a
media center of the perspective of global communication. As a result,
translator is a very lucrative profession as payment for translation service is
2J.C Cartford, A Linguitic Theory of Translation (London: Oxford University Press,1965). P. 1
3 ibid, p. 204 Eugene Nida, et al., The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974),
p. 12
3
quite expensive. Moreover, if a translator has been a professional translator
with specialized certified, high-speed translation ability and the translation
that he/she produce is good, he/she will get big income.
However, in translating, all of the translator, both amateur and
professional will face some problems. Even, in translating literary text, such as
translating novel. Translating a novel is a difficult job for translator. It consists
of figurative language, cultural words, sentences, and text coherences. In
addition, there is no-universality among linguist in deciding the term and the
concept of the strategy will be used. So that, it makes beginner translator
confused whether the better strategy and term which they should use,
especially, in translating literary text, such as novel.
Beside that, translation is an ideological act. The ideology of
translation is the principles or beliefs about “correct or wrong” and “good or
not” in translation.5 However, it’s of course, too subjective the good
translation because everyone has different principles in what over. Seeing that,
Lawrance Venuti points about two different ideologies which determines
where and how the translators should bring the message to their audience,
whether it is writers oriented or readers oriented, and the two ideologies are
“Domestications” and “foreignization” .
First domestication translation, that is the ideology with the target
language as its orientation. According to Venuti, this ideology was applied by
Nida and Taber, by considering Nida’s arguments “and tries to relate the
5 Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006). P.83
4
receptor to modes of behaviour relevant within the context of his own
culture”. 6 in this case, Nida said that the translation should be fluency and
seems natural even it felt as if it is not a translation text when it is read.
Besides that, Venuti said:
“Hence, the domesticating process is totalizing, even if never total, neverseamless or final. It can be said to operate in every word of the translationlong before the translated text it further processed by readers, made tobear other domestic meanings and to serve other domestic interest”. 7
it means, ideology, the translators try to make the translation text
easier to be understood by the readers and increase the readers enthusiasm by
creating domestic’s atmosphere in the translation text.
On the contrary, foreigniziation translation, that is the translation
ideology with the source language as its orientation. In this ideology, message
becomes the first purpose of the translators which must be conveyed to the
reader. Here, though the source language has already transferred to the target
language, the cultural atmosphere of source language still dominates in the
translation text. Venuti said “an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to
register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the
reader abroad”.8
Whatever the type, translation text always reflect the translator’s
ideology, whether literary text or non literary text. It takes perseverance and
creativity to create the translated text that can be accepted in society,
6 Lawrance Venuti , The Translator’s Invisibillty: A History Of Translator, (New York:Routladge, 1995) p. 21.
7 Lawrance Venuti, The Translation Studies Reader,(New York: Routladge, 2004), pp.482-483
8 Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: Dunia pustaka Jaya, 2006), p.83
5
especially in the literature, in the way of delivering message. Literary works
are artwork written by using the standards of literature language, uses
beautiful words, figure of speech and interesting style of story. And that
makes sentimental atmosphere is required in the translation of literary works.
Many people are found of reading novels or short stories. Those are
the most popular of literary works. It is because both of them contain beautiful
language that makes it more alive. It effects the reader spend more time to
read it over and over again. Novel, as the one of popular literature, is the most
chosen reading materials whether for teenagers and adults nowadays. It is
often contained lots of ideology. Novel is one kind of literary works. As has
been mentioned before that having sentimental feelings is certainly needed in
translating novel because by having a sentimental feeling, the translator will
have the ability to transfer not only the language, material, cultural, but also
feelings and moods of the author, so the message will be completely up to the
reader well. About how the message was delivered, then here where
translator’s ideology is questionable.
Of course, the main task for a translator is to determine a right way in
translating process, that is the translator must translate the text whether
indulging readers in terms of cultural transfer and make the reader to easily
understand the translation text or maintain the culture that exist in the source
language text also leads the reader to enter the area of source language itself.
In the same case, a German philosopher, Schleiermarcher’s speech 1813; he
believes that there are only two methods of translation. Either the translator
6
leaves the author in peace, as much as possible and moves the reader towards
him. Or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible and moves the
author towards him.9
From the explanation describe above, that is what makes research
interested to understand more about the ideology of translation. The findings
are expected to contribute to the practice of translation.
B. Focus of Study
Based on the background of study above, the research will focus on
finding the ideology and cultural words of translation in Nanny Diary’s novel.
C. Research Question
From the focus of the study above, the research question are;
1. What kinds of translation ideologies are used by the translator to translate
the cultural words?
2. What is the most frequently translation ideology applied by the translator?
D. Significances of The Study
This study will be advantageous the writer herself and the reader. The
result of this study may give contribution and more information about
translation theory, especially from ideology of translation. Also the reader, the
result of this study are fully expected to be useful to enrich the readers
9Zare Bentash and Spideh Firoozkoohi, ‘A Diachronic Study of Domestcation andForeignization Strategies of Culture-Specific Items; in Eglisg-Persian Translation of Six ofHermingway’s Works,” (2009).
7
knowledge about ideology of translation. The research is also expected to give
constructive feedback to the translator and students of English, particularly
those who are much involved in the translation of English works
E. Research Methodology
1. Objective of the study
Based of the research question above, so the aims of this research
is to understand more about the ideology of translation in order to find out
both the domestication and foreignization and cultural words which are
applied by the translator to translated the novel.
2. The Method of the Research
This research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method which
tries to find the ideology and cultural words of translation.
3. Technique of Data Analysis
The writer uses descriptive analysis technique. And the research
process using the following steps:
a. Providing the data by reading the novel and its translation. This
research covers wide range of ideology and cultural words translation.
b. Collecting the data which is the kind of words, phrases, and sentences.
c. Classifying the data based on Venuti’s theory of ideology translation
(domestication and foreignization) and Newark’s theory for kind of
cultural words.
8
d. The writer analyzes the data then conclude them, and writing a report
of the study.
4. Instrument of the research
The writer uses herself as a main instrument by reading and
marking the ideology translation and cultural words in Nanny Diaries
novel, then the writer analyzes the data.
5. Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis in the research is Nanny Diaries a novel by
Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus published in 2002 (St. Martin’s
Press Publishing) the #1 New York Times Bestseller, and its translation
which is translated by Siska Yuanita and published by Gramedia Pustaka.
