enhancing productivity and production of pulses in the state of rajasthan

FMS-IRM

A

PROJECT REPORTOn

Enhancing Productivity and Production of Pulses in the State of Rajasthan

In the partial fulfillment for the requirement for AwardOf

“Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Marketing and ABM”

2011-2013

CARD (Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development)

Submitted by VINAY KUMAR RAJAWAT

Corporate Guide Faculty Guide

Dr. M. Mukhtar Alam Prof. R.C.Mathur

Executive Director of Faculty

CARD, New-Delhi. FMS IRM Jaipur.

FMS-IRM

Faculty of Management Studies

Institute of Rural Management

"Development through Education, Training and Research

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled Enhancing Productivity and

Production of Pulses in the State of Rajasthan is a record of project work done

independently by VINAY KUMAR RAJAWAT under my guidance and supervision

and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree fellowship or

associate ship to him.

Prof. R.C Mathur

Faculty Guide

FMS-IRM, Jaipur

FMS-IRM



"Development through Education, Training and Research”

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report entitled Enhancing Productivity and

Production of Pulses in the State of Rajasthan is a record of project work done

independently by Mr. VINAY KUMAR RAJAWAT under my guidance and supervision

and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree fellowship or

associate ship to him.

Dr. M.Mukhtar Alam

Corporate Guide

Executive Director of

CARD

NEW-DELHI.

FMS-IRM



"Development through Education, Training and Research"

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled Enhancing Productivity and Production of

Pulses in the State of Rajasthan in Churu district. Is a bonafide record of work done by us

under the guidance of Prof. R.C. Mathur, Faculty Guide, FMS-IRM and

Dr.M.Mukhtar Alam Executive Director of CARD New-Delhi. This project has not

been formed the basis for the award to me for any degree/ diploma, associate ship,

fellowship or other similar title of any other institute/ society.

Date: VINAY KUMAR RAJAWAT

RM JULY 2012

Roll No. 1997

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“The completion of any project depends upon the co-operation, coordination and

combined efforts of several resources of knowledge, inspiration & energy.” We have taken

efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support

and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere

thanks to all of them.

We would most humbly like to thank the people of CARD without whom our

project wouldn’t have materialized. We are highly indebted to our project guide

Dr. M.Mukhtar Alam for his never ending support he extended to us in understanding the

project and helped build the conceptual understanding which led to the successful

completion of our project.

We are indebted to our faculty guide Prof. R.C Mathur who provided us the

encouragement and generously shared his wisdom & expertise with us and provided an

excellent guidance and general interest.

Concluding we also express our sincere thanks to the respondents who were

very co-operative and were kind enough to share some of the valuable time to fill in the

questionnaire and thus providing us with all the information without which the completion

of the project report was impossible.

Vinay Kumar-1997 PGDM-RM

2011-2013

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LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS

AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project

ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency

APICOL Agriculture Promotion and Investment

Corporation Limited

DSMS District Supply and Marketing Society

CCCB Churu Central Cooperative Bank

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development

FRR Financial Rate of Return

FTTF Farm Technology Transfer Fund

GCA Gross Cropped Area

INM Integrated Nutrient Management

IPM Integrated Pest ManagementIPDP Integrated Pulses Development Programme

ISOPOMIntegrated Scheme on Pulses, Oilseeds and Maize

NFSM National Food Security Mission

IMAGEInstitute For Management of Agriculture Extension

NPDP National Pulses Development Programme

NAFEDNational Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited

IIPR Indian Institute of Pulse Research KanpurRSSCA Rajasthan State Seeds Certification AgencyRRMAS Rural Development and Marketing Society

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PLP Potential Linked-Credit PlanDLDB District Land Development BankSOF Scale Of FinanceRPRC Regional Pulses Research CentreWHO World Health Organization

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction design of the study

1.1 Statement of the problem

I. Overview of the pulse production

II. Contribution of different pulses in total pulses production pulses

III. Overview of International Market of Pulses

IV. Contribution of Pulses in international trade

V. Indian Scenario

VI. Productivity of pluses in India

1.2 Objective of the study

1.3 Methodology

a) Selection of district

b) Sample Technique

c) Sample size

1.4 Practical/Scientific utility of study

1.5 Review of literature

1.6 Limitation of study

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CHAPTER -2 Profile of the organization

A) Project details

B) Area of Operation

C) Selection of Districts

D) Selection of Farmers

E) Need for the Project

CHAPTER- 3 ANALYSES

3.1 Data collection

3.2 Primary source of data collection

3.3 Secondary source of data collection

3.4 SWORT Analysis for Pulses production in India

3.5 Introduction of the Selected Project Area in Rajashtan

3.5(a) Agro Climatic Zone of Rajasthan

3.5 (b) Agriculture Status of Rajasthan

3.6 Status of Pulses in Rajasthan

3.7 SWOT Analysis in Pulses Production in Churu District.

CHAPTER -4 SUMMARIES OF FINDINGS

A- Data analysis

B- Formation of project report and presentation

C- Duration of study

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D- Data analysis and Data Interpretation

E- Analysis technique

F- Tools of Analysis

G- presentation of data

1. Land holding

2. Types of land

3. Seed Used

4. FYM

5. Weed Control

6. Government Support

CHAPTER- 5 FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Findings

5.2 Suggestion

5.3 Impact point of pulse production

5.4 Scientific aspect to increase production of pulses

5.5 Improving yield stability

5.6 Production and supply of quality seed

5.7 Reduces post harvest losses

5.8 Ensuring attractive price to producers

5.9 Ensuring timely availability of critical inputs

5.10 Efficient transfer of technology

CHAPTER- 6 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

6.1 Integrated Nutrient Management

6.2 Bacterial Agents

6.3 Enhancing Technology Transfer System

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDEX

List of Tables and Diagrams

Fig.1.1 Figure in parentheses are the growth rate during the period in

percentage 1.1

14

Fig.1.2 the pulses wise production and producers: 16

Fig.1.3 internationally traded agriculture commodity 17

Fig.1.4 An overview of Export of pulses 18

Fig.1.5 An overview of pulses productivity in different States 20

Fig,1.6 Contribution of different pulses in total pulses production 20

Fig.1.7 Sample Size for the survey conducted-120 23

Fig.1.8 The import of pulses from international market 29

Fig.1.9 Introduction of the Selected Project Area in Rajashtan 34

Fig 1.10 Contribution of Rajasthan in Indian Agriculture 38

Fig.1.11 Production & Productivity status of the selected districts (2010-11) 40

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Fig.1.12 LAND HOLDINGS 44

Fig.1.13 TYPES OF LAND 45

Fig.1.14 SEED USED 46

Fig 1.15 FYM 47

Fig 1.16 Weed control 48

Fig 1.17 Government support 49

Fig 1.18 Functional Model for Implementation of Model Seed System (s) Project in Rajasthan

58

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Executive Summary

The present study is an attempted to make an in-depth analysis of the pulses in Churu

district of Rajasthan with special reference to pulses covering its production, and

productivity, processing and marketing aspects based on the primary data collected from

sample farmers.

Pulses is the broad term used to describe the dried, edible seeds of legumes and contain

Protein, abundant Complex Carbohydrates (including soluble fiber) but almost no fat. The

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines Pulses as annual

leguminous crops yielding from one to 12 seeds within the pod and harvested for the dry

seeds. India is the largest pulses growing nation in the world with around 35 per cent of

area about 21 per cent of production of pulses in the world. The pulses are grown over an

area of around 23 million ha. Accounting for about 18 per cent of total area but the

production of pulses is around 14 million tones, which is only 7 to 8 per cent of total food

grains production during the recent years. The yields of pulses at around 500 - 600 kg/ha. is

only about 35 to 40 per cent of the average yield of total food grains. The Pigeon peas

(Arhar) and Chick peas (Gram or Desi Chana) are the major pulses grown in India,

followed by Green and Black Gram and guwar and moth and Lentil. The per capita (per

day) availability of pulses in the country has hovered around 30 to 35 gms. In the recent

years which is much lower than the 43 gm recommended by the Indian Council of

Medical Research. Pulses seed contain 2 to 3 time more protein than cereals and are rich

source of minerals and vitamins.

