English Usage/Grammar/Punctuation Review

Vocabulary Term --

Punctuation Apostrophe the

mark (') used to

indicate the

omission of one or

more letters from a more letters from a

printed word

Can also be used to

indicate possession

Vocabulary Term Type of

Phrase Idiom -- a phrase in

which the words

together have a

meaning that is

different from the different from the

dictionary definitions

of the individual

words

Vocabulary Terms Type of

Phrase Parenthetical

Phrase -- a

construction that can

be used to extend

the meaning of a the meaning of a

word or phrase but

is not one of the

main constituents of

a sentence

Vocabulary Term Type of

Phrase Preposition -- links nouns, pronouns,

and phrases to other words in a

sentence

Examples . . . Examples . . . The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against

the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book over the table.

She read the book during class.

Vocabulary Term Grammar

Basics Mechanics -- the

way the words and

phrases work

together within a

sentencesentence

Vocabulary Terms Editing

Necessities Modifier -- a word

that qualifies the

meaning of a noun or

verb

Parallelism -- a

Whats a phrase?

a sequence of two or

more words arranged in

a grammatical

construction and acting

as a unit in a sentence Parallelism -- a

balance of two or

more similar words,

phrases, or clauses

as a unit in a sentence

Whats a clause?

a construction of words

containing a subject and

predicate and forming

part of a sentence or

constituting a whole

simple sentence

Vocabulary Terms Editing

Necessities Pronoun word

that replaces a noun

or another pronoun

Ex: he, which, none,

you, I, it, etc . . . you, I, it, etc . . .

Usage long-

established method

of handling a given

word

Vocabulary Terms Editing

Necessities Rhetoric

using language effectively to please or persuade

Redundant Unnecessarily repetetive

Verbose Verbose Containing more words than necessary

Relevant Having significant importance to the matter at hand

Tone Expression of a mood

You are now armed with the vocabulary you need to

understand grammar instructionunderstand grammar instruction

Usage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and MechanicsUsage and Mechanics

Punctuation Punctuation Punctuation Punctuation

Basic Grammar & Usage Basic Grammar & Usage Basic Grammar & Usage Basic Grammar & Usage

Sentence Structure Sentence Structure Sentence Structure Sentence Structure

Rhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsPunctuation Punctuation Punctuation Punctuation Rhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsRhetorical SkillsStrategy Strategy Strategy Strategy

Organization Organization Organization Organization

Style Style Style Style

Most Common Errors

Singulars and PluralsSingulars and PluralsSingulars and PluralsSingulars and Plurals (especially the word they)Pronoun UsagePronoun UsagePronoun UsagePronoun Usage (I or me, he or him, etc)Apostrophe UseApostrophe UseApostrophe UseApostrophe Use (its or its) (whose or whos)

Parenthetical Phrases and PunctuationParenthetical Phrases and PunctuationParenthetical Phrases and PunctuationParenthetical Phrases and Punctuation

Idiomatic Preposition Use Idiomatic Preposition Use Idiomatic Preposition Use Idiomatic Preposition Use (in, of, on, to, for)

Apostrophe UseApostrophe UseApostrophe UseApostrophe Use (its or its) (whose or whos)

Proper Word UsageProper Word UsageProper Word UsageProper Word Usage (there, their, theyre)(are, our)

Unidiomatic Verb Use Unidiomatic Verb Use Unidiomatic Verb Use Unidiomatic Verb Use (-ing endings)

Subject CaseSubject CaseSubject CaseSubject Case

I He I He I He I He SheSheSheShe WeWeWeWe TheyTheyTheyThey

WhoWhoWhoWho WhoeverWhoeverWhoeverWhoever

Pronoun Usage

Object CaseObject CaseObject CaseObject Case

MeMeMeMe Him Him Him Him HerHerHerHer UsUsUsUs Them Them Them Them

Whom Whom Whom Whom WhomeverWhomeverWhomeverWhomever

MOST common error in this area?

The use of THEYTHEYTHEYTHEY

Singulars and Plurals

When a friend borrows my car, I usually ask When aaaa friend borrows my car, I usually ask When a friend borrows my car, I usually ask them to fill it with gas before they return it.When aaaa friend borrows my car, I usually ask themthemthemthem to fill it with gas before theytheytheythey return it.

When friendssss borrow my car, I usually ask themthemthemthem to fill it with gas before theytheytheythey return it.

Subject or Object Case Pronoun?

