enrgy law seminar

8/18/2019 Enrgy Law seminar

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DR RAM MANOHAR LOHIA NATIONALLAW UNIVERSITY

SEMINAR PAPER :NDA GOVERNMENT’S APPROACH TOWARDSENERGY SECTOR—POLICIES ISSUES AND CHALLENGESAND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMY

ENERGY LAW

MADE UNDER ABLE GUIDANCE OF:SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Shakuntala Sangam Anurag

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Assistant Professor B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)DR.RMLNL ! Lu"kno# Semester$ %th Roll No. &'

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This seminar paper would not have been possible without the guidance and the

help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended

their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study.

First of all, I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude in thanking Ms.

Shakuntla Sangam , Assistant Professor and faculty member of our niversity,

for her able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me in completing the pro!ect work, in time.

"econdly, I give a warm thanks to the #ibrary "taff of our niversity #ibrary for

consistently helping me in finding out the relevant material for this pro!ect work.

Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved

parents for their blessings, my friends and classmates for their help and wishes for

the successful completion of this pro!ect work.

-Anurag

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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+. H3P H0S,S*******************************.22. ,N R D , N*************************...****.2

2.1 N R3 BA 45R ND**********************..6

2.& P L, , AL S3S 0M**********************.***.7

2.+ S ,AL BA 45R ND***********************....8

6. 0N0R53 P L, 3 9RAM0 R4*******************.****8

6.1 P L, 3 N 0; ****************..********.8

6.& P L, 3 B/0 , 0S******************..*****.%

6.+ 0N0R53 A 0SS***********************..**%

6.2 0N0R53 S0 R, 3***************.*********%

6.6 L,MA 0 HAN50**************.**********..'

6.7 P L, 3 N 0P S**********************...*.1<

6.8 S0L9$S 99, ,0N 3**********************...*.1<

6.% N N$,N 0R90R0N 0*********************...*..1<

6.'. ,N L S, 0 D0 0L PM0N ********************..11

7. ,NS , , NAL ARRAN50M0N S**********************.11

7.1 NA , NAL ,NS , , N 9 R RANS9 RM,N5 ,ND,A********...1&

7.& 0MP 0R0D 5R P 9 M,N,S 0RS*****************1&

7.+ M,N,S R,AL 0B*******************.******..1&

7.2 S A 0 5 0RNM0N S***********************.1+

7.6 M,N,S R3 9 0; 0RNAL A99A,RS***************..**.12

7.7 M,N,S R3 9 9,NAN 0********************.***12

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7.8 M,N,S R3 9 0N ,R NM0N AND 9 R0S S************....12

7.% M,N,S R3 9 R RAL D0 0L PM0N ****************.12

7.' M,N,S R3 9 S ,0N 0 AND 0 HN L 53***********..**.12

8. S0 RS: P L, ,0S - ,SS 0S****************************..16

8.1 R0N0 ABL0 S0 R*******************...****17

,SS 0S******************...*********.18

8.& N L0AR 0N0R53*****************.******.18

,SS 0S***********************.****..1%

%. HALL0N50S: 0N0R53 S0 R, 3 ,N ,ND,A**********************1'

'. N L S, N************************************.&%

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TITLE: ENERGY CHALLENGES IN INDIA: POLICES AND ISSUES

ABSTRACT Numerous =oli"> reforms o?er the =ast &< >ears ha?e shifte@ ,n@ia s energ> se"tor from a

=re@ominantl> go?ernment$o#ne@ s>stem to#ar@s one ase@ on market =rin"i=les! offering a

more le?el =la>ing fiel@ for oth =u li" an@ =ri?ate se"tors. Politi"al "om=leCit> an@ a tra@ition

of so"ialist e"onomi" =ra"ti"es! ho#e?er! hin@ere@ the "om=lete li erali ation of ,n@ia s energ>

se"tor! lea@ing to su $o=timal out"omes. ,n this sense! the huge la"kouts that o""urre@ in

northern ,n@ia in /ul> & a""ess to the entire =o=ulation le@ to #ell$meaning =oli"ies

@esigne@ to =rote"t the =oor! ut resulte@ in a s>stem of untargete@ =ro@u"er an@ "onsumer

su si@ies that =re?ent a more thorough im=lementation of a #ell$fun"tioning an@ finan"iall>

soun@ energ> se"tor. ,n "om ination #ith an in@ustrial =oli"> that aims to =rote"t the in@igenous

manufa"turing in@ustr> through im=ort su stitution! ,n@ia no# fin@s itself tra==e@ half#a> along

the transition to#ar@s an o=en an@ #ell$=erforming energ> se"tor. ,n@ia s energ> se"tor is

in"reasingl> una le to @eli?er a se"ure su==l> of energ> ami@ gro#ing @eman@ an@ fuel im=orts.

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,n "onFun"tion #ith a rising su si@> le?el an@ s>stemi" failure to ensure =ro=er re?enue

"olle"tion along the ?alue "hain! the finan"ial "a=a"it> of energ> se"tor =la>ers is signifi"antl>

un@ermine@. La"k of suffi"ient "a=a"it> to make timel> an@ a@eEuate in?estments gi?es reason to

fear that ,n@ia is hea@ing to#ar@s energ> "rises. ,n"reasing im=ort @e=en@en"> eC=oses ,n@ia to

greater geo=oliti"al risks! flu"tuating #orl@ market =ri"es an@ intensif>ing international

"om=etition. ,n@ian energ> =oli"> "annot e set in isolation an@ nee@s to a""ount for rising

glo al inter@e=en@en"e! #hile simultaneousl> "ommuni"ate@ a==ro=riatel> to the =u li" an@

refle"te@ in =oli"> @e ates. ,n@ia shoul@ o?erhaul its "urrent =at"h#ork of energ> =oli"ies in

fa?or of a "om=rehensi?e an@ "lear$"ut =oli"> that en"ourages e"onomi" an@ so"ial @e?elo=ment

through relia le energ> su==lies. here are siC main "hallenges that nee@ to e a@@resse@ to

"reate a #ell$fun"tioning an@ finan"iall>$?ia le energ> market in ,n@ia! #hi"h shall e @ealt #ith

in @e=th in the final =a=er.

1. AIM & OBJECTIVE

o "om=lete the transformation of ,n@ia s energ> se"tor into an o=en an@ fun"tioning energ>

market! the "ountr> nee@s strong =oliti"al lea@ershi= to "on?e> "lear =oli"> messages. 9reEuent

=o=ulist remarks! #hi"h! for eCam=le! =romise free ele"tri"it>! are not "on@u"i?e to "reating the

right =u li" =er"e=tion of energ> as a "ommo@it>! not an entitlement. 9urthermore! in the "onteCt

of an in"reasing nee@ for in?estments an@ the integration of ,n@ia s energ> se"tor into the glo al

energ> market! ,n@ia nee@s to align its energ> =oli"ies an@ institutions #ith glo al =ra"ti"es.

,n@ia shoul@ o?erhaul its "urrent =at"h#ork of energ> =oli"ies in fa?or of a "om=rehensi?e an@

"lear$"ut =oli"> that en"ourages e"onomi" an@ so"ial @e?elo=ment through relia le energ>

su==lies.

!. HYPOTHESIS After a @e"a@e of unfinishe@ li erali ation of the energ> se"tor! ,n@ia isno# stan@ing at the "rossroa@s #ith a nee@ for the neCt =hase of energ> se"tor reform. Strong

=oliti"al lea@ershi= is ?ital to a@@ress energ> "hallenges.

". INTRODUCTION

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Ra=i@l> in"reasing energ> @eman@ an@ gro#ing "on"ern a out e"onomi" an@ en?ironmental

"onseEuen"es "all for effe"ti?e an@ thorough energ> go?ernan"e in ,n@ia. o un@erstan@ the

@>nami"s of the energ> =oli"> frame#ork go?erning ,n@ia s energ> se"tor! it is essential to

"om=rehen@ the =oli"> o Fe"ti?es an@ "onteCt in #hi"h the> are =la"e@. hree main energ>

=oli"> o Fe"ti?es are =ursue@ > the ,n@ian go?ernment:

Firstly ! a""ess to energ> is the foremost goal in ,n@ia s energ> =oli"> making! as nearl> one$

Euarter of the =o=ulation la"ks a""ess to ele"tri"it>. his im=lies ensuring the su==l> of a@eEuate

an@ relia le energ> to the ,n@ian =o=ulation ami@ gro#ing energ> @eman@! olstere@ >

e"onomi" gro#th. Secondly ! energ> se"urit> is @ri?en > in"reasing @e=en@en"e on im=orte@

fuels! #hi"h is "ru"ial to meet the ,n@ia s huge energ> @eman@. ,n"rease@ im=ort @e=en@en"e

also eC=oses the "ountr> to greater geo=oliti"al risks an@ international =ri"e ?olatilit>. Finally !

,n@ia is @e@i"ate@ to the mitigation of "limate "hange! although o?er"oming energ> =o?ert> an@

ensuring e"onomi" an@ so"ial @e?elo=ment remains a to= =riorit>. 1 9ulfilling all three o Fe"ti?es

is not an eas> task! as the> "an stan@ in "onfli"t #ith one another. 9or eCam=le! su==l>ing an

affor@a le an@ "onsi@era le amount of energ> using lo#$"ost energ> fuels! =rimaril> "oal!