9
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Translation Novel
The purpose of translating a novel is to make the target language
reader easy to understand contents of the novel and its details. Yet, most of the
translation version are confusing than the original one for them because of
many causes including the cultural words. Translation problem, usually guess
what the author wants to tell. They prefer to read the original version than the
translation and guess what the author wants to tell whit those cultural words.
A good translation, of course, closely relates to the quality. The quality
has been defined as fundamentally relational. “quality is the an going process
of building and sustaining relationships by assessing, anticipating, and
fulfilling stated and implied needs”.10 Newmark said “a good translation
fulfils is intention : in an informative text, it conveys the accept acceptability:
in a vocative text, it is measurable, at least in theory and therefore the
effectiveness of an advertising agency translator can be shown be result; in a
authoritative or an expressive, from is almost as important as content, there is
often, there is often a tension between the expressive and the aesthetic
function of language and therefore a merely ‘adequate’ translation maybe
useful to explain what the text it about, but good translation has to be
‘distinguished’ and the translator exceptionally sensitive. 11
10 Anonymous, quality http://www.qualitydigest.com/htm/qualitydef.html. accessed ondecember 17th 2013. P. 1
11 Peter Newmark, A Text Book of Translation (New York: prentice hall international,1988) p. 192
10
Sayogie said the good novel translation happen when the reader feels
the same impression from SL (source language) and TL (target language). He
suggest some abilities that a translator of novel has: Literary sense, mastery of
source language, mastery of receptor language, familiar with the culture of
source language, familiar with the culture of target language, good knowledge
and supporting reference. 12 According Sayogie’s many steps to translate the
text: 13
Must read the original text to get the information from character, plot,setting, iterance style and implicit meaning in the novel. Finding otherinformation or the extrinsic elements of novel like: background and theauthor novel. Deciding the utterance style will be used in translation.Marking the problem or something hard to translate. Solving byfinding the appropriate equivalent cyclically
For this problem. The translator should have an experiences both
source and target language cultures, linguistics, and mastering the translation
knowledge so that the translator able to convey the message of the target
language novel. It also to important to know the features literary convention.
Thus, the translator will not miss understanding about the original text
especially in its style.
B. Translation and Culture
Language and culture may thus be seen as being closely related and
both aspect must be considered for translation. 14 when considering the
translation of cultural words and notions, Newmark proposed two opposing
12 Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam BahasaIndonesia : (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negri, 2009), pp. 204-206
13 Ibid, p. 20714 Ibid, p. 148
11
methods: transference and componential analysis. According to him,
transference gives “local colour”, keeping cultural names and concepts.
Although placing the emphasis culture, meaningful to initiated readers, he
claimed this method may cause problems for the general readership and limit
the comprehension of certain aspects.15
Translation is a process about two languages. Namely source language
and target language. It can also be said that the translation connecting two
different culture. Translation is the process of finding meaning and deliver the
meaning of a culture into another culture. Because of that, cultural differences
between source language and target language makes the translator difficult to
create the translation well. So the translator have to know and learn the culture
of both language.
Mona Baker stated that SL word may express a concept which is
totally unknown in the target culture. It can be abstract or concrete. It maybe a
religious belief, a social custom, or even a kind of food. In her book, In Other
Words, she argued about the common non-equivalents to which a translator
come across while translating from SL into TL, while both languages have
their distinguished specific culture.16 She put then in the following order:
Culture specific concept. The SL concept which is not lexicalized in TL.The SL word which is semantically complex. The source and targetlanguages make different distinction in meaning. The TL lacks a superordinate. The TL lacks a specific term. Differences in physical orinterpersonal perspective. Differences in expressive meaning. Differencesin form. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms. Theuse of loan words in the source text
15 Peter Newmark,Text Book of Translation. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998). p. 9616 Mona Baker, In Other Word: a Coursebook on Translation. (New York: Routladge,
1992). Pp. 26-42
12
C. Culture
1. Definition of Culture
The term 'culture' addresses three salient categories of human
activity: the 'personal,' whereby we as individuals think and function as
such; the 'collective,' whereby we function in a social context; and the
'expressive,' whereby society expresses itself. Language is the only social
institution without which no other social institution can function; it
therefore underpins the three pillars upon which culture is built.17 Good
enough defines culture in his book, “Cultural Anthropology and
Linguistics”, as follows:
A society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or
believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and do
so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. Culture, being
what people have to learn as distinct from their biological heritage, must
consist of the end product of learning: knowledge, in a most general, if
relative, sense of the term. By this definition, we should note that culture is
not a material phenomenon; it does not consist of things, people,
behaviour, or emotions. It is rather an organization of these things. It is the
forms of things that people have in mind, their models for perceiving,
relating, and otherwise interpreting them. As such, the things people say
and do, their social arrangements and events, are products or by-products
of their culture as they apply it to the task of perceiving and dealing with
17 Karamanian, ,A.P. http://www.accurapid.com//jounal Accessed on June 22th 2012.
13
their circumstances. To one who knows their culture, these things and
events are also signs signifying the cultural forms or models of which they
are material presentations”.18
Culture is everything one need to know, master and feel in order to
judge where people’s behaviour conforms to or deviates from what is
expected from them in their social roles, and in order to make one’s own
behaviour conform to the expectations of the society concerned - unless
one is prepared to take the consequences of deviant behaviour.19 Newmark
defines culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to
a community that uses a particular language as its means of expressions.20
2. The Categories of Cultural Words.
Newmark categorize cultural words and offer some typical
example: Ecology, Material Culture, Social Organization and Gesture and
Habit 21
a. Ecology
Geographical features can be normally distinguished from other
cultural terms in that they are usually value-free, politically and
commercially. Nevertheless, their diffusion depends on the importance of
their country of origin as well as their degree of specificity. Many
countries have 'local' words for plains -'prairies', 'steppes', 'tundra',
18 W.H. Goodenough, Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics andAnthropology (New York: Harper & Crow, 1964). p. 36
19 Snell-Hornby, Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach (Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins Publishing Company, 1995). p. 40
20 Peter Newmark, (1998), op.cit. p. 9421 Ibid, p. 96
14
'savannahs', 'llanos', campos, paramos, and ‘bush’- all with strong
elements of local colour. All these words would normally be transferred,
with the addition of a brief culture-free third term where necessary in the
text.
Nida has pointed out that certain ecological features -the seasons,
rain, hills of various sizes (cultural words: "down, ‘moor’, kop, 'dune') -
where they are irregular or unknown may not be understood denotatively
or figuratively, in translation.22 However, here, television will soon be a
worldwide clarifying force. Notoriously the species of flora and fauna are
local and cultural, and are not translated unless they appear in the SL and
TL environment ('red admiral’, Vulcan, Admiral)
b. Material Culture
It is culture specific element that including food, clothes, and
transportation etc.