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CROP % Protein

Chickpea 18.0-30.6

Pigeon pea 18.8-28.5

Urdbean 21.2-31.8

Moongbean 20.8-31.8

Lentil 20.4-30.5

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are the major pulses growing

states in the country contributing around 10 to 15 per cent of area and production of pulses

in the country. Rajasthan with around 3 to 5 per cent of the area and production of pulses

has very seldom been a force to reckon with in the overall pulses scenario of the country.

However, the crop has specific importance for the simple reason of being the indispensable

component of the diet of the people of the state. In the Churu district the production of

pulses –

SrNo.

Crop Name Area in ha. Production(in mt)

Area in ha. Production (in mt)

Year- 2009-10 Year-2010-2011

1 Pulses 335000 170000 328350 39105

2 Guwar 300000 600000 294850 58970

3 Gram 125000 50000 235000 1880000

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction design of the study

India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. Pulses is the major source of protein

and amino acid, the climate of the Churu is more privilege for the production of pulses in

this area major pulses crop are chickpea, guwar, moong and moth. Despite being a desert

state, Rajasthan achieved the feat of producing highest amount of pulses in the country,

for which chief minister Ashok Gehlot and agriculture minister HarjiramBurdak were

awarded by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. At present globally 60 million tones of

pulses are produced annually from 70 million hectares. The proposed project for enhancing

pulse production in the districts of Churu. Will benefit the farmers in the districts while

realizing the goals for pulse production at the state and national level. The project will

benefit the State Government by increasing pulse productivity of the State through targeted

intervention in the three districts, by providing regional and local information database to

the State Government and will also be helpful to the farmers by providing better marketing

opportunities due to training on market intelligence, direct interaction with buyers,

elimination of middlemen and by premium price to the farmer. The project will cover the

three crops namely Moong, Moth and Gram that is produced in the identified districts.

The country's population is predicted to be 1.68 billion by 2030 from the present level of

1.21 billion. Accordingly, the projected pulse Requirement for the year 2030 is 32.00

million tons with an anticipated Growth rate of 4.2%.

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CROP 2012 2017 2022 2025 2030

Check pea 6.47

2.00

7.87

4.00

9.12

3.00

9.68

2.00

10.12

4.00

Pigeon pea 2.75

2.25

3.59

5.50

4.58

5.00

5.04

3.25

5.52

4.75

Mung bean 1.25

5.25

1.89

4.50

2.30

4.00

2.53

3.25

2.75

3.50

Urd bean 1.97

5.75

2.43

4.25

2.96

4.00

3.23

3.00

3.58

4.00

Lentil 1.31

4.00

1.73

5.75

2.21

5.00

2.41

3.00

2.62

4.00

Peas 1.03

4.00

1.30

5.75

1.58

5.00

1.70

3.00

1.98

3.80

Others 1.97 2.91 3.70 4.83 5.33

Total 17.02

3.50

21.72

5.00

26.43

4.00

29.43

3.65

32.00

4.20

Figure in parentheses are the growth rate during the period in percentage

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1.1 Statement of the problems

The project is mainly focused to increase the production and productivity of pulses in the

State of Rajasthan by creating awareness in respect of pulses production, use of pulse as a

mixed crop with other crops and use of modern technology among the farmers. The project

will cover the three crops namely Moong, Moth and Gram that is produced in the identified

districts. For the project, a total of 3000 ha land will be selected from 3 districts of the

Rajsthan i.e. Churu, Barmer and Jaiselmer. The selection of districts is based on the

crop production, productivity, farmer awareness and extension services etc. A total

of 6000 farmers will get the benefit of the project. In this project only Churu district

is covered.

I. Overview of the pulse production

World Scenario of pulses production

At present globally 61.3 million tones of pulses are produced annually from 70 million

hectares. The contribution of developing countries like India, China, Brazil, Turkey and

Mexico accounts for nearly two third of production. India is the largest producer with 33

per cent of global area contributing 22 per cent of the world production. Pulses itself

contributes approx 2.5 % in the total international trade of agriculture products. The

following table shows the pulses wise production and producers:

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PulsesProduction(in million tones)

Top Producer

Other Major Producers

Pulses, Total 61.3 mt India (22%) China (10%), EU (9%), Brazil (5), Canada (5%), Myanmar(5%), Australia (4%)

Dry Beans 18.7 mt Brazil (16%) India (14%), China (11%), Myanmar (9%), Mexico (7%), U.S.A (6%)

Dry Peas 12.1 mt EU (30%) Canada (18%), China (13%), Russia (12%), India (7%),Ukraine (5%), Australia (3%)

Chickpeas 8.6 mt India (60%) Turkey (8%), Pakistan (6%), Iran (4), Mexico (4%), Canada(3%), Australia (3%)

Dry Broad Beans

4.4 mt China (47%) %) EU (13%), Ethiopia (11%), Egypt (11%), Australia (6%),Sudan (2%), Morocco (2%)

Lentils 3.8 mt India (30%) Turkey (18%), Canada (16%), Australia (5%), Syria (5%),Nepal (5%), China (4%), USA (4%), Bangladesh (4%), Iran(4%)

Cow Peas 3.9 mt Nigeria (60%) Niger (10%), Burkina Faso (9%), Myanmar (6%), Mali (3%),Cameroon (2%)

Pigeon Peas 3.24 mt India (76%) Myanmar (14), Malawi (3%), Uganda (3%), Kenya (2%),Tanzania (2%)

II. Contribution of different pulses in total pulses

production pulses

In the total production of the pulses i.e. 61.3 million tones dry beans itself contributes 30 %

of the total production followed by dry peas 19% and chick pea 14%. Contribution of

different pulses in world total pulses production is as under:

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S.No. Name of Pulses Contribution in total production of pulses (%)

1 Dry Beans 302 Dry Peas 193 Chick Peas 144 Dry Broad Beans 7.25 Cow Pea 6.366 Lentils 6.197 Pigen Pea 5.288 Others 11.97

III. Overview of International Market of Pulses

Pulses contribute approx. 2.5 % in the international trade of agriculture products. The

major agri product, which traded internationally, is wheat followed by the Maize (corn).

A view of the internationally traded agriculture commodity is as under:

Product Production(million tonnes)

Global Trade(million tonnes)

Pulses 62 11Palm Oils 38 30Corn 771 87Soya 240 74Rice 660 32Wheat 676 116Barley 153 19

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IV. Contribution of Pulses in international trade

Out of the total production of pulses, 17% of the pulses are traded in the international

market. Canada is leading country in export of pulses followed by Australia and China. An

overview of Export of pulses is as under:

S.No. Country Quantity exported(million tones)

Contribution in Total export (%)

1 Canada 2.12 252 Australia 1.3 153 Myanmar 0.84 104 China 0.80 095 USA 0.52 07

(V)Indian Scenario

I. India is the largest producer with 33 per cent of global area

contributing 22 per cent of the world’s production. Normally the area

under pulses in the country is around 24.38 million hectares with a

production of 14.52 million tonnes. The average productivity of the

country is very low i.e. 550-600 kg/ha when compared with the

average productivity of 1750 Kg/ ha and 637 kg/ha in other developed

and developing countries respectively, as well as the global average

pulse productivity of 820 kg/ha.

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(VI) Productivity of pluses in India:

Although India is leading Country in pulses production but the productivity of pulses is

much lower i.e. 650 kg/ha as compared to the other pulses growing countries i.e. 1600-

1700 kg/ha. An overview of pulses productivity in different States is shown below:

StateHighest

Productivity (Kg/ha)

State Lowest Productivity

(Kg/ha)Haryana 976.6 Tamil Nadu 306.8Punjab 907.9 J&K 464.1Uttar Pradesh 898.7 Karnataka 465.7Kerala 818.2 Orissa 481.2

AndhraPradesh

817.6 Rajasthan 497.3

(VII) Contribution of different pulses in total pulses production

S.No. State Production (%)

1 Chickpea 402 Pigeon pea 203 Mung bean 114 Urad bean 105 Lentil 76 Peas 57 Other 7

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1.2 Objectives of the study

The present study was undertaken with the following objectives pertaining to the state of

Rajasthan in the Churu district.

1. Analyses the trend in area, production and productivity of selected pulses.

2. Look into the issues and constraints in the farm management of the pulses.

3. Analyses the forward and backward linkages in the production of pulses.

4. Assess the efficiency of different channels of marketing and the role of MSP.

5. Explore the post harvest management including grading, processing, packing,

value addition, branding, etc.

6. Identify the constraints in the production, marketing and processing.

7. Enquiring from the farmers about their ways and techniques which are follows by

the farmers.

8. Findings out whether farmers get their soil tested in laboratories and whether they

get corrective measures to balance their soil nutrients suitable for growing pulses.

9. Knowing the technology like, seed treatment, plant population maintenance,

fertilizer foliar application, DAP and MOP use.

10. Knowing of Rizhobium culture, nutrients and micronutrients, Zypsum

and seed treatment chemicals for increasing the productivity of pulses.

11. Knowing the Government support provided to the farmers during cultivation of

pulses

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1.3 Methodology

3.1 Selection of Districts-

In Churu important pulse crops are chickpea or gram, greengram (mungbean) guwar and

moth. District-wise Area & Production of Pulses in Churu for 2009-2010(335000

ha.170000mt) and 2010-2011 are (328350mh-39105mt) The major pulse growing districts

in terms of area in the State are Churu, Barmer, and Jaisalmer in that order. For last two

years i.e. 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, for which data was available before the launch of the

study, the highest production was also recorded in Churu and find out the climatic

suitability to increasing the production of pulses.( Hence, the districts i.e churu with the

highest area (under cultivation) as well as production were selected for the present study.

Notwithstanding the fact that, three major pulses viz., Gram, Moong and moth were grown

in the study area, chickpea or gram, was the most dominant type of pulse cultivated in the

districts.

3.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sampling adopted was Non-Probability Sampling. The units were

selected on basis of Judgmental Sampling as major priority was given to the

Tehsil where the irrigation source available (Sardarshahr) and another Tehsil

(Taranagar) there is no irrigation facility in the whole Tehsil because the

irrigated water is saline if field irrigated with the same water to 3 to 4 years

.The soil will be sick of salts therefore all cultivation depends on rains. The

implementation of revival Project is a bigger concern for organization.

Also availability of a certain officers of CCCB’s and Prabandhak in a

particular area also made sample units being affected by discretion/judgment

of researcher.

In non probability sampling, Convenience Sampling was applied on grounds

of locality, proximity, availability of respondents’ issues etc:

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3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

Sample Size for the survey conducted-120

Sample Size for the survey conducted – 120

Name of the place visited No. of person contacted

CHURU (Ranasar) 20

Jasasar 20

TARANAGAR(Bhaleri) 20

Mukanghar 20

SARDARSHAHAR 20

Bikamsara 20

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4 DATA COLLECTION

4.1 PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION:Primary data is proposed to be collected through Churu Credit Cooperative Bank, (CCCBs)

and the supporting of the DDA of Churu. Following tools were adopted for Primary Data

collection: -

Questionnaire: - Before the field study was started the secondary data relevant to

the topic were collected. After complete analysis, objectives of the study and

questionnaires for respondents were prepared by the researcher. The questionnaires

include questions related to the recommended components of the scheme.

Questionnaires were open ended and close ended. Researcher has prepared

questionnaires for Farmers so that researcher may come to know about the proper

scenario of the pulse project through given by the organizations.

Observation: - Basically this method has more use of vision for data collection.

Many times it happens that people don’t answer the real scenario. So this tool is

very important when a researcher goes for the collection the views regarding any

topic and this method helped a lot to researcher throughout the project.

4.2 SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION:

Apart from primary source, secondary sources were also explored for data collection. In

district researcher have collected data from the DDM-NABARD which gave information

about the relative project with the pulse production and increase the productivity and

marketing assessment marketing decision making ect. In that particular district which was

necessary and relevant for the project.

Some of the important sources of data collection are:-

1. Company Literature and database.

2. Information available on internet.3. Journals, newspapers, books magazines etc.

4. Some organizational report like AICRP,ISOPOM.

5. DoA (Department of agriculture).

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6. Www.nabard.org

7. http://www.iipr.res.in/

1.4 Practical/Scientific utility of project

The study conducted by the above state methodology would help to understand the present

scenario of pulse production and use of modern agriculture technology, processing of

pulses, reduce the post harvest loses etc. and help to achieve 4.2 %growth rate.

1.5 Review of literature-

Apart from primary source, secondary sources were also explored for data collection. In

district researcher have collected data from the DDM-NABARD which gave information

about the relative project with the pulse production and increase the productivity and

marketing assessment marketing decision making ect. In that particular district which was

necessary and relevant for the project.

Some of the important sources of data collection are:-

8. Company Literature and database.9. Information available on internet.

10. Journals, newspapers, books magazines etc.11. Some organizational report like AICRP,ISOPOM.

12. DoA (Department of agriculture).

13. Www.nabard.org14. http://www.iipr.res.in/

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1.6 Limitations of study

The sample size may be a limitation of the study. The sample size for farmers

survey in this case being 120 was insufficient and the sample size of Tehsil to be

covered was 03 in the District of Churu’;. The findings based on this sample size

might not provide accurate results.

Responses may be biased; Majority respondents who were part of the survey have

low awareness at ground level. At many times they were unable to provide required

information.

A substantial time period is required to evaluate these project but this project would

be evaluated after a very less time period after its completion.

All the impact can be measured and some impacts are not quantifiable as well.

The inferences of the study were drawn on the basis of primary data collected from

a very limited sample. Though all efforts were made to collect the correct or near to

correct information through the pre-designed questionnaire, the basis in revealing

certain information may have affected the data collection and inference drawn from

such data.

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Chapter-2

Brief introduction of the Execution AgencyCentre for Agriculture and Rural Development

(CARD)

Established and registered in the year 2000 under the Societies Registration Act 1860,

Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development is a premier Non-Government

Organization, playing a vibrant role in the national efforts of developing India through

agriculture led transformation. CARD is committed to reaching all parts of the rural society

especially farming community and participates actively towards improving the quality of

life of rural masses by addressing technical, economical policy issues related to the

development of agriculture and rural society.

CARD is engaged in a variety of activities in agriculture, horticulture and rural

development with an all India presence. The Society focuses on information dissemination,

training, capacity building and technology exposure by organizing business seminars,

technical conferences, farmer’s workshops, agro trade fairs, conducting surveys & studies

and adopting villages for their sustainable development. CARD monitors trends in

agriculture and agribusinesses and advises Central and State Governments, NGOs and

various bodies on appropriate policies and actions for the development of agriculture and

rural economy. Its various bodies are engaged in a host of developmental activities for the

benefit of rural society.

CARD has strong links with the farming, business communities as well as policy makers

built up through many years of consistent effort to voice agriculture issues and facilitating

partnership between Government and the industry by initiating public private partnership

in agriculture. The pioneering roles played by CARD in popularizing the concept of PPP,

Government initiative on mass media support to agriculture, lowering of interest rates by

organizing Parliamentarians conferences and working towards greater investments in

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agriculture sector, There has also been a long association of CARD with farmers

throughout the country and with agencies and organizations involved with rural

development. CARD has organized hundreds of rural expos, farmers’ seminars and

workshops and participated in field projects.

Through a series of activities to empower farmers on latest technology, quality products

and services by organizing several capacity building sessions, workshops, rural exhibitions

and interaction programmes. CARD has impacted over three lacs framers by a series of

successfully carried out awareness campaigns at District and block levels. Till now CARD

has covered 74 districts in various states like U.P., M.P., H.P, Haryana, Punjab,

Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh and North east region.

CARD team is comprised of highly qualified and experienced persons from agriculture,

horticulture, development sector, media and marketing, who have strong background in

planning, designing and implementation of development initiatives.

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Project Details:

Project title: Enhancing productivity and production of Pulses in the State of Rajasthan

The vision of project is to increase the production and the productivity of pulses in such

ratio so that the difference between the domestic consumption and domestic production is

eliminated and India while being self reliant in pulse production transforms from pulse

importing nation to pulse exporting nation and therefore India’s dependence on import of

pulses from other country comes to an end.

2.2 Area of Operation:

Area selected for the project is Rajasthan because of the area under pulses are high but the

productivity of pulses in the state is low,in the selected district (Churu) are mainly

requiring less moisture,viz-Guwar, Bajra, Moth, Gram and mustered .Pulses are dominant

in agriculture in the district.

2.3 Selection of Districts:

For the implementation of the project, three remote districts of Rajsthan namely Churu,

Barmer and Jaiselmer have been selected. For the project 6500 ha land has been selected

from the above districts. The criteria for selection of the district are as under:

Total Agriculture Land

Contribution of pulses in the total agriculture land.

Productivity of Pulses

Agro Climatic condition

Tradition Cultivation Practices

Awareness of Farmers

Outreach of the extension activities

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Requirement of value additions in terms of improved seeds, irrigation, marketing

linkages

2.4 Selection of Farmers

For the execution of the project 6000 farmers will be selected. The main criteria for

selection of the farmers are as under:

Land size available with Farmers

Current Cultivation Practices adopted by farmers

Participation of Farmers during the time of demonstration

Awareness of Farmers.

2. Distribution of Rizhobium culture, nutrients and micronutrients, Zypsum

and seed treatment chemicals for increasing the productivity of pulses.

3. Economic Analysis (Extra Monetary Benefit through cultivation of Pulses as compared

to any other crops) and demonstration of the benefits in cultivation of Pulses.

2.6 Need for the project

India is the biggest producer of pulses, top in land utilization covered under pulses. But due

to gap between the consumption and availability of pulses, India Imports about 2.4 million

tonnes from the different countries. In 2007-08, India imported 2.32 million tonnes of

pulses and next year, 2.84 million tonnes. Since India is the biggest consumer of pulses,

demand within the country influences international prices. So when the Indian government

announces import, it immediately spikes prices in the world market because it indicates to

the world market that there is an acute shortage of pulses in the country. Resultant Indian

has to pay more price as compare to the actual prices. The scenario of gap between the

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demand and supply fulfilled by Government of India through the import of pulses from

international market is as under:

Benefits to State

Productivity of Pulses will increase.

Growth of Pulses processing industries

New agriculture concepts will be utilized in the State

Creating awareness among the farmers

Increased employment in the State.

Outreach of support to the farmer extended in the regions where extension activities are

assessed weak

Benefits to the farmers

Improvement in the socio-economic status of the farming community.

Increase in productivity through scientific crop management system

Better price to the farmer and enhanced per capita income.

PulsesDemand Production Import(MMts) (MMts) (MMts)

Pigeon Pea 2.7 2.3 0.4Urad 1.55 1.2 0.35Mung 1.4 1.1 0.3Dry Peas 2.2 0.95 1.25Masoor 1.2 0.8 0.4Tur 6 5.8 0.2Other 2.5 2.16 0.34TOTAL 17.55 14.31 3.24

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Conservation of environment, soil health and preventing future environmental

issues

SWOT Analysis for pulses production in India

(i) Strengths

a) Suitable Climatic condition

b) Emphasis of Central Government to increase the production and productivity of

pluses

c) Increased MSP of Pulses

d) On top in production of and land utilization for pulse cultivation

e) Used as mixed crop and relay crop in different States

f) Use of modern technology in some developed region.

(ii) Weaknesses

a) Low Nutritional level of the soil

b) Highly susceptible to various pests and diseases, drought & water logging

c) Considerable losses due to storage grain pests

d) Insufficient high yielding pest and disease tolerant varieties

e) Poor attention of farmers to the pulses cultivation

f) Mostly grown as mixed crop, intercrop, bund crop etc.

g) Poor storability and lack of storage facility

h) No private sector initiatives

i) Low productivity

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iii) Opportunities

a) Huge demand supply gap

b) Proper utilization of the available resource

c) Government schemes to encourage the pulses production e.g. Rastriya Krishi Vikas

Yojana, National Pulses Development Programme etc.

iv)Threats

a) Weather conditions because it is mainly grown as rainfed crop

b) Import policies of the Government

3.4 Introduction of the Selected Project Area in Rajashtan

Rajasthan’s western region is semi-arid and desert but the eastern part of the state has

many rivers and there is more rain; hence suitable for farming. In past days, agriculture

was a risky affair for the people and they used to farm animals for milk. Now the state has

been benefited by the “White Revolution” to great extent.

Rajasthan is a state where 80% of the people depend on agriculture. The rural economy of

the state largely depends on farming. The major crops grown in the state include bajra,

jowar, wheat and barley. Apart from these, the state also produces other important crops

like groundnut, sesame, cotton and Maize. Fruits and vegetables are also grown in the

state; these are mainly orange, lemon, guava and mango. The use of chemical fertilizers

and pesticides has increased the crop productivity and now the state is self sufficient in the

production of food grains.

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Irrigation in Rajasthan largely depends on rain but manmade ponds are also used for this

purpose. Water is made available from canals or by the use of Persian wheels. So many

projects are running by the government and private NGOs to overcome the problem related

to irrigation.

S.NO Item Year Unit Particulars1 Area Census 2001 Sq.Km. 3422393 Cities & Towns Census 2001 No. 222

4 Villages Census 2001 " 413535 Net area sown 2007-08 Hect. 17095672

6 Area sown more than once " " 5112619

7 Gross area irrigated (P) " " 8088455

8 Irrigated Area of

(i) Foodgrains & Pulses 2007-08 " 3820898(ii) Oil seeds " " 2575439(iii) Cotton " " 353812(iv) Sugarcane " " 10035

9 Production(i) Foodgrain & pulses 2007-08 M.Tonnes 16084435(ii) Oil seeds " " 4229346(iii) Cotton (Lint) " " 146576

(iv) Sugarcane " " 59405610 Livestock (P) 2006-07 (P) ’ 000 No. 49136

3.4 (a) Agro Climatic Zone of Rajasthan

The climatic conditions of a region affect the agricultural cropping pattern and different

areas, thus, produce different crops. Different climatic factors, rainfall, temperature,

humidity, wind velocity and duration of sunshine etc. affect the cropping pattern in a

significant way. Annual rainfall and its distribution over the entire year, and the regimes of

diurnal and annual temperatures are, by far, the prominent factors affecting agriculture and

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the life style of the people. On the basis of climatic conditions and agricultural produce,

Rajasthan has been divided into nine agro-climatic zones, each one having special

characteristics of its own.

i) Arid Western Plain: This region comprises of all tehsils of Bikaner, Jaisalmer and

Barmer districts, Phalodi, Shergarh, Osian and Jodhpur tchsils of Jodhpur district and

Dungargarh, Sujangarh, Ratangarh and Sardarshahar tehsils of Churu district.