=otentiall> un@ermines efforts to ta"kle "limate "hange an@ lo"al =ollution. Pursuing the

utilisation of @omesti" resour"es an@ =romoting in@igenous energ> te"hnologies "oul@ hel=

enhan"e energ> se"urit> in the long term! ut @oes not sol?e ,n@ia s energ> =ro lems in the short

term.

his =a=er =ro?i@es a "om=rehensi?e o?er?ie# of ,n@ia s energ> se"tor an@ i@entifies "hallenges

for the =resent NARENDRA MODI le@ NDA government to#ar@s a"hie?ing the "ountr> s

energ> o Fe"ti?es. 0?entuall>! energ> "hallenges that are a==earing a"ross in@i?i@ual energ>

se"tors an@ that are "losel> inter$linke@ #ith one another! =ulling together the issues i@entifie@ in

=re?ious "ha=ters

1 5hose! A 4 (&


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". 1 COUNTRY BACKGROUND

,n@ia has the #orl@ s se"on@ largest =o=ulation of 1.&1 illion in & of Bengal. ,t is an ethni"all> an@ religiousl> @i?erse so"iet> #ith &+ offi"ial

languages! #hilst 0nglish is the su si@iar> offi"ial language. ,n@ia has a"hie?e@ ra=i@ an@

remarka le e"onomi" @e?elo=ment in the =ast t#o @e"a@es an@ e"ame the #orl@ s tenth largest

e"onom> in & >oung =o=ulation #ith a me@ian age of &7.& >ears! ,n@ia is

eC=e"te@ to take o?er hina as the #orl@ s most =o=ulous nation aroun@ &! thus! has emerge@ as one of the most @>nami" e"onomi" =o#ers in the #orl@. 3et

there eCist "ontra@i"tions an@ "om=leCities that =osit "onsi@era le "hallenges to gras= the realit>

of ,n@ia: a @emo"rati" =oliti"al s>stem "o$eCisting #ith an e"onom> #ith tra"es of so"ialism an@

a #i@ening in"ome ga= et#een ur an an@ rural areas as #ell as among states. his se"tion

& ensus &Regimes an@ their ,m=a"ts. 0nerg> Poli">! +%.

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=resents a rief intro@u"tion of ,n@ia s =oliti"al$so"io$e"onomi" lan@s"a=e! aiming to =ro?i@e

insights into ,n@ia s energ> se"tor an@ the "onteCt of its energ> issues

,n@ia is a fe@eral re=u li" ase@ on a =arliamentar> s>stem. he =resi@ent is the hea@ of state an@

the =rime minister is the hea@ of go?ernment. ,n@ia has a i"ameral =arliament s>stem: theoun"il of States! or RaF>a Sa ha! #ith mem ers "hosen > state ministers an@ territorial

assem liesI an@! the House of Peo=le! or Lok Sa ha! #ith mem ers ele"te@ > =o=ular ?ote. he

=resi@ent is the su=reme "omman@er of the arme@ for"es an@ has the =o#er to a==oint the =rime

minister an@ the "oun"il of ministers ase@ on a@?i"e of the =rime minister. 6 Da>$to$@a> =oli">

making is un@ertaken > the =rime minister #ho allo"ates =ositions #ithin the "a inet. he

ele"tion ">"le for =arliament is fi?e >ears.

State$ ase@ =arties often eCer"ise "onsi@era le influen"e on national le?el =oliti"s an@ =oli"ies e>on@ their states. 9urthermore! the multi=li"ation of state$ ase@ =arties makes ele"toral results

at the national le?el un=re@i"ta le! an@ the formation an@ resilien"e of ele"tion "oalitions

@iffi"ult. he ,n@ian onstitution @i?i@es the res=onsi le areas et#een the "entral go?ernment

an@ the states. Areas for #hi"h the "onstitution assigne@ share@ res=onsi ilit> to the "entre an@

the states are "alle@ the on"urrent list. As oth "entral an@ state agen"ies are ?este@ #ith the

=o#er o?er the same su Fe"t! this =ro?i@es a =ossi le "ause for "onfli"t. ,n "ase there is a "onfli"t

on a "on"urrent su Fe"t of national im=ortan"e! the "entral la# =re?ails o?er the state la#s. 7

"." SCOCIAL CONTEXT

Although there has een signifi"ant =rogress in human @e?elo=ment through e"onomi" gro#th!

,n@ia still has a long #a> to go. ,t ranke@ 1+2 out of 1%8 "ountries in the &! ut faile@ to a"hie?e a alan"e@ e"onomi" gro#th et#een rural an@ ur an areas. 9or

instan"e! +8.&J of the national =o=ulation an@ 2&J of the rural =o=ulation li?e elo# the

6 onstitution of ,n@ia! 1'6


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=o?ert> line (BPL) of SD 1.&6 PPP! #hereas &7J of the ur an =o=ulation is "onsi@ere@ BPL

( NDP &s an in@is=ensa le role in the energ> se"tor through state

o#ne@ enter=rises! =u li" =oli"> an@ market regulation! in@ire"t gui@an"e an@ =ersonal net#orks.

o gras= the intert#ine@ @>nami"s in ,n@ia s energ> =oli"> frame#ork! "om=rehen@ing not onl>

the in@i?i@ual role of ea"h ministr> an@ go?ernment agen"> ut also their intera"tion an@

"oor@ination #ith other energ> =la>ers is essential. 9urthermore! some of the main i@eas an@

themes that @ri?e energ> =oli"> @is"ourse in ,n@ia shoul@ e taken into "onsi@eration.'

hisse"tion =ro?i@es ,n@ia s energ> =oli"> "onteCt! institutional arrangements an@ ke> o?erar"hing

=oli"ies for etter un@erstan@ing of the "ountr> s energ> se"tor

#.1 POLICY CONTEXT

n@erstan@ing ,n@ia s energ> =oli"> frame#ork shoul@ egin > looking at =oli"> "onteCts in

#hi"h =oli"> o Fe"ti?es an@ "on"e=ts are lai@ out. his #ill hel= to ans#er some of the Euestions

a out ?arious @e"isions ma@e > ,n@ian =oli"> makers. 9or instan"e! #h> has ,n@ia a@o=te@

eCtensi?e su si@> =rogrammes for energ> =ro@u"ts @es=ite the fis"al ur@enK h> is ,n@ia

relu"tant to a"ti?el> =arti"i=ate in the international legal frame#ork for "limate "hangeK Ho# @o

,n@ian =oli"> makers =er"ei?e rising @e=en@en"e on im=orte@ energ> an@ resulting greater

eC=osure to geo=oliti"al risks! an@ ho# @o the> tr> to a@@ress itK he =oli"> o Fe"ti?es an@

"on"e=ts she@ light on the rationales an@ moti?ations an@ e?entuall>! energ> =oli"> making!

#hi"h are to e @is"usse@ in the follo#ing "ha=ters on the in@i?i@ual fuel se"tors.

#.! POLICY OBJECTIVES

% NDP Re=ort! &


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here are three maFor =oli"> o Fe"ti?es that ,n@ia =ursues: energ> a""ess! energ> se"urit> an@

mitigation of "limate "hange. All three o Fe"ti?es are "losel> relate@! ut sometimes "onfli"t #ith

one another an@ are @eri?e@ from the realit> in ,n@ia. hus! it is "hallenging for ,n@ia to maintain

a alan"e@ a==roa"h in =ursuit of all three o Fe"ti?es.

#." ENERGY ACCESS

Nearl> one$Euarter of the =o=ulation of ,n@ia la"ks a""ess to ele"tri"it>. ,t is im=ortant to

un@erstan@ this =e"uliarit> of ,n@ia s energ> situation #here the maForit> of =otential energ>

@eman@ still remains unmet! unlike most @e?elo=e@ "ountries #here energ> @eman@ has rea"he@

or is "lose to saturation stage. he ,n@ian go?ernment re"ognise@ that e"onomi" @e?elo=ment is

eing hin@ere@ as a "onseEuen"e of energ> =o?ert>. hus! =ro?i@ing energ> a""ess to its entire

=o=ulation has een a to= =riorit> of ,n@ian =oli"> makers for a long time! making it eEuall> or

e?en more im=ortant than energ> se"urit>. ,n@ia s maFor rural ele"trifi"ation s"heme is an

eCam=le of the go?ernment s @etermination to eC=an@ a""ess to ele"tri"it> in ,n@ia s rural

?illages. 1<

2.2 ENERGY SECURITY

1 hallenges! L>@ia Po#ell!

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0nerg> se"urit> takes a "entral =osition in go?ernment =oli"> making. he em=hasis of energ>

=oli"> until the 1'' shortage an@ unsatisfie@ energ> nee@s. Ho#e?er!

in"reasing @e=en@en"e on im=orte@ energ> sour"es! mainl> oil! ut also natural gas an@ "oal!

resulte@ in greater go?ernment attention to the su Fe"t. 11 0nerg> se"urit> is @efine@

"om=rehensi?el> in ,n@ia! as G#e are energ> se"ure #hen #e "an su==l> lifeline energ> to all our

"iti ens irres=e"ti?e of their a ilit> to =a> for it as #ell as meet their effe"ti?e @eman@ for safe

an@ "on?enient energ> to satisf> their ?arious nee@s at "om=etiti?e =ri"es! at all times an@ #ith a

=res"ri e@ "onfi@en"e le?el "onsi@ering sho"ks an@ @isru=tions that "an e reasona l> eC=e"te@

(P ! & se"urit>

strateg>. Se"on@! ,n@ia is anCious a out su@@en in"reases in glo al energ> =ri"es as the>

un@ermine the a?aila ilit> of energ> to its =eo=le an@ eCa"er ate the national finan"ial [email protected]>! there is a "on"ern a out =ossi le a ru=t su==l> @isru=tion! #hi"h has le@ to efforts to

@i?ersif> su==l> an@ fuel an@ a"Euire o?erseas assets.

#.$ CLIMATE CHANGE

here is #ell$a""e=te@ re"ognition of the im=a"ts of "limate "hange among ,n@ian =oli"> makers

an@ the general =u li"! although =riorit> is gi?en to e"onomi" an@ so"ial @e?elo=ment. ,n@ia is a

signator> to the nite@ Nations 9rame#ork on?ention on limate hange ( N9 )! ut is noto lige@ to "ontain its "ar on emissions as an AnneC ,, "ountr>. 1+ Regar@ing international

attem=ts to esta lish an internationall>$ in@ing regime to "ur "ar on emissions! ,n@ia fin@s it

una""e=ta le! stating that most emissions #ere =ro@u"e@ > @e?elo=e@ "ountries an@ that ,n@ia

nee@s e"onomi" @e?elo=ment an@ in@ustriali ation. ,n@ia s =er$"a=ita emissions are onl> one$

thir@ of the #orl@ a?erage an@ 12J of =er$"a=ita emissions of 0 D mem er "ountries. ,n@ia

took a lea@ing role in the 588 @uring the P 16 in &


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,n@ia is in"reasingl> engage@ in re@u"ing "ar on emissions an@ alle?iating en?ironmental

@[email protected] ,n@ia announ"e@ its National A"tion Plan on limate hange in &


14/45

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su==ort S san"tions on ,ran! non$interferen"e > outsi@ers an@ the =rote"tion of ,n@ian

so?ereignt> are fun@amental features of ,n@ian @omesti" an@ foreign =oli">. 1'

2.' INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT

he "on"e=t of in"lusi?e @e?elo=ment "an e roa@l> @efine@ as Ggro#th "ou=le@ #ith eEual

o==ortunities . Also "alle@ in"lusi?e gro#th! in"lusi?e @e?elo=ment a==ears freEuentl> in re"ent

=oli"> @o"uments an@ =oli"> @is"ourse! #hi"h is attri uta le to the #i@ening in"ome ineEualit>

in the "ountr> not#ithstan@ing e"onomi" @e?elo=ment. 9or instan"e! the theme of the a==roa"h =a=er for ,n@ia s 1&th 9i?e$3ear Plan is G9aster! sustaina le! more in"lusi?e gro#th . &<

$. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

here are a num er of =la>ers in ,n@ia s energ> se"tor. ith the Planning ommission at the to=!

fi?e ministries are in "harge of energ> =oli"> for in@i?i@ual fuel se"tors! an@ other ministries an@

state go?ernments @ire"tl> an@ in@ire"tl> ha?e influen"e on energ> =oli">.

1' "upra Note At 11.

&< , i@.

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6.1 NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA (N, ,)

he institution is the su""essor to the Planning ommission! an@ #ill ser?e as O hink ank of

the 5o?ernment a @ire"tional an@ =oli"> @>namo. N, , Aa>og #ill =ro?i@e 5o?ernments at the

"entral an@ state le?els #ith rele?ant strategi" an@ te"hni"al a@?i"e a"ross the s=e"trum of ke>

elements of =oli">. he latter in"lu@es matters of national an@ international im=ort on the

e"onomi" front! @issemination of est =ra"ti"es from #ithin the "ountr> as #ell as from other

nations! the infusion of ne# =oli"> i@eas an@ s=e"ifi" issue$ ase@ su==ort. &1

6.& EMPOWERED GROUP OF MINISTERS EGOM!

05 M is a "olle"ti?e @e"ision making me"hanism #ith =ermanent mem ers. ,n "ase a =oli">

issue reEuires the in?ol?ement of more than one ministr>! a grou= of rele?ant ministers is forme@

#ith the =rime minister s a==ro?al. he mem ershi= "om=osition "hanges #ith the issue at han@.

he o Fe"ti?e of formation of the 05 M is! first to ring the imminent issue into the =oli">

@is"ussion! to ensure etter "o$or@ination among ministries! to refle"t on ?arious as=e"ts relating

to the =oli"> issue! an@ lastl> to eC=e@ite the @e"ision making =ro"ess. here usuall> is one

minister #ho lea@s the grou=. 9i?e energ>$relate@ ministries:

&1 N, , Aa>og! htt=:[email protected]?.inQenQtagQniti$aa>ogQ! A""esse@ on &< Mar"h &


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6.+ MINISTRIAL WEB

Poli"> making an@ im=lementation in the energ> se"tor is s=lit among fi?e ministries! an@ se?eralgo?ernment "ommissions an@ agen"ies. Pre?iousl>! the Ministr> of 0nerg> eCiste@! #ith se=arate

@e=artments for =o#er! "oal an@ non$"on?entional energ> sour"es. hrough national e"onomi"

reforms! the ministr> #as @i?i@e@ into three se=arate ministries in 1''&: the Ministr> of Po#er

(M P) is res=onsi le for the =o#er se"tor along the entire ?alue "hainI the Ministr> of oal

(M ) has res=onsi ilities for =oli"ies on eC=loration an@ @e?elo=ment of "oal reser?esI an@ the

Ministr> of Ne# an@ Rene#a le 0nerg> &MNRE' "arries out national =rogrammes to in"rease

rene#a le in"lu@ing #in@! solar an@ small h>@ro. ,n a@@ition! the Ministr> of Petroleum an@

Natural 5as &MOPNG' o?ersees all as=e"ts of the oil an@ natural gas se"tor! in"lu@ing

eC=loration! =ro@u"tion! marketing an@ im=ortQeC=ort. he De=artment of Atomi" 0nerg>

&DAE'( un@er the @ire"t "harge of Prime Minister! is res=onsi le for all as=e"ts of ,n@ia s nu"lear

=oli"> .&& riti"ism against ha?ing fi?e @ifferent ministries has sti=ulate@ that Gall are ent on to

=rote"ting their narro# turf ! instea@ of a"ting in "onformit> #ith national energ> o Fe"ti?es.

onsi@ering the e?er$in"reasing ne"essit> of forming allian"es to #in ele"tion an@ of re#ar@ing

the =art>$"a@re #ith ministerial =ositions! ho#e?er! the "han"e for one unifie@ energ> ministr> is

remote. hat sai@! in =rin"i=le! ea"h ministr> "an @e@i"ate itself to their @esignate@ fuel se"tor!#ithout eing si@eline@ an@ marginali e@ > other @ominant fuel interests. his =re"on@itions

integrate@ =oli"> =lanning an@ effe"ti?e =oli"> "o$or@ination. A @etaile@ @es"ri=tion of the fi?e

energ>$relate@ ministries an@ state go?ernments is =ro?i@e@ later in relation to their res=e"ti?e

role an@ fun"tion in ea"h fuel se"tor.

6.+.< STATE GOVERNMENTS

he influen"e of the "entral go?ernment on energ> =oli"> at the state le?el is limite@. he ,n@ian

=arliament "annot legislate o?er "ertain as=e"ts of this se"tor in the states. ,n general! as in most

fe@eral s>stems! the states are res=onsi le for im=lementing national la#s! ut "an also issue

state la#s an@ regulations of a==li"ation in their o#n territor>. State go?ernments ha?e their o#n

&&A Dash oar@ for the ,n@ian 0nerg> Se"tor! 0P ! A H R: Ashok Srini#ashtt=:QQ###.e=#.inQ"ommentar>Q@ash oar@$in@ian$energ>$se"tor.html! A""esse@ on &1 Mar"h &


18/45

energ> @e=artments to manage the =arti"ular energ> issues an@ market "on@itions in their states.

hus! state go?ernments ha?e "onsi@era le res=onsi ilities in the energ> se"tor! es=e"iall> in the

=o#er se"tor #here the res=onsi ilit> is share@ et#een the enter an@ the states un@er the

,n@ian onstitution. As a result! the e?olution of =o#er se"tor reforms an@ the le?el of

=enetration of rene#a le energ> sour"es @iffer #i@el> among states. ther relate@ ministries

6.+.1 MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

he Ministr> of 0Cternal Affairs &MEA' has e"ome in"reasingl> a"ti?e in energ> se"urit>$

relate@ =oli">. ,n & Di?ision to ser?e as a no@al =oint in the

ministr> for energ> se"urit> an@ to "losel> "o$or@inate #ith the "on"erne@ Ministries an@ su==ort

their international engagement through a==ro=riate @i=lomati" inter?entions &+.

6.+.&MINISTRY OF FINANCE

Res=onsi le for national taCation! finan"ial legislation an@ u@get =lanning an@ allo"ation! the

Ministr> of 9inan"e &MOF' =la>s a signifi"ant role in energ> =oli"> an@ markets. MOF @e"i@es

on the u@get allo"ation for fi?e$>ear =lans! #hi"h @etermine the @ire"tions of energ> =oli">. 9or

instan"e! in the 93 &! ase@ on the energ> su si@> @e"i@e@ >

M PN5! M 9 transfers the su si@> to oil marketing "om=anies in the form of "ash an@ on@s.

M 9 also =ro?i@es fun@ing an@ finan"ial in"enti?es to ?arious rene#a le an@ other energ>

te"hnologies.

6.+.+ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS

&+ P,B! GNe# Di?ision of 0nerg> Se"urit> ! 7 Se=tem er.

1%


19/45

Ministr> of 0n?ironment an@ 9orests &MOEF' is res=onsi le for the =lanning! =romotion!

"oor@ination an@ o?ersight of the im=lementation of ,n@ia s en?ironmental an@ forestr> =oli"ies

an@ =rogrammes. he role of M 09 is "ru"ial for the @e?elo=ment of infrastru"ture as it has the

authorit> to im=ose a moratorium on =roFe"ts ase@ on their en?ironmental im=a"t. ,n =arti"ular!

the M 09 use@ to @e"i@e on so$"alle@ Ggo an@ Gno$go areas for "oal mining in foreste@ ones.

oal mining @e?elo=ment is =rohi ite@ in no$go areas! resulting in further hin@ran"e to

eC=ansion of "oal =ro@u"tion. he no$go "lassifi"ation #as @ismantle@ o#ing to strong =rotests

from the "oal ministr> an@ in@ustr> in & on Resettlement an@ Reha ilitation (R-R)!

