eniv science test help

WRIGHT, Environmental ScienceChapter 21 Atmospheric Pollution

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1) Acid precipitation refers A) to any precipitation which is more acidic than neutral. B) to any precipitation which is more acidic than normal. C) only to precipitation which is strongly acidic. D) to a new kind of irrigation. E) to a precipitation which causes particularly severe erosion. Answer: B Diff: 2

2) The chemical component which is responsible for BASIC properties is A) hydroxyl ions (OH-). B) sulfur oxide (SO). C) hydrogen ions (H+). D) nitrogen oxide (NO). E) carbon dioxide. Answer: A Diff: 2

3) The pH of normal precipitation is A) slightly acidic. B) slightly basic. C) exactly neutral. D) strongly basic. E) not known. Answer: A Diff: 1

4) Acid precipitation A) is always limited to an area within a mile or so of the source of emissions. B) is generally limited to an area within a few (3 - 5) miles of the source of emissions. C) is generally limited to an area within several (6 - 15) miles from the source of emissions. D) may occur hundreds of miles from the source of emissions. E) affects the whole globe uniformly. Answer: D Diff: 2

5) Which of the following statements is/are NOT TRUE? A) There are already hundreds of lakes in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada which are lifeless. B) It is predicted that by the year 2005, the "production" of acid rain will have diminished.

Wright – Chapter 21 – page 1

C) Forests in many regions of the eastern United States show signs of damage and reduced growth. D) More research is needed to prove acid precipitation exists. E) All of the above are true. Answer: D Diff: 1

6) Which of the following is the major contributor to the formation of acid rain? A) ozone B) methane C) sulfur dioxide D) carbon dioxide E) hydrocarbons Answer: C Diff: 1

7) The major source of sulfur dioxide emissions affecting the eastern United States and Canada has been identified as A) some 50 coal burning power plants. B) some 50 nuclear power plants. C) cars and trucks. D) coming from the many auto and truck plants in the region. E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1

8) Adverse effects of air pollution and/or acid rain on the environment are currently being documented in such findings as A) decline of fish populations in increasing numbers of lakes and rivers. B) decline of growth rate of forests. C) dieoff of forests in some regions. D) loss of buffering capacity for some aquatic ecosystems. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

9) Acid precipitation is likely to have the greatest economic impact on humans through A) adverse health effects caused by direct contact. B) adverse health effects caused by mobilization of toxic elements. C) dieoffs of forests and aquatic ecosystems. D) dieoffs of agricultural crops. E) deterioration of building materials. Answer: C Diff: 1

10) Two lakes are close to each other and receive roughly the same acidic precipitation. One lake has turned acidic in recent years while the other lake is still neutral. This can best be explained by


A) acidification due to an acidic spring feeding one but not the other. B) acidification due to midnight dumping. C) difference in buffering capacity of the two lakes. D) wind patterns moving over hills and mountains. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 2

11) The greenhouse effect refers to A) warming of the Earth's atmosphere. B) the removal of air pollutants by passing the air through greenhouses. C) increased albedo due to greenhouses. D) the growth of crops in greenhouses using hydroponics. E) the principle on which a new solar heating device is based. Answer: A Diff: 1

12) The principal gaseous product produced in the combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas is A) carbon dioxide. B) sulfur dioxide. C) ozone. D) nitrogen oxides. E) hydrocarbons. Answer: A Diff: 1

13) A greenhouse gas which is produced in the stomachs of ruminant animals and is increasing in concentrations in the troposphere is A) CFCs. B) carbon dioxide. C) methane. D) nitrous oxide. E) carbon monoxide. Answer: C Diff: 1

14) The overall or net annual concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is being A) decreased by respiration. B) decreased by pollution. C) increased by burning fossil fuels. D) increased by photosynthesis. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1

15) Temperature changes during the last century have been shown to correlate with A) destruction of ozone in the atmosphere.