Mostly rainfed crops like bajra, Kharif pulses, guar etc. are grown during the Kharif

season. Rabi crops like wheat, rape-seed and mustard are grown only in areas where

irrigation water is available.

ii) Irrigated North-Western Plains: The entire Ganganagar district, which is an alluvial

and aeolian plain, formed by the river Ghaggar (the ancient river saraswati) forms this

agro-climatic zone. The Ghaggar channel, even though 7 kms. wide at some places,

inundates nearby villages, during heavy rainfall in its catchment areas.

Amongst the Kharif crops cotton, sugarcane and pulses are cultivated. In the Rabi season,

wheat, mustard, gram, vegetables and fruits are produced. The total production as well as

productivity levels of all crops is relatively much higher in this zone as compared to

other parts of the state.

iii.) Transitional Plain Of Inland Drainage: This zone comprises all tehsils of Nagaur,

Sikar and Jhunjhunun districts and Taranagar, Churu and Rajgarh tehsils of Churu district.

The area is covered with sand dunes and inter-dunal sandy plains. Bajra, sesamum and

Kharif pulses are the main crops of the rainy season. Wheat, barley, mustard and gram are

grown as irrigated crops or on conserved soil moisture during Rabi.

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iv) Transitional Plain of Luni Basin: This area lies between the Aravalli ranges and

western arid region. The region encompasses the entire districts of Jalor and Pali, Reodhar

and Sheoganj tehsils of Sirohi district, and Bilara and Bhopaigarh tehsils of Jodhpur

district. The area produces bajra, maize, guar, sesamum and pulses in the Kharif season.

In the Rabi season, wheat, barley and mustard are the dominant crops, especially in

irrigated areas.

v) Semi-arid Eastern Plain: This region comprises four districts namely, Jaipur, Dausa,

Tonk and Ajmer. Banas, with its several tributaries, forms a rich fertile plain. On the

western side, the region is flanked by the low Aravalli hills, which extend from the

southwest to the north- east.

In the total gross cultivated area of this zone, bajra, sorghum and pulses are grown in the

Kharif season, and wheat, barley, gram, mustard in the Rabi season. Productivity of all

crops in this zone is better than that of the agro-climatic zones that are to the west of the

Aravalli range.

vi) Flood Prone Eastern Plains: This region comprises the districts of Alwar, Bharatpur

and Dhaulpur and the northern part of Sawai Madhopur (Mahuwa, Todabhim, Hindon,

Nadauti, Bamanwas, Gangapur, Karauli, Sapotra and Bonli tehsils). Except for few low

hills, which exist in Alwar and Sawai Madhopur districts, the entire region is a flood plain

of the Banganga and the river Ghambhiri. The region has rich alluvial soils and the

fertility of which is replenished every year by the floodwater of the rivers. The region

produces bajra, sorghum, maize, sugarcane, sesamum and a variety of pulses in the Kharif

season. Wheat, barley, gram and mustard are the dominant crops during Rabi season.

vii) Sub-humid Southern Plains & the Aravalli Hills: Bhilwara district, all tehsils of

Udaipur district, except Dharyiawad, Salumber and Sarada, all tehsils of Chittaurgarh

district, except Chotti Sadri, Pratapgath, Arnod and Bari Sadri and Abu Road and Pindwara

tehsils of Sirohi district form this agro-climatic zone. For the most part, this is a region of

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low Aravalli hills with the inter-mountain plateau, deeply dissected by streams and rivers.

The area produces maize as the chief food crop of the Kharif season but in irrigated areas,

paddy is also grown. In the Rabi season, wheat, gram and oil seeds are the main crops. In

areas of black soil, cotton and opium are also cultivated.

viii) Humid Southern Plains: The districts of Dungarpur and Banswara, parts of Udaipur

(Dhariyawad, Salumber and Sarada tehsils) and Chittorgarh (Chotti sadri, Bari Sadri,

Pratapgarh and Arnod tehsils) are included in this region. The area comprises of low

Aravalli hills with intrusions of black lava rocks. Cotton and sugarcane are the chief cash

crops grown in the black soil region. Maize, sorghum and paddy are the chief food crops

of the Kharif season. Groundnut, mustard, sesamum and rapeseed are also grown.

ix) Humid South-Eastern Plains: Popularly known as the Hadauti plateau, this region

includes the districts of Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar and two tehsils of Sawai

Madhopur namely Khandar and Sawai Madhopur. The black soil region of this plateau is

fertile and is used for cultivation of sugarcane, cotton and opium. The region has low hills

of the Gwalior series, interspersed with with broad plateaus of Vindhyan rocks. The

Chambal is the main river along with its main tributaries like Parvati, Kali sindh, Parwan

and Banas but now degraded. Paddy and sorghum are the chief food crops grown in the

Kharif season. This area is suitable for soyabeen crop also. Wheat, barley, grain and

mustard are grown in winter.

3.4 (b) Agriculture Status of Rajasthan

Agriculture in Rajasthan largely depends on the vagaries of the mansoon. The coefficient

of variation of rainfall is very high, from less than 100 mm in Jaislmer to 1000 mm in some

areas of Chittorgarh, Jhalawar, Baran and Kota Districts.

Oilseeds, Pulses, Cotton seeds, Spices, Soyabean, Vegetable and Arid Fruits are main

crops grown in Rajasthan. The productivity of most of the agriculture commodities is low

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as compared to national average. However, Rajasthan ranks number one in the production

of Bajra, guar and cumin.

Contribution of Rajasthan in Indian Agriculture is as under:

Crop India (MT) Rajasthan (MT) (%) Share

Bajra 8.35 3.8 45.81

Mustered 5.04 1.94 38.54

Coarse cereals 33.95 5.99 17.65

Gram 5.27 0.74 14.04

Soybean 5.86 0.72 12.22

Total oilseeds 20.8 3.13 15.03

Total Pulses 13.19 1.43 10.84

Wheat 71.81 6.39 8.9

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Status of Pulses in Rajasthan

Rajasthan is on the 4th rank in total pulses production of India while in regard to the

productivity of pulses, Rajasthan on the 5th rank from the bottom. Pulses grown in

Rajasthan are as under:

i) Gram: Rajasthan is the second largest Gram producing state in the country. During

2010-11, nearly 11 lakh ton Gram was produced here with sowing figure of around 12.68

lakh hectares. In Rajasthan, total area under Gram is 616000 ha in which a quantity

872559 Mts of Gram produced at the average productivity of 863 kg/ha.

In Rajasthan, Churu is the first in Gram production and it contributed 26.19% of the total

area of Gram in Rajasthan followed by Hanumangarh 14.79%, Bikaner 12.45% and

Ganganager 7.52%. In regard to the production of Gram, Churu contributes 17.9% of the

total production followed by Bikaner 15.28%, Hanumangarh 12.66%.

ii) Moong: Area under Moong in Rajasthan is 759454 ha in which a quantity of 271112

Mts produced at the average productivity of 358 kg/ha.

Nagour is on the first in area as well as production of Moong in Rajasthan and it

contributes 27.87% of the total area under Moong followed by Jodhpur 10.78% and Ajmer

9.36%. In regard to the production, Nagour contributes 30.95% of the total Moong

production in Rajasthan followed by Ajmer 14.12% and Jaipur 10.78%.

iii) Moth: Rajasthan is on the top in the production of Moth in India. Rajasthan produces a

quantity of 190565 Mts of Moth from the 1151161 Mts of land. Productivity of Moth in

Rajasthan is 165 kg/ha.

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Bikaner is contributing 23.815% of the total area of Moth in Rajasthan and also

contributing 22.4% in the total production of Moth. Other Major districts are Churu,

Barmer, and Nagaur who contributes 20.65%, 18.02% and 17.07% in the total area of

Moth in Rajasthan. In regard to the production, Bikaner contributes 22.4 % in the total

production of Moth in Rajasthan followed by Nagour 21.78%, Churu 13.63%.

Production & Productivity status of the selected districts (2010-11)

S.

No.

