8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

1/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

2/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

3/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'h'a(@hanraias `b OcassbsOcassb# Atrhjutl b Lpbral

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

4/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Ocassb Bcbibgtl iahs rbcbvagtb b ajstraotl gui shstbia LL'

As ocassbs pl`bi sbr ljkbotls `b sletwarb -Kagbca#Elriucarhl(# ljkbotls `b mar`warb -Acarib# Hiprbsslra(lu lutras bgth`a`bs ajstraotas -Ochbgtb# Oarrl('

Ria ocassb pl`b sbr olgsh`bra`a uia `bsorhl `bui olgkugtl `b ljkbotls oli ls ibsils atrhjutls#lpbrabs b asslohabs' Vlr bxbipcl a Ocassb Oarrlrbprbsbgta l olgkugtl `b tl`as iaroas b il`bcls#JI # Ibrob`bs# Zbgauct# '''

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

5/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Zbprbsbgtal `as Ocassbs Bi RIC pl`bi sbr uthchza`ls vrhls gvbhs `b ajstraol para

rbprbsbgtar as ocassbs' Vl`bils `bocarar a ocassb sbi lu oli ls sbus

atrhjutls b lpbrabs b pl`bi uthchzar ocassbs stag`ar` olil a hgtbreaob' L glib `b uia ocassb `bvb sbiprb olibar plr cbtra iahsouca b gloasl `l glib sbr olgsthtu`l plr vrhas pacavras# a prhibhra cbtra `b oa`apacavra `bvb sbr iahsouca b gl pl`bi sbr usa`ls bspals bgtrb aspacavras'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

6/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

7/37I

l

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Zbprbsbgtal `ls Atrhjutls Ls atrhjutls ehoai plr jahxl `l glib `a ocassb'

Ls glibs `ls atrhjutls `bvbi sbr ghols b olibar plr ihgsoucas'

Quag`l sl oliplstls plr vrhas pacavras `bvbi sbr usa`as iahsoucasgl hgohl `b oa`a pacavra -bxobptuag`l a prhibhra('

Ri atrhjutl pjchol rbprbsbgta`l plr $ b ui atrhjutl prhva`l plr )'

Ls atrhjutls pl`bi tbr ui vaclr plr `bebhtl rbprbsbgta`l plr 9 ''''

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

8/37I

l

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Lpbral A lpbral l bcbibgtl olgsthtuhgtb `a ocassb qub pbrihtb

actbrar lu rbvbcar l oliplrtaibgtl `b ui ljkbotl# hstl `as

hgstagohabs `a ocassb' As lpbrabs taiji pl`bi b`bvbi rbprbsbgtar ls olgstrutlrbs `a ocassb'

As lpbrabs pl`bi sbr apbch`a`as `b itl`ls lu eugbs'

Ria lpbral pl`b sbr prhva`a lu pjchoa# hstl pl`b sbr

`b usl bxocushvl `l ljkbotl lu sbr hgvloa`a a parthr `lljkbotl'

Bxbipcls `b lpbrabs para a ocassb Oarrl; sbtIaroa-(#nbtIaroa-(# hiprhibBspbohehoaolbs-(# nbtAglVrl`uoal-(#'''

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

9/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

10/37I

l

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'h'j(@hanraias `b Ocassbs@bpbg`goha# Nbgbrachzal b

Asslohal

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

11/37I

l

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

@bpbg`goha A `bpbg`goha uthchza`a# sbibcmaga `ls oasls `b usl# para hg`hoar

qub uia ocassb usa lutra'

Bstb thpl `b rbcal usa`l quag`l uia ocassb uthchza`a olilarnuibgtl guia lpbral `b lutra ocassb'

Vlr bxbipcl gui stag` autlivbc sl aprbsbgta`ls# ariazbga`ls bvbg`h`ls oarrls'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

12/37

Il

'A

E

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Nbgbrachzal A nbgbrachzal uia rbcal bgtrb a ocassb nbrac -`bshnga`a plr pah#

lu supbr)ocassb( b uia lu iahs ocassbs iahs bspbohehoas -`bshnga`asplr ehcmls# lu suj)ocassbs('

As suj)ocassbs mbr`ai tl`ls ls atrhjutls b lpbrabs `a supbr)ocassb'

As suj)ocassbs pl`bi aorbsobgtar atrhjutls b lpbrabs'

As suj)ocassbs pl`bi rb`behghr lpbrabs `a supbr)ocassb -prlobssl`bshnga`l plr lvbrrh`b('

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

13/37

Il

'A

E

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Asslohal Ria asslohal uia rbcal bstruturac bgtrb `uas ocassbs'

As asslohabs sl olipcbta`as plr ohgol thpls `b a`lrgls; Glib# Vapbc#Iucthpchoh`a`b# Anrbnal b Oliplshl'

As asslohabs pl`bi tbr sbgth`l para `ar shnghehoa`l al gli#@b il`l a`hsthgnuhr as asslohabs `as nbgbrachzabs as sbtas sl `hebrbgtbs'

