ensuring foodsafety

ENSURING

FO O D SAFETY.. .

+

A n Introduction

&A Resource Guide forRetail Deli Managers

+Robert J. Price, Pamela D. Tom,

and Kenneth E. Stevenson

ENSURING FOOD SAFETY.. . THE HACCP WAY

An Introduction to HACCP&

a Resource Guide forRetail Deli Managers

Robert J. Price, Pamela D. Tom, and Kenneth E. Stevenson

1993Extension Service,

U.S. Department of AgricultureNational Sea Grant College Program,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce

PREFACE

This booklet introduces the “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” (HACCP) system offood safety control in retail delis. It includes an introduction to HACCP, an example of how toset up a HACCP plan for the preparation and display of seafood salads, a listing of resourcematerials, examples of HACCP plans for some deli foods, and examples of forms for recordkeeping. The intent of the publication is not to train you to become a HACCP expert, but tofamiliarize you with this important new concept of food safety control.

The HACCP concept does not stand alone. For HACCP to work properly, your store must firsthave Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS) for equipment sanitation and personal hygiene, andbe operating under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). This booklet assumes that theseprocedures and practices are in place and are being followed.

Robert J. Price, Ph.D.Extension Specialist, Seafood ProductsFood Science & Technology/Sea Grant Extension ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616-8598

Pamela D. Tom, M.Sc.Program RepresentativeFood Science & Technology/Sea Grant Extension ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616-8598

Kenneth E. Stevenson, Ph.D.Senior Director of Microbiology/SanitationNational Food Processors AssociationDublin, California 94568

3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This publication would not have been possible without the contributions of a large number ofknowledgeable and dedicated people.

We wish first to acknowledge the members of our advisory committee: Jack Breslin and BenGale, Bureau of Environmental Health; Anne-Scott Ettinger, Davis Food Co-op; Robert Gravani,Cornell University; Margaret Kolk, NutriClean; Gale Prince, The Kroger Company; Mark Kidd,Mar-Val Food Stores, Inc.; Mary Wang, California Department of Health Services; Joe Sisneros,Raley’s; Charles Stoffers, Safeway, Inc.; Jeanne von Zastrow, Food Marketing Institute; andBonnie Warren, Be1 Air Markets. This group, formally titled the University of CaliforniaHACCP for Food Operations Advisory Committee, first suggested that we prepare this manual,and many of its members provided invaluable advice on its development.

In addition, the following individuals graciously contributed their time to critique successivedrafts of the manuscript: Rosemary Amidei, California Sea Grant College; Harold (Bud)Anderson and Linda Stratton, Wyoming Department of Agriculture; Al Lovi, Deli University;Kermit McKemie and Brenda Holman, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Lawrence Pong,Bureau of Environmental Health; Debra Fonts, Fresh Experience; Winifred Kovac, Vons Gro-cery Company; Annette Maggiora, Emilio’s Deli; Jo Petro, Department of Veterans’ Affairs;Treena Rainwater, Sacramento Natural Foods Co-op; Richard F. Stier, Libra Laboratories, Inc.;Linda James, Be1 Air Markets; Elizabeth Andress, Extension Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture; and Sheila Jones, Jonessco Enterprises.

We tried very hard to address all of the suggestions and criticisms made, but unavoidably wehave fallen short in some cases. Further, participation of these individuals should in no way betaken as an endorsement of this publication by them or the organizations they represent.

This work is funded in part by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, underspecial project number 91-EFSQ-1-4022; in part by a grant from the National Sea Grant CollegeProgram, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,under grant number NA89AA-D-SG138, project number A/EA- 1 through the California SeaGrant College; and in part by the California State Resources Agency. The views expressedherein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USDA, NOAA, or anyof their subagencies. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute forgovernmental purposes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

IntroductionWhat Is HACCP?, 7

HACCP SystemsThe S e v e n Steps in HACCP, 9

Setting Up a HACCP Plan for Seafood SaladPreparing a Seafood Salad. 13 Conclusion, 18

Flowcharts and Critical Control Points for Selected Deli FoodsSeafood Salad, 20 Fried Chicken, 21 Potato Salad, 22 Hot Entrees, 23 Sliced Poultry/Meat Sandwich. 24

HACCP Training MaterialsBooks and Printed Materials, 25 Food Safety Information Hotlines, 30 Posters and Signs, 31

Slide Sets and Transparencies, 32 Videotapes, 32

Bibliography

AppendicesReceiving Reject Form, 37 Receiving Temperature Form. 38 Cooler Temperature Form, 39

Display Product Temperature Form. 40

7

9

13

19

25

35

37

INTRODUCTION

What Is HACCP?

HACCP (pronounced “Hassip”) is a difficult name for a simple and effective way to ensure foodsafety. HACCP stands for the “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” system. It allows youto predict potential risks to food safety and to prevent them before they happen. By usingHACCP, delis will no longer have to rely solely on routine inspections to spot potential foodsafety hazards.

How WillHACCP

Help You?

Is HACCPNew?

Food safety is key to good business. Selling unsafe foods can causeillness, lost sales, and lost customers. Keeping foods safe means jobs,good business, and happy customers.

You probably already know that deli foods may cause illness. Figure 1lists the most common prepared foods linked to illness. The foods are inorder of decreasing risk, so those with the greatest risk are at the top.Many of these foods are commonly prepared in delis.

As a deli manager, you understand the importance of food safety. Andyou know that it is your responsibility to provide safe foods. TheHACCP system is the best way to keep foods safe.

The HACCP system has other benefits as well. HACCP focuses only oncritical areas and thus saves time. HACCP makes inspections moreuseful by concentrating only on potential problems. Once you identifyproblems, you can easily correct them.

Records produced for the HACCP system also have benefits. Trackingfood temperatures and other data lets deli workers become interested infood safety. Workers’ interest can lead to better food handling, improvedfood quality, and improved pride in their work.

In the 1960s The Pillsbury Company developed HACCP for foods aspart of its effort to produce foods for the space program. You can imag-ine how serious it would be if astronauts got food poisoning in space. SoPillsbury developed a system to predict and prevent safety problemsthroughout the food-preparation process.

The system Pillsbury developed identified potential problems with foodsafety in advance and set up methods to control each possible hazard.The company kept records to make sure the controls worked. With thisHACCP system, Pillsbury made safe foods. Testing the foods for safetywas unnecessary. The HACCP system prevented food safety problems.

Today, many food companies use the HACCP system to make sure theirproducts are safe. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Departmentof Agriculture, and Department of Commerce all encourage HACCPsafety plans for food processing. This includes deli food preparation inretail food stores.

TRISK

Roast beefTurkeyChicken

HamPork products

Mexican-style foodsChinese foodsPotato salad

RiceChicken salad

Cream-filled pastryMeat tacos and enchiladas

ShrimpMacaroni salad

PizzaTurkey saladTuna salad

Ground meatBarbecued meat

Egg salad

Figure 1. Prepared foods tied to outbreaks of foodpoisoning. Foods at the top of the list have thegreatest risk. Those at the bottom have the lowest risk.

HACCP SYSTEMS

The Seven Steps in HACCP

A HACCP food safety system has seven basic steps. Each one is necessary for the overallprogram to work.

The Seven The seven steps are these:Basic Steps

Identify potential food safety hazards. (Do a hazard analysis.)

Determine where and when to prevent problems. (Identify whichstages are Critical Control Points.)