B) carbon dioxide and volcanic emissions. C) halocarbon production. D) nitrous oxide production. E) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 2

16) We produce carbon dioxide when we A) drive our automobiles. B) heat our houses with oil or gas. C) get energy from the food we eat. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answer: E Diff: 3

17) Which of the following is/are conjecture (speculation) as opposed to documented fact? A) The carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is increasing. B) The recent drought in midwestern North America, Africa, and Australia was caused by the greenhouse effect. C) Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation. D) Levels of infrared absorbing gases other than carbon dioxide are increasing. E) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 2

18) Ozone in the UPPER atmosphere A) is a pollutant. B) is necessary to screen out ultraviolet radiation. C) is necessary to maintain the temperature of the Earth. D) is necessary to maintain ocean circulation. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 2

19) Which of the following will probably not be a consequence of extreme ozone layer depletion? A) more severe sun burning B) more cases of skin cancer C) more cases of lung cancer D) more cases of blindness E) damage (burning) to leaves of agricultural crops and forest trees Answer: C Diff: 1

20) At this point in time, experts feel that the most practical way to cope with depletion of the ozone shield is to


A) produce more ozone at ground level. B) terminate production of CFCs through finding substitutes. C) transport ozone to the stratosphere with rockets. D) erect ultraviolet sunscreens over cities. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1

21) "Normal" precipitation is slightly acidic because this is dissolved in it. A) carbon dioxide. B) radon. C) VOCs. D) carbon monoxide. E) oxygen. Answer: A Diff: 1

22) Which rock type is most effective at buffering acid precipitation? A) granite B) limestone C) sandstone D) clay-rich rocks E) loam Answer: B Diff: 1

23) Many lakes in Scandinavia, Canada, and the Adirondack Mountains of New York State have become acidified over the past few decades because of acid deposition. Fish mortality in these lakes is high because of A) acids eating away the fish flesh. B) elevated sulfur and nitrogen levels in the lake waters poisoning the fish. C) toxic metals leaching from surrounding soils and rocks and building up in the lakes. D) overpopulation and a reduction in competing species. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 2

24) Greenhouse gases A) are transparent to heat but absorb sunlight. B) are transparent to sunlight but absorb heat. C) are transparent to heat and sunlight. D) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1

25) During the months of the year when photosynthesis predominates over respiration in terrestrial ecosystems, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere A) decrease slightly.


B) increase slightly. C) stay the same. D) There is no data to answer this. Answer: A Diff: 2

26) Carbon dioxide A) is taken up by plants during photosynthesis. B) is released by plants during respiration. C) is absorbed by surface ocean waters. D) all of the above E) A and C only Answer: D Diff: 3

27) Which of the following statements regarding ozone depletion is FALSE? A) Reduction in ozone concentrations in the stratosphere is predicted to result in increased incidence of skin cancer. B) Ozone concentrations in the stratosphere vary little with latitude and with season. C) Each chlorine atom in the stratosphere destroys one ozone molecule. D) The Montreal Protocol is an agreement signed by 92 nations with an aim toward protecting the ozone layer. E) Preliminary studies have correlated ozone loss with increases in uv-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Answer: C Diff: 2

28) The major constituents of the atmosphere are A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. B) water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon. C) nitrogen, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. D) nitrogen, helium, water and oxygen. E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 2

29) Trace gases in the atmosphere include A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. B) ozone, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide. C) nitrogen, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. D) nitrogen, helium, water and oxygen. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 2

30) Factors that determine the level of local air pollution include A) the amount of pollutants entering the air. B) the volume of air into which the pollutants are dispersed.


C) the mechanisms that remove pollutants from the air. D) the rate of movement of local air masses. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

31) Factors that influence the level of local air pollution may include A) the amount of pollutant entering the air. B) the wind speed. C) the amount of precipitation. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3

32) Smog A) is a word derived from "smoke" and "fog". B) that consists of grayish soot, sulfurous compounds, and water vapor is called industrial smog. C) that consists primarily of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic carbon compounds from motor vehicles is called photochemical smog because these pollutants react in sunlight. D) B and C E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

33) A temperature inversion A) is created when cool air forms a pocket beneath a warm air mass. B) is created when a warm air forms a pocket beneath a cool air mass. C) is a weather condition that prevents smog from rising and dissipating in the upper atmosphere. D) A and C E) B and C Answer: D Diff: 3

34) The most widespread and serious pollutant(s) of the atmosphere include A) suspended particulates. B) volatile organic compounds. C) carbon monoxide. D) nitrogen oxides. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

35) Ozone in the upper atmosphere shields life from excess ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in the lower atmosphere A) is toxic to both plants and animals.


