enlightenment & american revolution
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Enlightenment & American Revolution. Ch 17. Philosophy in the Age of Reason. Sec 1. Natural Law. Who : Europeans What : rules that are discoverable by reasoning that governed scientific forces such as gravity & magnetism Where : Europe When : 1500s-1600s - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Enlightenment & American Revolution
Ch 17
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Sec 1
Natural Law
• Who: Europeans• What: rules that are discoverable by reasoning that
governed scientific forces such as gravity & magnetism• Where: Europe• When: 1500s-1600s• Why: scientific success convinced educated Europeans
of the power of human reason; used to better understand social, economic, & political probs; used this to study human behavior & solve probs = led to the Enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes
• Who: 17th century English thinker• What: set forth ideas that were to become key to the
Enlightenment ; wrote “Leviathan”• Where: England• When: 1700s• Why: he lived through upheavals in the English Civil
War; outlined his ideas in “Leviathan”= argued that ppl were naturally cruel, greedy & selfish; he said that ppl entered into “Social Contract” to avoid brutal life; best gov’t= Absolute Monarchy
John Locke• Who: 17th century English thinker• What: set forth ideas that were to become key to the
Enlightenment• Where: England• When: 1700s• Why: he thought ppl were reasonable & moral; ppl had
certain natural rights: life, liberty, & property; came to very diff ideas about the human nature & role of govt= govt has obligation to its ppl, if it fails, it fails the ppl = if govt violates natural rights = ppl have a right to overthrow= American & French Revolutions
Social Contract
• Who: European ppl; Thomas Hobbes• What: an agreement where ppl gave up their
freedom for an organized society • Where: Europe• When: 1500s-1600s• Why: Hobbes said that ppl entered into this
agreement to escape the brutish lifestyle; believed a powerful govt = orderly society; promoted Absolutism
Natural Right
• Who: John Locke• What: rights that belonged to all humans on
earth such as life, liberty, & property• Where: England• When: 1700-1800s• Why: Locke believed ppl are reasonable & moral=
they have rights from birth; ppl had a right to overthrow a govt if these rights were violated = American & French Revolutions
Philosophe
• Who: French Enlightenment thinkers/philosophers
• What: they believed the use of reason could lead to reforms of gov’t, law, & society
• Where: France, Europe• When: 1700s• Why: this group of thinkers started
Enlightenment thought = spread throughout Europe & beyond; applied methods of science to improve society
Montesquieu
• Who: an early influential thinker; a philisophe• What: studied the gov’ts of Europe & learned about
Chinese & Native Am. Cultures; wrote “Sprit of Laws” • Where: France, Europe• When: 1689-1748• Why: his sharp criticism of Absolutism = debate; in
order to protect liberty the gov’t should be divided into 3 branches; idea taken by framers of US Constitution; wrote “Persian Letters”= ridiculed French Gov’t
Lab- ch 2 lab packet & Budget Hero
Voltaire
• Who: a Philosophe, poet & historian• What: an imprisoned poet, historian, essayist &
philosopher• Where: Paris, France• When: 1694-1778• Why: he detested the slave trade; deplored
religious prejudice; defended principle of freedom of speech; his new ideas= imprisoned & forced into exile
Diderot
• Who: a Philosophe, editor of the Encyclopedia• What: he produced a 28-volume set of books called
the Encyclopedia• Where: Europe, the Americas• When: 1751-1789• Why: he wanted to change the general way of
thinking by explaining ideas on topics such as gov’t, philosophy, religion = urged education for all ; included articles from Montesquieu & Voltaire; denounced slavery & praised freedom of expression
Rousseau• Who: Jean-Jacques Rousseau; a Philosophe• What: created the Social Contract (book) society
placed too many limitations on ppl’s behavior; believed that ppl were basically good
• Where: France• When: 1762• Why: believed in good will & best conscience of
the ppl; he showed great hate for oppression; his ideas= American & French Revolutions
Laissez-Faire
• Who: French thinkers; Adam Smith• What: a policy allowing business to operate w/
little or no gov’t interference• Where: France, • When: 1700-1800• Why: this rejected Mercantilism= gov’t controls
the economy to reach a favorable balance of trade; this supported free trade & opposed tarriffs
Adam Smith
• Who: Scottish Economist• What: In his influential work “Wealth of Nations”
he advocated for the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
• Where: Scotland, Europe, Americas• When: 1800-1900s• Why: he was a strong supporter of Laissez-Faire;
felt gov’t should only administer justice & provide public work; his ideas= shape productive economies in 1800-1900s
Rococo
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Sec 2
Censorship
• Who: European writers• What: restricting access to ideas & info• Where: France, Europe, Americas, Middle East• When: 1700s• Why: Authorities had to defend the “Old order”
that God had set up agnst the writers’ new ideas= banned all books & burn books & imprison the writers= writers disguise their ideas in fiction
Salons
• Who: writers, artists ,& philosophers; French women• What: an informal social gathering for women in their
homes• Where: Paris, France• When: 1600-1700s• Why: it started in 1600s- noblewomen began inviting
friends to their homes for poetry readings; by 1700s it flourished- middle class women are now invited= equal footing = discuss & spread enlightenment ideas
Baroque
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
Enlightenment Despot
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
Frederick the Great
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
Catherine the Great
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:
Joseph II
• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why: