engr 1202 ece · 2017. 1. 20. · • mobile phones are two-way radios. they transmit and receive...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Engr 1202 ECE
Clean Room Project
![Page 2: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dilbert the engineer gets
special recognition
![Page 3: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
September 2005
![Page 6: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2014 Version – does not
even have my name!
![Page 7: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AC vs. DC Circuits
![Page 8: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DC and AC devices in everyday life
• DC Devices– Batteries
– Automotive electronics
– Portable electronics
• IPod
• Cellular Phone
• PDA
– Laptop computers
– Desktop computers
– Solar cells
– Computer and memory
chips
• AC Devices– Electric wall outlets
– Household appliances
– High voltage transmission
lines
– Electromagnetic
transmissions
• Mobile phone signals
• Satellite signals
• Radio signals
![Page 9: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AC Frequency
• Number of complete cycles per unit time
• Units are hertz, Hz
• Units are cycles per second
• Household electrical outlets operate at 60
hertz or 60 cycles per second
• Electromagnetic waves operate at much
higher frequencies
![Page 10: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sun burn
![Page 11: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Frequency Allocations
![Page 12: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Broadcast Frequencies• Use of frequencies for broadcast are controlled by the Federal
Government – the FCC - Federal Communications Commission
• License required to use a given frequency
• Companies purchase licenses to use these frequencies
• Specific bands are setup for all transmissions
– Police/Fire/EMS radio
– Commercial aircraft
– Marine radios
– Mobile phones
– Military applications
– Citizen band radio
– GPS
– RFID
• Bluetooth and Wi-Fi operate in the scientific unlicensed band where products can be developed without a FCC license
![Page 13: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Typical
large
broadcast
antenna
Very tall, often on mountains, to transmit over long distances
![Page 14: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Some common frequencies• AM Radio
– 535 to 1605 KHz
• FM Radio
– 88-108 MHz
• Broadcast TV (old)- requires external antenna
– Channels 2-4 54-72 MHz
– Channels 5-6 76-88 MHz
– Channels 7-13 174-216 MHz
– Channels 14-36 470-608 MHz
– Channels 38-69 614-806 MHz
• Today, most TV transmissions are digitized and sent via cable, fiber optics, or satellite
![Page 15: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wireless Technology
• Wireless devices transmit information via
Electromagnetic waves
• Early wireless devices
– Radios – often called wireless in old WWII
movies
– Broadcast TV
– TV remote controls
– Garage door openers
![Page 16: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wireless technology
• Today’s wireless devices include
– Mobile phones
– Satellite TV
– Satellite radio
– Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
– “Bluetooth” devices
– Wi-Fi systems
– RFID tags
![Page 17: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Wireless frequencies for the EE
project
• PCS digital phones - 1850-1990 MHz – Current frequency of operation of most mobile phones
• Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices - 2400-2497 MHz (2.4 – 2.497 GHz)
• GPS – 1575.42 and 1227.60 MHz
• RFID – multiple frequencies – 860 to 960 MHz very common
![Page 18: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Smart phones dominate cellular
systems today
![Page 19: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Apple iPhone
A computer
that is also a
cell phone
![Page 20: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems
• Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios.
• Original mobile phones used a single large central antenna and had limited channels available to carry signals. Only a small number of mobile phones were available in a city due to the limited amount of usable frequency bands.
• Cellular technology allowed for a near limitless number of mobile phones to operate in a city.
![Page 21: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Early Mobile Phones where not cellular but used a common centrally located tall antenna (similar to police and fire radios) and were limited in the number of phone numbers available
![Page 22: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems
• Cellular systems operate at a frequency of 824 to 894 Mhz, and 1850 to 1990 Mhz . Other bands are also being used as demand increases.
• These frequency bands are controlled by the Federal government.
• The original cell phones operated at 824-894 MHz. Sometimes these phones are referred to as “analog phones” since digital technology had not yet been developed.
• Many systems today operate at 1850 to 1990 Mhz, the PCS band in the digital mode but can also operate at the lower frequency band. These phones are called “dual band” phones.
• The term “cellular” refers to the fact that service areas are divided into “cells” typically 1- 10 miles apart. Cell size is dependent on the population density of the area. Large population areas require closer spaced cells.
• Each cellular company has their own towers, thus the large number of towers throughout the area. Sometimes towers will have multiple sets for the same system or multiple systems.
![Page 23: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
My first cell phone - 1992
![Page 24: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PCS Band
1850-1990
MHZ
![Page 25: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Grid pattern for cellular antenna
Adjacent
grids do not
use the same
frequency
![Page 26: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems
• Each phone has a unique code.
• If your cell phone is “on”, it is transmitting a signal to the nearest cell tower.
• This signal locates you and allows you to receive calls.
• It also identifies your phone, carrier, and status of your account.
• When you make a call, it is transmitted to the nearest tower and it is then routed to the person you called.
• The call may go via radio waves, land lines, or satellite.
• As you move, the call can be transferred to the next cell. This is done automatically as signal strength changes
• Phones typically transmit with around 600mW of power.
![Page 27: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Typical cellular system
antenna tower with two
sets of base station
modules
Base station RF
transmit/receive
modules
![Page 28: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Large cell phone
antenna is a
remote location
![Page 29: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Communities are trying to disguise
cellular towers
Several cell phone antenna towers like this
are near the campus
![Page 30: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
First cell phone tower on
campus
![Page 31: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“ Bluetooth” • “Bluetooth” named after a Swedish King that
united the country. First proposed by Ericsson
• The systems utilizes an unregulated band of frequencies at 2.4 GHz that operate on a relatively short distance, about 10m.
• Bluetooth uses a “frequency hop transceiver” to handle device traffic. A radio channel is shared by a group of devices and is synchronized by one device known as the master. This forms a piconet.
• Bluetooth devices can be used to connect a headset to a cellular phone, a printer to a computer, a digital camera to a computer, etc.
• Because “Bluetooth” circuits are low power with low battery requirements, the chipsets are relatively inexpensive.
• Many newer devices have “Bluetooth” already built into them.
![Page 32: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Wi-Fi –provides access to internet
wirelessly• Uses IEEE standard 802.11
• Transmits at – 2.4 GHz (802.11b and 802.11g)
– 5.0 GHz (802.11a)
• Transfer Rates– 802.11a and 802.11g (54 Megabits per second)
– 802.11b (11 Mega bits per second)
• Frequency hopping for security
• Range: about 100 meters (300 feet)
• Range limited by output power level.
• Often called a “Hotspot”
![Page 34: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Installing a home Wi-Fi network is easy and cheap
![Page 35: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A city wide Wi-Fi zone can be
created using multiple routers
similar to the cell phone
antenna network
![Page 36: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“Bluetooth” vs. Wi-Fi
• Both use the 2.4 GHz frequency band
• Both could use the same antenna
• “Bluetooth” is for short range, about 10m
• Wi-Fi has a longer range, about 100m
• “Bluetooth” can operate from a small
battery
• Wi-Fi requires higher power, usually plugs
into a home electrical outlet
![Page 37: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Smart phones can access the internet
either through a local Wi-Fi access
point or the cellphone network
![Page 38: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Instead of using a
Wi-Fi location, you
can access the
internet through
the cellular phone
network BUT you
will pay for the
time. Could be
expensive unless
you have unlimited
data downloads Allows for your laptop to
access the internet via
the cellular system
![Page 39: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RFID tags
• Passive -uses the incoming signal for
power to transmit
• Active- requires an internal power supply,
more expensive and less widely used
• Could replace bar codes and security
attachments on merchandise
• Implantable for medical and security data
![Page 40: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Implantable RFID device
![Page 41: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Companies like Wal-Mart plan
to use RFID extensively
![Page 42: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RFID gate access at UNCC
RFID
![Page 43: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Antenna
RFID chip
![Page 44: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
RFID chip added
![Page 45: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
GPS systems uses orbiting
satellites The primary frequency of
operation is 1575.42 MHz with a
secondary frequency of 1227.6
MHz
Cellular GPS systems use local
cellular antennas
![Page 46: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Stationary Satellites Orbit the
Earth
![Page 47: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
GPS devices calculate the
signal time from each satellite
and using triangulation
determine location
![Page 48: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Communications – the key to
technology progress• Data, voice, and video are all key
elements
• Both electrical and computer engineers
will play a key and vital role
• “Wireless” communications is the
dominate form
• The EE project will focus on
communications systems and a key
element of these system, the antenna.