B) causes respiratory damage and lung disorders. C) is also beneficial as a barrier to ultraviolet radiation. D) A and B E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3

36) Ozone is A) toxic to plants and animals. B) produced through photochemical interactions of volatile organic compounds and oxygen. C) O3. D) A and B E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

37) Pollutants whose impact on human health is to cause a gradual deterioration of several physiological processes are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1

38) Pollutants capable of causing cancer in animals are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1

39) Pollutants capable of causing immediate life-threatening physiological illness are said to be A) chronic. B) acute. C) carcinogenic. D) radioactive. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1

40) Rainwater having a pH of 4 is A) 10 times more acidic than pure water.


B) 100 times more acidic than pure water. C) 1000 times more acidic than pure water. D) 10,000 times more acidic than pure water. E) 1000 times more basic than pure water. Answer: C Diff: 2

41) Air pollution hurts the economy by A) increasing human health care costs. B) reducing agricultural yields. C) reducing forestry yields. D) reducing the recreational opportunities of freshwater lakes. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

42) Atmospheric pollution can be significantly reduced by A) using unleaded fuels. B) requiring catalytic converters on passenger vehicles. C) maintaining motor vehicles in good working order. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3

43) The first federal law addressing acid deposition on acid rain is contained in Title 10 of the A) 1972 Clean Water Act. B) 1990 Clean Air Act. C) 1970 Clean Air Act. D) 1977 Clean Air Act. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 3

44) An aerosol mixture of particulates and sulfur compounds forms a grayish colored substance that is called A) photochemical smog. B) industrial smog. C) brown smog. D) urban smog. E) inversion smog. Answer: B Diff: 2

45) A major federal law aimed at controlling air pollution is the A) Sunshine Maintenance Act. B) National Ambient Air Quality Standards.


C) Clean Air Act. D) Air Purification Act. E) Temperature Inversion Abolition Act. Answer: C Diff: 1

46) Which of the following is NOT a major state or step in controlling air pollution? A) identification of pollutants B) finding cures for the diseases caused by air pollutants C) identification of the pollutant(s) responsible for adverse effects D) determination of major sources of pollutants E) implementing strategies to attain the standards Answer: B Diff: 1

47) It is difficult to pinpoint which specific pollutant(s) are responsible for which adverse effect because A) organisms are exposed to many different pollutants simultaneously. B) levels of pollutants in the air are constantly changing. C) levels of pollutants depend upon proximity to source. D) there may be synergistic effects. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

48) The adverse effects on human health of air pollutants can be assigned to one of three different categories of seriousness. They are A) chronic, acute, threshold. B) chronic, threshold, carcinogenic. C) threshold, carcinogenic, ambient. D) chronic, acute, carcinogenic. E) chronic, acute, ambient. Answer: D Diff: 2

49) Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Air pollution has been shown to have adverse effects on A) forest tree growth. B) human health. C) agricultural crop production. D) building materials. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

50) The products produced by the combustion and evaporation of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels are called A) primary pollutants.


B) secondary pollutants. C) threshold pollutants. D) emitted pollutants. E) photochemical pollutants. Answer: A Diff: 2

51) Statistical studies show that populations living in cities with high average levels of air pollution have a higher incidence of lung disease than those living in clean regions. The actual cases of lung disease, however, are most prevalent in A) men. B) industrial workers. C) smokers. D) office workers. E) women. Answer: C Diff: 1

52) Which of the following statements is/are NOT TRUE? Considering human health A) smoking by itself causes many adverse health effects. B) the adverse health effects of smoking are far greater than those caused by exposure to existing levels of air pollution. C) smoking greatly increases the adverse effects of air pollution. D) adverse effects caused by air pollution are far greater than those caused by smoking. E) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2

53) The most significant source of all the major air pollutants is A) combustion of fuels and wastes. B) volcanoes. C) forest fires. D) sewage treatment plants. E) respiration. Answer: A Diff: 1

54) Ozone, PANS, and aldehydes and ketones are examples of ________ pollutants. A) primary B) secondary C) threshold D) tertiary E) oxidative Answer: B Diff: 2

55) Which of the following is/are NOT direct products of burning fuels or wastes? A) volatile organic compounds


B) carbon monoxide C) ozone D) particulates E) water vapor Answer: C Diff: 1

56) The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants regulates A) all primary pollutants. B) all secondary pollutants. C) particulate matter. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

57) Which of the following pollutants is NOT a direct product of combustion fuels? A) hydrocarbons B) particulates C) sulfur dioxide D) acids E) nitrogen oxide Answer: D Diff: 2

58) Which of the following is/are common secondary pollutants? A) carbon monoxide B) particulates C) sulfur dioxide D) acids E) nitrogen oxide Answer: D Diff: 2

59) Standards that are set for air pollutants are open to controversy because A) some persons are much more sensitive than others. B) it is impossible to assay all the potential synergistic effects. C) it is impossible to assay all the long-term effects. D) it is impossible to assay all the environmental effects. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

60) The most significant source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere has been found to be A) coal-burning power plants. B) nuclear power plants. C) cars.