Food is for many the most sensitive and important expression of
national culture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of translation
procedures. Various settings: menus - straight, multilingual, glossed;
cookbooks, food guides; tourist brochures; journalism increasingly contain
foreign food terms. For English, other food terms are in a different
category. Macaroni came over in 1600, spaghetti in 1880, ravioli and pizza
are current; many other Italian and Greek terms may have to be explained.
Food terms have normally been transferred, only the French making
continuous efforts to naturalize them (rosbif, choucroute).
22 Nida, in Newmark. Text Book of Translation (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998). p. 97
15
Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explained for TL
general readers if the generic noun or classifier is added: e.g. ‘shintigin
trousers’ or ‘Basque skirt', or again, if the particular is of no interest, the
generic word can simply replace it. Traditionally, upper-class men's clothes
are English and women's French but national costumes when distinctive are
not translated, e.g. sari, kimono, yukata, 'jeans' kaftan, jubbah
Transport is dominated by American and the car, a female pet in
English, a 'bus', a 'motor', a 'crate', a sacred symbol in many countries of
sacred private property. The system has spawned new features with their
neologisms: 'lay-by’, 'roundabout' ('traffic circle'), 'fly-over’, 'interchange'
(eckangeur). Now, the names of planes and cars are often near-
internationalisms for educated readerships: ‘747', 727s, DC-IO, 'jumbo jet,
'Mini', 'Metro', 'Ford', 'BMW’, 'Volvo'.
c. Social Culture
In considering social culture one has to distinguish between
denotative and connotative problems of translation. There is rarely a
translation problem, since the words can be transferred, have approximate
one-to-one translation or can be functionally denned, 'pork-
butcher'/hardware', 'cake' or 'hat' or 'chocolate' 'shop', 'cake shop with cafe'.
Whilst many trades are swallowed up in super- and hypermarkets and
shopping centres and precincts (centre commercial, zone pitonmerey
Einkaufszenvrum) crafts may revive.
16
As a translation problem, this contrasts with the connotative
difficulties of words like: 'the people'; 'the common people'; 'the masses';
'the working class' la classe ouvriere; 'the proletariat'; 'the working classes';
'the hoi polloi' Cihe piebsy, les gens du commun; la plebe; 'the lower
orders'; classes infirieures. 'The masses' and 'the people' can be used
positively and negatively, but again are more rarely used. 'The ‘masses'
have become swallowed up in collocations such as 'mass media' and 'mass
market’. Ironically, the referent of these terms is no longer poor, a toiler or
a factory worker.
d. Social organization
The political and social life of a country is reflected in its
institutional terms. Where the title of a head of state ('President', 'Prime
Minister', 'King’) or the name of a parliament (Assembler Nationale,
Camera dei Deputati or 'Senate') are 'transparent', that is, made up of
'international' or easily translated morphemes; they are thro ugh-translated
('National Assembly', 'Chamber of Deputies'). A government inner circle is
usually designated as a 'cabinet' or a 'council of ministers' and may
informally be referred to by the name of the capital city. Some ministries
and other political institutions and parties may also be referred to by their
familiar alternative terms, i.e., the name of the building -Elysee, Hotel
Matignon, Palais Bourbon, 'Pentagon', 'White House', Momecitorio,
'Westminster' -or the streets- 'Whitehall', 'Via delle Borteghe Oscure’
(Italian Communist Party.
17
Names of ministries are usually literally translated, provided they
are appropriately descriptive. Therefore 'Treasury' becomes 'Finance
Ministry'; 'Home Office', 'Ministry of the Interior’; ‘attorney- general',
'chief justice’, or the appropriate cultural equivalent; 'Defence Ministry',
'Ministry of National Defence'. Translations such as 'Social Domain' and
'Exchange Domain' (Guinea) should be replaced by 'Social Affairs’ and
‘Trade’.
In general, the more serious and expert the readership, particularly
of textbooks, reports and academic papers, the greater the requirement for
transference - not only of cultural and institutional terms, but of titles,
addresses and words used in a special sense. Within the limits of
comprehension, the more that is transferred and the less that is translated,
then the closer the sophisticated reader can get to the sense of the original -
this is why, when any important word is being used in a special or a
delicate sense in a serious text, a serious translator, after attempting a
translation, will add the SL word in brackets, signalling his inability to find
the right TL word and inviting the reader to envisage the gap mentally. A
translator's basic job is to translate and then, if he finds his translation
inadequate, to help the reader to move a little nearer to the meaning.
1) International terms
International institutional terms usually have recognized
translations which are in fact through-translations, and are now
generally known by their acronyms; WGO (Weltgesundheits
Organization); ILO, BIT (Bureau International du Travail), IAA
18
(Internationales Arbeitsami), In other cases, the English acronyms
prevails and becomes a quasi-inter nationalism, not always resisted in
French ('UNESCO', 'FAO’, 'UNRRA’, 'UNICEF').
2) Religious terms
In religious language, the proselytizing activities of Christianity,
particularly the Catholic Church and the Baptists, are reflected in
manifold translation (Saint-Siege, Papsilicker Stuhl). The language of
the other world religions tends to be transferred when it becomes of TL
interest, the commonest words being naturalized ('Pharisees')-
American Bible scholars and linguists have been particularly exercised
by cultural connotation due to the translation of similes of fruit and
husbandry into languages where they are inappropriate.
3) Artistic terms
The translation of artistic terms referring to movements,
processes and organizations generally depends on the putative
knowledge of the readership. For educated readers, 'opaque’, names
such as ‘the Leipzig Gewandhaus’ and 'the Amsterdam
Concertgebouw’ are transferred, 'the Dresden Staatskapelle’ hovers
between transference and 'state orchestra’; 'transparent' names ('the
Berlin’, 'the Vienna’, 'the London' philharmonic orchestras, etc.) are
translated. Names of buildings, museums, theatres, opera houses, are
likely to be transferred as well as translated, since they form part of
street plans and addresses.