&2 MNR0 (Ministr> of Ne# an@ Rene#a le 0nerg>) (&


20/45

#hi"h reEuires a@eEuate "om=ensation for all in?oluntar> @is=la"ement of =eo=le! #hi"h often

o""urs @ue to energ> an@ infrastru"ture =roFe"ts. taining "learan"e on a "om=ensation =a"kage

is reEuire@ for =roFe"ts! ut states often ha?e @ifferent R-R =oli"ies from that of the entre.

om=ensation @is=utes are har@ to settle #ith lan@ o#ners an@ @#ellers #hose li?elihoo@

@e=en@s on the lan@! hen"e lan@ a"Euisition an@ reha ilitation has e"ome an in"reasingl>

"om=leC =ro"ess. As a result! a num er of =roFe"ts for "oal mining! =o#er =lants! an@ other

larges"ale in@ustr> eC=erien"e@ "onsi@era le @ela>s in their =roFe"t s"he@ule. o fa"ilitate the

=ro"ess! the Lan@ A"Euisition! Reha ilitation an@ Resettlement Bill (LARR) #as =ro=ose@ > the

M RD ut faile@ to =ass in =arliament in &. 9or

instan"e! M S an@ the De=artment of 0nerg> of the nite@ States agree@ to Fointl> fun@ SD

1 R-D entre to fo"us on three =riorit> areas: iofuels! solar

energ>! an@ uil@ing energ> effi"ien"> in &


21/45

Rene

#a le energ> is e"oming an in"reasingl> im=ortant =art of ,n@ia s energ> miC. ith ?ast

=otentials! rene#a le energ> is no longer seen as an alternate energ> sour"e to "on?entional

energ>! ut as a "riti"al element in =ursuit of ke> =oli"> o Fe"ti?es. ,t enhan"es ,n@ia s energ>

se"urit> > @i?ersif>ing its energ> miC an@ re@u"ing im=ort @e=en@en"e on fossil fuels. Solar

=o#er! es=e"iall>! is seen as ha?ing the =otential for ,n@ia =ossi l> to attain Generg>

in@e=en@en"e in the long run . ,n =ro?i@ing energ> a""ess to ,n@ia s =eo=le! rene#a le energ> is

eC=e"te@ to Gsu==lement "on?entional =o#er generation an@ meet asi" energ> nee@s! es=e"iall>

in the rural an@ remote areas . Mitigating "limate "hange is also one of the reasons ,n@ia seeks to

=romote rene#a le energ>! ut not the =rimar> for"e ehin@ it. he share of rene#a le in ,n@ia s

energ> miC! "om ining iomass! h>@ro an@ other rene#a le! #as a==roCimatel> &7J in &


22/45

he 0le"tri"it> A"t & an@ a man@ator> rene#a le =ur"hase o ligation (RP ) for

=o#er utilit> "om=anies! es=e"iall> at the state le?el. his le@ to the intro@u"tion of the

Rene#a le 0nerg> ertifi"ate (R0 ) s"heme in & @istri ution

"om=anies to fulfil their RP > tra@ing the R0 s. ther national =o#er =oli"ies that #ere

man@ate@ > the & in@e te@ state =o#er utilities #ill fa"e "onsi@era le

"hallenges fin@ing fun@s to in?est in their transmission net#ork (su==orte@ > strong go?ernment

initiati?es! rene#a le energ>! mainl> #in@ an@ solar! #ill gro# "onsi@era l> in the near futureI

&&


23/45

A "onsi@era le =ro=ortion of the ,n@ian =o=ulation la"ks a""ess to "lean an@ mo@ern energ>!

im=l>ing that a signifi"ant in"rease of energ> @eman@ is still on the #a>. 0ffe"ti?e rene#a le

energ> =oli"ies! s=e"ifi"all> targeting rural areas! "an hel= ensure that @eman@ is met in a

sustaina le #a>I an@

,n?estment arriers! in"lu@ing a@ministrati?e =ro"esses an@ ina@eEuate su==orting

infrastru"ture! shoul@ e remo?e@ an@ a "learer strateg> is nee@e@! oth to in"rease ,n@ia s

rene#a le "a=a"it> an@ to uil@ a "om=etiti?e rene#a le in@ustr>.

• Linke@ to the first =oint is the attra"ti?eness of u>ing rene#a le energ>. o@a>! #in@ energ>

"osts a out ₹7 an@ solar "osts aroun@ ₹7.6$im=a"tQin@ia$nee@s$an$integrate@$energ>$

=oli">Qarti"le7'&%'7+.e"e ! A""esse@ on &1 Mar"h &


24/45

,n@ia has ha@ a long "ommitment to nu"lear energ> sin"e the esta lishment of the Atomi" 0nerg>

ommission in 1'2% an@ the De=artment of Atomi" 0nerg> in 1'62. ,n@ia #as one of the fe#

"ountries to a"hie?e the "om=lete fuel ">"le from uranium eC=loration! mining! fuel fa ri"ation

an@ ele"tri"it> generation! to re=ro"essing an@ #aste management > the 1'8 is ?ie#e@ #ith strong =ri@e an@ "onsi@ere@ an instrument to a"hie?e Generg>

in@e=en@en"e! Gfossil fuel free future or Gself$suffi"ien"> Ho#e?er! ,n@ia s nu"lear =o#er

"a=a"it> remains small @es=ite "ontinuous "ommitment an@ a@?an"es in in@igenous te"hnolog>.

,n@ia s "urrent nu"lear generation "a=a"it> is 2.% 5 an@ ranks 1+th in the #orl@! #hi"h a""ount

for onl> 1.&J of glo al nu"lear "a=a"it>. &8 he share of nu"lear #as 1J in ,n@ia s total energ>

miC in &


25/45

In*u+,r a */0an* an* /n/rg +u22 0anag/0/n,:

he a?erage ,n@ian uses less energ> than the a?erage hinese or Bra ilian. An@ "ertainl> mu"h

less than the a?erage Ameri"an or "onsumer in other @e?elo=e@ nations. onsi@er this: in & "om=are@ #ith &!7+1 k h use@ > the a?erage hinese an@ 1&!'12 k h >

the a?erage Ameri"an.

0nerg> "onsum=tion is @ominate@ in ,n@ia > the resi@ential an@ in@ustrial se"tors! #ith the

former taking a slightl> larger share of the total energ> =ie (+2J ?ersus ++J for in@ustr>). &%

,n@ustr> uses a thir@ of all ele"tri"it> to run ma"hiner>! among other =ur=oses. Sin"e ele"tri"it>

generation is hea?il> @e=en@ent on "oal! using &&&.1m tonnes of oil eEui?alent (mtoe)! it follo#s

that in@ustr> is a signifi"ant user of "oal (although this "onsum=tion goes e>on@ ele"tri"it>

generation). ,n@ustr> "onsumes more than ' "onsume@ > en@$users su"h ashousehol@s! in@ustr> an@ agri"ulture! eC"lu@ing energ> use@ > the energ> se"tor itself.

&6


26/45

ith @eman@ eC=e"te@ to s=ike o?er the neCt fe# @e"a@es! "om=etition for energ> su==lies is set

to intensif>. A""or@ing to the ,nternational 0nerg> Agen"> (,0A)! energ> @eman@ in ,n@ia from

& esta lishment in

,n@ia treats the threat as a =ossi ilit>! al eit a remote one + of ,n@ia s nu"lear fa"ilities! Mr.

Nara>anasam>! the then Minister of State! Prime Minister s ffi"e! sai@ that Gthough there is nos=e"ifi" se"urit> threat at =resent! De=artment of Atomi" 0nerg> installations an@ its resi@ential

&' Be"ause manufa"turing stra@@les se?eral in@ustrial su $se"tors! it is @iffi"ult to @etermine from a?aila le@ata#hat =ro=ortion of final energ> "onsum=tion > in@ustr> it a""ounts for.

+< Nu"lear Se"urit> in ,n@ia: Ma==ing the hreat S"enario

&7


27/45

"olonies "ontinue to remain =otential targets of outfits an@ elements inimi"al to the interest of

,n@ia.

heoreti"all>! threats to ,n@ia s nu"lear infrastru"ture "an manifest in the form of a full$s"ale

nu"lear @etonationI a G@irt> om atta"kI sa otage at fa"ilities > an insi@erI or an arme@ assaulton a nu"lear fa"ilit>.

A rief ro"hure release@ > the ,n@ian Ministr> of 0Cternal Affairs (M0A) is one of the fe#

=u li"l> a?aila le @o"uments #hi"h =ro?i@es an insight into ,n@ia s nu"lear se"urit> ar"hite"ture.

A""or@ing to the @o"ument! ,n@ia s nu"lear se"urit> a==roa"h is @ri?en > fi?e ke> "om=onents:

5o?ernan"e! Nu"lear Se"urit> Pra"ti"e an@ ulture! ,nstitutions! e"hnolog> an@ ,nternational

oo=eration. hese "om=onents re=resent a goo@ set of "riterion for Fu@ging the state of safet>

an@ se"urit> of ,n@ia s nu"lear materials! though there are =ossi l> other #a>s of @i?i@ing the"ategories for anal>sis. he follo#ing se"tions #ill eCamine these fi?e "om=onents an@ outline

their res=e"ti?e strengths an@ #eaknesses.