D) sewage treatment plants. E) refuse dumps. Answer: A Diff: 1

61) In the 1960s, the most significant source(s) of emissions of particulates into the atmosphere was/were observed to be A) nuclear power plants. B) cars. C) open burning of refuse. D) industrial smokestacks. E) open burning of refuse and industrial smokestacks. Answer: E Diff: 2

62) The primary function of the catalytic converter now installed on most automobiles is to A) complete the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. B) remove carbon dioxide. C) remove nitrogen oxides. D) prevent the car from burning leaded gasoline. E) remove particulates from the exhaust. Answer: A Diff: 2

63) The most significant factor in reducing sulfur dioxide at ground level has been A) pollution control devices in cars. B) banning the open burning of trash and refuse. C) coal-burning power plants building tall smokestacks. D) increased use of public transit systems. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1

64) Since the early 1970s, air quality in rural areas surrounding cities has generally deteriorated because of A) increasing suburban development and commuting. B) location of major shopping malls in rural areas. C) building power and industrial plants in rural areas. D) all of the above E) Rural areas aren't experiencing declines in air quality. Answer: D Diff: 3

65) Further reductions in harmful air pollution might be achieved through A) increasing fuel efficiency for automobiles. B) development of alternative energy sources. C) further control of industrial emissions.


D) control of evaporation of fuels and chemicals. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3

66) Recent testing has shown that the average levels of many hazardous air pollutants in indoor air are A) very often higher than those in outdoor air. B) generally lower than those in outdoor air. C) often above the standards set for outside air. D) B and C E) A and C Answer: E Diff: 3

67) Which of the following is NOT a significant source of indoor air pollution? A) smoking B) house plants C) cooking D) use of hobby glues and paints E) use of cleaning agents Answer: B Diff: 1

68) Which of the following are major sources of acid deposition? A) carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide B) volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides C) lead and radon D) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides E) carbon monoxide and radon Answer: D Diff: 2

69) Which of the following statements about ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere is FALSE? A) Ozone causes reduction in crop yields only if the EPA standards for ozone are exceeded. B) Ozone is a component of photochemical smog. C) Ozone is considered to be a secondary air pollutant. D) If emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds were reduced, ozone pollution would also decrease. E) Ozone causes damage to paint and other building materials. Answer: A Diff: 1

70) What color will be seen in the skies of cities suffering from photochemical smog? A) gray B) blue


C) white D) brown E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2

71) These are devices which remove air pollutants from emissions: A) smelters and electrostatic precipitators B) catalytic converters and electrostatic precipitators C) catalytic converters and smelters D) incinerators and catalytic converters E) None of the above is correct. Answer: B Diff: 1

72) Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Clean Air Act of 1990? A) reduction of sulfur emissions by 50 percent B) addition of alcohol to some gasoline C) better emission control equipment on automobiles D) required radon testing for all homes E) development of maximum achievable control technology standards for 189 toxic pollutants Answer: D Diff: 1

73) All of the following are considered to be common indoor air pollutants EXCEPT A) formaldehyde. B) radon. C) asbestos. D) cigarette smoke. E) sulfuric acid. Answer: E Diff: 1

74) This step would probably have the greatest effect on reducing outdoor air pollution: A) drastic reduction in automobile use B) drastic reduction in power plant emissions C) drastic reduction in use of lead-based paint D) drastic reduction in cigarette smoking E) drastic reduction in use of aerosol cans Answer: A Diff: 1

75) Average exposure to which of the following carries the highest health risk? A) asbestos B) cigarette smoke C) radon D) fumes from household cleaners


E) fumes from nail polish remover Answer: B Diff: 2

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.76) It is common for large areas in eastern North America to receive rainfall that is 10 times more acidic than normal. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

77) Anthropogenic sources release approximately twice as much sulfur and nitrogen to the atmosphere as do natural sources. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

78) By the year 2005, anthropogenic sulfur emissions by U.S. industries must be reduced by 50 percent of current emissions. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2

79) CFCs can absorb up to 10,000 times more heat (infrared radiation) than carbon dioxide can. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2

80) The ozone "shield" is composed of ozone created when the Earth originally formed-no new ozone is being produced in the stratosphere. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1

81) The so-called "hole" in the ozone layer over the South Pole is really an area where ozone concentrations have decreased by approximately 50 percent; i.e., it is a "thinning" of the ozone. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

82) Acid precipitation is now the norm over most of the industrialized world, not the exception. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2

83) The "solution to pollution is dilution" is a major way to improve air quality of a geographical region. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2

84) A substance that will neutralize a given amount of acid without being used up by the acid is a catalyst. Answer: FALSE


Diff: 1

85) One would expect to find less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during late spring to early autumn. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

86) Science has not proven that global warming and its results will definitely occur in the next century. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

87) None of the air pollutants produced by humans can be broken down or recycled by nature. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1

88) The atmospheric chemical reactions that occur as a result of interactions between primary pollutants, and fueled by the energy of the sun, are collectively called photochemical smog. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

89) Most of the effects of air pollution are not caused by one specific pollutant, but are the synergistic result of several pollutants acting in concert. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2

90) Plants are less susceptible to ozone and sulfur dioxide than are humans. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1

91) As a result of burning fuels, sulfur dioxide may be produced because of impurities in the fuel. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

92) Since 1970 there has been a decrease in atmospheric concentrations of VOCs, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulates. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2

93) Current assessment of air pollution damage to forests shows that it is especially important to achieve further reductions in ozone. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

94) As the time of exposure to a particular pollutant becomes larger, its threshold level will remain the same.


Answer: FALSE Diff: 1

95) In the late 1980s, air quality in most major cities of the United States improved significantly. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

96) Exposure to health-harming doses of toxic compounds is most likely to occur as a result of using such compounds in the home without good ventilation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

97) Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

98) The atmosphere has some natural cleansing mechanisms that will reduce toxic levels of natural pollutants. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

99) The Clean Air Act of 1970 and its subsequent amendments have really done little to improve air quality in the United States. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2

100) Experiments have shown that plants are overall much less sensitive to air pollutants than humans are because plants have better defense mechanisms. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2

101) Complete combustion or oxidation of simple compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) yields innocuous gaseous products. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1

102) High concentrations of ozone (exceeding health standards) are sometimes found in the atmosphere over rural and wilderness areas. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2

103) Thanks to the Clean Air Act of 1970, all U.S. cities now meet the National Ambient Air Quality primary standards for the five criteria pollutants. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2

104) The best way to deal with asbestos in most buildings is to remove it. Answer: TRUE


Diff: 1

105) The Clean Air Act of 1990 includes more stringent standards for fuel efficiencies for U.S.-made cars. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.106) Compared with a solution which has a pH = 8, a solution with a pH = 10 is ________ times more basic. Answer: 100 Diff: 2

107) A system in which combustion emissions are passed through a liquid spray is called a ________. Answer: scrubber Diff: 2

108) An increase in various atmospheric gases, which help trap solar energy causing atmospheric warming is termed the ________ ________. Answer: greenhouse effect Diff: 1

109) On a global scale, ________ gases such as ________ ________ and ________ are thought to play a role analogous to glass in a greenhouse in helping to regulate atmospheric temperature. Answer: greenhouse, carbon dioxide, methane Diff: 3

110) The country with the highest greenhouse gas emissions is ________ ________. Answer: United States Diff: 1

111) The latitudinal variations in incoming solar radiation results in higher overall concentrations of stratospheric ozone at ________ latitudes and lower concentrations at ________ latitudes. Answer: low, high Diff: 2

112) A ________ ________ prevents rising air currents. Answer: temperature inversion Diff: 1

113) As a result of burning fossil fuels, ________ ________ may be produced due to combustion occurring in an atmosphere that is 78 percent nitrogen. Answer: nitrogen oxide Diff: 2


114) Collectively, secondary pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere as the result of sunlight acting on nitrogen oxides and VOCs are referred to as ________ ________. Answer: photochemical oxidants, secondary pollutants Diff: 3