19
Many terms in art and music remain Italian, but French in ballet
(e.g. fouette, pas de deux). Art nouveau in English and French becomes
Jugendstil in German and stile liberty in Italian. Such terms tend to
transference when they are regarded faits de civilization, i.e., cultural
features, and to naturalization if their universality is accepted.
e. Gesture and Habits
For 'gestures and habits’ there is a distinction between description
and function which can be made where necessary in ambiguous cases: thus,
if people smile a little when someone dies, do a slow hand-clap to express
warm appreciation, spit as a blessing, nod to dissent or shake their head to
assent, kiss their finger tips to greet or to praise, give a thumbs-up to signal
OK, all of which occur in some cultures and not in others
Beside that, Newmark shall summarize the cultural categories and
offer some typical examples: 23
1) Ecology ; Flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills, honeysuckle, downs.
2) Material Culture ;
a) Food
b) Clothes
c) Houses and towns
d) Transport
3) Social culture- work and leisure
4) Organization, customs, ideas, activities, legal, procedures
23 Peter Newmark, Text Book of Translation. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998). p. 95
20
a) Political and administrative
b) Religious
c) Artistic
d) Gesture and habit : rocking s
D. The Concept of Ideology Translation
As mentioned earlier in the background of study, according to Hoed,
ideology of translation is principles or beliefs about right and wrong or good
and bad in translation, that is about what type of translation is best for people
or what kind of translation which is suitable and can be preference to target
language readers.24 Venuti declare that translation is a rewriting of an original
text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and
such manipulate literature to function in a given society given way.25 From the
statement, the term of social becomes one of complement in the explanation of
translation ideology. Not only translator’s ideology, but also (implicitly) the
ideology of a group or community (reader) is reflected in the work of
translation, whether is right or not, good or not. So that the work can be
accepted.
Now, the question is what kind of translation product can be accepted
by many target language readers? Then, the translation ideology that can be
admitted for many social group of the target language? According to Benny
Hoed ideology of translation is the principles or beliefs about “correct or
24 Ika Kartika, “Penerjemahan Beroanotasi Just Tell Me What to Say,” (2010), p. 825 Lawrance Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, (London:
Routladge, 1995), p. vii
21
wrong” and “good or not” in translation. Of course, that is so relative to talk
about the principle of “correct or wrong” and “good or bad” in translation,
because the translator or reader have different criterion to seeing good
translation.
Beside that Hatim & Mason said, ideology encompasses the reticent
assumptions beliefs and value system which are shared collectively by social
group.26 They make a distinction between “the ideology of translating” and
“the translation of ideology”. The ideology of translating refers to the notion
of foreignizing (source language oriented) and domesticating (receptor
language oriented). Foreignizing and domesticating are very broad term that
cover many translation procedures, since the ideology of translating influences
a translator in deciding the procedure will be used that comprises deciding text
will be translated, solving the problem, the role of translator and how a text be
accepted in literary system of receptor language.27 Meanwhile, the translation
of ideology is the mediation, interference, and distortion that the translator
does when he translates the sensitive text by inserting his knowledge and
beliefs into translated text. However in this research, the writer will discuss
about the notion of ideology of translating adapted from Venuti’s theory.
26 Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1997), p. 144
27 Tresnati S. Sholichin. “Penerjemahan Karya dan Penerjemahan Buku Anak”. JurnalLintas Bahasa No. 23/XI/8/2003 (Depok: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UniversitasIndonesia, 2003), p. 3.
22
The choice between communicative and semantic is partly determined
by orientation towards the social or the individual, that is, towards the
readership or towards the individual voice of the text producer. 28
But it is all about Venuti, who brings out the ideological consequences
of the choice. And Responding to this, which is about the differences principle
on translation as to what is more commonly accepted in most societies. Thus,
Venuti observes and declares things that are two ideologies though he did not
state directly as an ideology which lead to the two opposite sides, that is
domestication and foreignization.
1. Domestication
According to Venuti, domesticating is “an ethnocentric reduction
of the foreign text to target language cultural values, bring the author back
home.”29 Hatim and Mason also said that “domestication holds within a
translation situation in which the target language, not the source language,
is culturally dominant.”30 Beside that Benny Hoed said “domestication is
making the readers aware that they are not reading a translation.”31 It
means the way translator carries the message by aiming the target text as
their orientation. In this ideology, many translators try to convey the
28 Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1997), p., p. 145
29 Lawrance Venuti, The translator’s Invisibility: A History of translator. (New York:Routladge, 1995), p. 5
30 Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1997), p. 145
31 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan (Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya:2006), p. 84
23
message fluently and they often, conscious or unconsciously, make
themselves invisible on their product. As Venuti declares:
“A fluent translation is immediately recognizable and intelligible,“familiarized,” domesticate, not disconcerting [ly]” foreign, capableof giving the reader unobstructed “access to great thought, to what is“present to original.” Under the regime of fluent translating, thetranslator works to make his or her work “invisible,” producing theillusory effect of transparency that simultaneously masks its status asam illusion: the translated text seem “natural”, i.e., not translated” 32
From this statement, the word natural itself has a meaning that
translators attempt to create a translated text as if it does not look like
translation text. Here, the translators create many transparency for
themselves that is to make them invisible on their products. Moreover, it
describes a fluent translation which drew in the domesticating process
where the translators try to present as much as possible understandable
words to foreign reader.
According to Nida and Taber “The priority of the audience over
the forms of the language means essentially that one must attach greater
importance to the forms understood and accepted by the audience for
which a translation is designed than to the forms which may process a
longer linguistic tradition or have greater literary prestige.”33 . From this
statement it means the reader becomes the first priority of the translation
because it is properly planned to be the foreign audience.
Familiarly, domesticating translation is used in literary text. The
foreign text is rewritten in domestic dialects and discourse, registers and
32 Lawrance Venuti (1995), op.cit., p. 533 Ibid p. 5
24
styles, and these result in the production of textual effect that signify only
in the history of the domestic language and culture.34. and here is the
example from domestication.
This is some example from domestication translation, like where
the source language is “Sans Famille” translated as “Sebatang Kara”.35
Their translation uses are limited, since there are no accurate, but they can
be used in general text. And in this translation, the translator shows the
sweet rhyme and meter of target language. It means the translator want to
bring the emotion from the readers to follow the story line and understand
to the value from the text/source language. they have a greater pragmatic
impact than culturally neutral terms.
On the other side, Cohen argues, “the risk of reducing individual
authors’ style and national tricks of speech to a plain prose uniformity,”
he felt that this “danger” was avoided by the “best” translation.36 it
means, the more not clear the author to translate the text can be dangerous,
because it will reduce the message’s intensity of the author itself.