W3/r/ 6an ,3/ ,3r/a,+ 640/ 7r408

hreats to ,n@ia s nu"lear esta lishment "an manifest from #ithin ,n@ia s or@ers or from grou=s

ase@ outsi@e the "ountr>. 9rom the insi@e! threats "an "ome =rimaril> from grou=s su"h as the

,M an@ the left$#ing eCtremists (L 0s) or NaCals. hese grou=s! =arti"ularl> the ,M! "oul@

re"ei?e su==ort from eCternal elements to =lan an@ eCe"ute an atta"k on an ,n@ian nu"lear

installation or to @etonate a nu"lear om or RDD.

,n@ian se"urit> agen"ies are of the ?ie# that grou=s su"h as the ,M "urrentl> @o not =ossess the

"a=a ilit> or the "a=a"it> to "arr> out a full$s"ale nu"lear atta"k or RDD atta"k. ra@itionall>! the

,M has een "arr>ing out serial om ings! #hi"h reEuire ?er> little resour"es an@ skills as

"om=are@ to those that are reEuire@ for "arr>ing out a nu"lear or ra@iologi"al atta"k. Moreo?er!

the ,M has ne?er @emonstrate@ the "a=a ilit> to "arr> out "omman@o$st>le rai@s or assaults.

0?en as the ,M la"ks the a ilit> to "arr> out su"h an atta"k! it has sho#n the intent to use a

nu"lear #ea=on on ,n@ian soil shoul@ it a"Euire ne"essar> #here#ithal. A""or@ing to the

statement of one of the ,M s to= lea@ers! 3asin Bhatkal! @uring his interrogation! the ,M ha@ in

&8


28/45

the =ast =on@ere@ o?er the =ossi ilit> of "arr>ing out a nu"lear or ra@iologi"al atta"k #ith

eCternal assistan"e. hile @is"ussing the =ossi ilit> of a"Euiring a small nu"lear om from

Pakistan! Ri>a Bhatkal! another ,M lea@er ase@ in Pakistan! ha@ state@ that Gan>thing "an e

arrange@ in Pakistan. +1 3asin Bhatkal ha@ further tol@ offi"ials that /iya0 told me that attacks

can be done with nuclear bombs. I re1uested him to look for one nuclear bomb for "urat . +&

hile anal>sts argue that these statements @o not refle"t the "a=a ilit> of the grou= to a"tuall>

"arr> out su"h an atta"k! the "onfession highlights the fa"t that the ,M ha@ "onsi@ere@ using a

nu"lear @e?i"e. Su"h a threat "annot e taken lightl>.

hen it "omes to the threat =ose@ > the L 0s to ,n@ia s nu"lear se"urit>! there are @iffering

?ie#s #ithin the strategi" "ommunit>. ne se"tion argues that the L 0s #ill not atta"k a nu"lear

fa"ilit> gi?en that large$s"ale @amage #ill e a "onseEuen"e affe"ting the general =u li". L 0 is

also @ri?en > @ifferent i@eologies! an@ an atta"k on nu"lear fa"ilities or a nu"lear atta"k #ill

onl> hurt their interests.

INDIAN APPROACH TO NUCLEAR SECURITY

G49/rnan6/ an* R/gu a, 4n+

5o?ernan"e in the nu"lear realm is ensure@ through a set of regulations an@ institutions

esta lishe@ in the 1'7


29/45

notifi"ations to eCe"ute the =ro?isions of this A"t. he A"t! sin"e its im=lementation! has

un@ergone amen@ments to strengthen the legal asis for nu"lear se"urit> measures. ,n a@@ition!

there ha?e een a num er of legislations =ertaining to en?ironmental issues among others that

are "riti"al in @etermining the lo"ation an@ o=eration of nu"lear =o#er =lants. hese in"lu@e the

0n?ironment (Prote"tion) A"t! 1'%7! the Atomi" 0nerg> (9a"tories) Rules! 1''7! an@ the

0le"tri"it> A"t! & (Ra@iation

Prote"tion) Rules! 1'81 (#hi"h #ere further re?ise@ in & (Safe Dis=osal of Ra@ioa"ti?e astes) Rules! 1'%8. he Atomi" 0nerg> (Ra@iation

Prote"tion) Rules san"tion a"ti?ities for nu"lear fuel ">"le fa"ilities as #ell as ra@iation use in the

arena of in@ustr>! me@i"ine an@ resear"h. +2 he Rules! after re?ision in & set out roles an@ res=onsi ilities of @ifferent =arties

++ ,ts =re@e"essor #as the Atomi" 0nerg> A"t! 1'2%! #hi"h #as re=la"e@ > the 1'7& A"t. he1'7& A"t is the o?erar"hing legal instrument go?erning nu"lear an@ ra@iologi"al materials an@fa"ilities

+2 Government of Ind !" De#!rtment of Atom $ Ener%&" 'Atom $ Ener%& (R!d !t on Prote$t on)R*+e," - /"0

&'


30/45

in"lu@ing em=lo>ers! Ra@iologi"al Safet> ffi"ers (RS s) an@ others in the area of =rote"tion

against ra@iation. hese rules also s=ell out the =o#ers of the A0RB in the follo#ing #a>s:

Detailing reEuirements regar@ing safet>! health sur?eillan"e of #orkers! ra@iation sur?eillan"e

an@ re"or@s to e maintaine@I issuing @ire"ti?esI ins=e"tionsI an@ enfor"ement a"tions. +6 he

Ra@iologi"al Safet> Di?ision of the A0RB is res=onsi le for ensuring "om=lian"e #ith the & "urrentl> @e?elo=ing the =otential of thorium fuel

">"les . Against the a"k@ro= of the 9ukushima$Daii"hi a""i@ent! ,n@ia argue@ that thorium$

ase@ nu"lear generation is safer than uranium$ ase@! #ith Ga =assi?e "ooling s>stem that

o=erates naturall> if the rea"tor shuts @o#n . Ho#e?er! thorium fuel ">"les ha?e not >et een

full> @emonstrate@ at large s"ale an@ se?eral im=ortant te"hni"al "hallenges remain! =arti"ularl>

in the re=ro"essing of thorium fuel (,0A! & half a "entur> of "ommitment to a

thorium$ ase@ nu"lear =rogramme! ,n@ia is no# entering into the se"on@ stage of o=erating the

fast$ ree@er rea"tor. he feasi ilit> of its ?ision of @e=lo>ing =rotot>=e thorium =lants > &assuming no te"hni"al arriers in the #a>! remains "hallenge@. As su"h! ,n@ia shoul@ "arefull>assess #hat @ifferent roles thorium$ an@ uranium$ ase@ nu"lear energ> "an =la> in resol?ing

short an@ long$term energ> su==l>.

+6 De=artment of Atomi" 0nerg>! Pu li" A""ounts ommittee! Ninetieth Re=ort! GA"ti?ities ofthe Atomi" 0nerg> Regulator> Boar@! su mitte@ to the Lok Sa ha on De"em er


31/45

ANTI-NUCLEAR PUBLIC SENTIMENT

he 9ukushima$Daii"hi a""i@ent resulte@ in gro#ing "on"ern o?er the safet> of nu"lear =lants in

,n@ia. he "onstru"tion of a nu"lear =lant in 4u@ankulam! amil Na@u! rought the issue @ire"tl>

into the =u li" @omain in &e@

o#ing to =u li" =rotestsI resi@ents! rel>ing on fisheries #ithin the ?i"init>! feare@ that the nu"lear

=lant #oul@ @amage the surroun@ing e"os>stem an@ their fishing a"ti?ities! an@ en@anger the

lo"al "ommunit>. he "entral go?ernment offere@ a "onsi@era le "om=ensation =a"kage of

re=orte@l> ,NR 6 illion ( SD '< million) to lo"al areas for infrastru"ture @e?elo=ment +8.

Pu li" fear is not limite@ to nu"lear =lants! ut also in"lu@es "on"erns a out ,n@ia s uranium

mines. ,n & tri al state . +% he =u li" o==osition to nu"lear =o#er #ill most likel> "ontinue

an@ site sele"tion an@ "onstru"tion #ill e"ome e?en more length> an@ "ostl>. herefore! for

nu"lear se"tor @e?elo=ment! the go?ernment must ensure trans=arent an@ thorough safet>

measures an@ effe"ti?e =u li" "ommuni"ation.