Districts Mung Moth GramArea (Ha)

Prod (MT)

Yield (Kg/Ha)

Area (Ha)

Prod (MT)

Yield (Kg/Ha)

Area (Ha)

Prod (MT)

Yield (Kg/Ha)

1 Barmer 53447 26979 505 272859 144886 531 1072 962 8982 Churu 34396 7580 223 422419 142649 338 358725 222812 6213 Jaiselmer 12662 7869 621 3191 1551 486 79529 52035 654

SWOT Analysis in Pulses Production in Churu District.

Strengths

a. 80% of the population depends on agriculture.

b. Rural economy largely depends on farming.

c. Good network of seed agencies

d. Pulse sector has been treated as “focus area” by the State Government.

ii) Weaknesses

a. Inadequate power supply in different villages of Churu district

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b. Lack of proper regulation in plant material supply

c. Inadequate programmes for waste land utilization

d. Lack of focus on post harvest management and facilities like polishing centers,

processing units etc.

e. Marketing channels are not well developed

f. Inadequate focus on farmer training programmes.

iii) Opportunities

a) Large tracts of dry lands / rainfed areas / wastelands

b) An opportunity to set up pulses processing industries.

c) Support of State Govt.

iv) Threats

a) Increased in the soil and water salinity level, mainly in Taranagar tehsil.

b) A wide fluctuation in market prices and the price discovery mechanism is

not transparent.

c) The coefficient of variation of rainfall is very high, from less than 100 mm

in Churu to 1000 Mm in some areas of Rajasthan.

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CHAPTER-3DATA ANALYSIS:-

Data from both the sources has been organized and arranged as per the requirement

tables, bar-diagrams and some software have been used to analysis the data and to

easily present it on paper and presentation.

The qualitative data gathered through observation and interviews was analyzed by

drawing similarities and detecting trends between diverse information and giving it

a valid structure which could be applied for further development.

Organized and formal research would enable us to reach some beneficial

conclusions and findings, and it would helps us to make some suggestion where

things went wrong in areas with negative findings or any other areas which need to

be explored and improved.

4.4 FORMATION OF PROJECT REPORT AND PRESENTATION:-

After analyzing all the relevant data considering all findings and observations, it

has been submitted in the form of project report, containing all important things.

Report has been prepared in comprehensible language so as to facilitate all to

understand it. All information have been organized and summarized in annexure

and chapters: all important documents would be attached that helped us to prepare

the report.

4.5 DURATION OF THE STUDY:-

Time duration of the study has been expected to be 6-weeks including 3-weeks for field

study & 3-weeks of desk studies and analysis. Time that would be absorbed for report

preparation has also been considered in the time of desk study.

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5 DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATIONS

5.1 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

Data analysis which was collected through questionnaires is to done and results are to be

analyzed and aspect of the project objectives to be deal with details. The findings are to be

reported with the help of suitable charts and diagrams where ever required.

5.2 TOOLS OF ANALYSIS

Pie charts, bar charts, were used as tools for analyzing the data.

5.3 PRESENTATION OF THE DATA

After the data has been properly organized, it is ready for presentation. It includes pie

charts, bar charts etc. the main purpose is to put the data in to the readable form.

5.4 LAND HOLDINGS-Land holding is the area where farmers operating the

agricultural practices, its show the farmer ownership of the field. Average size of holding

in India is 2.3 Hectare and operati

holding pattern are given below

Sr.No. Category of farmers

1 Marginal farmers2 Small farmers3 Other farmers

Grand total

INTERPRETATION-

There are maximum number of farmers(43%) which have 20

have 1-20 beegha .There are more farmer (8%)which have 60

minimum farmers(7%) come under 40

Land holding (beegha)

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Land holding is the area where farmers operating the


in India is 2.3 Hectare and operational holding is 1.32 hactres. In Churu district the land

holding pattern are given below –

Number of holdings

% Area(ha) %

5,837 3.13 3,593.2 0.2816,982 9.11 25,349.85 2.00163,621 87.76 1,238081.19 97.72186,440 100 1,267,024.24 100.00

There are maximum number of farmers(43%) which have 20-40 beegha and 42% farmers

20 beegha .There are more farmer (8%)which have 60-80 beegha land

minimum farmers(7%) come under 40-60 beegha.

42%

43%

7%8%

Land holding (beegha)

1-20

20-40

40-60

60-80

Land holding is the area where farmers operating the


. In Churu district the land

%

0.282.0097.72100.00

40 beegha and 42% farmers

80 beegha land holding.the

5.5 TYPES OF LAND- Here the simple meaning of types of land is that what the

irrigation facility on the field is. The normal annual rainfall of the district is 326mm.

Actual rainfall during 2008-09 and 2009

respectively.

Interpretation-

82% of land comes under the non

the 16% portion is covered by alluvial area where minor irrigation structures such as bore

well with pump sets are constructed. Remaining 2% comes under both categories.

In Taranagar block the quality of ground water is highly saline and hence not suitable for

agriculture.

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Here the simple meaning of types of land is that what the


09 and 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 276mm, 206mm and 497mm

% of land comes under the non-irrigated, it’s totally dependents on rain fed farming and

the 16% portion is covered by alluvial area where minor irrigation structures such as bore

sets are constructed. Remaining 2% comes under both categories.


16%

82%

2%

Types of land

A*Irrigated

B non-irrigated

AB Both

Here the simple meaning of types of land is that what the


11 was 276mm, 206mm and 497mm

irrigated, it’s totally dependents on rain fed farming and

the 16% portion is covered by alluvial area where minor irrigation structures such as bore-

sets are constructed. Remaining 2% comes under both categories.


5.6 SEED USED- Seed is the most important input which determines the production

and productivity of any crop. Starting from production of breeder seed there are assistance

available at all stages of seed production and distribution which include assistance for

purchase of breeder seed, assistance for production of foundation and certified se

as assistance for distribution of certified seed.

In the district there are not any single farmers which used only hybrid seed or foundation or

certified seed. They grow the hybrid seed than they are absolutely growing local or

traditional seed. In the survey occurred that 70% farmers are used their own seed and

remaining 30% farmers used both seed.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Hybrid+local

3630

No. of Farmers

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Seed is the most important input which determines the production

ductivity of any crop. Starting from production of breeder seed there are assistance


purchase of breeder seed, assistance for production of foundation and certified se

as assistance for distribution of certified seed.



ed. In the survey occurred that 70% farmers are used their own seed and

remaining 30% farmers used both seed.

Local

84

30

70

No. of Farmers % of farmers

Seed is the most important input which determines the production

ductivity of any crop. Starting from production of breeder seed there are assistance


purchase of breeder seed, assistance for production of foundation and certified seed as well



ed. In the survey occurred that 70% farmers are used their own seed and

5.7 FYM-Farm Yard Manure is the major manure used by the farmers in the production

of pulses in field before the monsoon at the

The amount of FYM vary from farmers to farmers it’s depends on the number of domestic

animal.Farmers don’t use fertilizer as basal dose and foliage spray on crop. There are need

to give 20-25 kg nitrogen and 40

Interpretation

Above data show the variation of uses of manures mostly farmer’s uses of one trolley and

other farmers use two or three trolley in the same piece of land.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1trolley 2 trolley

FYM

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ure is the major manure used by the farmers in the production

of pulses in field before the monsoon at the mid June and after that they used it in the field.



nd 40-50 kg P2O5.


other farmers use two or three trolley in the same piece of land.

2 trolley 3 trolley

FYM

no. of farmers

% of farmers

ure is the major manure used by the farmers in the production

mid June and after that they used it in the field.




5.8 Weed control-

Interpretations-

Weed control is a major problem of the farmers during the raining season at the time the

intensity of weed is very higher in the field which affected the crop canopy, growth of the

crops. Mostly farmers adopted the mechanical method suc

intercultural operation at the early stage of crops growth; maximum farmers used that weed

as fodder for the animals, when the intensity is higher than some farmer (10%) used the

herbicides for protection of the pulses crops.