2. Foreignization
Venuti said, “an ethno deviant pressure on those values to register
the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader
abroad”37. It means, in foreignization translation, the translators try to
34 Lawrance Venuti, Translation Changed Everything: Theory and Practice, (Routladge:Oxon, 2013), p. 14
35 Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Bandung: Dunia pustaka jaya, 2006), p.15
36 Lawrance Venuti, The translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, (Nwe York:Routladge, 1995), p. 6
37 Benny Hoed (2006), op.cit., p. 83
25
describe the atmosphere of foreign text, create the text looks like original
and make the readers respect of the true translation product.
Venuti stresses, “to develop a translation discourse that brings the
awareness that is foreignizing in its deviation from dominant linguistics
norms, that brings the awareness that the translation is only a
translation.”38 It means this ideology make the translators to show the true
translation work, and the reader should be aware as well. Because the
foreignization can alter the ways translations are read as well as produced,
because have the different concept human subjectivity from domestication.
Mention from Basil and Hatim “foreign value is a conscious
process or unwitting one hardly matters: the effect is the same, namely to
assimilate to a dominant – or even ‘hegemonic’ – culture all is to foreign
to it.”39 it means the translator cannot change the culture from source
language and cannot avoid fundamental ideological.
Benny Hoed in his book Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan wrote
that foreignization is the translation – oriented to source language, that the
translation is “correct” who desire the presence of culture from source
language and assume if the foreign culture is useful for the readers. 40 And
here is the example from foreignization:
This is approximate foreignization translation where source
language “Mr, Mrs, Miss, Uncle, Auntie” translated as “Mr, Mrs, Miss,
38 Lawrance Venuti (1995), op.cit., p. 639 Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, (London and New
York: Routledge, 1997), p. 14540 Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Bandung: Dunia pustaka jaya, 2006), p.
87
26
Uncle, Auntie”.41 There are translation shows that the translator attempt to
represent the atmosphere and culture from the source language. And the
translator wants to culture and source language to present the maximum.
The purpose that the readers know and enriched by reading something
from foreign language
By the same token, Benjamin Jowett, the distinguished Victorian
translator of Plato, asserted that a translation “should be based, in the first
distance, on an intimate knowledge of the text,’ but also that “it should
read as original work,” concealing not merely its status as a translation, but
the translator’s decision to “sacrifice minute accuracy for sake of clearness
and sense.42 Cause the accuracy of meaning from the text becomes the first
thing to be considered in the translation text.
41 Ibid 8842 Lawrance Venuti, The Scandal of Translation, (London: Routladge, 1998), p. 116
27
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
In this data description, the writer finds 35 ideology of translation.
Then, she selects 10 of them. The selected data are taken from The Nanny
Diaries novel by Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus and then compares it
with its translation Buku Harian Nanny by Siska Yuanita including the types
of cultural words of translation that are used by the translator.
Here is the table that consist of four columns. The first column is the
data taken from source language (SL). The second is the data taken from the
translation (TL), the third column is the types of ideology, and the fourth
column is the types of cultural words.
NoSourcelanguge
Targetlanguage
Ideology oftranslation
Types of culturalwords
Dom
esti
cati
on
For
eign
izat
ion
Mat
eria
l
Hab
it
Eco
logy
Idea
1. Nanny Nanny
2. Frisbee Frisbee
3. Thanksgiving Thanksgiving
4. Unsweetened
cookies
Kue kering
5. Rocking Menimang
28
6. Courtyard Taman
bermain
7. Breakfast Sarapan
8. Puzzle Puzzle
9. Pick up menggendong √ √
10. Dogdem car Bom-bom car √
B. Data Analysis
From the tabulated data above that contains 10 cultural words which
are chosen by consideration whether it is culture-specific item or not, the
writer tries to classify and analyze the selected cultural words by using the
relevant theories. The data can be analyzed as follow:
1. Nanny
Nanny at the ready Nanny siap sedia
In data (1) shows, Nanny as the cultural words that refers to Idea
(Traditional Address) is translated into Nanny. It can be identified that the
translator from this novel, Siska Yuanita, uses the foreignization ideology
in which she preserves the phrase Nanny in its original word. The word
Nanny it is not translated into a word pengasuh in Indonesia that has a
proportional meaning. The translator keeps that word in the target term,
even thought there is a word in Indonesian language that can be rendered
and has an equivalent meaning.
29
The word Nanny has a meaning “A person employed to care for
children in a household” 43 in English culture concept. The word pengasuh in
Indonesia refers to “wanita yang dipekerjakan untuk menjaga anak-anak”44.
The translator attempt to represent the atmosphere and culture from the
source language. 45 Although there is equivalence in both concepts, in
Indonesia culture nanny can be assumed to name for the person so the
translator uses italic because she wants the readers to know that word Nanny is
foreign language not name from person. The writer thinks that it would be
better if the translator translate it in the appropriate target language which
represents the source language concept, but it’s better if the translator use
domestication ideology as a target language of the translation. Looking in
analysis above, it can be assumed that foreignization ideology because the
translation is focused in source language by borrowing the original word in
Target Language.
Actually the Idea (traditional address) in this novel, the translator by
using foreignization ideology to translate. Like Grayer, Mrs. X, Mr. X,
Grandma, Mommy, Dad. But the writer take the one of them for example and
analyze the word.
43 Randon House, Webster’s Colligiate Dictionary, (U.S; United State of AmericaPublished, 2001), p. 817
44 Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia ‘Edisi Keempat’(Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p. 900
45 Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p.87
30
2. Frisbee
“...why don’t we teach Nanny
the Frisbee game?”
“...bagaimana kalau kita mengajarkan
permainan Frisbee pada Nanny?”
Cultural words are often transferred to give local colour, to attract the
reader, to give a sense of intimacy between the next and the reader. Sometimes
the sound or evoked image appears attractive. Data (2) shows Frisbee as the
cultural word that refers to Idea (Play) is translated into Frisbee. It can be
mentioned as a play or game or something that existed is a fairground. This
word is preserved in the translation without any change, therefore it can be
said the translator uses the foreignization ideology. Beside that, it can be
identified that she borrows English cultural word by using italic for each word.
The word Frisbee in the source text is not translated into a target
language because there is no brief explanation in any dictionary about what
Frisbee is. The translator keeps the words in its original with italic form to
make the readers know that the word Frisbee is the foreign word. Besides that,
it can be claimed that the translator doesn’t know clearly about the form of
Frisbee so she prefer to useid the original form to describe it. It can be
identified that the translator of this novel uses foreign ideology because she is
uses its original form rather that translated in into Indonesian word.
