enlightenment & scientific revolution
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Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution. Thomas Hobbes. Believed that all humans were wicked & selfish Life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish & short” wrote Leviathan Social Contract: people gave up rights for strong rulers in return, they received order & law - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Enlightenment &
Scientific Revolution
Thomas HobbesBelieved that all humans were
wicked & selfishLife was “solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish & short”wrote LeviathanSocial Contract:– people gave up rights for
strong rulers– in return, they received order
& law– believed that a Absolute
Monarchy was best type of Gov’t
John Locke Exact opposite of HobbesBelieved that people had the ability
to govern themselvesFavored self government“Natural” rights that each person
was born with:– life, liberty & property– Government’s job was to
protect those rights– if gov’t failed, people had right
to overthrow it.– Two Treatises on Government
Voltaire • Most famous of the Philosophes
“I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”.
attacked the clergy, government, & aristocracy
Wrote over 70 Books
Rousseau“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains”
• civilization corrupted man’s natural goodness
• early man had enjoyed a State of Nature
• civilized man destroyed people’s freedom with unjust laws
Wrote: Social Contract– was an agreement among
free individuals to create a society and gov’t
– ALL people were equal– titles of nobility should be
abolished
Cesare BeccariaLaws were to preserve social
order, not avenge crimes• Against torture & cruel or
usual punishments• For speedy trials• punishment should fit crime• abolished capital
punishment• gov’t should seek the
greatest good for the greatest number of people
Baron de Montesquieu• Believed England’s Gov’t was best.
• Wrote: On the Spirit of Laws• Power was divided among
different parts of their gov’t:• Separation of Powers by
branch: executive power, legislative power, judicial power
• Checks & Balances: “Power should be a check to power”
Enlightened Women• Mary Wollstonecraft – A Vindication of the Rights of
Women• believed women should have
same rights as men
Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
• Orbits are Elliptical in shape
• proved mathematically that Copernicus’ ideas were correct
Galileo
Galileo Galilei
• Used telescope to study the heavens (1609)
• Observed that Jupiter had 4 moons
• Agreed with Copericus• Law of falling objects
• Came into conflict with Church over his work
• Stood trial at an inquisition in Rome
• under threat of torture recanted his work.
Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes “Founders of the Scientific Method
Sir Isaac Newton
Concluded that all objects were affected by the same forces
• wrote: Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
• physical laws of motion• Theories of gravity
Anders Celsius & Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
Robert Boyle & Joseph Priestly(Father of modern Chemistry) (“found” oxygen)