10%

90%

WEED CONTROLHerbicides Mechanical activity

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crops. Mostly farmers adopted the mechanical method such as hoeing, hand pulling, and



herbicides for protection of the pulses crops.

10%

WEED CONTROLMechanical activity



h as hoeing, hand pulling, and



5.9 GOVT.SUPPORT

Interpretations

Govt. supports basically provide in the three forms such as subsidy on fertilizers and seeds,

Low interest rate, and determine the MSP. The farmers are more

fertilizers and seeds but they don’t receive every year and availability of the subsidy and

cropping pattern not match many time, farmers don’t have enough store to keep

fertilizes.64% farmers know about the subsidy on fertilizes an

low interest loan to the farmers the amount of crop loan depends on the nature of the

crop.30% farmers get loan on low interest rate and only 6% farmers know about the MSP

which provide by the GoI. It’s differing from crop to cr

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5.9 GOVT.SUPPORT


Low interest rate, and determine the MSP. The farmers are more aware about subsidy in



fertilizes.64% farmers know about the subsidy on fertilizes and seeds. Govt. provides the



which provide by the GoI. It’s differing from crop to crop.

64%

30%

6%

Govt. Supportsubsidy in ferti.&seed Low interest rate MSP


aware about subsidy in



d seeds. Govt. provides the



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CHAPTER-4SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. Pulses were predominantly grown in rainfed areas where moisture stress was enormous and hence production and productivity were lower.

2. Since pulses were mainly grown in rainfed areas and on marginal lands, farmers were not keen to use high quality/variety seeds and other inputs like fertilisers and pesticides.

3. Lack of timely rainfall and moisture stress in rabi season were the major problems in study area for cultivation of pulses crop.

4. Most of the farmers preferred using their own seeds for which the seed replacement rate was quite low. This affected the yield and production of the crop.

5. On the one hand, salinity of water was very high in the study area which was not suitable for cultivation of Pulses.

6. Adoption of recommended agronomic practices such as weeding, application of Rhizobium culture, and application of pesticides were not followed up scrupulously leading to low productivity.

7.Pulses crops were more risky and susceptible to pests and diseases. It was very much prone to weather fluctuations also.

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CHAPTER-5 SUGGESTIONS AND POLICY IMPLIMENTATIONSBased on the findings there are some suggestion from the researcher:-

1. The opportunity provided by the launching of Village Development Programmes of

NABARD could be roped in to increase awareness of farmers about latest

agronomic practices and varietal development programmes with specific reference

to pulse crops.

2. The training programmes may also be arranged in collaboration with agencies like

Universities, KVKs Research Institutes, and NGOs.

3. Helpline phone numbers with subject experts should be made available to the

farmers for discussion and redressal of their problems at affordable cost.

4. Enhancement of seed replacement rate could be major thrust through supply of

certified seeds by Government agencies.

5. New varietal programme may be undertaken for irrigated area. Seed variety, which can

be grown in irrigated field conditions, could help increase the area under pulse.

6. Seed intervention need to be undertaken in a vigorous way so as to supply right quality

and quantity of seeds at an affordable cost to the farmers.

The interaction of farmer’s with the SHG members engaged in the processing of

pulses.

Supply of right quality and quantity of seeds at reasonable rates To the farmers,

enhancement of seed replacement rate.

Arrangement could be made for capacity building of progressive farmer through

their exposure visits to such areas/states where innovative technology have been

adopted for cultivation of pulses. NABARD’s programme of Capacity Building for

Adoption of Technology (CAT) can also be utilized for exposure visits of interested

farmers.

The outreach of Farmers Club launched by Rural and Semi Urban branches of

banks could be leveraged for propagation of latest agronomic practices, varietal

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programmes, market information relating to price and cooperative marketing of

final produce to have better price discovery.

6.3 IMPECT POINT OF PULSE PRODUCTION

6.4 SCIENTIFIC ASPECT TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PULSES

Development of saturated linkage map for gene mining, gene cloning And gene

mapping

Exploitation and utilization of gene pool from unexplored areas.

Exploitation of wild relatives for transfer of genes of interest.

multiracial resistance to diseases.

Development of new and efficient plant type.

Development of input use efficient genotypes.

Exploitation of hybrid vigour in pulse.

Development of high yield short duration having multiple and

Popularization of improved crop management practices.

Exploitation of PGPR(The Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)

6.5 Improving Yield Stability

Development of transgenic against drought and gram pod borer.

Efficient water management in rain fed area Rainwater harvesting and recycling

through farm ponds and community reservoirs

Promoting short duration varieties in drought prone areas

Promoting micro irrigation system

Adoption of moisture conservation practices

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6.6 Production and Supply of Quality Seeds

Active involvement of private sector, NGOs, and farmers help groups Mandatory

target to Public Sector Seed Corporation

Popularization of seed village concept with buyback system

More incentive on production of seeds of new varieties

Promotion of farmers to farmer's exchange of seeds

6.7 Reducing Post Harvest Losses

Development and popularization of harvesters, threshers and graders

Modernization of existing dal mills

Establishment of processing units in the production zones

Development and popularization of low cost safe storage structures

6.8 Ensuring Attractive Price to Producers

Announcement of MSP well in advance

Creation of procurement centres in production zone

Popularization of mini dal mills among farmers at village level

Development of organized market for pulses

Linking farmers with markets

Promotion of export of pulses

Production of value added products

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6.9 Ensuring Timely Availability of Critical Inputs

Advanced forewarning and forecasting system

Promotion of IPM technologies against Helicoverpa

Ensuring timely availability of biopesticides- HaNPV Trichoderma &, herbicides

e.g. Pendimethalin

Seed dressing of fungicides for controlling seed borne diseases

Providing safe storage structures like Pusa Bin and ware house facility

Creation of production units of quality bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticides

Fortification of fertilizers with specific nutrients like S, Fe, Zn, B etc., in specific

regions

Popularization of sprinkler in rainfed areas

Establishment of single window input supply centres for cluster of villages

6.10 Efficient Transfer of Technology-Massive FLDs Farmers training and exposure visit

Popularization of improved technology through mass media

Close interaction of research organizations, state departments of

Agriculture and private agencies

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7 Integrated Pest Management

Diseases and pests are wide spread in pulses which include fungal, viral, nematodes and

insects. Chemical control for management is hazardous for human health. Therefore, an

integrated approach is required to control the problems. Integrated pest management

involves the use of alternative techniques and options that are available and help keep the

pest population below economic threshold level (ETL); this approach recommends use of

chemicals as a last option for pest control. The broad strategy for Integrated Pest and

Disease Management (IPM) consists of the following:

Use of seed varieties those are resistant/tolerant to pests and diseases. Cultural practices

like summer ploughing and destruction of stubbles / crop residues; trimming of bunds;

proper preparation and leveling of fields; timely sowing; proper crop geometry; seed

treatment; proper soil, water and weed management; rotation with non-host crops;

harvesting of crop at right stage and under right conditions; raising trap crops as border /

intercrop, etc.

(Insects, spiders, predators, pathogens). Weather, culture and field conditions all play a

part in pest build up. The use of yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, light traps can be

used to monitor pest population.Mechanical control through collection and destruction of

egg masses, larvae and adults; use of light traps for trapping adults of insects which

Are attracted towards light. Biological control by conserving naturally occurring parasites,

predators and pathogens. For attracting predator birds that feed on insects, bird-perch

stands can be set in fields. Some bio-agents are now available for control of some major

pests that are pest specific and not injurious to other flora and fauna.

Use of pesticides has to be need based and on the basis of ETL as a last Use resort. A

number of neem based chemical formulations are now available in the market which has

been found effective against certain pests in these crops.