Venuti stresses, “to develop a translation discourse that brings the
awareness that is foreigniziation in its deviation from dominant linguistics
31
norms, that brings the awareness that the translation is only a translation.” 46
Despite the fact that the name Frisbee is senseless for the reader, the
translation may have same effect on the reader as the original, since the
English culture for the reader. Moreover, such RLR (Receptor Language Text)
reflect reality, as it a widespread practice to know Indonesian play by the
original names, which usually function as arks of high quality. As a result in
this case the translator used foreignization ideology an appropriate translating
the word Frisbee.
3. Thanksgiving
Like partially deflated balloons from
the Macy’s Thanksgiving day parade
Seperti balon-balon setengah
kempis dalam parade thanksgiving
di Macy’s
According to data (3) above Thanksgiving translated into
Thanksgiving. It is classified into cultural word that refers to religion
(custom/idea). The translator used foreignization of ideology. Thanksgiving
day is a harvest festival celebrated primly in Canada. Traditionally, it has been
as to give thanks for a harvest while there was an underlying religious element
in the original celebration. Thanksgiving is primarily identified as a secular
holiday. Currently, in Canada, thanksgiving is celebrate on the second
Monday of October, and in the United States, it is celebrated on the Thursday
46 Lawrance Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, (New York:Routladge, 1995), p.6
32
in November, it was changed by act of congress in 1941 to the fourth
Thursday of that month.47
In bilingual English-Indonesian dictionary, the word Thanksgiving has
an equivalent as Rasa Syukur 48 the translator purposes to introduce the
America’s culture about the custom of thanksgiving to the God, because
Indonesian readers are not familiar with it, also the translator used
foreignization to translate the word.
4. Unsweetened cookies
We made unsweetened cookies
and decorated them
Kami membuat kue kering dan
mendekorasinya
Data (4) shows unsweetened cookies is translated into kue kering.
Word unsweetened cookies is a cultural word that refers to Material culture
(food) in Newmark’s theory. The translator used Indonesian term kue kering
as the translation for the word unsweetened cookies. She concludes that the
word unsweetened cookies is translated into kue kering to give the actual
meaning for the reader, even there are some cultural differences in concept
and function. So the translator used domestication ideology to translate the
word in Indonesian as the target language.
The concept of unsweetened cookies is culturally different between
culture of source language and target language regard kue kering. According
to Webster’s Dictonary Unsweetened is “Small, sweetened cake, often round,
47 Anonymous. The New Encyclopedia Britannica 1 (London; Enclopedia Britannica Inc,1768), p. 673
48 Jhon M. Echols and Hassan Shadily p. 585
33
made from stiff dough baked on a large, flat pan” 49 Besides, Kue kering in
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia is identified as “kue yang dipanggang (seperti
kue semprit).”50 According to the explanation above, it can be concluded that
unsweetened cookies is different to kue kering, because in culture of target
language kue kering can be with sugar or sweetens or not.
5. Rocking
I drop my head against his.
Rocking slowly.
Kusandarkan kepalaku di kepalanya,
lalu aku menimangnya perlahan.
The description above shows that the cultural word is gesture and
habits (activities), rocking translated into menimang. Meanwhile the word
rocking describes swing the baby with hands until the he/she sleep. Based on
context the word rocking is to far if the translator it into menimang, in
Webster’s Dictionary rocking are (1) to dance or play music rock, (2) to be
moved or swayed powerfully with excitement, emotion, etc, (3) to move or
sway from side to side. 51 but the word menimang has meaning “(1) menaruh
sesuatu ditelapak tangan lalu diangkat-angkat turun naik, (2) memegang anak
atau meanruh anak ditangan lalu diayun-ayunkan dan dipuji-puji.” 52
49 Randon House, Webster’s Colligiate Dictionary, (U.S; United State of AmericaPublished, 2001), p. 272
50 Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia ‘Edisi Keempat’(Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p. 849
51 Random House (2001), op.cit., p. 106652 Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2008), op.cit., p. 1722
34
According to Venuti, domesticating is “an ethnocentric reduction of
foreign text to target language cultural values, bring the author back home.”53
Beside that Benny Hoed said “domestication is making the readers aware that
they are not reading a translation. It means the way translator carries the
message by aiming the target text as their orientation.”54 In this case the
translator try to convey the message fluently and often, conscious or
unconsciously.
Based on analysis above, from the cultural word has a domesticating.
Looking at the both of meaning between source language and target language
of the result of that translation it can be said that cultural are the
domesticating.
6. Courtyard
As we head out of the courtyard the
rain that’s been threatening all
morning...
Ketika kami menuju taman
bermain, mendung yang sejak
pagi...
Data (6) shows word courtyard which is cultural word that refers to
recreation places (ecology) is translated into taman bermain. In this case the
concept of translating its cultural word in source language. The translator
preserves the word into Indonesian from since she thinks that the reader may
know the meaning of that word, and the word in source language seems
similar to or has the same relevant as the word in the target language. The
53 Lawrance Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator. (New York:Routladge, 1995), p. 5
54 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan (Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya:2006), p. 84
35
translator used term taman bermain because this word has the closest meaning
concept with the word courtyard.
Based on Webster Dictionary courtyard has a meaning “(1) a place
where legal justice is administered, (2) a judicial tribunal duly constituted for
hearing and determination of cases, (3) a sessions of judicial assembly.” 55.
Indonesia term taman bermain has a quite different meaning as cities Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia taman bermain is “kebun yang ditanami bunga-
bunga (tempat bersenang-senang).56 It can be claimed that the translator
clearly knows about courtyard and taman bermain, so she preferred to used
the domestication ideology to describe the words. In additional taman bermain
in outdoor like a garden, this concept are different with courtyard in English
term.
7. Breakfast
And I mean breakfast Dan aku mau sarapan
The data (7) above shows that the word breakfast as cultural words that
refers to gesture and habits (activities). It is identified that the translator used
the domestication ideology in translating the selected cultural word Breakfast
into sarapan. The translator preserves the word in the target language since
Indonesian people are recognized and accepted sarapan as the main
equivalence for the word breakfast.
55 Randon House, Webster’s Colligiate Dictionary, (U.S; United State of AmericaPublished, 2001), p 156
56 Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia ‘Edisi Keempat’(Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p. 1621
36
The word Breakfast in English is translated into Indonesian is sarapan.
Literally, those word having a same meaning semantically, but not in culture.
Word breakfast refers to “the first meal of the day”, and sarapan which
means “makan sesuatu di pagi hari” refers to the meal-time. Besides, the
culture that bounds those words is also different. Breakfast and western
culture means scramble egg, bacon or toast, and Indonesian people known
Sarapan in some ‘heavier’ menus, such as nasi uduk, fried rice, etc. Even
there are differences in culture, the word Sarapan are already acceptable in
Indonesian culture perspective.
