Envi Sci Final #2 of 4

• SLIDES 3 through 62 cover the 1/13 quiz material.

• Slides 3 through 132 cover the 2nd quarter test material.

•What territory did gray wolves historically inhabit?

•Most of North America except a few southern states, California and Nevada

•What territory do they presently inhabit?

•Alaska, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming

• What are some reasons for introducing wolves into their historic territories?

• Restores balance to the ecosystem by thinning herds of deer, elk and moose to keep them from overgrazing the land

• Removes the weak and sick animals from the herds

•What are some reasons not to reintroduce the wolves?

• There are plenty of wolves in Alaska and Canada, so they are not endangered

• Wolves may kill livestock

• Hunting could suffer

• Too much interaction with humans

• How has the human population changed since the stone age?

• Grew very slowly until 1000BC

• Grew quicker from 1 to 1800 AD

• Began growing exponentially in 1800’s

• Increased 7X since 1880

• Why are human population forcasts often inaccurate?

• Human behavior often changes very quickly because we are so adaptable

• Type 1 survivorship has a low fertility rate with people living to be very old

• Type 3 is found in poor countries where there is high fertility, but many children die.

• Why do both type 1 and type 3 survivorship patterns produce the most stable populations?

• The key is how many children live to reproduce. In type 1 there are few children born, but most of them reproduce

• In type 3 there are many children born but many die before reproducing.

• The old have no effect because they don’t reproduce

• Why is the replacement level in the human population greater than 2 children per couple?

• Because not all of the offspring reproduce.

• Some of them die young.

• Some are infertile.

• Some choose not to reproduce.

• Why has the US population continued to grow since 1972 when we began reproducing at replacement level?

•The baby boom echo

• Immigration

•Why did death rates decline so drastically during the 20th century?

•Nutrition

•Hygiene improvements

•Vaccines

•Medical advances

• What is “Fertility rate”?

• The number of births per woman of childbearing age per 1000 women per year

•What is the current US population?

• Around 307 million. The next census is in 2110

•What is the projected U.S. population for 2050?

•420 million

• Why hasn’t our population growth leveled off?

• The base population fertility rate has dropped to below replacement level. Our present increase is mostly due to immigration and the higher immigrant fertility rate.

•What is the current world population?

•About 6.7 Billion people

•What is the projected world population in 2050?

Around

9.5 billion

people

•Can the Earth sustain that many people over the long run?

• We don’t know. Some scientists are concerned that the Earth can’t continue to sustain the 6.7 billion people who are already here.

•What are some problems with rapid population growth?

• Loss of farmland through desertification

• Shortage of food

• Shortage of clean water

• Shortage of fuel

• Shortage of natural resources

•What is the problem with plastic?

• It doesn’t degrade quickly

• It strangles wildlife

• Wildlife eats it and it clogs their digestive systems

• Some of it releases toxins into the environment

•How long does plastic last in the environment?

•We don’t know. Under the right conditions it can last hundreds of years.

•Are there substitutes for plastics?

• Often there are substitutes that are made from natural sources whick biodegrade faster than synthetic plastics.

•Do we really need all of the plastic packaging we are forced to buy?

•Absolutely not

•Does maryland need to pass a law to force recycling?

•We already have one, but we may need to pass more of them.

•What happens if counties don’t recycle at least 20% of their solid waste?

•The state stops them from issuing new building permits.

•What are 4 ways of disposing of trash?

•Burying

•Burning

•Composting

•Recycling

•What is the problem with burying trash?

•Some trash contains chemicals that can leach into the groundwater and make it undrinkable.

•What are some problems with landfills?

• They smell

• They draw truck traffic

• They can poison the groundwater

• They take a lot of land out of production.

•What are some problems with incinerators?

• They smell

• They draw truck traffic

• They can poison the air

•What are some problems with composting and mulch making?

• If not done correctly it can smell

•Truck traffic

•What is the best solution to the problem of trash?

•Produce less of it.

END OF Jan 13 ENVI SCI QUIZ PREP

CONTINUE TO PREP FOR THE 2ND QUARTER TEST

•What is a Keystone species?

Dec 10 Quiz Prep

• Compare the total fertility rate, life expectancy, and per capita income of countries. Do these three factors seem to be related?

• Does the predominant religion of a country affect its population growth?

•What other factors may contribute to a country’s population dynamics?

• What are the differences between a developed country and a developing country?

• In sampling tagged fish, what would cause your results to be off from the actual population?

• In sampling fish, how would sample size and population size affect your results?

•How would the number of samples affect the results?

• What concerns should biologists have about a species’ habits before they use this method to approximate population size?

•Are there other uses of marking or tagging?

• What are other kinds of populations are marked and released?

• What kinds of factors affect margin of error?

• Why would scientists want to know population sizes for various species?

• What is a watershed?

• What is the general direction of drainage in Harford County?

• Where do all streams in the county eventually flow?

• Where are the remaining areas of large forests and open land for wildlife to hide and breed?

• What is the importance of large, forested areas and open space to Harford County’s watershed?

• What effect does development have on the Harford County and Chesapeake Bay watersheds?

•What effects do public utilities have on Harford County watersheds?

•What effect do landfills and rubble fills have on the watersheds?

•Why are builders required to build containment ponds on land they develop?

• What are some methods that can reduce the negative impact on the Harford County and Chesapeake Bay watersheds

•What is a population?

•How have humans affected the deer population?

•Can human culture affect the environment?

•How have humans affected the eagle population?

•Can the environment affect human health?

•How can we in the USA affect world population?

•What effect can you personally have on your watershed?

•How many states drain into the Chesapeake Bay watershed?

• A keystone species is a species that has a very strong roll in preserving other species in the environment.

•What is an example of a Keystone Species?

• The Sea Otter eats the sea urchins that if uncontrolled will destroy the kelp that protects many other species of animals

•What are 4 main benefits of Biodiversity?

• Keystone Species• Genetic Diversity• Medical uses of species• Aesthetics

• If we are in a period of mass extinction, what is different about this mass extinction?

•Man is causing this mass extinction

•What types of species are particularly at risk?

• Species with small populations

• Species in limited areas

• Species that migrate

• Species that need large areas

• Species that Man exploits

• What are 4 major ways that humans are causing extinctions?

•Habitat Destruction

• Invasive Species

•Harvesting and hunting

•Pollution

•What effect does man have on biodiversity?

• We are decreasing biodiversity by causing extinctions of species that we don’t presently believe are important

•We think only about 20% of all species are known to us.

• What is a dichotomous identification key?

• A guide to help us identify species by asking a series of simple questions

•How many parts does each stage of a dichotomous identification key consist of?

•2

•What does the acronym K.I.S.S. stand for?

Keep

It

Simple

Stupid

Why do keys only have 2 parts for each step?

K.I.S.S

•How do dichotomous ID keys work?

• Identification keys work by dividing a group into smaller and smaller sub-groups until there is only one possible individual left.

•What characteristics can be used to make an ID key work?

• Any characteristic can be used to make sub groups. Examples would be sex, color, shape, size, hair, or material it is made of.

•What is a climatogram?

•A double graph that shows both temperature and precipitation over a period of time

•How can a climatogram be useful?

• It can show us where specific species can thrive.

• It can show us small climate changes that are due to Man’s activity

•Why is always a little cooler at the airport than it is in Baltimore?

• The blacktop and buildings absorbe and hold more heat than trees and grass

•How can a heat island cause problems nearby?

• It can cause small climate changes that affect local weather, such as violent storms

•Know how to read a climatogram