entangled integrity: how profits from gambling distort our knowledge base peter j. adams school of...
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ENTANGLED INTEGRITY: HOW PROFITS FROM GAMBLING DISTORT OUR KNOWLEDGE BASE
Peter J. AdamsSchool of Population Health
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Gambling Expenditure (losses) in NZ
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Taxes
TaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxesTaxes
CommunityBenefits
BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefits
ProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfitProfit
ProfitProfitProfitProfitProfit
EXPENDITURE
ExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditure
ExpenditureExpenditure
ExpenditureExpenditure
ExpenditureExpenditureExpenditureExpenditure
Mil
lion
s N
Z$
Source: NZ Department of Internal Affairs
(Excluding bingo & raffles)
WORRY
Helpers
Profit
IndustryProfit
Operating Expenses
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Money is the Key Driver Addictive consumptions
potent profit generatorsMisled by constructions
of the neo-liberal autonomous consumer
Need focus on main driver, ie. money
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Power of Addiction Surplus
ProductionCosts
ConsumerSurplus
AddictionSurplus
PotentCombination
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
PROFIT
NOT MUCH
HEAPS
NUMBER OF CONSUMERS
LOW HIGH
ADDICTIVE
NON-ADDICTIVE
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Profit Consumers MANUFACTURERS
DISTRIBUTORS
COMMUNITY GROUPS
GOVERNMENT
HELPERS &RESEARCHERS
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Researchers Accepting Gambling Profits by…
• Direct Transfer
• Ethical sanitizing practices
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Researchers Accepting Gambling Profits by…
• Ethical sanitizing practicesStructural de-coupling
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Division on Addictions(Cambridge Health Alliance, teaching affiliate of Harvard
Medical School)
Gamblers & Problem
Gamblers
Gambling Operators
Division of Addiction
(US$7)
Institute for Research on
Gambling Disorders
National Centre for
Responsible Gambling
Other Gambling
Researchers
T1
T5 T4
T3
T2
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Researchers Accepting Gambling Profits by…
• Ethical sanitizing practicesStructural de-couplingTripartite partnership
committees
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
GOVERNMENT
SECTOR
GAMBLING
INDUSTRYHEALTH
SECTOR
Tripartite Partnership Model
No one wants the problems
Work Cooperativ
ely
Combine different
capacities
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
HEALTHSECTOR
GOVT.SECTOR
GAMB.INDS.
Host Responsibility
Social Marketing
Harm Minimization
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
HEALTHSECTOR
GOVT.SECTOR
GAMB.INDS.
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
HEALTH
SECTOR
GOVERNMENT
SECTOR
Non-Association Model
Need to stay
independent
Contact brokered by government
GAMBLING
INDUSTRIES
Unacceptable conflicts of
interest
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Researchers Accepting Gambling Profits by…
• Ethical sanitizing practicesStructural de-couplingTripartite partnership
committeesIndependent panel of expertsPeer review
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Relationships of Desire
• Opportunities for funding
• Fame, influence, income, doing good….
• “My piece of the action”
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Ostrich Response
• “I didn’t really see that!”
• “We’ve done so much work already”
• “Let’s just pretend”
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Bargaining Response
• “Maybe it’s not that bad”
• “Gambling has its positive sides”
• “Only a small number have problems”
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Missionary Response• “Money is sitting
there”• “This funding will
save lives”• “If we don’t get it,
somebody else less deserving will”
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Macho Response• “Be realistic”• “To get things done
you need to make some unpopular choices”
• “You have to be in to win”
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Desire vs Values• Messages favoured
my ambitions• Ethical perspective
minimised• Need an outside
reference point to gauge my views
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
5
Relationship
Risks
1
Ethical
Risks
4
Governance
Risks
3
Reputational Risks
2
Contributory Risks
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
1
Ethical
Risks
Benefiting from Deprived & Addicted
Benefiting from Deprived & Addicted
Exploiting VulnerableGroups
Exploiting VulnerableGroups
Money Derived From Harm
Money Derived From Harm
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
2
Contributory Risk
Contributing to Sales
Contributing to Sales
Improving Public ProfileImproving
Public Profile
Positive view ofPolicy Makers
Positive view ofPolicy Makers
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
3
Reputational Risks
Judgement ofColleagues
Judgement ofColleagues
Judgement of Funders
Judgement of Funders
Judgement ofStakeholdersJudgement ofStakeholders
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How to work out when a relationship is
too risky?
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Relations to gambling profits generate conflicts of interest
Consuming profits contributes to increased demand
Once consumed once, more likely to consume again
On-going profit consumption could lead to dependency
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Intensity of Relationship
Continuum of Moral Jeopardy
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
OIL
LOTTERIES
POKIES
TOBACCO
ARMAMENTS
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Low RiskModerate Risk
High RiskExtremelyHigh Risk
Primary Concern
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Intensity Indicators
Purpose
Extent
Relevant-harm
Identifiers
Link
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Purpose Extent Relevant-harm Identif iers Links
LOWRISK
MODRISK
HIGHRISK
EXTR. H.RISK
Group 1: A public health researcher receiving funds directly from a casino in publicly visible way.
Group 2: A sports club receiving half its income from gambling machinesGroup 3: A church charity providing emergency housing that receives a small amount of funding from housie
Group 4: A performing arts organisation receiving a small grant anonymously from lotteries
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Around the Corner….• Learn from other addictive
consumptions• Addiction industry studies
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
profit
ops
prod
uct
tax
profit
ops
produc-tion
taxes
ASSOCIATIONS
levy body politicians
PUBLIC
PR FIRMS
AD AGENCIES
CHARITIES
CONSULTANTS
RESEARCHERS
OWNERS
RETAILERS/WHOLESALERS
LOCAL/FOREIGNMANUFACTURERS
GOVERNMENT
lobbying
promotion
gifting
expertise
academic
LEGAL/ACCOUNTANCY
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Around the Corner….• Learn from other addictive
consumptions• Addiction industry studies• Ethical consciousness
raising• Ethical benchmarks & codes
of practice
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GAMBLING & iNTEGRITY : LONDON 2014
Adams, P. J. (2007). Assessing whether to receive funding support from tobacco, alcohol, gambling and other dangerous consumption industries. Addiction, 102(7), 1027–1033.
Adams, P. J. (2009). Redefining the gambling problem: The production and consumption of gambling profits. Gambling Research, 21(1), 51-54.
Livingstone, C; Adams, P.J. (2011) Harm promotion: observations on the symbiosis between government and private industries in Australasia for the development of highly accessible gambling markets, Addiction, 106(1), 3-8.
Adams, P., Buetow, S. & Rossen F. (2010) Poisonous Partnerships: Health Sector Buy-In to Arrangements with Government and Addictive Consumption Industries, Addiction, 105, 585-590.
Adams, P.J., Raeburn, J. & De Silva, K. (2009) A question of balance: Prioritizing public health responses to harm from gambling. Addiction, 104, 688-691
Adams, P.J. (2013) Addiction industry studies: Understanding how proconsumption influences block effective interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 103(4), e35-8.