Looking as the result of analysis above, the writer assumed that the
translation of the word breakfast in source language into Sarapan as the target
language is domestication, since the word is acceptable for the target language
readers, it can be seen from the form of both word that there are no italic style
in their scripts.
8. Puzzle
Do you engage him in puzzle? Kau bermain puzzle denganya?
In data above, the term puzzle is translated into puzzle. It is “(1) a toy,
problem, or other contrivance designed to amuse by presenting difficulties to
be solved by ingenuity or patient effort, (2) a puzzling question, matter, or
person, (3) a puzzle or perplexed condition” 57 In this case the word puzzle
refers to material culture (toys), it can be mentioned puzzle is a play or game
something that are can existed indoor or outdoor. The translator keeps the
57 Randon House, Webster’s Colligiate Dictionary, (U.S; United State of AmericaPublished, 2001), p 1004
37
original word with used italic to translate the word, in the target language the
term of puzzle has been popular and well known. Therefore, the translator
keep the stylistic of the source language by applying a borrowing as a
translated the text. From the fact, the translation word can be claimed used
foreignization ideology.
9. I’m going to pick up you now
I’m going to pick up you now Aku akan menggendongmu sekarang
The descriptions above shows that the cultural word (activities) pick up
is rendered into menggendong, the translator uses domesticating ideology
translation to translate this data. In Webster’s Dictionary pick up has a
meaning “(1) to lift or take up: to pick up a stone, (2) to take an passenger”58
but here the translator translate pick up into menggendong. It means here the
translator want to purpose what the meaning of the text.
From Nida and Taber “the priority of the audience over the forms of
the language means essentially that one must attach greater importance to the
forms understood and accepted by the audience for which a translation is
designed that the forms which may process a longer linguistic tradition or
have greater literary prestige.”59 It means in this case the reader becomes the
58 Ibid, p. 92959 Lawrance Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, (New York:
Routladge, 1995), p. 5
38
first priority of the translation because it is properly planned to be the foreign
audience.
10. Dodgem car
And he wants to ride a dodgem car Dan dia mau bermain bom-bom car
Here, the words dodgem car in source language text is rendered into
bom-bom car. These words can be categorized into cultural word that refers to
Idea (play). It is identified that the translator uses domesticating ideology
translation to translate this data.
In the novel, the phrase is written bom-bom car. The translator sees
that the word dogdem are adapted phonetically and naturalized into Indonesian
phonetics and become bom-bom. In other case, the word dodgem is unfamiliar
in Indonesian culture term, so the translator chooses to neutralize it into bom-
bom, as she translates the word dogdem into bom-bom. The translator keeps
the stylistic effect of the source text by applying transference as the translation
procedure in translating the word car. The phrases bom-bom car is not existed
in Indonesian dictionaries but it has been popular in Indonesia. In Webster’s
Dictionary, dodgem car means, “a small electrically powered car driven
within an enclosure at a funfair, with the aim of bumping other such cars and
avoiding being bumped by them.” So, the translation of phrases dodgem car
into Indonesian word bom-bom car can be classified into procedure of
couplets, it means that the translator adjusts the source language phrases to
normal pronunciation based on target language but keep a part of the phrases
still in the original form. In the novel, the phrase is written as bom-bom car.
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The translator uses the word bom-bom car as the translation form
because it has already been popular in Indonesian perspective, especially in
funfair or fairground. Therefore, the translation result can be said
communicative, since the phrase is acceptable and well known in the target
language readership.
C. Discussion
Two types ideology of translation used by Siska Yuanita are all
presented in the Nanny Diaries novel. There are four of foreignization (data 1,
2, 3, and 8) all of the data can be claimed foreignization ideology because
source language translated used the borrowing with italic word. That’s why
the writer defined them as foreignization ideology. The second type is
domestication of ideology, this type of domestication because the translator
used the different language but not changed the message and the meaning, it
means when the reader read this translation there are know or can understand
what will the writer purpose. Like data (4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10) the translator used
domestication ideology because she wants to deliver the meaning to the reader
in Indonesia especially.
And this research, the writer finding the type of cultural word. Why the
translator used them? Here many kinds of cultural words, like material culture
(4) the data explain about food, and there is types from material culture, so the
writer can be assumed the data used material culture from cultural word. And
the second types is gesture and habit (5, 7 and 9) here for the example the data
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explain about breakfast, the activity almost all people in the world do that, but
in this case has a different meaning about breakfast from source language and
sarapan from target language, and the second data is rocking and the reader
can look the explanation above. The last types is ecology (6), here the writer
finding the data about ecology (place) and she want explain about it. And the
last type is idea (1, 2, and 3, 8 and 10 ) this data explain about the traditional
address, play and religion. Sincerely the translator used foreignization ideolgy
to translate the traditional address like Mr, Mrs, Nanny, and names from the
actor and actress in this novel, she keeps the original word because she want
to keep the atmosphere from the source language. The writer can be assumed
what the types of cultural word according to Newmark’s theory.
The results shows that the translator used domestication dominantly to
translate the language from this novel, but she used the foreignization to
translate the word which people in target language familiar with the word.
The researcher concludes that the translator, Siska Yuanita uses
domesticating as her strategy in translating the cultural words above, it can be
seen from the way translators tries to find the target cultural word which has
equal meaning as source cultural word and changes them into target cultural
words. Therefore, the translator is oriented to the target language so that the
translation work will be natural for the target language readers.
The translator uses foreigniziation as his translation strategy because
she wants to present subject culture to the reader, so the readers will know
about subject of culture and reach their understanding about other culture. It is
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known from the way the translator writes the cultural words as foreignization
word in her novel translation. The translator does not change the subject of
cultural words, but she writes the original cultural words and does not try to
change with target cultural words which have same meaning.
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Translating novel is not same as translating other text and it is also not
easy to do. The translator must know about both of source and target language
culture. Cultural translation problems can usually be reformulated as language
problems and incorporated in the linguistic theory of translation. The
differences in the source language and target language cultures may
necessitate additional information in the target text explaining unfamiliar facts
and ideas to the receptors. Ideally, a translation will be accurate in meaning
and natural based on the target language, so that the audiences who are not
familiar with the text will understand it easily. This is the reason why the
writer takes this problem as the main purpose to do some research in
translating cultural words, especially the ideology words.
