entropic analysis of spectrum sensing for cognitive radionpatwari/pubs/gaines08-urs... · 2008. 4....
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IntroductionMethodsProgress
Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing forCognitive Radio
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari)
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Utah
Undergraduate Research Symposium
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Outline
1 IntroductionFixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
2 MethodsGNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
3 ProgressChallengesProgressFuture Work
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Wireless Communications
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
FCC Frequency AllocationU.
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UNITEDSTATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED
MARITIME MOBILEFIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AERO
NAUT
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RADI
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Aero
naut
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(Rad
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(RAD
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NS)
Aero
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ical
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igat
ion
(Rad
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acon
s)
3 9 14 19.9
5
20.0
5
30 30 59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
3 kHz 300 kHz
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
3 GHz
300 GHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
Aero
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(Rad
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MOBILESATELLITE
(E-S)
MOB
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TELL
ITE
RADI
ONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
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VIGA
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SATE
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SATE
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AMAT
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SATE
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SATE
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Sate
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DM
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(S-E
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FIXE
DSA
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(S-E
)
MOB
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FIXE
DBR
OAD
-CA
STIN
GSA
TELL
ITE
BRO
AD-
CAST
ING
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBILE
FIX
ED
MOB
ILE
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DRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
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XED
SATE
LLIT
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MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
Radio-location
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H E
XPL.
SATE
LLIT
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assiv
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ACE
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(Pas
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FIX
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FIX
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(S-E
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SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MO
BIL
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TER-
SATE
LLIT
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RADIO-LOCATION
INTER-SATELLITE
Radio-location
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Amat
eur S
atel
liteRA
DIO
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CATI
ON
MOB
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DFI
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SATE
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-E)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E(S
-E)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(Pas
sive)
SPAC
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S.(P
assiv
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SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
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RADI
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TRO
NOM
Y
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(S-E)
FIXED
MOB
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D
MOB
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FIXE
D
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
SPAC
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assiv
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(Pas
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EART
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T. (P
assiv
e)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
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assiv
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R-SA
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R-SA
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MOBILE
MOBILE
MOB
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SATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
FIXEDSATELLITE
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ORAT
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SPAC
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SPACERESEARCH
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RADIOASTRONOMY
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SATELLITE(Passive)
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
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DSA
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FIXE
DSA
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XED
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(Pas
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SPAC
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Radi
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RADI
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AMAT
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SATE
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Amat
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(Pas
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MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO-ASTRONOMY
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
0
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
4.43
8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
003
5.00
55.
060
5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EFI
XED
Mob
ileM
ARIT
IME
MOB
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STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY &
TIM
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GNAL
(20,
000
KHZ)
Spac
e Re
sear
ch
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
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(OR)
AMAT
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SATE
LLIT
EAM
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R
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(S-E
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AT. (S
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SPAC
E OP
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MOBILE
FIXED
FIXE
DLa
nd M
obile
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAN
D M
OBIL
E
LAN
D MO
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MAR
ITIM
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MAR
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E MO
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MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
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MAR
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LAN
D M
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E
FIXE
DM
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LEMO
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SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)
Radi
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atio
n
Radio
locat
ionLA
ND M
OBIL
EAM
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R
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(E-S
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ADIO
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ATEL
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MET
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adios
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MET
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(RAD
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SPAC
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(S-S
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MO
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LAND
MO
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FIXE
DLA
ND M
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FIXE
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RADI
O A
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MET
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SATE
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Fixed
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MET. SAT.(s-E)
FIX
ED
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D
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MOB
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ATEL
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spac
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)
AERO
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RAD
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RADI
ONAV
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ATEL
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arth)
Mobile
Sate
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O DE
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T. (E
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BILE
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ION
AERO
. RAD
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RADI
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. (E-S
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at. (S
-E)
RADI
O AS
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RADI
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FIXE
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MOBI
LE(LO
S)SP
ACE
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ARCH
(s-E)
(s-s)
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ERAT
ION
(s-E)
(s-s)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (s-
E)(s-
s)
Amat
eur
MO
BILE
Fixe
dRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
AMAT
EUR
RADI
O A
STRO
N.SP
ACE
RES
EAR
CH
EART
H E
XPL
SAT
FIXE
D SA
T. (S
-E)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBIL
EFI
XED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)
(Dee
p Sp
ace) AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON
EART
HEX
PL. S
AT.
(Pas
sive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MO
BILE
FIXE
DM
ARIT
IME
MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE (T
ELEP
HONY
)
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBIL
ELA
NDM
OBIL
EM
OBIL
EFI
XED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
0
137.
013
7.02
513
7.17
513
7.82
513
8.0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
05
150.
815
2.85
5
154.
0
156.
2475
157.
0375
157.