As asslohabs oli sbgth`l taiji shnghehoai qub apbgas uia `as ocassbsolgmbob a bxhstgoha `a lutra' Gbstb bxbipcl hssl hipchoarha qub a ocassb Vbsslagugoa gbobsshtassb `a ocassb Oarrl# k qub apbgas a ocassb Oarrl olgmbob a

ocassb Vbssla' L Glib `bsorbvb a gaturbza

`a asslohal'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

14/37

Il

'A

E

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Asslohal _biprb qub uia ocassb parthohpa guia asslohal a ibsia rbprbsbgta

ui `btbrihga`l papbc' Bssb papbc pl`b sbr olcloa`l bxpchohtaibgtbkugtl `a ocassb b `a asslohal'

Ria ocassb pl`b rbprbsbgtar papbhs `hebrbgtbs olgslagtb asasslohabs'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

15/37

Il

'A

E

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Asslohal Aci `l glib b `l papbc pl`b ahg`a sbr hg`hoa`a a iucthpchoh`a`b `a

asslohal'

A eacta `b hg`hoal `a iucthpchoh`a`b shnghehoa qub a ibsia gl elh`behgh`a'_ijlcl _hnghehoa`l

6''1 [brl lu ui

1 Apbgas ui

6''+ [brl lu iahs

1''+ Ri lu iahs

g Apbgas g

6''g [brl a g

1''g Ri a g

g''i G a i

g''+ G lu iahs

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

16/37

Il

'A

E

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'h'o(@hanraias `b OcassbsAnrbnal b Oliplshl

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

17/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Anrbnal Quag`l sb prbtbg`b rbprbsbgtar uia rbcal `l thpl tl`l,partb# lu

sbka uia ocassb bi qub l tl`l olgsthtu`l plr vrhas partbs usa`aa anrbnal'

Ljkbotls `l thpl tl`l# lg`b olcloa`l l shgac `a anrbnal -clsagnl(#ti ljkbotls `l thpl partb'

Gbstb bxbipcl# l Oarrl l tl`l'

L Oarrl tbi vrhas partbs'

As partbs olgsthtubi l tl`l'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

18/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Oliplshl A oliplshl uia rbcal `b anrbnal iahs elrtb# oukas partbs

bxhstbi apbgas `uragtb a bxhstgoha `l tl`l# bijlra plssai sbrrbilvh`as agtbs `l tl`l'

Gbstb thpl `b rbcal uia partb apbgas pbrtbgob a ui tl`l#bgquagtl qub ga anrbnal uia partb pl`b pbrtbgobr a vrhls tl`ls'

Asshi# ga oliplshl l tl`l rbsplgsvbc pbca orhal b `bstruhl`a partb'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

19/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Iucthpchoh`a`b `b Anrbnal As partbs pl`bi sbr,sl;

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

20/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'h'`(@hanraias `b OcassbsBxbipcls

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

21/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

22/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

23/37

Il

'AE

PB

JH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

24/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

25/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Olgsuctar @hanraias bi [arnl

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

26/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'hh'a(@hanraias `b _bqugohaLjkbotl

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

27/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

@hanraias `b _bqugoha Bstbs `hanraias pbrihtbi `bsorbvbr olil ls `hvbrsls

ljkbotls hgtbranbi bgtrb sh b oli ls aotlrbs'

Glriacibgtb rbprbsbgtai ui oasl `b usl lu vrhls# iassbiprb pbcl ibgls ui'

Gbstb thpl `b `hnraias sl aprbsbgta`ls ls ljkbotls jbiolil as ibgsanbgs trloa`as bgtrb sh# sbiprb gl olgtbxtl

`b ui `a`l oasl `b usl'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

28/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

29/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

30/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'hh'j(@hanraias `b _bqugohaAothvh`a`b

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

31/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Pbipl b Aothvh`a`b Gbstb thpl `b `hanraias l tbipl `bolrrb `b ohia para

jahxl'

_biprb qub sb quhsbr h`bgthehoar ui ljkbotl olil aothvl gbobssrhl `bsbgmar uia oahxa `b aothval sljrb a chgma`b tbipl `l ljkbotl' Hstl `bsbgma)sb ui rbotgnucl qubsb sljrbpb tac chgma `b tbipl'

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

32/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

?'?'hh'o(@hanraias `b _bqugohaIbgsanbi

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

33/37

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

34/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Orhal b @bstruhl `b Ljkbotls Aci `as ibgsanbgs tra`hohlgahs# bxhstbi ahg`a as

ibgsanbgs `b orhal b `bstruhl `b ljkbotls'

As sbtas olrrbsplg`bgtbs orhal -gbw( b `bstruhl `bljkbotls -`hsplsb ( sl rbprbsbgta`as plr uia chgmaolgthgua oli uia sbta ajbrta'

Gl oasl `as sbtas `b `bstruhl aorbsobgta`a uia oruz

ga chgma `b tbipl `l ljkbotl a sbr `bstru`l -`hsplsb`('

8/3/2019 EngSoft_Cap3_3

35/37

Il

'A

EP

BJH 'V

)62:

'rb

v6

:

ORZ_L; OBP,@_A_

@H_OHVCHGA; Bgn' `b _letwarb

AGL CBOPHUL; :668,:611

Vbrnugtas