%. CHALLENGES: ENERGY SECURITY IN INDIA

,n@ia has eC=erien"e@ im=ressi?e e"onomi" gro#th sin"e its reforms in 1''1. Sin"e that time! the

"ountr> has #itnesse@ a "onsi@era le re@u"tion in =o?ert> an@ ?ast im=ro?ements in the stan@ar@

of li?ing. ,n@ia no# has an e"onom> #ith a @>nami" =ri?ate se"tor an@ a urgeoning mi@@le

"lass! ho#e?er! fa"es gro#ing "hallenges to maintain its e"onomi" gro#th. ,n the first Euarter of

&


32/45

u@get @efi"its! an@ a @e=re"iating "urren">! #i@es=rea@ "on"ern eCists o?er #hether ,n@ia "oul@

see the return of a G1''1$like "risis . +' o re?i?e the ?i ran"> of its e"onom>! a #ell$fun"tioning

an@ finan"iall>$soun@ energ> se"tor is "riti"al to allo# ,n@ia to sustain further e"onomi" gro#th

an@ re@u"e negati?e im=a"ts on its =u li" finan"e. his #ill reEuire an a""elerate@ transition to

an energ> se"tor ase@ on market e"onom>.

he =re?ious "ha=ters sho# t#o maFor tren@s a==earing in ,n@ia s o?erall energ> se"tor: first! a

serious energ> shortage a"ross @ifferent fuel se"tors! ranging from "oal! gas! an@ oil to uranium.

he @efi"ien"> of these fuels is resulting in a "onsi@era le shortage of ele"tri"it>! #hi"h ham=ers

e"onomi" an@ so"ial @e?elo=ment. Se"on@! there is an in"reasing nee@ to im=ort more energ> as

a result of the "ountr> s stagnating @omesti" =ro@u"tion. ru@e oil use@ to e the main energ>

im=ort! ut ,n@ia no# nee@s to im=ort greater ?olumes of "oal an@ gas as #ell. Ho#e?er! @ue to

"onsi@era le @is=arit> et#een @omesti" an@ international =ri"es for these fuels! a"tual im=orts

might not take =la"e! or #ill take =la"e to a lesser @egree then the a"tual fuel shortage might

reEuire. Moreo?er! in"reasing fuel im=orts #ill ha?e negati?e im=li"ations on ,n@ia s finan"ial

"on@ition. o effe"ti?el> a@@ress these t#o tren@s! ,n@ia nee@s a fun"tioning energ> market! in

other #or@s! a s>stem #here national energ> @eman@ "an e met > timel> an@ a@eEuate

in?estment in a sustaina le #a> an@ usiness entities o=erating in the energ> market are

"ommer"iall> ?ia le. 2< SiC maFor "hallenges! #hi"h nee@ to e resol?e@ to "reate a fun"tioning

energ> market: =la>ers! =ri"ing! in?estment! im=lementation! =oli"> an@ =oliti"al #ill. hese

"hallenges shoul@ e a@@resse@ urgentl> > ,n@ian =oli"> makers! as the @eteriorating energ>

situation "an seriousl> #eaken the "ountr> s =ros=e"ts for a ro ust national e"onom> an@

im=ro?e@ @ail> life of its "iti ens.

8.1 PLAYERS

he "a=a ilit> of in@i?i@ual =la>ers to "arr> out their usiness o Fe"ti?es is as im=ortant as the

o?erall usiness stru"ture that sha=es an@ limits the s"o=e of their o=erations. his #as #elleC=resse@ > =rominent ,n@ian energ> eC=ert! Professor RaFen@ra Pa"hauri! G uil@ing lo"ks of

+' "upra Note At 1&.

2< n@erstan@ing 0nerg> hallenges of ,n@ia: Poli"ies an@ ,ssues! ,nternational 0nerg>Agen">!&


33/45

the energ> se"tor! namel> the enter=rises =ro@u"ing ele"tri"it>! =etroleum =ro@u"ts or other forms

of energ> ha?e to e u=gra@e@ to health> an@ ?i rant usiness entities . 21 A num er of "ore

"om=eten"ies nee@ to e im=ro?e@ for ,n@ia s energ> =la>ers.

8.& FINANCIAL CAPACITY

his is the most im=ortant "a=a"it> reEuire@ for =la>ers to fulfill their =rimar> usiness o Fe"ti?e

@eli?ering energ> =rofita l> to "onsumers. Ho#e?er! man> of ,n@ia s energ> =la>ers suffer from

finan"ial #eakness! #ith limite@ finan"ial resour"es an@ restri"te@ in?estment a ilit>. here are

t#o "ategories of "om=anies in this regar@. 9irst! there are "om=anies that are in @e t @ue to the

institutional "om=ulsions o?erri@ing their usiness interests. ne eCam=le is the state ele"tri"it>

@istri ution "om=anies that are o lige@ to suffi"ientl> "om=ensate through @ire"t transfers from

state go?ernments. At the same time! finan"ial #eakness is @eri?e@ from s>stemi" failure to

enfor"e legitimate re?enue "olle"tion. he @eteriorating finan"ial status of state has een one of

the gra?e "on"erns for =o#er =ro@u"ers an@ fuel im=orters as it "alls into Euestion #hether the>

#ill a"tuall> re"ei?e =a>ments for their ele"tri"it>. Another eCam=le are oil marketing "om=anies

( M s)! #ho sell "ertain =etroleum =ro@u"ts at go?ernment regulate@ =ri"es! at #hi"h the>

"annot re"o?er their "osts. 2& Although M s generate =rofits on their alan"e sheet! #ithout

@is"ounte@ "ru@e =ur"hases from go?ernment$o#ne@ u=stream "om=anies an@ go?ernment

grants an@ oil on@s! their usiness a==ears to make losses. he se"on@ "ase is #hen usinessentities are =rofita le ut un@er=erforming. he u=stream "om=anies in the oil an@ "oal se"tors

are a "ase in =oint. N5 ! ,L an@ ,L all sell their =ro@u"ts at a mu"h lo#er =ri"e "om=are@ to

international =ri"es in or@er to kee= the en@$use =ri"es lo#. 2+ ,n the short term! sa"rifi"ing these

"om=anies =otential =rofits "an make sense to "ur inflationar> effe"ts an@ =ro?i@e affor@a le

energ> to the ,n@ian =eo=le. But in the longer term! the la"k of suffi"ient in?estment > these

"om=anies @ue to insuffi"ient finan"ial resour"es "oul@ Feo=ar@i e the relia le energ> su==l> to

the nation.

21 Pa"hauri! R 4 ! GSe"uring ,n@ia s 0nerg> 9uture ! he ,n@ian 0C=ress! 2 August.

2&A Dash oar@ for the ,n@ian 0nerg> Se"tor! 0P ! A H R: Ashok Srini#ashtt=:QQ###.e=#.inQ"ommentar>Q@ash oar@$in@ian$energ>$se"tor.htmlI A""esse@ on && Mar"h &


34/45

8.+ MANAGEMENT AUTONOMY

,n@ia s energ> se"tor is @ominate@ > =u li" se"tor "om=anies or PS s (o#ne@ > the "entral

an@ state go?ernment). Base@ on a similar o?er?ie# on o#nershi= ma@e in the ! some =arts of the

energ> se"tor ha?e ma@e ?er> little =rogress in attra"ting =ri?ate in?estment sin"e As PS s are

o#ne@ an@ su=er?ise@ > the go?ernment! the> ha?e rather limite@ autonom> o?er management

an@ in?estment @e"isions. 22 he s=lit goal et#een =oliti"al =riorit> an@ "ommer"ial interest

often "reates "onfusion in the roles an@ fo"uses of PS s. 9or instan"e! gasoline =ri"es #ere

offi"iall> @eregulate@ in &

"onsultation. 9urthermore! there ha?e een "ases in #hi"h PS s faile@ to @eli?er timel>

in?estment @e"isions! #hile #aiting for go?ernment a==ro?al. ne of the =ro lemati" areas is

o?erseas u=stream in?estment for oil an@ gas resour"es. N5 Q L nee@s a go?ernment

a==ro?al for in?estment @e"isions a o?e a "ertain threshol@ #hi"h is not al#a>s re"ei?e@ in a

timel> manner. he threshol@ of ,NR + illion ( SD 66 million). 26

9inall>! no management me"hanism eCists to =enalise "om=anies for un@er=erforming or

rea"hing usiness "ontra"ts! in"lu@ing the fuel su==l> agreement. Nor are suffi"ient in"enti?e

measures in =la"e. o uil@ o=erational a""ounta ilit> an@ autonom> #ithin the "om=an>! a more

22 "upra Note At &2.

26 o#ar@s a sustaina le energ> future: realities an@ o==ortunities! ./S R. M! L>n@a Armstrong.

+2


35/45

strategi" human resour"e management me"hanism! in"lu@ing an internal =romotion an@ re#ar@

stru"ture shoul@ e a@o=te@ in =u li" enter=rises. 27 A =ro=er se=aration of o#nershi= an@

management "an enhan"e the "or=orate autonom> that is reEuire@ to make in?estment @e"isions

ase@ on "ommer"ial assessment at an o==ortune moment. is small "om=are@ to the si e of a

t>=i"al @eal in the glo al u=stream se"tor ( ,! &s ?ia le an@ generates a@eEuate finan"ial resour"es for in?estment! an@ at the same

time! su si@ies shoul@ e @ire"tl> "hannele@ to those #ho are in nee@. 28 he =ri"ing me"hanism

nee@s to e rationalise@ holisti"all>! as the "urrent me"hanism has the alloon effe"t of shifting

@istortion from one se"tor to another along the entire energ> ?alue "hain. 9urthermore! a =ro=er

enfor"ement me"hanism for re?enue "olle"tion is un@ou te@l> "ru"ial! as sho#n in the =o#er

se"tor #here institutional failure to @eter an> illegitimate =o#er usage an@ to a"tuall> "olle"t the =a>ments from "onsumers results in near$insol?en"> of state utilities. ,t #as re=orte@ that the

go?ernment is "onsi@ering gi?ing N5 i@esh =o#ers to @e"i@e in?estments of u= to ,NR +<

illion. 2% Ho#e?er! it has not een offi"iall> announ"e@.

%.$ RIGID TARIFF SETTING MECHANISM

heoreti"all>! energ> =ri"es shoul@ e su=er?ise@ an@ a@Fuste@ in a timel> manner an@

a@eEuatel> > in@e=en@ent regulators to refle"t "hanging "osts. Ho#e?er! in ,n@ia! regulators

27 , i@.

28 ,n@ia s 0nerg> Se"urit>: An ?er?ie#! SSRN. omI RaFen@ra 4on@a=ati.

2%,n@ia s 0nerg> Se"urit>: An ?er?ie#! SSRN. omI RaFen@ra 4on@a=ati.

+6


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in"lu@ing 0R an@ S0R s o=erate in a ?er> rigi@ #a> @ue to =oliti"al "onsi@erations. his

Feo=ar@ises the o=erational =rofita ilit> of "om=anies.