Set limits to control potential problems. (Set critical limits atCritical Control Points.)

Do a HazardAnalysis

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Set up methods to monitor limits. (Monitor Critical ControlPoints.)

Set up procedures to handle control problems. (Identify correctiveactions.)

Keep good records and make routine reviews of records to checkthat controls work. (Review records.)

Conduct periodic audits to ensure that the HACCP system worksproperly. (Audit the HACCP system.)

Let’s examine each step in turn.

Step 1. Identify potential food safety hazards.

A Hazard is any food property that may cause an unacceptable health riskto your customers. Hazards may be biological, chemical, or physical.

l Biological hazards include harmful bacteria, viruses, or other micro-organisms.

l Chemical hazards include toxins, heavy metals, and improperly usedpesticides, cleaning compounds, and food additives.

l Physical hazards include foreign objects that may cause illness orinjury-for example, metal, glass, plastic, and wood.

Recall that the first two letters in HACCP stand for “Hazard Analysis.”When you do a hazard analysis, you determine the primary potential foodsafety risks at each stage of the preparation process.

Each food-preparation process has its own potential safety hazards. Thesehazards may vary from deli to deli and from recipe to recipe. Figure 2gives examples of improper practices that may cause potential food safetyhazards.

Identify CriticalControl Points

Set CriticalLimits

Monitor CCP

Step 2. Determine where and when to prevent problems.

In addition to determining major potential hazards, you will need toidentify at what point in the food-preparation process these hazards canbest be controlled.A Critical Control Point (CCP) is a stage in the food-preparationprocess where (1) hazards can be reduced or eliminated, and where (2)later stages won’t correct these safety problems if they are not controlledhere. Thus, a CCP is a stage where hazards to food safety can and mustbe controlled. Examples of CCPs might include:

l Cooking, reheating, and hot-holding stagesl Chilling, chilled-storage, and chilled-display stagesl Receiving, thawing, mixing ingredients, and other food-handling

stages

So the HACCP system includes two major ideas: Hazard Analysis (HA)and Critical Control Points (CCP).

Step 3. Set limits to control potential control problems.

Once you identify CCPs, you must determine Critical Limits thatwill reduce or eliminate potential hazards. Examples of critical limitsmight include:

l Purchasing specificationsl Cooking, reheating, and hot-holding temperaturesl Chilling and chilled-storage times, temperatures, and handling

practices

Figure 3 gives examples of some specific critical limits for reducing oreliminating potential safety hazards.

Step 4. Set up methods to monitor limits.

Now that you have established limits for potential hazards, you must setup methods to be sure they are followed. Typical methods forMonitoring CCP Limits may include:

Visual observations (watching the practices of deli workers, inspect-ing raw materials)Sensory evaluations (smelling for off-odors, looking for off-colors,or feeling for texture)Chemical measurements (pH or acidity, viscosity, salt content, orwater activity)Physical measurements (time and temperature)

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Cross-ContaminationStoring raw foods with ready-to-eat foodsPracticing poor employee sanitationFailing to clean equipment properlyFailing to protect food adequately from contaminationImproperly storing refuse in food-preparation areas

Improper Hot or Cold StorageStoring foods at improper temperaturesUsing coolers and display units without thermometersUsing poor cooling practices; overloading refrigeration unitsUsing hot display cases without thermometersStoring food in improperly labeled containers

Other HazardsUsing improper or inadequate cleaning and sanitation practicesUsing poor food preparation and handling practicesUsing utensils or food contact surfaces made from improper materialsKeeping inadequate documentation and recordsStoring chemicals and personal items improperly

Figure 2. Examples of practices that increase potential food safetyhazards.

CCPs: ReceivingPotentially hazardous foods must be at or below 40° FFrozen foods must not have thawedThere must be no evidence of spoilage, abuse, foreign objects, or contamination in foods

CCPs: Cooking, Reheating, and Hot HoldingCook poultry to at least 165° FCook pork to at least 150° FCook roast beef to at least 130° FReheat all foods rapidly to at least 165° FHold all hot foods at 140° F or higher

CCPs: Chilling and Chill StorageChill roast beef from 120° F to 55° F in less than 6 hours, and continue to chill to 40° FChill all other foods from 130° F to 80° F in 11/2 hours, and from 80° F to 40° F in 6 hoursDo not leave potentially hazardous foods at room temperatureDo not overload or stack containers in coolersDo not cover hot foods tightly in the cooler until chilledChill and store foods in shallow pans (2-3 inches deep)

CCPs: Food Handling (Covered by sanitation SOPS and GMPs)Thoroughly wash vegetables in clean cold waterUse proper hand-washing techniquesUse proper dish-washing and sanitizing techniquesCover and protect open cuts and scratchesHandle cooked foods only with clean gloves or utensilsUse clean and sanitized equipment and utensilsStay home when sick

Figure 3. Examples of critical limits to reduce or eliminate potential hazards at CCPs.

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IdentifyCorrective

Actions

ReviewRecords

Audit theHACCP System

Step 5. Set up procedures to handle control problems.

Problems occur when critical limits are not met. You must set up proce-dures to deal immediately with such failures. These procedures are calledCorrective Actions. Examples of corrective actions might include:

Step

Rejecting products that do not meet buying specificationsAdjusting a cooler’s thermostat to get the proper temperatureExtending cooking timeRecooking or reheating a product to the proper temperatureModifying food-handling proceduresDiscarding products

6. Keep records and make routine reviews of records tocheck that controls work.

Record keeping is an essential part of the HACCP system. Monitoringresults for each CCP must be recorded for review by management. Theserecords indicate to management and government inspectors that youproperly evaluated, handled, and processed foods and ingredients.A daily record review ensures that controls are working, that properinformation was recorded, and that workers handled foods properly. Ifrecords indicate potential problems, investigate immediately. Documentyour findings.

Step 7. Conduct periodic audits to make sure the HACCP systemworks.

Management should conduct an in-depth audit of the entire HACCPsystem at least once a year. Additional audits should be conductedwhenever there are new products, new recipes, or new processes. Eachof these requires a new HACCP plan.HACCP plans should cover all deli foods. For most foods, this requiresonly common sense and a knowledge of basic food-preparation practices.For multi-ingredient foods, you may need technical assistance. Together,your HACCP plans for each food product make up your HACCP system.

SETTING UP A HACCP PLAN FOR SEAFOOD SALAD

Preparing a Seafood SaladLet’s see how to use the seven basic steps to develop a HACCP plan for preparing and storingseafood salad.

List Ingredients

Make aFlowchart

For our seafood salad example, the ingredients will be as follows:l Chilled cooked seafoodl Salad dressingl Celeryl Onionsl Lemon juicel Spices

The ingredients in deli foods can increase or decrease the risk of safetyproblems.You know that raw animal foods (such as meat, poultry, seafood, dairyproducts, and eggs) often contain spoilage and illness-causing bacteria.So do raw vegetables, like the celery and onions in our seafood salad.You may not realize that herbs and spices frequently contain spoilagebacteria, and some of these may survive cooking. Most of these bacteriaoccur naturally in foods. Deli workers may add others during preparationand handling.On the other hand, some ingredients (like lemon juice, mayonnaise, andsalad dressing) are acidic. Acidic ingredients may help to slow or stopbacterial growth.In our seafood salad, the cooked seafood, raw celery, and spices containspoilage bacteria. They may also contain illness-causing bacteria. Thedressing and lemon juice are acidic and should help to slow bacterialgrowth. Thoroughly wash raw celery in cold water to remove many ofthe surface bacteria. Peel onions to remove bacteria on the outer skin.Never use less dressing or lemon juice than the recipe calls for. Measurethe quantities added to the salad.

To get started on the HACCP plan, you will need to make a simplediagram that shows the stages you go through in preparing your salad.An example of such a diagram, called a Flowchart, appears inFigure 4.Then study each stage in the flowchart to determine where potentialhazards occur and how you can control them.Let’s start at the first stage in the process shown in Figure 4, receiving.

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Cooked

SeafoodDressing

OtherIngredients

I

Receiving CCP

1 PrechiyFients 1 CCP

Mix Ingredients

Put in Dish or Storage Container

+ +Display in Case CCP

(40° F)

Figure 4. Flowchart showing the stages in the preparationand storage of seafood salads. Note that those stages thatare Critical Control Points are shown by bold, colored boxes.

14

Receiving Receiving is the first stage in the preparation of all deli products. Thesafety of ingredients received directly affects the safety of deli productsprepared from those ingredients. In your mind, focus on the receivingstage as you think through each of the HACCP steps.

Potential hazards during receiving of seafood salad ingredients include:

l Contaminationl Spoilagel Rapid bacterial growthl Foreign objects

Cooked seafood is more likely to have a problem with rapid bacterialgrowth than is any other ingredient. Fresh celery may show signs ofspoilage. All of the ingredients could be contaminated or contain foreignobjects.Is receiving a Critical Control Point for seafood salad? Receiving is astage where these potential hazards can be controlled. Also, later stages inthe salad preparation process will not correct these hazards. So receiving isa CCP. That means you must control the potential hazards at receiving.Trying to control or eliminate them later in the process wastes time andmoney, and may be impossible.Set limits for accepting or rejecting seafood salad ingredients. Includethese limits in buying specifications. For example, set limits on damaged,outdated, and contaminated ingredients. Set maximum acceptable tem-perature limits for cooked seafood. Limits for seafood salad ingredientsmight include:

l Chilled cooked seafood below 40° Fl No contaminated, damaged, or spoiled ingredientsl No ingredients containing foreign objects

Monitor the limits to control potential hazards at receiving:

l Check for proper temperaturel Visually inspect all incoming ingredients for damage, contamination,

spoilage, and foreign objects

When control problems occur at a CCP, such as receiving, immediateaction is necessary. This means rejecting or discarding foods that do notmeet the HACCP limits. For example, reject the following:

l Damaged, spoiled, or contaminated ingredientsl Chilled cooked seafood above 40° Fl Ingredients that do not meet company buying specifications

Record rejected or discarded items on the invoice or on a Receiving RejectForm (Appendix 1). Make sure rejected ingredients do not get into thedeli. If contamination or damage is found after receiving and traced backto the delivered products, management should review and revise theHACCP plan to prevent further problems.

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PrechillIngredients

Record chilled food temperatures on the invoice or on a ReceivingTemperature Chart (Appendix 2). Sign or initial the invoice after theinspection to indicate that all products are acceptable.Supervisors should review and initial charts and records daily to assurethat the controls are working. Investigate irregularities immediately.At least annually, and whenever conditions, processes, or ingredientschange, management should review the HACCP plan for seafood saladas part of its review of the HACCP system for all deli products. A newHACCP plan must be developed for every new product, new recipe, ornew process.Now let’s move along to the next stage on the flowchart in Figure 4,prechill ingredients.

As you continue to think about preparing the seafood salad, rememberthat rapid bacterial growth is still a potential hazard. Prechill is a CCPbecause rapid bacterial growth can and must be controlled by prechillingthe major ingredients.What limits should you set to control bacterial growth at this stage? Youwill want to store or chill the major salad ingredients in a cooler with anair temperature cold enough (below 40° F) to chill the ingredients to40° F or below. Your seafood will chill faster if you keep it in shallowcontainers no deeper than 3 inches. So your limits at the Prechill stageare 40°F and containers 3 inches deep or less. Here are other things tokeep in mind:

l Chill foods in high-chilling-capacity walk-in coolers rather thanreach-in coolers.

l Caution deli workers to keep the cooler doors closed. Openingdoors frequently causes the inside air to rise above 40° F.

l Always store finished products away from raw foods to preventcontamination.

Monitor this CCP (Prechill) by measuring and recording the air tempera-ture in the cooler every 4 hours. Record the temperature on the CoolerTemperature Form (Appendix 3) or install a recording thermometer. Ifthe air temperature in the cooler is above 40° F, lower the thermostat toget the desired temperature. Record any thermostat changes made.Periodically, verify that the foods are chilling rapidly by monitoringfoods placed in the cooler.Review cooler temperature records daily. Investigate any irregularities.

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Mix SaladIngredients

Transfer toDish or

Container

StoreSalad in

Cooler

As you apply the HACCP steps to this preparation stage, keep in mindthat mixing seafood with other ingredients can lead to bacterial andviral contamination of the salad. Contamination can come from work-ers’ hands, utensils, or the mixer. This stage is not a CCP, however,because later stages in the process (storage and display at 40° F orbelow) will control any potential hazards.Just because this stage is not a CCP does not mean you should ignore it.To control this stage:

Make sure the major salad ingredients are at 40° F or belowAvoid hand contact with the saladUse clean utensils and mixerComply with sanitation and with personal hygiene rules in yourStandard Operating Procedures (SOPS)Follow Good Manufacturing Practices

If necessary, modify SOPs and handling practices to prevent contamina-tion.Thoroughly mix dressing and lemon juice with the seafood and otheringredients to lower the risk of a safety problem.

Transferring the seafood salad to a dish or storage container may resultin contamination if the dish or container is not clean and sanitized. Thisstep is not a CCP either, because later stages in the process (storage anddisplay at 40° F or below) will control any potential hazards.To control potential contamination:

l Use clean and sanitized dishes, containers, and utensilsl Comply with sanitation and personal hygiene SOPsl Follow Good Manufacturing Practices

If necessary, modify SOPs and handling practices to prevent contamina-tion at this stage.

Bacterial growth continues to be a hazard during storage of the seafoodsalad in the cooler. Because it can and must be controlled during storage,this stage is a CCP. Set limits on the temperature and maximum storagetime. For example:

l Set cooler temperature below 40°Fl Cover the container, and label it with the date and time of

preparationl Store the salad for only 2 to 3 days to make sure bacterial growth

is not a problem

You can monitor the temperature limit by measuring and recording theair temperature of the cooler every 4 hours. Use a recording thermom-eter or record temperatures on a Cooler Temperature Form (Appendix3). Verify periodically that the cooler is keeping the salad at 40°F orbelow by measuring the temperature of the salad. If necessary, lower thecooler thermostat to keep the temperature of the salad at 40° F or below.

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Display Saladin Case

RestockingSalad

As in the cooler, growth of harmful bacteria continues to be a potentialhazard in the display case. This stage is a CCP. Your limits at the dis-play stage might include the following:

l Keep seafood salad at 40° F or belowl Hold salad for no longer than 2 to 3 days

Monitor this limit by measuring and recording the temperature of thedisplay case every 4 hours. Record the temperature on a Product Tem-perature Form (Appendix 4) or use a recording thermometer. Verifyperiodically that the temperature of the display case is keeping the saladat 40° F or below. If necessary, lower the thermostat to keep the salad at40° F or below.

