english phonetics and phonology 02
TRANSCRIPT
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English Phonetics and Phonology
2. Some Basic Concepts
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1. How many soundsin English?
pit [phIt] and tip [thIp]: (aspiration)
[ph] and [p] are used in different positions:allophones (no.: ?)
fee[fi:] feel[fi 5] and leaf [lif]:(Dark-l vs. Clear-l and vowel clipping)
ladder[l{d@] and lad [l{d]: devoicing
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Plus: differences between speakersor the same speaker on different
occasions
Sounds in their physical reality:
phones
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1. How many sounds
in English? (cntd.)
[phIt] and [fIt]: meaning change
[phIt] and *[pIt]: no meaning
change
/p/ and /f/ are distinctive(contrastive): phonemes (number: ca
40 in any language)
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Phoneme: sound units that contrast with eachother: a difference between a phoneme pair,
embedded in otherwise identical contexts,
normally has the potential to convey a meaningdifference.
Allophones: contextual variants of a phonemewhich differ from each other phonetically. Being
contextually predictable, differences betweenallophones cannot convey meaning and thus are
non-contrastive.
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Illustration of phonemes:
The Family /i:/
he [i:]
heed [i.]
heat [i]
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English voiceless stops
/p/ /t/ /k/
[p] [ph] [t] [th] [k] [kh]
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Phonemes and allophones
/p/ [p] or[ph]
Derivation (realisation)
Two levels of representation:phonemic and allophonic
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Korean voiceless stops
/p/ /ph/ /t/ /th/ /k/ /kh/
[p] [ph] [t] [th] [k] [kh]
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/l/ and /r/
English:
lamb [l{m] vs. ram [r{m]
Korean:
[mul] water
[mulkama] place for water
[mure] at the water
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English
/l/ /r/
[l] [r]
Korean
/l/[l] [r]
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2. How to find the phonemes
of a language? pit fit sit hit kit: minimal pairs
Notice the difference between sounds andletters!
feet /fi:t/ and feat /fi:t/: homophones tear(V) /te@/ and tear(N) /tI@/:
homographs
bear(V) /be@/ and bear(N) /be@/:homonyms cuff/kVf/ and cough /kQf/: a minimal pair!
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3. The phonemes of English
(Source: OConnor 1980) Consonants pier /p/ beer /b/ tier /t/ deer /d/ gear/g/ fear /f/
veer /v/ sheer /S/ hear/h/ leer /l/ rear /r/ mere /m/ near /n/ weir /w/ year /j/ cheer /tS/ jeer/dZ/ base /s/
baize /z/ bathe /D/ beige /Z/ bake /k/ wrath/T/ wrong /N/
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Vowels feel / / fill / / fell / /
fall / / full / / fool / /
fail / / foal / file / /
foul / / foil / / cat / /
cot / / cut / / curt / /
cart / / tier/ / tear/ / tour/ / banana/ /
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4. Types of sound variation
Distribution: the range of places withina word in which a given sound mayoccur
Parallel distribution + contrastiverelationship: phonemic variation
Complementary distribution + phoneticsimilarity: allophonic variation
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Parallel distribution + neutralisedcontrast: free variation
H feland fl E sure/SU@/ and /SO:/
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regional differences: dialectal variation(a) segmental differences
realisational differences:cf. initial thin SBE and GenAm
systematic differences:cf. lovein SBE and Midlands areas selectional differences:
SBE dance/dA:ns/ and GenAm /d{ns/
distributional differences:
SBE card/kA:d/ vs GenAm /kArd/(b) suprasegmental differences: stress, rhythm and intonation
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Notice the difference between dialectand accent: SBE and RP
Dialect: a language variety
characterised by particular features ofpronunciation, lexis and grammar.
Accent: features of pronunciation
RP: Received Pronunciation (educatedsouthern British English) NRP: Non-Regional Pronunciation
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5.1. Types of transcription
Phonemic (broad) transcription:phonemic differences
Phonetic (narrow, allophonic)transcription: realisational differences
The IPA chart: sound symbols anddiacritics
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5.2. Functions of transcription
(a) The representing function
(b) The disambiguating function
(c) The analysing function(d) The contrasting function
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The representing function
To represent the pronunciation oflinguistic utterances
Closeness of representation:phonetic vs. phonemic transcription
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The disambiguating function
To disambiguate the pronunciation ofwords whose spelling provides no clue
to their spoken form (irregular spelling)
Phonetic writing system: one-to-onecorrespondence between phonemes
and letters
Non-phonetic writing system: one-to-many relationship between phonemes
and letters
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The analysing function
To analyse the phonologicalsystem of a language
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The contrasting function
To contrast the sounds of twolanguages for purposes of description or
instruction
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5. Readings
Ndasdy, . 2006. Background to English Pronunciation.Budapest: Nemzeti Tanknyvkiad. Chapters 2 and 3.
Suggested readings:
Andrs L. T. and Stephanides, E. 1988. An Outline ofPresent-day English Structure. Volume 1: Phonetics andPhonology. Budapest: Tanknyvkiad. Chapter 1.
Gimson, A. C. 1991. An Introduction to the Pronunciationof English. London: Edward Arnold. Chapter 1.