,n the =etroleum an@ gas se"tor! #here there is no in@e=en@ent regulator an@ =ri"es are set >

go?ernment! =ri"e "hanges a==ear to e e?en more rigi@. Des=ite a "onsi@era le in"rease of theinternational "ru@e =ri"e! ,n@ia s retail =ri"es for these four =ro@u"ts ha?e een a@Fuste@ ?er>

marginall> > the go?ernment! es"alating the re?enue losses to M s. hen it "omes to those

offi"iall> @eregulate@ se"tors in"lu@ing gasoline an@ "oal! =ri"es are also @e fa"to @etermine@ >

the go?ernment through its o#nershi= of oil an@ "oal PS s. he a ilit> to =ass on the flu"tuating

fuel "osts in a timel> manner to the =o#er tariffs is =arti"ularl> im=ortant to ensure in?estment in

u=stream "oal an@ gas se"tor as #ell as in LN5 im=ort infrastru"ture. onsi@ering that ,n@ia is a

=ri"e taker in the international energ> market! a fleCi le =ri"ing me"hanism is also essential to

in"rease the a""e=ta ilit> of greater im=orts of these fuels. 9urthermore! the infleCi le =ri"ing

me"hanism has le@ to @istortion of fuel "hoi"es > "onsumers. 9or instan"e! su si@ise@ fuel like

kerosene an@ @iesel result in artifi"iall> high "onsum=tion an@ im=e@e the in?estment in "leaner

energ> that is more "ostl>. 2'

%.) INVESTMENT: MAKE IN INDIA MISSION"

2' , i@.

+7


37/45

Pri?ate in?estment in ,n@ia has stea@il> in"rease@ sin"e the li eralisations of the =o#er! oil an@

gas se"tors. Ho#e?er! @es=ite some of the =ositi?e "hanges that =ri?ate in?estment rought to

,n@ia s energ> se"tor! this a"hie?ement is a half su""ess. Most of the maFor international

"om=anies are still relu"tant to in?est in ,n@ia s energ> se"tor. 9D, in "ommo@it> eC"hanges !

sto"k eC"hanges - @e=ositories! =o#er eC"hanges! =etroleum refining > PS s! "ourier ser?i"es

un@er the go?ernment route has no# een rought un@er the automati" route .6<

,n@ia nee@s "onsi@era le in?estment to uil@ a relia le an@ a@eEuate energ> su==l> "hain. his is

es=e"iall> ne"essar> to =ro?i@e mo@ern energ> to the large =ro=ortion of the ,n@ian =o=ulation

#hose energ> @eman@ is "urrentl> unmet.

%.%SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

As in the rest of the #orl@! in?estment in a@?an"e@ an@ "lean te"hnolog> is reEuire@ to set ,n@ia s

energ> future on a sustaina le =ath. ,n@ia is fa"ing rising en?ironmental =ro lems. ith falling

gas =ro@u"tion an@ faltering nu"lear "a=a"it>! ,n@ia s =o#er generation is in"reasingl> @e=en@ent

on "oal$ ase@ "a=a"it>! #hi"h is less effi"ient an@ more "ar on$intensi?e "om=are@ to other

fuels. Also the #i@es=rea@ "onsum=tion of iomass results in en?ironmental @eterioration

in"lu@ing @eforestation an@ air =ollution! #hi"h "oul@ e alle?iate@ > =ro?i@ing a""ess to an@

en"ouraging "onsum=tion of more effi"ient an@ mo@ern energ> .61 0nerg> infrastru"ture usuall>

6< Make ,n ,n@ia! htt=:QQ###.makeinin@ia."omQ=oli">Qforeign$@ire"t$in?estmentQ! A""esse@ on&& Marh & Poli"ies in ,n@ia: An Assessment of the ,m=e@iments! A H R: Meenal /ainet. Al.

+8

http://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment/http://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment/http://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment/http://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment/http://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment/


38/45

has a ?er> long life$">"le. hus! it is "riti"al for ,n@ia to no# in?est in state$of$the$art! lo#$

"ar on te"hnolog> for its energ> se"torI other#ise! ,n@ia s energ> se"tor "oul@ e lo"ke@ into a

"oal @e=en@ent an@ higher than ne"essar> "ar on$intensi?e =ath. 6& Po#er an@ other energ> tariffs

shoul@ e rationalise@ to =romote sustaina le in?estment.

%. IMPLEMENTATION

,n@ia has @emonstrate@ an a ilit> to Eui"kl> a@@ress =ressing issues! an@ @e?ise =oli"ies an@ set

targets. Ho#e?er! for a"tual =oli"> im=lementation! ,n@ia la"ks a "lear strateg> an@ a"tion =lans.

G here has een little in@i"ation of ho# =oli"ies shoul@ e =rioriti e@! no =lan for fun@ing them!

an@ often a ga= et#een =oli">making an@ im=lementation . hat s more! go?ernment

initiati?es often en@ u= eing announ"e@ an@ not follo#e@ u=. 9or instan"e! ,n@ia announ"e@ the

"reation of a so?ereign oil fun@ to su==ort o?erseas u=stream in?estment in & =rogress has een ma@e to @ate .6+

%.; BUREAUCRACY

A slo# an@ length> =ro"ess to o tain lan@ a"Euisition =ermits! en?ironment "learan"e! an@ other

statutor> "learan"es has een i@entifie@ as the maFor arrier for im=lementing energ> an@

infrastru"ture =roFe"ts. learl>! those statutor> "learan"es are ne"essar> to =rote"t the

en?ironment an@ lan@ rights! ut the> nee@ to e streamline@ > remo?ing re@ ta=e to assure thein$time "om=letion of =roFe"ts. Man> ke> energ> an@ infrastru"ture =roFe"ts ha?e not =rogresse@

e>on@ this stage @ue to the lagging a@ministrati?e =ro"ess. 9urthermore! eC"essi?e re@ ta=e is a

serious o=erational an@ finan"ial risk that @is"ourages =ros=e"ti?e in?estment. 0?entuall>! this

#oul@ "onstrain ,n@ia s a ilit> to su==l> energ> in "oming >ears.

%.1 INTER-MINISTERIAL COORDINATION

6&"upra Note At +1.

6+ "upra nota At +&.

+%


39/45

9or effe"ti?e im=lementation! hori ontal "oor@ination among @ifferent ministries nee@s to e

im=ro?e@! es=e"iall> taking the a sen"e of single unifie@ energ> ministr> into "onsi@eration. At

the to= le?el! there is alrea@> an inter$ministr> "oor@ination me"hanism in =la"eI ho#e?er!#orking$le?el "oor@ination "an e im=ro?e@ throughout the entire =oli">making an@

im=lementation =ro"ess. An@ this "oor@ination shoul@ e @one in a regular an@ institutionalise@

manner! rather than on a s=ora@i" an@ =ersonal asis. 9urthermore! institutional me"hanism to

re"on"ile @ifferent interests an@ ?ie#s of ?arious ministries are "ru"ial. ften! ministries @isagree

o?er a =arti"ular issue! #hi"h takes long to resol?eI for instan"e! it took nearl> three >ears for the

M P an@ M to rea"h an agreement! al eit still negotiating! on the "oal su==l> "ontra"t for

=o#er =lants. At the same time! the M an@ M P fin@ themsel?es freEuentl> in @isagreement

#ith the M 09 o?er the en?ironment "learan"e =ro"ess. o settle the gas =ri"ing issue for N0LP

su==lies! the M P an@ M PN5 #ent through a te@ious gri@$lo"k until a @e"ision #as ma@e >

the High ourt. 62 9inall>! inter$ministerial "oor@ination shoul@ e a==roa"he@ in terms of roa@er

national interests! #hi"h are often o?erlooke@ in =ursuit of in@i?i@ual o Fe"ti?es > ea"h

ministr>.

%.11 INTER-GOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION

62 , i@.

+'


40/45

,n ,n@ia s fe@eralist =oliti"al s>stem! ?erti"al "oor@ination et#een the "entral go?ernment an@

state go?ernments is "ru"ial to im=lement =oli"ies. he "entral go?ernment makes =lans an@

=ro?i@es fun@ing! ut most of the time! it is the state go?ernments that a"tuall> eCe"ute the =lansan@ im=lement the =roFe"ts. 9or instan"e! although the 0le"tri"it> A"t &et to @o so. Re"entl>! MNR0

"alle@ for the 0C=ression of ,nterest for re?ie#ing state Solar RP an@ R0 s! #hi"h #oul@ e

highl> ?alua le to assess status Euo of state rene#a le =oli"> im=lementation. 66 But there #oul@

e ?er> limite@ s"o=e for MNR0 to enfor"e the im=lementation of these initiati?es at state le?el.

,nter$go?ernmental "oor@ination is also im=ortant to alle?iate the gro#ing im alan"e among

states in terms of energ> infrastru"ture an@ in?estment. he regional "on"entration of energ>"a=a"it> in a fe# states risks =er=etuating the une?en e"onomi" @e?elo=ment a"ross the nation.

he "entral go?ernment nee@s to "losel> #ork #ith state go?ernments to a@@ress this issue an@

ensure that an in?estment$frien@l> en?ironment "an e "reate@ in those less @e?elo=e@ states.

%.1! TRULY INTEGRATED ENERGY POLICY

he 5o?ernment s Bu@get shoul@ fo"us on a ig =i"ture =lan that "an fun@amentall> transform

the traFe"tor> of ,n@ia s e"onom> an@ the fortunes of 1.& illion =eo=le. he "ountr> nee@s an

integrate@ energ> =oli"> an@ the 5o?ernment elie?es the solution ma> lie in a ig thrust on

rene#a le energ> for #hi"h massi?e targets ha?e een set. he 5o?ernment has set an am itious

target of 1

u= from the "urrent installe@ "a=a"ities for oth #in@ an@ solar ne of the easiest #a>s of @oing

66 "upra Note +&.