When restocking the salad in the display case, remember that contamina-tion can occur from workers’ hands and utensils. This stage is not a CCP,however, because display at 40° F or below will control this potentialhazard.To control contamination:

Transfer old salad to a smaller container, and put the fresh salad ina new containerDo not add new salad on top of old saladUse clean utensils and containers, and avoid hand contact withsaladComply with sanitation and personal hygiene Standard OperatingProceduresFollow Good Manufacturing Practices

Observe replenishing practices to make sure proper procedures arefollowed. If necessary, modify Standard Operating Procedures andhandling practices to prevent contamination.

ConclusionThis example of setting up a HACCP plan for seafood salad shows you how easy it is for mostproducts. And HACCP is a simple system for deli workers to follow. HACCP concentrates oncritical hazards and will help prevent foodborne illness.

Remember that customers may add potential safety problems depending on how they handle andstore the food they buy at your deli. Instructions and informative labels may lower the probabil-ity of these safety problems.

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FLOWCHARTS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTSFOR SELECTED DELI FOODSThe following flowcharts give examples of critical control points for some deli foods. TheHACCP manual prepared by the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) contains similar flowcharts andHACCP plans for most deli foods. (See Food Marketing Institute [1989a] in the Bibliography.)

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SEAFOOD SALADFlowchart Potential Hazards C C P Critical Limits Monitoring Procedures Corrective Actions

Cooked Other

Ingredients

{_..I Rapid bacterial growth;Spoilage; Contamination;Foreign objects

CCP Chilled items below 40° F; Frozenitems with no signs of thawing;No spoilage, contamination. orforeign objects

Visual inspection;Measure / re tard t e m p e r a t u r e

Mix Ingredients

Rapid bacterial growth

Contamination

Chill in shallowbelow 40°F

Minimizeutensils

containers to

contacts; Use clean

Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours

Observe practices

Reject thawed frozen items. chilleditems above 40° F, and items withspoilage, contamination, or foreignobjects

Adjust thermostat

Modify practices

Contamination Use clean dish/container Observe practices Modify practices

I /Store in Cooler

(40° F)

I


Restock Contamination

IDisplay in Case

(40° F)Rapid bacterial growth

CCP Product below 40°F

Avoid hand contact

CCP Product below 40° F


Observe practices

Measure/record display casetemperature every 4 hours

Adjust thermostat

Modify practices

Adjust thermostat

FRIED CHICKENFlowchart Potential Hazards CCP Critical Limits Monitoring Procedures Corrective Actions

Reject thawed frozen items,chilled items above 40° F. anditems with spoilage,contamination, or foreignobjects

Chilled items below 40° F;Frozen items with no signs ofthawing; No spoilage,contamination, or foreignobjects

Visual inspection;Measure/record temperature

Rapid bacterial growth; Spoilage;Contamination; Foreign objects

CCP

Modify thawing practiceThaw in cooler or under coldrunning water Chill to 40° Fafter thawing

observe thawinggIncomplete thawing can causeundercooking; Rapid bacterial

contaminationBatter/Breading Do not recycle usedbatter/breading

observe practices Modify practices

I

Cook in Oil

l

Hold Hot inSteam Table

I

Internal temperature of 165° F;Immediate transfer to hot holdafter cooking

Follow time/temperatureinstructions; Measure/recordcenter temperature

Continue cooking until centertemperature reaches 165° F

Undercooking maycausing bacteria

not

Reheat or chillRapid bacterial growth CCP Product above 140° F; Hold Measure/record case

batches less than 5 hours temperature every 4 hours


Observe practices

Product below 40° F Adjust cooler thermostatRapid bacterial growth CCP

I Avoid hand contact Modify practicesContamination

I 1

I I Product below 40° F Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours

Measure/record casetemperature every 4 hours

Adjust cooler thermostatRapid bacterial growth CCP

Product below 40° F Adjust use thermostatI Display in Gse(40° F) I

Rapid bacterial growth CCP

POTATO SALADFlowchart Potential Hazards CCP Critical Limits Monitoring Procedures Corrective Actions

OtherPotatoes

IMayonnaise Ingredients

I I

Receiving

IChill

IWash

,I

Peel/Trim/Cut

IPrechill Ingredients

(40° F)

IMix

Ingredients ,I

Put in Dish/Storage Container

II

store in Cooler

(40° F) .I

Restock

IDisplay in Case

(40° F) .

Spoilage;Contamination;Foreign objects

CCP No spoilage, contamination, or Visual inspectionforeign objects

Reject items with spoilage,contamination, or foreignobjects

Adjust cooler thermostatSpoilage CCP Chill to below 40° F Measure/record cooler airtemperature

Modify practicess Use clean sink;between items

Rinse sink Observe practices

Contamination Spoilage removed Observe practices Modify practices

Follow time/temperatureinstructions

Cook longer

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Chill in shallowbelow 40° F

containers to Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours

Adjust cooler thermostat

Contamination Minimize handclean utensils

contact;; Use Observe practices Modify practices

Modify practicesContamination Use clean dish/container Observe practices

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Product below 40° F Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours


Modify practicesContamination Avoid hand contact Observe practices

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Product below 40° F Measure/record casetemperature every 4 hours

Adjust case thermostat

HOT ENTREESFlowchart Potential Hazards CCP Critical Limits Monitoring Procedures Corrective Actions

Fresh RawPoultry/Meat

“‘p”l”b’”

Frozen RawPoultry/Meat/

vege,~bles

Rice and OtherIngredients

I

I ReceivingSpoilage;Contamination;Foreign objects

CCP No spoilage, contamination, orforeign objects

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Chill to below 40° F

Incomplete thawing; CCPRapid bacterial growth

Undercooking may CCPnot kill illness causingbacteria

Thaw in cooler or under coldrunning water, chill to 40° Fafter thawing

Cook to internal temperatureof 165° F, Immediate transferto hot-hold after cooking

Visual inspection


Observe thawing

Measure/recordtemperature

center

Reject items with spoilage,contamination, of foreignobjects


Modify thawing practice

Continue cooking

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Product above 140° F; Holdbatches less than 5 hours

Measure/record centertemperature every 2 hours

Reheat or chill

Chill to Below 40° F Rapid bacterial growth CCP Chill in shallowbelow 40° F

container t o Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours


IStore in Cooler

(40° F)

IDisplay Chilled

(40°F)



product below 40° F

Product below 40° F




Adjust display thermostat

SLICED POULTRY/MEAT SANDWICHFlowchart Potential Hazards CCP Critical Limits Monitoring Procedures Corrective Actions

Fresh Raw Frozen Raw Bread and

Poultry/Meat Poultry/Meat other

C40°F

*8

Spoilage; Contamination;Foreign objects

CCP No spoilage, contamination.or foreign objects

Rapid bacterial growth CCP Chill to below 40° F

Incomplete thawing;bacterial growth

Rapid

Under cooking may not killillness-causing bacteria


Contamination

Contamination

Contamination

Visual inspection


CCP Thaw in cooler or under Observe thawingcold running water; chill to40° F after thawing

CCP Cook to internal Measure/record center temperature as specified for temperatureeach product

CCP Chill in shallow container to Measure/record cooler airbelow 40° F temperature every 4 hours

Avoid hand contact; Use Observe practicesdisposable gloves

Avoid hand contact; Usedisposable gloves

Observe practices

Avoid hand contact; Usedisposable gloves

Observe practices

Reject items withspoilage. contamination,or foreign objects


Modify thawing practice

continue cooking


Modify practices

Modify practices

Modify practices



CCP Product below 40° F Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours

CCP product below 40° F Measure/record cooler airtemperature every 4 hours


Adjust display thermostat

HACCP TRAINING MATERIALS

Materials are free, unless a price is noted.

Books andPrinted

Materials

Bacterial hazards: Clostridium perfringens in food. An English/Spanish consumer leaflet. (1981) A brief description of the cause andprevention of Clostridium perfringens contamination. U.S. Food andDrug Administration, Industry Programs Branch, HFF-326, Center forFood Safety and Applied Nutrition, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C.20204-0001. Tel: 202/205- 5251.

Bacterial hazards: Escherichia coli in food. An English/Spanish con-sumer leaflet. (1981) A brief description of the cause and prevention ofEscherichia coli contamination. US. Food and Drug Administration,Industry Programs Branch, HFF-326, Center for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001.Tel: 202/205- 5251.

Bacterial hazards: Salmonella in foods. An English/Spanish consumerleaflet. (1982) A brief description of the cause and prevention of Salmo-nella contamination. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, IndustryPrograms Branch, HFF-326, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutri-tion, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001.Tel: 202/205 - 5251.

Bacterial hazards: Shigella in food. An English/Spanish consumerleaflet. (1981) A brief description of the cause and prevention of Shigellacontamination. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Industry ProgramsBranch, HFF-326, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 200 CStreet, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001. Tel: 202/205- 5251.

Bacterial hazards: Staphylococci in food. An English/Spanish con-sumer leaflet. (1981) A brief description of the cause and prevention ofstaphylococci contamination. U.S. Food and Drug Administration,Industry Programs Branch, HFF-326, Center for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001.Tel: 202/205-5251.

Bacteria that cause foodborne illness. (1990) FSIS facts. FSIS-40. This1l-page leaflet gives information and statistics on foodborne illness. U.S.Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Informa-tion Office, South Agriculture Building, Independence Ave., SW,Washington, D.C. 20250. Tel: 202/447- 9113.

Bakery D.A.T.E. (Development and Training Evaluation). (1991) A10-page test booklet designed to test your knowledge of bakery safehandling principles, merchandising, and food facts. JonesscoEnterprises, Inc., 17610 Midway Rd. #13433 1, Dallas, TX 75287.Tel. 214/985-7961.

25

Basic food safety program. A packet covering microbiology, personalhygiene, time/temperature controls, cross-contamination, and cleaningand sanitizing. (1991) Includes two laminated posters on proper handwashing, cleaning and sanitizing procedures, and temperature controlstickers. Contact John Misock (307/777-6587) or Bud Anderson (307/777-6588), Wyoming Department of Agriculture Food and Drug Section,2219 Carey Avenue, Cheyenne, WY 82001. $5.

California Uniform Retail Food Facilities Law (California Health andSafety Code Section 27500 et seq.). California Department of HealthServices. Check with County Environmental Health Departments or theCalifornia Department of Health Services Food and Drug Branch.

Campylobacter questions and answers. (1991) A four-page consumerleaflet discussing causes and prevention. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Food Safety and Inspection Service, Information Office, South Agricul-ture Building, Independence Ave., SW, Washington, D.C. 20250. Tel:202/447- 9113.

A Chinese guide to safe food handling practices This guide is basedon the 1976 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Service Rules.First Edition. By W. Adler. (1991) A 72-page manual in English/Chi-nese; some illustrations included. Safe Foods in Different Languages,1655 NW 21st Avenue, Rochester, MN 55901. Tel: 507/285-l155.$7.50.

Deli D.A.T.E. (Development and Training Evaluation). (1992) A 14-page test booklet designed to test your knowledge of deli safe handlingprinciples, merchandising, and food facts. Jonessco Enterprises, Inc.,17610 Midway Rd. #134331, Dallas, TX 75287. Tel. 214/985-7961.

E. coli facts. (1989) A fact sheet that answers the most commonly askedquestions about E. coli 0157:H7 and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Senda self-addressed, stamped envelope to Acute Disease EpidemiologySection, Minnesota Department of Health, 717 S.E. Delaware Street, POBox 9441, Minneapolis, MN 55440. Tel: 612/623-5414.

Employee food safety: A self-instruction text. (1988) Employers cangive this self-instruction booklet to job applicants or new employees tointroduce them to safe food-handling concepts and practices. HospitalityInstitute of Technology and Management, 830 Transfer Road, Suite 35,St. Paul, MN 55114. Tel: 612/646-7077. $6.95/copy, plus $2.50 forpostage and handling.

Food handler’s pocket guide for food safety & quality. (1989) A 20-page basic guide to: personal hygiene, receiving, storing, preparation,display, cleaning, sanitizing, pest control, and temperature. PublicationsSales, Food Marketing Institute, 800 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washing-ton, D.C. 20006. Tel.: 202/452-8444. $2.50 (member) $5.00(nonmember).

26

Food store sanitation. By R.B. Gravani. (Available June, 1993). Thisbook advises managers how to increase perishable shelf life; increaseequipment life and reduce maintenance costs; organize a personneltraining program; and plan, implement, and maintain an ongoing sanita-tion program. Lebhar-Friedman Books, 3922 Coconut Palm Dr., Tampa,FL 33619-8321. Tel: 813/664-6700; Fax: 813/664-6884. $39.95 (paper-back).

Guidelines for handling Hepatitis A in the food industry. (1990)Prepared by the Food Protection Section of the National EnvironmentalHealth Association, this booklet details the precautions food managersshould take to protect their employees and customers from Hepatitis Aand the procedures they should follow in the event of an infectioushepatitis illness among the staff. The guidelines also specify actionspublic health agencies can take to help food service and retail foodoperations prevent the spread of Hepatitis A. National EnvironmentalHealth Association, 720 S. Colorado Boulevard, Suite 970, South Tower,Denver, CO 80222. Tel: 303/756-9090. $2 (member) $2.50(nonmember).

A handbook for the practical application of the HACCP approach tofoodservice establishment inspection. (1990) By J.A. Pisciella. This 5l-page booklet discusses critical control points and guidelines for develop-ing a HACCP flow diagram in a food service establishment. PhiladelphiaConference of the Central Atlantic States Association of Food and DrugOfficials, c/o William Kinder, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,P.O. Box 300, Creamery, PA 19430. $5.

Hand washing guide. By G.H. Reed, Jr. (1989) A two-page guide to thewhys and wherefores of hand washing. Send a self-addressed, stampedenvelope to George H. Reed Jr., MPH, Senior Environmental HealthSpecialist, Division of Environmental Health and Safety, University ofMassachusetts, N. 414 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003.

HACCP principles and applications. (1992) By M.D. Pierson and D.A.Corlett, Jr. (Eds.) Covers HACCP topics presented at a 1991 short coursesponsored by the Continuing Education Committee of the Institute ofFood Technologists. This text is designed as a reference for those whoare responsible for food safety management. 230 pp. Van NostrandReinhold, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. Tel: 800/926-2665.$54.95.

HACCP regulatory applications in retail food establishments. (1991)A 39-page document providing a simple explanation of HACCP andbasic instructions for applying HACCP to regulatory work in retail foodservice establishments. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, State Train-ing and Information Branch, HFC-61, Rm. 1207, 5600 Fishers Lane,Rockville, MD 20857. Tel: 301/443-5871; Fax: 301/443-2143.

27

HACCP: The hazard analysis critical control point system manual.(1989) This training manual is aimed at helping retail managers reducethe risk of bacterial contamination of prepared foods. Publications Sales,Food Marketing Institute, 800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, D.C.20006. Tel.: 202-452-8444. $95 (member) $195 (non-member).

Here’s how. (1988) A guide that tells food handlers what to do to keepfoods safe “for health and for profit.” Training Aids Dept., Charles FelixAssociates, P.O. Box 1581, Leesburg, VA 22075. Tel: 703/777-7448.$10 per 100 copies.

1991 Information Catalog, Food Protection Report. ( 1991) This 39-page catalog lists audiovisuals and printed material on a wide variety oftopics and training aids of interest to food safety professionals. CharlesFelix, Editor and Publisher, Food Protection Report, P.O. Box 1581,Leesburg, VA 22075. Tel: 703/777-7448; Fax: 703/777-4453. $10.

Information materials for the food and cosmetic industries (booklet).(1988) DHHS Publication, No. (FDA) 88-1146. A 29-page listing ofpublications and audiovisuals on retail food protection, regulations,sanitation, imports, etc. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, IndustryPrograms Branch, HFF-326, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutri-tion, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001. Tel: 202/205-5251.

Insect infestation at retail: Detection and control. (1990) By A. Kraft.A colorful 4-page brochure with numerous tips on pest control andpreventive measures. Austin Kraft, Quality and Maintenance Manager,Hershey Chocolate U.S.A., 19 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA17033-0815. Tel: 717/534-4676.

Inspecting incoming food materials (booklet). (1990) DHHS Publica-tion No. (FDA) 90-2017. This 12-page brochure contains photos and asample inspection report for checking incoming product. U.S. Food andDrug Administration, Industry Programs Branch, HFF-326, Center forFood Safety and Applied Nutrition, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C.20204-0001. Tel: 202/205- 5251.

Microorganisms in foods 4. Application of the hazard analysis criti-cal control point (HACCP) system to ensure microbiological safetyand quality. (1989) A reference for managers. Includes a discussion onperishable delicatessen foods (luncheon meat and self-service salad bar).International Commission of Microbiological Specifications for Foods.372 pp. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc., 238 Main St., Cambridge,MA 02142. Tel: 800/759-6102. $59.95.

Preventing foodborne illness. (1990) H&G bulletin 247. A 22-pageconsumer leaflet providing general storage and handling tips for meatand poultry items, power outage advice, and an overview of the mostcommon foodborne illness bacteria. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Food Safety and Inspection Service, Information Office, South Agricul-ture Building, Independence Ave., SW, Washington, D.C. 20250. Tel:202/447- 9113.

28

Preventing foodborne listeriosis. (1992) This 8-page leaflet explainslisteriosis and preventive measures. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Food Safety and Inspection Service, Information Office, South Agricul-ture Building, Independence Ave., SW, Washington, D.C. 20250. Tel:202/447-9113.

Procedures to implement the hazard analysis critical control pointsystem. (1991) International Association of Milk, Food and Environmen-tal Sanitarians, Inc., Committee on Communicable Diseases AffectingMan. A 72-page manual providing step-by-step, “how-to-do-it” instruc-tions on implementing HACCP. IAMFES, 200W Merle Hay Center,6200 Aurora Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50322. Tel: 800/369-6337; Fax:512/276-8655. $5 (member) (7.50) (non-member); add $1.50 to coverpostage and handling for the first copy, $.75 for each additional copy.

Retail food sanitation code. (1982) This booklet provides industry, stateand local governments with a uniform food protection code for operationof retail food stores. Association of Food and Drug Officials, P.O. Box3425, York, PA 17402-3425. Tel: 717/757-2888. $4.

Retail seafood cross-contamination. By R.J. Price. (1990) UCSGEP90-6. A 2-page leaflet discussing cross-contamination, good sanitation,personal hygiene, and seafood handling practices. University of Califor-nia, Food Science & Technology Department, Davis, CA 95616.

Retail store sanitation, insect control. By A. Kraft. ( 1990) A colorful3-page brochure with tips on handling and storage measures. AustinKraft, Quality and Maintenance Manager, Hershey Chocolate U.S.A., 19East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-0815. Tel: 717/534-4676.

Salmonella and food safety. (1988) A 4-page consumer leaflet describ-ing salmonellosis and its prevention. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Food Safety and Inspection Service, Information Office, South Agricul-ture Building, Independence Ave., SW, Washington, D.C. 20250. Tel:202/447-9113.

Translation of selected food code provisions in designated languages[English, Chinese, Korean, Spanish and Vietnamese]. (1989) U.S. De-partment of Health & Human Services, Food and Drug Administration,Retail Food Protection Branch, HFF-342, Center for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition, 200 C Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20204-0001.Tel: 202/205-8140.

A Vietnamese guide to safe food handling practices. Based on the1976 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Service Rules. FirstEdition. By W. Adler. (1989) A 65-page manual in English/Vietnamese;some illustrations included. Safe Foods in Different Languages, 1655NW 21st Avenue, Rochester, MN 55901. Tel: 507/285-l155. $7.50.

29

Food Safety American Seafood InstituteInformation 406A Main St.

Hotlines Wakefield, RI 02879

Telephone: 800/EAT-FISH

Expertise:Time:

Buying, storing, cooking, and handling fish and shellfishMonday - Thursday, 9 am - 5 pm eastern time forconsumers; through Friday for industry inquiries.

Centers for Disease ControlInformation1600 Clifton Road, NEAtlanta, GA 30333

Telephone: 404/332-4555

Expertise: An automated information hotline that includes foodborneillness information.

Time: Available by touchtone phone on a 24-hour basis.

National Center for Nutrition and Telephone: 800/366-l655Dietetics of the American Dietetic Association216 West Jackson Blvd.Chicago, IL 60606-6995

Expertise:

Time:

Provides consumers with reliable nutrition informationand free brochures on nutrition topics. Staffed by regis-tered dietitians.Monday - Friday, 9 am - 4 pm central time (to speak to aregistered dietitian). Recorded messages (also in Spanish)available 24 hours daily; after the message you may leaveyour name for a copy of the brochure. Messages changemonthly. Usually three messages available.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Telephone: 800/535-4555Food Safety and Inspection Service Washington, DC: 202/720-3333External Affairs (telecommunications device for hearing impaired)Room 1165-SWashington, DC 20250

Expertise:

Time:

This meat and poultry hotline is designed for consumers,but advice is also given to industry. The hotline is staffedby registered dietitians and home economists.Monday - Friday, 10 am - 4 pm eastern time.

30

Posters andSigns

U.S. Food & Drug Administration Telephone: 800/FDA- 4010Office of Seafood Washington, DC: 202/205- 43141110 Vermont Avenue, NW Suite 110Washington, D.C. 20005

Expertise:

Time:

This service answers consumer questions about labeling,buying, handling, and storage of seafood products. Moreurgent calls, including illness will be referred tospecialists.Automated menu system operates 24 hours. An FDAconsumer affairs specialist is on duty Monday - Friday,10 am - 2 pm eastern time.

Food safety posters (four). No date. Covers: personal hygiene, cross-contamination, temperature danger zones and safe cooling andreheating. Food Marketing Institute, 800 Connecticut Ave., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006. Tel: 202/452-8444. $8 (member/non-member). Order no. 2-61.

Hand washing poster. (No date) This 8-l/2" x 11" laminated postershows the steps to hand and fingertip washing procedure. HospitalityInstitute of Technology and Management, 830 Transfer Road, Suite 35,St. Paul, Minnesota 55114. Tel: 612/646-7077. $1.50 plus $2.50 forpostage and handling.

Help prevent foodborne illness-follow these rules to protect food inthe delicatessen (sign). 8-l/2" x 11". (1992) Covers safe food handlingpractices. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and InspectionService, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Foodand Drug Administration. USDA/FSIS Information Office, SouthAgriculture Building, Independence Ave., SW, Washington, D.C.20250. Tel: 202/447- 9113.

Food Handling posters (five) 11 -l/4" x 13". (1989) These postersadvise food handlers to be on their guard about health, food protection,clean hands, clean service, and correct temperatures. Charles FelixAssociates, Training Aids Dept., P.O. Box 1581, Leesburg, VA 22075.Tel: 703/777-7448. $7.50 per 20 sets (100 posters); add $2 to coverpostage and handling for every $10 incremental order.

Temperature guide for food processing procedures in foodserviceposter. No date. This colorful, laminated 11" x 17" poster gives foodprocessing temperatures as related to pathogen multiplication tempera-tures and food quality temperature standards. Hospitality Institute ofTechnology and Management, 830 Transfer Road, Suite 35, St. Paul,MN 55114. Tel: 612/646-7077. $2 plus $2.50 for postage and handling.

31

Slide Sets andTransparencies

Videotapes

Food safety quality assurance for food service employees. (1992)Topics include: “The illness hazards,” “Microorganisms that causeillness,” “Personal hygiene,” “Cleaning and sanitizing,” “Safe foodpreparation, ” “Proper thermometer care and use,” and “Correct storagetechniques.” Hospitality Institute of Technology & Management, 830Transfer Road, St. Paul, MN 55114. Tel: 612/646-7077. Slides - $100;text - $15; test packet - $5.

The necessary step - a sanitation package. (1982) A guide to compli-ance with FDA’s model ordinance for sanitation in retail stores. Publica-tions Sales, Food Marketing Institute, 800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Wash-ington, D.C. 20006. Tel: 202/452-8444. $75 (member) $150(nonmember). Order no. 2-53.

Safe food handling: Health, an ounce of prevention and Serve food,not illness. (1989) These eleven transparencies with instructional materi-als from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Servicemay be obtained through interlibrary loan from the Food and NutritionInformation Center at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD20705. Tel: 301/344-3755. F&N order no. F-322.

Your sanitation responsibilities. (1989) A very basic 39-slide, soundcassette program for food service workers. Available through interlibraryloan from the Food and Nutrition Information Center at the NationalAgricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705. Tel: 301/344-3755. F&Norder no. 138.

Back of the House II. (1987) Receiving: inspected delivered items andmonitoring food and equipment temperatures. Storage: storeroom mainte-nance and product inspection and rotation. (Also available in Spanish)National Restaurant Association, The Educational Foundation, 250 S.Wacker Dr., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60606-5834. Tel: 800/765-2122.$99 (member) $129 (nonmember).

Back of the House III. (1987) Preparation and handling: maintainingfood quality and forecasting quantities. Holding and serving: avoidingbacteria and contaminants, and labeling and dating foods. Cleaning andsanitizing: cleaning procedures and sanitizing dishes, utensils, equipmentand work surfaces. (Also available in Spanish) National RestaurantAssociation, The Educational Foundation, 250 S. Wacker Dr., Suite1400, Chicago, IL 60606-5834. Tel: 800/765- 2122. $99 (member) $129(nonmember).

Basic facts about AIDS for food service employers (tape 1). AIDS -What you [the employees] need to know (tape 2). (1988) These twovideos cover the disease, laws on employment of persons with AIDS, anddealing with patron and employee fears. National Restaurant Association,1200 17th St., NW, Washington, DC 20039. Tel: 800/424-5156. $33.95.

32

The Danger Zone (a deli food safety and sanitation program). (1989)International Dairy-Deli Association, P.O. Box 5528, Madison, WI53705. Telephone: 608/238-7908. $65 (member) $105 (nonmember).

Food safety is no mystery. (1989) A food service sanitation videotraining program produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, FoodSafety and Inspection Service. Produced by Modern Talking PictureService, 5000 Park St. North, St. Petersburg, FL 33709. Tel: 800/237-4599. $20.50 (English) $36 (Spanish/English includes four posters inSpanish and English).

Foodborne Disease: It’s your business. (1992) Introduces HACCP tofoodservice owners and managers. Contact: Duain Shaw, Chief, FoodService Facilities Section, Pennsylvania Department of EnvironmentalResources, P.O. Box 2357, Harrisburg, PA 17120.

Grime fighters. (1991) Covers store-level employee food handling andsafety practices. Publications Sales, Food Marketing Institute, 800 Con-necticut Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20006. Tel: 202/452-8444. $200(member) $400 (nonmember).

HACCP: Safe food handling techniques. (1990) Discusses how toimplement a HACCP program in a food service operation. The onlydrawback for U.S. trainers is that the graphics present temperatures inCelsius rather than in Fahrenheit, although the narration includes both.Comes with a 20-page “Leader’s Guide. ” 22 minutes. Canadian Restau-rant and Foodservices Association, 80 Bloor Street West, Suite 1201,Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Vl. Telephone: 416/923-8416. $90(members, academics, and health departments).

The invisible challenge: food safety for food handlers. (1989) Two-part video with four food safety posters, a probe thermometer, a copy ofFood Handler’s Pocket Guide for Food Safety and a Consumer Guide toFood Quality & Safe Handling. Publications Sales, Food MarketingInstitute, 800 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Tel:202/452-8444. $95 (member) $225 (nonmember).

100 Degrees of doom! The time and temperature caper. (1988) Aprivate eye approach investigates the causes of a salmonella food poison-ing outbreak. Includes: videocassette, instructor’s guide, two posters anda metal stem thermometer. 14 minutes. Educational CommunicationsInc., 761 Fifth Avenue, King of Prussia, PA 19406. Tel: 215/337- 1011.$95.

Safe hand washing. (1988) Covers the procedure and microbiologicalreasons for keeping hands clean. Comes with “Instructor’s TechnicalBackground” booklet, student lesson sheet with quiz, laminated handwashing poster, and fingernail brush. Hospitality Institute of Technology& Management, 830 Transfer Road, Suite 35, St. Paul, MN 55114. Tel:612/646-7077. $65 (English), $95 (Spanish/English).

33

Sanitation: It’s your responsibility. Three videos on: “Preventingfoodborne illness, ” “Keeping microbes in check,” and “Personal hygienein food service.” (1989) Also available in Spanish. Advantage Media,Inc., 21356 Nordhoff Street, Suite 102, Chatsworth, CA 91311. Tel: 800/545-0166; 818/700-0504. $850/set; $395 each. These videos may also beborrowed through interlibrary loan from the Food and Nutrition Informa-tion Center at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705.Tel: 301/344-3755. F&N order no. F-1787.

Sanitizing for safety: foodborne illness, how you can prevent it.(1990) Discusses basics of correct food service sanitation and sanitiza-tion with bleach. Clorox Company, Inquiry Handling Services, ReceivingDepartment, 200 Parkside Drive, San Fernando, CA 91340.

SERVSAFE Serving Safe Food Program. Four videos on: “Introduc-tion to food safety: employee health and hygiene,” “Safe food handling:receiving and storage, ” “Safe Foodhandling: preparation and service,”and “Cleaning and Sanitizing.” (1991) Also available in Spanish. Everyvideo includes a leader’s guide. National Restaurant Association, TheEducation Foundation, 250 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL60606. Tel: 800/765-2122. $329/set or $115 each (member) $399/set or$135 each (nonmember).

The Spoilers I. (1969) Stresses using time and temperature to thwartbacterial growth plus the importance of constantly checking for the righttemperatures everywhere food is handled or stored. This tape is a basiccourse in food safety. Publications Sales, Food Marketing Institute, 800Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20006. Tel: 202/452-8444.$50 (member) $100 (nonmember). Order no. 2-53.

Spoilers II. (1987) Covers the dangers of bacteria, methods of prevent-ing cross-contamination, and basic steps to keep departments withperishables clean and safe. Also presents information on hot delicates-sens, bakeries, and fish departments. Includes instructor’s guide. Publica-tions Sales, Food Marketing Institute, 800 Connecticut Ave., NW, Wash-ington, D.C. 20006. Tel: 202/452-8444. $50 (member) $100(nonmember). Order no. 2-53.

The purpose of this guide is to provide a source for training aids and background information.No endorsement of named products or services is intended, nor is criticism implied of similarproducts or services that are not mentioned. Some of this material has not been reviewed by theauthors; no statement regarding the quality or usefulness of the material is intended.

34

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bjerklie, S. 1992. HACCP in your plant: What HACCP is, what it isn’t and how your operationswill be affected. Meat and Poultry. 38(2): 14-22.

Bryan, F. L. 1988a. Risks associated with vehicles of foodborne pathogens and toxins. .Journal ofFood Protection. 5 1(6):498-508.

Bryan, F. L. 1988b. Risks of practices, procedures and processes that lead to outbreaks offoodborne diseases. Journal of Food Protection. 51(8):663-673.

Bryan, F.L. 1990a. Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) concept. Dairy, Food andEnvironmental Sanitation, 10(7):416-418.

Bryan, F.L. 1990b. Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) systems for retail food andrestaurant operations. Journal of Food Protection, 53( 11):978-983.

Buchanan, R.L. 1990. HACCP: A re-emerging approach to food safety. Trends in Food Science& Technology, November 1990, Elsevier Science Publishers, Inc.

Corlett, D.A., Jr. 1989. Refrigerated foods and use of hazard analysis and critical control pointprinciples. Food Technology. 43(2):91-94.

FMI. 1989a. A program to ensure food safety in the supermarket - the hazard analysis criticalcontrol point system. Food Marketing Institute, Washington, DC.

FMI. 1989b. Food handler’s pocket guide for food safety and quality. Food Marketing Institute,Washington, DC.

Kemp, S. 1991. Start a quality improvement program. North Carolina State University, SeaGrant College Program, Raleigh, NC. Seafood Current, 5( 1).

IAMFES. 1991. Procedures to implement the hazard analysis critical control point system.International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc., Des Moines, IA.

ICMSF. 1986. Microorganisms in Foods 2. Sampling for microbiological analysis: Principlesand specific applications. 2nd ed. International Commission on Microbiological Specificationsfor Foods, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

ICMSF. 1989. Microorganisms in Foods 4. Application of hazard analysis and critical controlpoint (HACCP) system to ensure microbiological safety and quality. Blackwell Scientific Publi-cations, Boston.

Lee, J.S. with Hilderbrand Jr., K.S. 1992. Hazard analysis & critical control point applicationsto the seafood industry. ORESU-H-92-001. Oregon Sea Grant, Oregon State University,Corvallis, OR.

McIntyre, C.R. 1991. Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) identification. Dairy, Foodand Environmental Sanitation, 11(7):357-358.

NACMCF. 1992. Hazard analysis and critical control point system. International Journal ofFood Microbiology, 16:1-23.

35

NEFDA. 1991. HACCP manual for processors. New England Fisheries Development Associa-tion. 309 World Trade Center, Boston, MA 0221O-2001. Telephone: 6 17/439-5480; Fax: 6 17/439-5481. $45.

NFI. 1991. Seafood industry, hazard analysis critical control point, HACCP, training manual.National Fisheries Institute. Arlington, VA.

NFPA. 1992. HACCP and total quality management-winning concepts for the 90’s: A review.Microbiology and Food Safety Committee of the National Food Processors Association. Jour-nal of Food Protection, 55:459-462.

Pisciella, J.A. 1991. A handbook for the practical application of the hazard analysis criticalcontrol point approach to food service establishment inspection. Central Atlantic States Asso-ciation of Food and Drug Officials, c/o William Kinder, Pennsylvania Department of Agricul-ture, P.O. Box 300, Creamery, PA 19430. $5.

Price, R. J. (Ed.) 1985. Seafood retailing manual, third edition. University of California, SeaGrant Extension Program, Davis, CA.

Price, R. J. 1990. Retail seafood cross-contamination. UCSGEP 90-6. University of California,Food Science & Technology Department, Davis, CA 95616.

Price, R. J. 1990. Retail seafood temperature control. UCSGEP 90-5. University of California,Food Science & Technology Department, Davis, CA 95616.

Snyder, O.P. 1991. HACCP in the retail food industry. Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanita-tion, 11(2):73-81.

Snyder, O.P. 1992. HACCP - an industry food safety self-control program-part I. Dairy, Foodand Environmental Sanitation. 12(1):26-27.

Snyder, O.P. 1992. HACCP - an industry food safety self-control program-part II. Dairy,Food and Environmental Sanitation. 12(2):84-86.

Snyder, O.P. 1992. HACCP - an industry food safety self-control program-part III. Dairy,Food and Environmental Sanitation. 12(3): 164-167.

Snyder, O.P. 1992. HACCP - an industry food safety self-control program-part IV. Dairy,Food and Environmental Sanitation. 12(4):230-232.

Snyder, O.P. 1992. HACCP - an industry food safety self-control program-part V. Dairy,Food and Environmental Sanitation. 12(5):29 l-295.

Stevenson, K.E. 1990. Implementing HACCP in the food industry. Food Technology,42(5):179-180.

Sumner, S.S., et al. 1992. Food Safety/Food Sanitation Workshop, Introduction to HACCPProcedures- Final Report (special project number 91-EFSQ-4021). Nebraska CooperativeExtension, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0919.

USDA and USHHS. 1992. Listeria: Deli manager letter. FDA Prime Connection, Food Confer-ence Bulletins, Bulletin FC92-09. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and InspectionService and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration,Washington, DC.

36

APPENDIX 1Date

Reviewed by: Date

37

APPENDIX 2

Receiving Temperature Form

Date

Reviewed by: Date

38

APPENDIX 3Date

~~ ~ Cooler Temperature Form

I Temperature

Time

7:00 A.M.

#l #2 #3 Initials/Comments

1 1:00 A.M.

3:00 P.M.

7:00 P.M. I

11:00 P.M.

3:00 A.M.

Reviewed by: Date

39

APPENDIX 4Date

Display Product Temperature Form

Product:

Initial Temp.

Product Temperature Initials

7:00 A.M.

9:00 A.M.

1 1:00 A.M.

1:00 A . M .

3:00 A . M .

5:00 a.m..

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ensuring foodsafety

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