![Page 49: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is an antenna
The antenna is an essential part of any
wireless communication system that
sends information over the air. An
antenna is a device that provides a
means for radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves. It provides a
transition from a guided wave on a
transmission line to a free space wave or
vice versa.
![Page 50: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Every communications device needs an
antenna
![Page 51: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Engr 1202 EE ProjectResearch, design, and fabricate a miniature planar antenna
for use in:
1) Mobile phone using the PCS frequency of 1850-1990
MHz
2) “Bluetooth” and Wi-Fi antenna using the frequency
band of 2400-2597 MHz
3) RFID antenna using the frequency band of 860-960
MHz
4) GPS antenna using the frequencies of 1227.60 MHz
and 1575.42 MHz
Maximum size of 20mm x 20mm, minimum size of 10mm x
10mm. Can be rectangular. Width on antenna not less
than 1mm. Design to have no sharp corners.
![Page 53: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cell phone showing internal
antenna
Antenna
![Page 54: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Example of a miniature antenna for
a mobile phone/watch
![Page 55: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Antenna Design
• In antenna design, an important design
parameter is the wavelength of the EM
wave
• Wavelength is a function of frequency
• Antenna length is typically either
1. 1 wavelength
2. ¼ wavelength
3. ½ wavelength
![Page 56: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Frequency vs wavelength
Wavelength
![Page 57: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Wavelength Calculations
• Wavelength units:
l (wavelength) m/cycle
f (frequency) cycles/sec = hertz
c (speed of light) m/sec = 3.0 x 108 m/sec
• Wavelength equation
l = c / f
m/cycle = (m/sec) / (cycles/sec)
Frequency must be converted to Hz
![Page 58: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Sample calculation• Find the wavelength of a frequency of 850 MHz
1. Convert 850 MHz to Hz
850 MHz = 850 x 106 Hz = 8.50 x 108 Hz
2. Use wavelength equation
l= c/f where c = speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/sec
3. l = (3.0 x 108 m/sec ) / (8.50 x 108 cycles/sec)
4. l = .353 m/cycle
Convert to cm gives
5. l = 35.3 cm/cycle
6. For a ¼ wavelength antenna =
(35.3cm/cycle)/4=8.825cm/cycle
![Page 59: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
To find wavelength
1. Convert frequency to Hz (cycles/sec)
2. Use 3.0 x 108 m/sec for speed of radio
waves (same as speed of light)
3. Use equation wavelength (m/cycle) =
speed of light (m/sec) / frequency
(cycles/sec)
Wavelength is use to determine antenna
length
![Page 60: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Wireless frequencies for the EE
project
• PCS digital phones - 1850-1990 MHz – Current frequency of operation of most mobile phones
• Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices - 2400-2497 MHz (2.4 – 2.497 GHz)
• GPS – 1575.42 and 1227.60 MHz
• RFID – multiple frequencies – 860 to 960 MHz very common
![Page 61: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Antenna Design
• Design can take an artistic form (not the
best design for an antenna but OK for this
project)
• Design must not be controversial
– Not religious
– Not gang sign
– Not sexual
– Not offensive to any group
![Page 62: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Example of antenna design
Dimension Drawing Design arrayed for 4” wafer
![Page 63: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Example of antenna design
Dimension Drawing Design arrayed for 4” wafer
![Page 64: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Example of antenna design
Dimension Drawing Design arrayed for 4” wafer
![Page 65: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Example of antenna design
Dimension Drawing Design arrayed for 4” wafer
![Page 66: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Example of antenna design
Dimension Drawing Design arrayed for 4” wafer
![Page 67: Engr 1202 ECE · 2017. 1. 20. · • Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. • Original mobile phones used a single](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062415/5fbac7f9ec51234e7a7aed7e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Assignment due next lecture
Frequency / wavelength
work sheet
After your visit to the clean room – complete
the team choice worksheet and submit
before the next clean room visit. This will
determine the application and length of your
antenna design