2


41/45

that is > re@u"ing the finan"ing "ost. Po#er =ro@u"ers are still orro#ing at an interest rate of

1&$1+ =er "ent an@ this nee@s to mo?e @o#n to %$' =er "ent. ,f the 5o?ernment "an @o this! then

the "ost of rene#a les #ill "ome @o#n an@ e "om=ara le to #here "on?entional =o#er is. 67

hat is reall> nee@e@ is a "learl> s=elt$out roa@ ma= of the @ire"tion that the 5o?ernment #ants

to take for the se"tor.

POLITICAL WILL

o su""essfull> "o=e #ith the fi?e "hallenges @is"usse@ earlier! =oliti"al #ill is a =rereEuisite.

Meeting these "hallenges an@ transforming ,n@ia s energ> se"tor into a fun"tioning market

reEuires "ontinue@ an@ unite@ =oliti"al lea@ershi= from =oli"> makers. ,n@ia s "urrent =oliti"al

"ulture! #hi"h is ase@ on fragmente@ =oliti"al interest an@ multi$=art> "oalition go?ernment!

makes this rather @iffi"ult. Ho#e?er! the energ> se"tor is too im=ortant to e "om=romise@ >

67 "upra Note At &6.

21

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=oliti"al interest an@ rent$seeking eha?iour. Bi=artisan "onsensus on energ> =oli"> shoul@ e

sought in the national interest.

%.1" DELAYED REFORMS

ith the LAAR amen@ment a"t! an@ "urrent go?ernment intent to attra"t maCimum =ossi le

foreign in?estment! an@ some states la#s are #el"ome ste=s to#ar@s se"uring ,n@ia s energ>

se"tor. hough there has een some @ela> ut its ne?er too late to start o?er.

8.12 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

Pu li" "ommuni"ation is an im=ortant! strategi" "om=onent of the im=lementation of ne# energ>

=oli"ies. 5i?en rising =u li" a#areness on en?ironmental an@ health issues! an@ a gro#ing!

in"reasingl> "ons"ientious! ,n@ian mi@@le "lass! =u li" "ommuni"ation strategies "an =la> a

"riti"al role in @isseminating kno#le@ge an@ generating =u li" "onsent. he @e?elo=ment of a

ne# energ> infrastru"ture entails si a le lan@ reEuirements that "an ha?e an en?ironmental

im=a"t on the lo"al "ommunit>I this is =arti"ularl> the "ase for nu"lear =lants! as #ell as "oal an@

uranium mines. Pu li" "ommuni"ation is also im=ortant for ne"essar>! ut un=o=ular! =oli">

@e"isions in"lu@ing fuel =ri"e in"reases! #hi"h "an ha?e a @ire"t im=a"t on the @ail> li?es of

,n@ian "iti ens. ,t is! therefore! "ru"ial to effe"ti?el> an@ "ontinuousl> "ommuni"ate #ith the

,n@ian =u li" on the intention an@ im=ortan"e of su"h =oli"> mo?es! es=e"iall> against the a"k@ro= of ,n@ia s in"reasing im=orts from the glo al energ> market. 68

At the same time! =oli"> makers an@ =oliti"ians shoul@ e "autious a out the =otential

"onseEuen"es of their =o=ulist messages. Rhetori"al statements! su"h as Gfree ele"tri"it> an@

Gfossil fuel free future ! not onl> raise unrealisti" eC=e"tations a out ,n@ia s energ> situation! ut

un@ermine the #orka ilit> of ne"essar> energ> se"tor reform. Poli"> makers! through effe"ti?e

=u li" "ommuni"ation! shoul@ "on?e> the right messages to the ,n@ian =eo=le

. CONCLUSION

68 , i@.

2&


43/45

A serious energ> shortage an@ gro#ing =ressure on im=orts ha?e een seen in the ,n@ian energ>

se"tor. ,n the mi@@le of & se"tor! ,n@ia is no# stan@ing at the "rossroa@s

#ith a nee@ for the neCt =hase of energ> se"tor reform. Strong =oliti"al lea@ershi= is ?ital to

a@@ress energ> "hallenges. Pu li" =er"e=tion shoul@ e shifte@ to a""e=t that energ> is not an

entitlement! ut a "ommo@it>. 0nerg> su==l> "annot e taken for grante@! an@ it reEuires

suffi"ient resour"es to e @eli?ere@ to "onsumers. ,n@ia s =oli"> o Fe"ti?e of in"lusi?e

@e?elo=ment an@ affor@a le energ> shoul@ e maintaine@! ut usiness ?ia ilit> "annot e

sa"rifi"e@ in the =ro"ess. his =er"e=tion is the foun@ation of a fun"tioning energ> market an@the sustaina le! green gro#th e"onom> that ,n@ia =ursues.

,n@ia is un@ou te@l> an@ irre?o"a l> integrate@ into the glo al energ> market. ,t relies on

signifi"ant amounts of energ> from foreign sour"es an@! as su"h! ,n@ia is a =ri"e taker! not a =ri"e

setter. ,n@ia "an re@u"e its ?ulnera ilit> to energ> =ri"e flu"tuation through a fleCi le an@

"om=etent energ> market! ut it "annot isolate itself from =ri"e ?olatilit>. At the same time! to

eC=an@ its energ> su==l> "a=a"it> to meet the ra=i@l> gro#ing energ> @eman@ of its =eo=le!

,n@ia nee@s more in?estment. A signifi"ant =ortion of the reEuire@ in?estment must "ome from

foreign in?estors! for #hom it "om=etes #ith other "ountries. his im=lies the ne"essit> of

integrating ,n@ia s energ> institutions an@ =oli"ies #ith glo al =ra"ti"es.

9inall>! energ> "hallenges shoul@ "ome efore =oliti"al interests. As the father of ,n@ia s nu"lear

energ>! Dr. Bha ha! on"e =ut! Gno =o#er is as eC=ensi?e as no =o#er. A relia le an@ a@eEuate

su==l> of mo@ern an@ "lean energ> is the =rereEuisite for ,n@ia s "ontinue@ e"onomi"

@e?elo=ment. Nothing #oul@ e more "ostl> than the @isru=tion of the national e"onom>! #hi"h

has so mu"h =otential to =ros=er! as #ell as the @isru=tion of @ail> a"ti?ities of the ,n@ian

"iti ens! #ho are rea@> to =arti"i=ate in another e"onomi" mira">.

;. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. Make ,n ,n@ia Poli">! 5o?t. of ,[email protected]: htt=:QQ###.makeinin@ia."omQse"torQrene#a le$energ>Q

&. Ministr> of Po#er - oal! Ne# - Rene#al 0nerg>! Poli"> - ,nitiati?es Do"ument!

& an@ the 0n?ironment! /ohn$ ile> - Sons! ,n".

Pu li"ation! ol.#. ,n@ia s 0nerg> Se"urit>: An ?er?ie#! SSRN! A H R: RaFen@ra 4on@a=ati.6. Sha=ing a Sustaina le 0nerg> 9uture for ,n@ia: Management hallenges! A H R:

Su esh Bhatta"har>.7. Solar Pro@u"ts for Poor Rural ommunities as a Business: Lessons from a Su""essful

ProFe"t in ttar Pra@esh! ,n@ia! A H R: /ohannes r=elainen8. Solar 0nerg> Poli"ies in ,n@ia: An Assessment of the ,m=e@iments! A H R:

Meenal /ain et. Al.%. 9e@eral hallenges to a S>nerg> Bet#een ater an@ 0nerg> La#s: An ,n@ian

Pers=e"ti?e! A H R : Ni@hi Sri?asta?'. he in@ 0nerg> Se"tor in ,n@ia! A H R: ollin B alsh.1 hallenges for Promotion of i?il Nu"lear 0nerg> in ,n@ia!

A H R: M P Ram Mohan. /S R. M11. 9i?e 0nerg> hallenges "onfronting ,n@ia.

htt=:QQoil=ri"e."omQ0nerg>Q0nerg>$5eneralQ6$0nerg>$ hallenges$ onfronting$,[email protected] 1&. 0nerging o==ortunities an@ "hallenges. =#"."omQin@ia1+. ,n@ia s 0nerg> hallenges. A H R: L>@ia Po#ell12. Se"uring ,n@ia s energ> a maFor "hallenge for PM Mo@i.

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17. Biofuels: ==ortunities an@ hallenges in ,n@ia! ./S R. M! A H R:

Mam ull> han@rasekharan18. Nee@ for an ,ntegrate@ 0nerg> Mo@elling ,nstitution in ,n@ia! ./S R. M!

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MakhiFani1'. n@erstan@ing 0nerg> hallenges of ,n@ia: Poli"ies an@ ,ssues! ,nternational 0nerg>

Agen">.& future: realities an@ o==ortunities! ./S R. M!

A H R: L>n@a Armstrong.&1. 0nsuring Safe se of Biote"hnolog>: 4e> hallenges! ./S R. M!

A H R: Aarti 5u=ta&&. Assessing .S. 0nerg> Poli">! ./S R. M ! A H R: Maril>n A. Bro#n!

0t. Al.&+. A Dash oar@ for the ,n@ian 0nerg> Se"tor! 0P ! A H R: Ashok Srini#as

htt=:QQ###.e=#.inQ"ommentar>Q@ash oar@$in@ian$energ>$ se"tor.html
http://www.jstor.com/http://www.jstor.com/

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