1875
157.
4516
1.57
516
1.62
516
1.77
516
2.01
25
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.53
7546
2.73
7546
7.53
7546
7.73
7547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
01
902
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace t
o Eart
h)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Amat
eur
Radi
oloc
atio
nAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
NAVI
GAT
ION
SPA
CE
RESE
ARCH
( P
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXP
L SA
T (Pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
A
STRO
NOMY
MO
BILE
MOB
ILE
**FI
XED-
SAT
(E
-S)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D FIXE
D**
LAND
MOB
ILE (T
LM)
MOBI
LE SA
T.(S
pace
to E
arth)
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LE S
AT.
(Spa
ce to
Eart
h)Mo
bile
(Aero
. TLM
)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (S
-E)
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(S
pace
to E
arth)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R)
(spac
e to E
arth)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
5
10.5
10.5
510
.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
5
15.1
365
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE (E
-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical
Mobile
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(60
kHz)
FIXE
DM
obile
*
STAN
D. F
REQ.
& T
IME
SIG.
MET.
AIDS
(Rad
ioson
de)
Spac
e Op
n. (S
-E)
MOBIL
E.SA
T. (S
-E)
Fixe
d
Stan
dard
Freq
. and
Time S
ignal
Satel
lite (E
-S)
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(20
kHz)
Amate
ur
MO
BIL
E
FIXE
D S
AT. (
E-S)
Spac
eRe
sear
ch
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital Letters
Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MO
BILE
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AE
RO
NA
UTI
CA
LR
AD
ION
AV
IGA
TIO
N
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (P
assiv
e)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared
P L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GFI
XE
DM
OB
ILE
*
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GF
IXE
DB
RO
AD
CA
ST
ING
F
IXE
D
M
obile
FIX
ED
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
G
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
BRO
ADC
ASTI
NG
FIXE
DBR
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Spatio-Temporal Variances In Spectrum Access
FCC Study1: Utilization Varied From 15% To 85%Spatial Variances: Salt Lake City vs. Green RiverTemporal Variances: Business Hours vs. Late EveningIf Only This Could Be Exploited. . .
1[FCC, 2003]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Fixed Spectrum Access
Fixed Licensing Is ProblematicCrowded: No More Usuable Bands AvailableExpensive: 90Mhz Recently Sold2 For $13 Billion!Under Utilized: Spatio-Temporal Variances
We Need Something Better!
2[FCC, 2007]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Case Study: Public Safety Band Usage3
Channels: 23Channel BW: 25KHzTotal BW: 20MHzFc : 856-869MHz
1569003080
3
The system does not use knowledge of the location of subscribers such that traffic is transmitted via the forward channel simultaneously at all repeaters, contrary to a cellular telephone system. As a result, transmissions on the forward channel can be detected throughout the entire county, while reverse channel transmissions are confined to the locality of the emitter and the nearest repeater. This presents an interesting opportunity for dynamic spectrum reuse since there will be far more occupancy in the spectrum of the forward channels than in that of the reverse channels at any given location.
III. SENSING SYSTEMS AND DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY
We sample the virtual channels with two synchronized receiver suites. Each suite is composed of an antenna, pre-selection filter, low noise amplifier, downconverter, A/D converter, and a GPS clock. The two suites are synchronized in time and triggered by a common script so that spectral measurements are made concurrently. In some cases, one suite is tuned to the spectrum of the forward channels, while the other is tuned to the spectrum of the reverse channels to investigate frequency dependencies. In other cases, both suites are tuned to the same spectrum to investigate space dependencies. The spectral data are sampled with 14 bits at 64 MS/s. The samples are collected in snapshots of 16384 each, covering ~ 20 MHz every 100 ms. This snapshot size allows for DFT bins of ~ 3.9 kHz, which is enough resolution to discriminate between adjacent forward or reverse channels as their centers are never closer than 25 kHz.
Spectral data were collected over two days at separation distances between the two suites of 5, 200, 500, 2300, 3800, and 6500-meters. In general, one suite remained fixed at a selected site, while the other suite was positioned at the distant locations. In the sequel we refer to the sensor at the fixed site as site 1, and the sensor at the mobile site as site 2.
IV. ANALYSIS AND INSIGHTS
In this section, we investigate the collected measurement data to identify properties that can aide us in characterizing the usage of this public safety network. The objective of the analysis is to provide further insight into how white space can be identified and utilized. In general, the data sets allow us to understand how these channels are utilized at the time of measurement, and the effects of activity in the spectrum surrounding these channels. We also investigate the effectiveness of a threshold-based detection method based on the data and spatial correlation between the two measurement sets. In this analysis, we primarily consider the forward channel band measurements because of the very localized nature of the reverse channel activity.