Based on the research above the writer concludes some points, as
follows:
1. There are two translation ideology, namely domesticating and
foreignizing. As a result, the translator prefers to apply domesticating as
his translation. It can be seen from the way the translator translates some
cultural words where she tries to change some subject cultural word into
target cultural word to make the reader get the message of the selected
cultural word.
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2. There are a lot of cultural words in the novel translation that are classified
into five categories according Newmark’s cultural categories. They are:
ecology, material culture, social culture, organization, and gestures and
habits.
B. Suggestions
After finding, analyzing, and understanding the data, the writer would
like to offer suggestions almes to translator of the novel, publisher, and next
researchers:
1. The translator of the novel
In the translation field there are various theories can be applied in the
translation process. Generally, as a practioner of translation, a translator more
relies an their experience and their sense of language when translating a text.
They pay less attention to the theories of transkation, yet the theories can ease
them to their job as a translator. In this case assist them to select the words in
the text, which is can be emphasized either on SL or the TL. Therefore, they
will know which word can be easy understood or is familiar for the target
reader.
2. Next researcher
In conducting a research of translation studies, this thesis is able to be
a reference in doing a further research related to translation ideology and
cultural words. Beside that, those who want to do a similar research, the
researcher suggest to you explore more about the accuracy and the
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acceptability of the translation besides the readability level as what has done
in this research. You can use the same object of the research, Nanny Diaries
novel and its translation.
3. The publisher of novel
After the whole text of SL is translated, it is necessary to review the novel
translation and determine the strategy of translation applied in the text. This
step is required to make sure that all the words used in the TT is easy t be
understood by the reader. Furthermore, the publisher, the editor, and of course
the translator should cooperate to specify the target reader and adjust the
words selections, so that it will produce a high quality novel translation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Baker, Mona, 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook of Translation. Newyork:Routledge
Cartford, Jhon Cunnison, 1965. A Linguitics Theory of Translation: An Essay inApplied Linguistic.London: Oxford University Press
Hatim, Basil and Ian, 1997. Mason The translator as Communicator. London:Routladge
Hoed, B. H, 2006. Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta: PT Dunia PustakaJaya
Hornby, A, 2000. Oxford Advances Leaner’s Dictionary of Current English. NewYork: Oxford University Press
---------------------. Approaches to Translation, Oxford: Pegamon Press, 1981
Larson, Mildred L, 1980. Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to CrossLanguage Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America
McLaughlin, Emma, and Kraus, Nicola. Nanny Diaries, 2002. America: Unitedstates of America
Newmark, Petter, 1988. Text Book of Translation. Hertfortshire: Prentice HallInternational Ltd
Sayogie, Frans, 2009. Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris ke dalamBahasa Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri
Venuti, Lawrance, 1995. A History of Translation. London/New York: Routladge
----------------. The Translator’s Study Reader. New York: Routladge, 2004
Yuanita, Siska, 2007. Buku Harian Nanny. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
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Website
Anonymous, quality http://www.qualitydigest.com/htm/qualitydef.html. (accessedon december 2013)
Kamus.net. http://www.kamus.net/ (accessed June 2014)
Karamanian, A.P. http://www.accurapid.com//jounal (Accessed on June 2013)
Oxford Dictionaries. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (accessed June, 2014)
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APPENDICIES
Tittle : Nanny Diaries (Buku Harian Nanny)Pages : 368Distributed : PT. Gramedia Pustaka UtamaWritten by : Emma McLaughlin and Nicola KrausTranslated by : Siska Yuanita
Novel synopsys
The Nanny Diaries: A novel (2002) is humorous but revealing novel by
two former nannies, Emma Mclaughlin and Nicola Kraus. Drawing on their many
expriences as childcare providers while in college in New York City, the pair
created a world of fiction based on actual events they experienced or heard about.
The result is a comical yet poignant peek into a world of privilege, giving a
modern illustration of timeless truth that money does not buy happiness.
The novel focuses on a college student and part-time nanny, called Nanny
or Nan, who is hired by the X family to care for their four-year-old son, Grayer.
She soon becomes Grayer’s surrogate mother as his parents neglect their son to
focus on more pressing issues, such as extramarital affairs and fostering social
status. Though Mrs. X becomes increasingly demanding of Nan’s time, focus, and
energy, Nan stays with the family for Grayer’s sake, until she is fired during a
family vacation to Nantucket.
The Nanny Diaries was a hit, spending more than thirty weeks on the New
York Times bestseller list. The novel eventually sold more than two million
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copies and was transalated into at leat thirteen languages. Critics and readers alike
praised the novel for ts comic touches, especially those related to the materialistic
and pretentious X family. Readers were allowed a close-up glimpse of the lives of
the Park Avenue rich, warts and all. Many former nannies confirmed The Nanny
Diaries’s reflection of many of the realities of nannying in the United States,
including the issues of worker exploitation, treatment of nannies from foreign
countries and dysfunctional rich families.
The novel prompted speculation about the true identity of Mr. And Mrs. X
(though the authors insisted that they are not based on any one couple that they
worked for), as well as discussion about the nature of the relationship between
parents and nannies. Referring to the latter, Kraus told Melissa Biggs Bradley of
Town & Country, “our intent was a literary journey. We wanted to give people a
great laugh and a good cry. But we are thrilled that book is inspiring so much
discussion about a topic we beleive there was far too much silence on
Author’s Biography
Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus met at New York University’s
Gallatin School of Indi-Vidualized Study, where they both graduated with
concentrations in Arts in Education. Before teaming up to write the Nanny
Diaries, Kraus had continued in the arts and McLaughlhin worked as business
consultant withi the private and public sectors.
Newsweek declared McLaughlin and Kraus’s the Nanny Diaries a
‘phenomenon’. It is a number one New York Times best-seller and the longets-
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running hardcover best seller of 2002. In 2007 the Nanny Diaries was released as
a major motion picture starring Scarlett Johansson, Laura Linney and Alicia Keys.
McLaughlin and Kraus have appeared numerous times on CNN, MSNBC,
The Today Show, Good Morning America, Entetainment Tonaight and The View.
Their work and partenership have been covered in The New York Times, The
Washington Post, USA Today, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Los Angels Times,
Chivago Tribune, TIME, Elle, Town & Country and Happer’s Bazzar.
They have contributed to the London Times and The New York Times as
two short story collection to beneft the War Child Fund: Big Night Out and Girls’
Night Out. In Addition to writing to television and film,they travel around the
country speaking to youngwoman about gender issues in American corporate
culture.