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7.1 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Nutrient imbalance is one of the major abiotic constraints limiting productivity of

pulses. The inbuilt mechanism of biological N2 fixation enable pulse crops to meet

80–90 per cent of their nitrogen requirements, hence a small dose of 15–25 kg N/ha

is sufficient to meet out the requirement of most of the pulse crops. However, in

emerging cropping systems like Rice - Chickpea, a higher dose of N (30–40 kg/ha)

had shown beneficial effect – Phosphorus deficiency in soils is wide spread and

most of the pulse crops have shown good response to 20–60 kg P2O5/ha depending

upon nutrient status of soil, cropping system and moisture availability. Response to

potassium application is location specific. In the recent years, use of sulphur (20–30

kg/ha) and some of the micronutrients such as Zn, B,Mo and Fe have improved

productivity of pulse crops considerably in many Pockets. Boron and placement of

phosphatic fertilizers and use of bio-fertilizers enhance the efficiency of applied as

well as native P Foliar. Nutrition of some micronutrients proved quite effective.

The amount and mode of application is determined by indigenous nutrient supply,

moisture availability and genotypes. Balanced nutrition is indispensable for

achieving higher productivity. At the same time, in view of increasing nutrients

demand, there is immense need to exploit the alternate source of nutrients viz.,

organic materials and bio-fertilizers to sustain the productivity with more

environment friendly nutrient management systems. The environmental issues and

other hazards emerging out of the Imbalanced use of nutrients should also be

addressed properly.

7.2 Bacterial agents

Rhizobium culture and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) are bacteria that enable

crops to fix crucial inputs from the soil. Rhizobium culture is one of the cheapest inputs in

increasing production of pulses and other leguminous crops. The treatment of seed with

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this culture helps in fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen through its symbiotic activity. PSB

has a capacity to release phosphorus and has been recommended as one of the low cost

inputs for all crops. It helps to reduce nearly 20 per cent of phosphatic fertilizer input to

crops.

7.3 Enhancing technology transfer system

Effective delivery mechanism would greatly help in bridging wide gap

between the potential and the realized productivity. A number of innovative extension

modules are available for improving adoption, technology dissemination of pulse-based

technologies at village level. A Pulse seed village concept and popularization of summer

mungbean had been successful for promotion of seed production, adoption of varieties and

efficient utilization of fallow land for additional income. Past efforts made in this direction

have indicated that farmers largely adopted the improved varieties, IPM modules involving

bio-control of pod borer through neem seed kernel extract. The programme on “Rural

entrepreneurship through value addition” was the venture in this direction. Extensive

training programme for the extension workers, Kisan mela, and frontline demonstrations

would be the efficient mechanisms of enhanced knowledge sharing of pulse-based

technologies.

Following is the basic scientific model which is fulfills the basic awareness about the

pulses growers in the Churu district. It helps to increase the production and productivity of

the farm.

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Functional Model for Implementation of Model Seed System (s) Project in Rajasthan

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT Farmers’

Empowermentand SeedSufficiency

LOCAL BODIES

- Breeder’s SeedSupply- Regular Trainingto farmers- Field Visits- Farmers’Meetings- ContinuousLinkages withvillage basedproject staff- Exposure Visit- Arranging theequipment- Monitoring &

- National SeedCorporation- State Seed FarmCorporation- State SeedCertification- State SeedCorporation

For Seed Certification,Quality Control, SeedProcurement & SeedDistribution in theSame and neighbouringdistricts

- KVK- RRS- State Agril. Deptt.- Credit

SupportingInstitutions

PARTNER FARMERS(FPVS, Seed production, Seed

For ContingencyTechnologicalSupport

- Village Panchayat- Farmers’Associations- SHGs- Local Traders- CSOs

BY IIPR, Institutes

NGOs

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.nabard.org

www.card.org.in/

COMMUDITY STUDY ON PULSES

www.iipr.res.in/

nfsm.gov.in/

ISOPOM-INTEGRATED SCHEME FOR OILSEED PULSES

OILPAM AND MAIZE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BY C.R. KOTHARI

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CHAPTER-7

APPENDIX

ANNEXURE-1

Objective: - Economic analysis of the enhancing the productivity and production of pulses in the state of Rajasthan.

Que.1: Name of the district ………………………………………………

Que.2: Name of the block/villages……………………………………..

Que.3: Name of the farmer…………………………………………………..

Que.4: How much land you have(in Acre/Bheegha……………………….)A- Irrigated B- Non-irrigated C- Other

Que.5: What is the irrigation facility on the field? A-Well B-Canal C-Bore-well D-other.

Que.6: Which minor irrigation system is used by you? A- Sprinkler B-Drip system C-Flooding

Que.7: Which crops sown on the field-A: In kharif - B-InRabi

i.ii.

iii.

Que.8: During Kharif –crop season are you growing any pulse crops. A- Yes B- No C- can’t ‘say

Que.9: Which pulse crop grown by you A-During Kharif B-During Rabi

I. Moong GramII. UrdArhar

III. Tuar PeaIV. Other specify……… Other specify

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Que.10: Which type of seeds do you use for sowing? A-Foundation seeds B- Certified Seeds C-Hybrid seedD- Local seeds / traditional seeds

Que.11: Name of the variety of seed of pulse crop you which aresown by you.

Que.12: Which fertilizer is used byyou for raisingpulse crops. A- FYM/Manure B- Compost C- Fertilizers D-Any other(biomass)…………

Que.13: How much quantity of fertilizers used by you for different pulse crops do you use (per acre?)

I. Moong-----------kg /acreII. Urad--------------kg/acre

III. Taur--------------kg/acreIV. Other--------------kg/acre

Que.14: What do you do for weed control and plant protection?

Que.15: Are you using Pesticides and insecticides for pest control and other disease control for the pulse.

I. YesII. No

Que.16: Given the nameI. Pesticides

II. Insecticides

Que.17: What is the expected income of the crop/pulse?I. Rabi-pulses

II. Kharif-pulses

Que.18: How much amount do you get per quintal?I. Crop name-

II. Rs/quintal

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Que.19: What is the cost of cultivation (Rs) per acre for raising the crop in

I. Rabi-(per acre)

II. Kharif- (per acre)

Que.20: Do you know about schemes of government to raise pulse crops.I. Yes

II. No

Que.21:

Name of the scheme Provision of the scheme Utilization of the scheme

Que.22: what types of Government support is available to farmer for raising production of pulses?

1. Crop incentive

2. Subsidy in fertilizer/Seeds

3. Increase in MSP

4. Any other incentive to farmers

Que.23: Is the any government support available to you after post-harvesting/Marketing of crops of pulses

1. ------------------------

2. ------------------------

3. ------------------------

4. ------------------------

Que.24: Would you like to receive any support in product producing process.

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I. MSP-(advocacy)

II. Linkage with large distribution channel (Reliance fresh, big

cooperative society) in order to get better price for their produce.

III. Interest free loan or low interest rate….

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ANNEXURE 2

I. Land holding of the farmers

Land holding

1-20 20-40 40-60 60-80

No.of farmers

50 52 9 9

% of farmers

41.66 43.33 7.5 7.5

II. Types of land

Types of land A*Irrigated

B non-irrigated

AB Both

Numbers 53 267 5% of farmers 16.3 82.15 1.53

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III. Types of seed used by farmers

Types of seed used

Hybrid+local Local

No.of farmers

No. of Farmers 36 84

% of farmers % of farmers 30 70

IV. Farm Yard Manure

V. Weed control by farmers

Weed control Herbicides Mechanical activity

No. of farmers 12 108% offarmers 90 10

FYM1trolley 2 trolley 3 trolley

no. of farmers 64 52 4% of farmers 53.33 43.33 3.33

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VI. Government support to the farmers

Gov.supportsubsidy in ferti.&seed Low interest rate MSP

No. of farmers 93 44 9% of farmers 64 30 6