A. First Impressions
At first glance, the spectral power maps of the channels provide a fairly clear indication of the channel occupancy.
Figure 4.1(a) shows one such map for the entire 20 MHz spectrum band (from 850Mhz to 870Mhz) at site 1 for the second measurement set, using a color gradient to convey signal power observed in the spectrum at each time. High power usage is easily determined by the colorscale, and the frequency of strong transmissions can be determined in the graphs, especially because in this case they occur seldom enough to draw strong contrast to the lower power or completely unused spectrum.
Figure 4.1(a): Spectrum density map for 850-870 MHz
band
Figure 4.1(b): Spectrum density map for the 23 virtual
channels of the public safety band
Note that the 23 virtual channels for public safety users are unevenly spaced within the 20MHz band, and that each channel only has a bandwidth of 25 KHz. Further, the actual center frequencies for the channels are actually within the 856-869 MHz band. Parsing out the frequency bands used for the public safety channels and using this same color scale, we can then observe which channels show strong activity in each measurement set.
Figure 4.1(b) shows the spectral power maps for the public safety bands in the measurement set from figure 4.1(a). The white strips in between are used to separate channels and are used throughout this section. We can see clearly that channels 5 and 23 are occupied for the complete duration of the measurement set, and some strong activity is seen for limited
Figure: PSB Usage
3[Jones, 2007]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Cognitive Radio
Definition 4
A "Cognitive Radio" is a radio that can change its transmitterparameters based on interaction with the environment in whichit operates.
Adaptive Transmitter Parameters:Power LevelModulation TypeCenter Frequency
4[Haykin, 2002]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Hidden Terminal Problem
Both Nodes Sense CRCan’t Sense Each OtherThis Causes Interference
Figure: Hidden Terminals
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Collaborative Spectrum Sensing
ProsTwo Heads Are Better Than One!
i.e. More CR Nodes =⇒ More Accurate Detection 5
Solves Hidden Terminal Problem
ConsSome BW Wasted On Control ChannelHow Much?
5[Ghasemi, 2005]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Information Entropy 6
DefinitionThe entropy of a discrete random variable X is a function of itsPMF and is defined by
H (X ) = −N∑
i=1
pi log pi
The Number Of Bits Required By A Control ChannelA Similiar Metric, Entropy Rate, Gives Bit RateNeed Only Know The PMF Of Primary User Activity
6[Shannon, 1948]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Widely Held Hypothesis
HypothesisPrimary User Activity is a Markovian Process.
/.-,()*+0p1
((
q1
�� /.-,()*+1p2
hh
q2
��
PU Activity Depends Only On Previous State(s)This Is The PMF We Could Use To Measure BW LossBut Is This Hypothesis Correct?
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
Fixed Spectrum AccessOpportunistic Spectrum AccessProblem Statement
Problem Statement
Problem StatementWe Wish to Measure The Bandwidth Required of aCollaborative Sensing, Cognitive Radio Control Channel.
Cognitive Radio Needs Collaborative Spectrum SensingThis Will Require a Control ChannelControl Channel Wastes Some BWWe Assume The Markovian Hypothesis (For Now)
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
Universal Software Radio Peripheral
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
GNU Radio
GNU General Public LicensePython Wrapper For C++Object Orientated ApproachSoftware Radios Defined In Terms Of Graphs
1 Define Source (USRP)2 Define Signal Processing Unit (Spectrum Analyzer)3 Define Sink (File Format)4 Connect!
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
Class Definition
class my_graph(gr.flow_graph):def __init__(self, min_freq, max_freq):
gr.flow_graph.__init__(self)self.u = usrp.source_c(...)
s2v = gr.stream_to_vector(...)c2mag = gr.complex_to_mag_squared(...)stats = gr.bin_statistics_f(...)
self.connect(self.u, s2v, c2mag, stats)
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
File Format
TimeDate Stamp Frequency Complex Samples
10/29/07 05:56 PM 898750000 56953 32489 ...10/29/07 05:56 PM 900250000 322640 358258 ...10/29/07 05:56 PM 901750000 284045 303849 ...10/29/07 05:56 PM 903250000 46261 40136 ...
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
Sampled ISM Band
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
GNU Radio/USRPSoftware Defined Spectrum AnalyzerAnalysis
Public Safety Band Revisited7
Count State TransitionsDivide By Sample CountWe Then Have Our PMF
1569003080
3
The system does not use knowledge of the location of subscribers such that traffic is transmitted via the forward channel simultaneously at all repeaters, contrary to a cellular telephone system. As a result, transmissions on the forward channel can be detected throughout the entire county, while reverse channel transmissions are confined to the locality of the emitter and the nearest repeater. This presents an interesting opportunity for dynamic spectrum reuse since there will be far more occupancy in the spectrum of the forward channels than in that of the reverse channels at any given location.
