enhancing resilience 2
TRANSCRIPT
Taclóban, E. Visayas Province, LeyteIsland, Philippines, four months aftercyclone Yolanda (Haiyan) 8/11/2013
"Did you receive a warning? ... Yes.Did you evacuate? ... Women andchildren, not men. They drowned."
"Your employment situation? ...Husband was rickshaw driver before
the cyclone, you are unemployed now."
• men were more likely to die, womenbore greatest burden in recovery
• cash distribution saved the day forsurvivors but contributed to inflation
• transitional shelter was poorlyconstructed and not hazard-proof
• links between emergency, transitionalphase and reconstruction were very poor
• opportunities to lift people out ofpoverty and destitution not taken.
Some conclusions on Tacloban
Tōhoku earthquakeand tsunami11 March 201118,500 dead,6,150 injuredmax. wave height 40.5 metres500 sq. km devastated in three prefectures.
Shizugawa,Miyagi Prefecture
Cascading effects
Collateral vulnerability
Secondarydisasters
Interaction between risks
Climatechange
Probability
Indeterminacy
"Fat-tailed" (skewed)distributionsof impacts
Organisation Resources
Self-organisation
Imposedorganisation
Voluntarism
Community disaster planning
Laws, protocols, directives
Standards, norms, guidelines
Communityresources
Governmentalresources
Donations
International resources
"...we had long been alarmed by the lack of gender sensitivity in plans for
disaster risk reduction and reconstruction."
Domoto, A. et al. 2013. Disaster Risk Reduction: A Japanese Women's Perspective on 3/11. Japan Women's
Network for Disaster Risk Reduction, Tokyo, 31 pp.
"Organized solely by men and operated on the basisof bureaucratic expediency, the tightly regimented shelters completely disregarded ... women’s needs."
Domoto, A. et al. 2013. Disaster Risk Reduction: A Japanese Women's Perspective on 3/11. Japan Women's
Network for Disaster Risk Reduction, Tokyo, 31 pp.
"...local community leaders, most of whom wereelderly men with outdated values, took charge."
Domoto, A. et al. 2013. Disaster Risk Reduction: A Japanese Women's Perspective on 3/11. Japan Women's
Network for Disaster Risk Reduction, Tokyo, 31 pp.
"Like most older Japanese, the women were unaccustomed to challenging authority."
Domoto, A. et al. 2013. Disaster Risk Reduction: A Japanese Women's Perspective on 3/11. Japan Women's
Network for Disaster Risk Reduction, Tokyo, 31 pp.
Long term
Short term
Emic components
Etic components
METAMORPHOSISOF CULTURE
Experiences of culture[mass-media and consumer culture]
Accumulated cultural traits and beliefs
Inherited cultural background
Ideological(non-scientific)interpretations
of disaster
Learned(scientific)
interpretationsof disaster
COASTALNATURALHAZARDS
The national culture of'top-down' recovery
and mitigation
JAPAN
The localspontaneousrisk aversion
culture
The localinherited
marine culture(bonds withthe sea)
The national culture ofacceptance of authority
DYNAMIC STATICOR LESS DYNAMIC
STATIC
EXPEDIENT
Post-Earthquake Report cardInstitutional learning: professional/bureaucratic
model (partially successful)Governance: still very top-downVolunteer organisation: progress, but starting
from a low levelCommunity organisation: weakGender issues: progress, but starting
from a low levelEnvironmentalism: poorDRR: narrow, dominated by structural solutionsDevelopments beyond Kobe 1995:
strong in certain sectorsDevelopments beyond Tōhoku 2011: limited
The rapidity of reconstruction in TōhokuRegion (7-year programme) means that many
problems will be faced after it is over,which will make them harder to resolve.
Time is socially necessary in disaster recovery.
Functionaldivisions:government,healthcare,
commerce, etc.
Hierarchicaldivisions:national,regional,local, etc.
Geographicaldivisions:catchments,jurisdictions,areas, etc.
Organisationaldivisions:police, fire, ambulance,
etc.
Divisionand
integration
PESTOR
Policies/Ethics
Strategies
Tactics
Operations
Results
Generalpublic
Public administratorsand politicians
Emergency andtechnical services
Commandfunction
organisation
System state Capabilities
Integration with
other levels and
services
Birth of the civil protection system
Nascent Very few None
Threshold of an incipient functional entity
Restricted
operationSome Limited
Threshold of widened and improved functionality
Functional Improved Significant
Threshold of excellence and efficiency
Fully efficient Comprehensive Fully integrated
Stage of
development*
0
1
2
3
4
5
EM
ER
GE
NC
E
• reveal the weakest parts of the system
• indicate where investment is needed
• help decide priorities for growth
• assess emergency response capacity
• draw an objective picture of the system.
How does evaluation of a CP system help?
"The City of Venice joined the[UNISDR Safe Cities] Campaign
as a Role Model for cultural heritageprotection and climate change adaptation."
• corruption
• political decision-making
• shoddy building (often wilful)
• ignorance (sometimes wilful)
• seismicity.
What causes earthquake disasters?- in probable order of importance -
Organisationalsystems:management
Socialsystems:behaviour
Naturalsystems:function
Technicalsystems:
malfunction
VulnerabilityHazard
Resilienc
e
Politicalsystems:decisions
HUMANCONSEQUENCES
OF DISASTER
“ORTHODOX” MODEL
PHYSICALEVENT
HUMANVULNERABILITY
“RADICAL CRITIQUE” (K. HEWITT et al.)HUMAN
CONSEQUENCESOF DISASTER
HUMANVULNERABILITY
PHYSICALEVENT
PROPOSAL FOR A NEW MODEL
HUMANCONSEQUENCES
OF DISASTER
HUMANVULNERABILITY
CULTURE HISTORYPHYSICALEVENTS
CONTEXT & CONSEQUENCES
THE PILLARS OF MODERN LIFE
idealismprinciplebelieffaith
fanaticismultranationalismauthoritarianism
backlash
virtuecharityservicedefence of principles
unscrupulousnesscorruption
opportunismcensure
capital availabilitywealth diffusionfinancial security
financial repressiondebt burdenconsumerism
ingegnuitypragmatismtechnological progress
crass materialismgalloping consumption
pollution and wastetechnological hegemony
Ideocentrism
Morality
Luchrocentrism
Technocentrism
SPI
RIT
FLESH
PHILOSOPH
ICAL
MECHANISTIC
Positive Negative
...culturally conditioned.
Ideocentrism+ ideal: effective disaster mitigation- fanaticism: politicization of humanitarian relief
Morality+ virtue: untiring application of mitigation measures- corruption: failure to observe building codes
Luchrocentrism+ financial security: monetary reserves vs. disaster- financial repression: poverty --> vulnerability
Technocentrism+ ingenuity: new hazard monitoring systems- technological hegemony: unfair distribution of
mitigation benefits