enjeux de la gestion de l’eau à l’est de la méditerranée · 2/27/2013 1 enjeux de la gestion...
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2/27/2013
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Enjeux de la gestion de l’eau à l’est de la
Méditerranée
Projets de recherche dans le delta du Nil et au Moyen-Orient
François Molle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), le Caire
Overexpoitedbasin (Orontes)
Environmentaldegradation
Groundwaterdepletion
Water pollution
PIM / Water governance
Transboundary management
Growing
population
Food security
Rural poverty
alleviation
Unsustainable
use of GW
Urbanisation
Sectoral
competition
Climate change
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Changement climatique
MENA Outlook, 2011, World Bank
Malthus’ victory?
Governance and
co-management
Water quality-
water quantity
1. Gestion multi-niveau de
l’eau et des sels dans le
delta du Nil (ACIAR)
Canal de Meet Yazid et
centre du delta
2. Productivité de
l’agriculture et action
collective dans les
‘Nouvelles Terres’
Zone du canal Nasr
Delta du NilEgypte
Partenaires:
Min water (NWRC); Min Agri (ARC)
IRD/IWMI, ICARDA, Universités
ACIAR
Min water (NWRC);
IRD/IWMI, Cirad
Université d’Alexandrie
AIRD/STDF
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KEYWORDS
• Bilans hydriques et salins emboîtés
• Interactions inter-scalaires• Relations entre quantité
et qualité de l’eau• Institutions et action
collective• Interface usagers/
gestionnaires
Recycling and nested efficiencies
Water quantity/quality relationships
Aquaculture
Lagoon
Rice cultivation
Mixed crops
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Policy environmentWater (re)allocation
Water treatmentHorizontal expansion
Official reuseModernization
etc
Policy environmentFree crop choice
Market environmentSubsidies
Priority oil cropsLimit rice cropping
Land reform, etc
Farmlevel
Water fluxesQuantity/quality relationships
Cross-scale interactionsFarmer/manager interface
Mesqa / branch
canal levels
Mesqa / branch
canal levels
Main canal level
Main canal level
Changes/interventionsImproved crop varietiesCropping patternsCropping techniquesLand water management practices (CA, etc)Land levelling, sub-surface drainage.
Changes/interventionsIIP/IIIMP projectWUAs and branch canal or district associationsContinuous flowMaintenance statusCommunity organizations
Agricultural sector
Water sector
From individual to collective pumps: IIP/IIIMP
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Levels / issuesWater management (quantity)
Water quality/salts
Socio-economicand institutionalaspects
Nation / delta
Main canal
Branch canal (Sec)
Mesqa (Ter)
Marwa, farm (Qat)
4.2
1.1
1.1-1.2
1.2
2.1 – 2.2
4.2
3.3
3.2
3.2
2.2
4.2
1.1
1.2
2.3
1.2-2.3
Boundary drain
Aquaculture 3.4 3.4 2.4
Lagoon fisheries 4.2 4.2
Sea
Nasr canal
Bangarsukar
EastNasrarea
Pumping stations
Improving agricultural intensification and diversification in Egypt’s New Lands (Nasr canal command area)
2. Collective action in the New Lands
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engrais
électricité
Irrigation eau
Local markets
Export markets
Irrigation districts served by the Nasr canal
Autres:
Sol, drainage
capital, M.O.,
etc…
qualité produits
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Comment augmenter la productivité des nouvelles terres en améliorant la « prédictabilité»
des intrants et de la commercialisation?
• Contraintes à l’intensification et la diversification (choix des cultures): identification et estimation d’un « productivity gap »
• Coordination et liens avec les marchés d’intrants et de commercialisation
• Action collective : eau (à différents niveaux emboîtés)coopérativesfilières
• Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau en réduisant l’incertitude sur les apports (bulk allocation system)
• Trajectoires de différents types d’exploitations et performances comparées
3. Groundwater governance
Cap Bon,
Tunisie Azraq Oasis
Jordanie
Lebanon: Beqaa
(Litani river)
Oases in
Egypt
Stock-taking: World
experience
Policy process: Seven
selected storylines
Four problem aquifers
Multi-stakeholder
platform/initiating social
learning
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.
.
..
.
.
Tertiary
level
Secondary
level
Financial management
What is really transferred?
WUA State
4. Water User Associations
WUAs
established
Pay fee
Organization
O&M cost
recovery
Local
maintenance
Interface
with agency
Mediate
conflicts
Local water
management
Other
activities
Financial
sustainability
Physical
sustainability
Efficiency,
reliability
Better
equity
Other
outcomes
Expected
process
Expected
outcome
Costs Benefits
Lower Gov.
expenditures
Expected
benefits
Rehabilitation
Other
benefits
Higher yields
& incomes,
lower risk,
possibility to
diversify to
cash crops,
etc