115) As a result of burning fuels, ________ may be produced most directly because of reactions occurring in the atmosphere among hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Answer: ozone Diff: 2

116) A device installed in automobiles to complete the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is the ________ ________. Answer: catalytic converter Diff: 1

117) The level above which pollutants begin to have an effect on organisms, and below which there is no effect is called the ________. Answer: threshold Diff: 1

118) Pollutants which cause cells to react in such a manner that uncontrolled growth and division results are said to be ________. Answer: carcinogenic Diff: 1

119) Pollutants which bring on life-threatening reactions within a period of hours or days are said to have ________ impact. Answer: acute Diff: 2

120) EPA policies now address two specific indoor air pollutants. They are ________ and ________. Answer: asbestos and cigarette smoke Diff: 2

Match the correct word(s) with the phrase. Not all answers may be used.

A. mesophereB. asbestosC. area sourcesD. stratosphereE. mercuryF. gasolineG. doseH. radonI. primary pollutantsJ. ozoneK. lead


L. sulfur dioxideM. catalytic converterN. point sourceO. hydroxyl radicalP. carbon monoxideQ. troposphereR. thermosphere

121) Concentration × time of exposure Answer: dose Diff: 1

122) A natural air cleanser Answer: hydroxyl radical Diff: 2

123) A naturally occurring radioactive gas Answer: radon Diff: 1

124) Reduces hydrocarbon emissions from cars Answer: lead Diff: 2

125) Natural mineral with fiber-like crystals Answer: asbestos Diff: 1

126) This layer of the atmosphere is the site and source of weather. Answer: troposphere Diff: 1

127) This layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface. Answer: troposphere Diff: 1

128) This layer of the atmosphere contains the "ozone layer". Answer: stratosphere Diff: 1

129) This layer of the atmosphere contains the most atmospheric pollutants. Answer: troposphere Diff: 2

130) Blocks the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues Answer: carbon monoxide Diff: 2

131) Converted to sulfuric acid in the atmosphere


Answer: sulfur dioxide Diff: 1

132) A volatile organic compound Answer: gasoline Diff: 1

133) Ozone acts like a pollutant here Answer: troposphere Diff: 2

134) Beneficial to humans in the upper atmosphere when it is present but harmful when it is present close to the Earth's surface Answer: ozone Diff: 2

135) Highest levels of this pollutant are generally found in the biomass of homes Answer: radon Diff: 1

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.136) If you were asked to become the minister or secretary in the Federal government or United Nations in charge of doing something about global warming, what policies would you attempt to implement? Why? Answer: Diff: 1

137) You have become the new owner of a coal-burning power plant. Your plant currently emits more sulfur dioxide than the government says that you can. You need to comply with governmental regulations and deal with this problem. Realistically, what are your various options? Answer: Diff: 1

138) Why is it so difficult for scientists to model potential climate change that would result from increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Answer: Diff: 2

139) Response of governments and industries to the problem of the thinning ozone layer has been remarkably good-from signing of the Montreal Protocol to accelerated phase-outs of CFC production. Why do you think that it was relatively easy to get governments and industries to respond positively to this environmental problem when it has been so difficult to get positive action on other problems such as global warming and/or acid deposition? Answer: Diff: 3

140) What are two ways each of the primary atmospheric pollutants, volatile organic


components, particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides are generated around the home environment? Answer: Diff: 1

141) With public antagonism toward the nuclear industry at an all time high, the future of nuclear power is uncertain. To meet rising demands for electricity, power plants will have to use either coal or natural gas for fuel. In order to avoid continued pollution problems, pollution control devices will have to be installed on these power plants. Who should pay for these devices, and why? Answer: Diff: 3

142) As Third World nations become more prosperous, they will have increased needs for more and more energy to fuel their manufacturing plants and provide electricity for their citizens. What suggestions would you make to "energy planners/developers" as to the best type of energy to meet their needs, and yet not experience the crisis of atmospheric pollution which the United States has in large metropolitan areas? Answer: Diff: 2

143) Describe a temperature inversion. Why are these dangerous in areas having significant levels of air pollution? Answer: Diff: 1

144) What does the term "synergistic effects" mean? Describe an example of synergistic effects of air pollutants on living organisms. Answer: Diff: 2

145) What is the difference between primary and secondary air pollutants? Give an example of each. Answer: Diff: 1


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