If you have any questions about grammar usage, ask your English teacher or (I / me)(I / me)(I / me)(I / me) to help you.

Example:

STRATEGY: Leave out part of the sentence.STRATEGY: Leave out part of the sentence.STRATEGY: Leave out part of the sentence.STRATEGY: Leave out part of the sentence.

If you have any questions about grammar usage, ask (I /me)(I /me)(I /me)(I /me) to help you.

XXXX

Read it again WITHOUT the words Read it again WITHOUT the words Read it again WITHOUT the words Read it again WITHOUT the words your English teacher oryour English teacher oryour English teacher oryour English teacher or

teacher or (I / me)(I / me)(I / me)(I / me) to help you.

Rephrased:

WHO or WHOM? How do you decide?

STRATEGY: Use the Him/He TestSTRATEGY: Use the Him/He TestSTRATEGY: Use the Him/He TestSTRATEGY: Use the Him/He Test

1) Re-order the part of the sentence containing whowhowhowho or whomwhomwhomwhom....containing whowhowhowho or whomwhomwhomwhom....

2)Rephrase with hehehehe or himhimhimhim. . . .

Where himhimhimhim is the proper choice, then whomwhomwhomwhom would also be correct.

I wonder who/whomwho/whomwho/whomwho/whom he bribed to get this position.

To get this position, he bribed himhimhimhim....

Sample Problem

To get this position, he bribed himhimhimhim....

Correct Choice:Correct Choice:Correct Choice:Correct Choice: WhomWhomWhomWhom

WhoeverWhoeverWhoeverWhoever////WhomeverWhomeverWhomeverWhomever the drama teacher liked received a part in the play.

Sample Problem

The drama teacher liked himhimhimhim....

play.

Correct Choice:Correct Choice:Correct Choice:Correct Choice: WhomeverWhomeverWhomeverWhomever

Use the subjectsubjectsubjectsubject case if the pronoun

1) precedes a verb ANDANDANDAND

Caution with the Him/He Test

1) precedes a verb ANDANDANDAND

2) is the subject of that verb.

The police gave tickets to whoever/whomeverwhoever/whomeverwhoever/whomeverwhoever/whomever had parked in front of the fire hydrant.

Sample Problem

1) Is the pronoun followed by a verb? YesYesYesYes

2) Does that pronoun appear to be the subject of that verb? (Didwhoever actually do the parking?) YesYesYesYes

Its or Its? Whose or Whos?

The apostrophe takes the place of a letter.

ItsItsItsIts = It is WhosWhosWhosWhos = Who is

Slow down when you come to these.Slow down when you come to these.Slow down when you come to these.Slow down when you come to these.

Read the sentence as It is or Who is to Read the sentence as It is or Who is to Read the sentence as It is or Who is to Read the sentence as It is or Who is to be SURE youve chosen the correct answer.be SURE youve chosen the correct answer.be SURE youve chosen the correct answer.be SURE youve chosen the correct answer.

STRATEGY:STRATEGY:STRATEGY:STRATEGY:

Sample Problem

Whos Whos Whos Whos //// WhoseWhoseWhoseWhose Line Is It Anyway is a funny television show. Its Its Its Its ////ItsItsItsIts on the comedy channel.comedy channel.

1.1.1.1. Who isWho isWho isWho is Line Is It Anyway

2.2.2.2.WhoseWhoseWhoseWhose Line Is It AnywayOROROROR

Sample Problem

Whos Whos Whos Whos //// WhoseWhoseWhoseWhose Line Is It Anyway is a funny television show. Its Its Its Its ////ItsItsItsIts on the comedy channel.comedy channel.

1.1.1.1. It isIt isIt isIt is on the comedy channel

OROROROR2. 2. 2. 2. Its Its Its Its on the comedy channel

For questions involving proper word usageSLOW DOWN and READ CAREFULLY!!!!!

Our & Are

OurOurOurOur = possession AreAreAreAre = Verb

OurOurOurOur is spelled like youryouryouryour....Helpful Tip:Helpful Tip:Helpful Tip:Helpful Tip:

There, their, and theyre

ThereThereThereThere contains the word herehereherehere.

Their Their Their Their = Possession.

There There There There = Location

Their Their Their Their = Possession.

TheyreTheyreTheyreTheyre = They areSubstitute They areThey areThey areThey are in the sentence and see if it makes sense.

Parenthetical Phrases

Definition:Defini