III. SENSING SYSTEMS AND DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY
We sample the virtual channels with two synchronized receiver suites. Each suite is composed of an antenna, pre-selection filter, low noise amplifier, downconverter, A/D converter, and a GPS clock. The two suites are synchronized in time and triggered by a common script so that spectral measurements are made concurrently. In some cases, one suite is tuned to the spectrum of the forward channels, while the other is tuned to the spectrum of the reverse channels to investigate frequency dependencies. In other cases, both suites are tuned to the same spectrum to investigate space dependencies. The spectral data are sampled with 14 bits at 64 MS/s. The samples are collected in snapshots of 16384 each, covering ~ 20 MHz every 100 ms. This snapshot size allows for DFT bins of ~ 3.9 kHz, which is enough resolution to discriminate between adjacent forward or reverse channels as their centers are never closer than 25 kHz.
Spectral data were collected over two days at separation distances between the two suites of 5, 200, 500, 2300, 3800, and 6500-meters. In general, one suite remained fixed at a selected site, while the other suite was positioned at the distant locations. In the sequel we refer to the sensor at the fixed site as site 1, and the sensor at the mobile site as site 2.
IV. ANALYSIS AND INSIGHTS
In this section, we investigate the collected measurement data to identify properties that can aide us in characterizing the usage of this public safety network. The objective of the analysis is to provide further insight into how white space can be identified and utilized. In general, the data sets allow us to understand how these channels are utilized at the time of measurement, and the effects of activity in the spectrum surrounding these channels. We also investigate the effectiveness of a threshold-based detection method based on the data and spatial correlation between the two measurement sets. In this analysis, we primarily consider the forward channel band measurements because of the very localized nature of the reverse channel activity.
A. First Impressions
At first glance, the spectral power maps of the channels provide a fairly clear indication of the channel occupancy.
Figure 4.1(a) shows one such map for the entire 20 MHz spectrum band (from 850Mhz to 870Mhz) at site 1 for the second measurement set, using a color gradient to convey signal power observed in the spectrum at each time. High power usage is easily determined by the colorscale, and the frequency of strong transmissions can be determined in the graphs, especially because in this case they occur seldom enough to draw strong contrast to the lower power or completely unused spectrum.
Figure 4.1(a): Spectrum density map for 850-870 MHz
band
Figure 4.1(b): Spectrum density map for the 23 virtual
channels of the public safety band
Note that the 23 virtual channels for public safety users are unevenly spaced within the 20MHz band, and that each channel only has a bandwidth of 25 KHz. Further, the actual center frequencies for the channels are actually within the 856-869 MHz band. Parsing out the frequency bands used for the public safety channels and using this same color scale, we can then observe which channels show strong activity in each measurement set.
Figure 4.1(b) shows the spectral power maps for the public safety bands in the measurement set from figure 4.1(a). The white strips in between are used to separate channels and are used throughout this section. We can see clearly that channels 5 and 23 are occupied for the complete duration of the measurement set, and some strong activity is seen for limited
Figure: PSB Usage
7[Jones, 2007]Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
ChallengesProgressFuture Work
Challenges
A Lot to LearnDSP, Embedded Systems, Information TheoryBASH, Python, Linux System AdministrationDeciphering Professor’s Code!
A Lot of ObstaclesNon-linear AGC and CIC FiltersCalibrating USRPMinimal Documentation
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
ChallengesProgressFuture Work
Progress
Software Defined ISM Band Spectrum AnalyzerMatlab Scripts to Analyze DataBASH Scripts to Automate Data CollectionDebian Domain Controller to Share USRP AccessCustom File Format
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
IntroductionMethodsProgress
ChallengesProgressFuture Work
Future Work
Finish Statistical AnalysisMobile Spectrum SensingEmulab Data CollectionOnline Database of SamplesInvestigate Cyclostationary Feature Detection
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio
Questions?
FCC, ET Docket No 03-222, Notice Of Proposed Rule Making AndOrder, Dec. 2003
Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives,"Commercial Spectrum Enhancement Act", Report to Congress onAgency Plans for Spectrum Relocation Funds, Feb. 2007
Jones, S., et. al., "Characterization of Spectrum Activities in theU.S. Public Safety Band for Opportunistic Spectrum Access", NewFrontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2007,pp.137-146
Haykin, S., et. al., "Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered WirelessCommunications", Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 23,No.2, Feb. 2002
Ghasemi, A., et. al., "Collaborative Spectrum Sensing forOpportunistic Access in Fading Environments," Proc. Symposiumon Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Nov. 2005.
Shannon, C., "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", TheBell System Technical Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 370-423, 623-656, July,Oct., 1948.
Jim Gaines (Dr. Neal Patwari) Entropic Analysis of Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio