Air Pollution:How do we reduce emissions

So why is air pollution important?

So how do we protect ourselves from pollution?

Criteria pollutants

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Greenhouse Gases

Ambient criteria pollutant standards

Pollutant[final rule cite]

Primary/ Secondary Averaging Time Level Form

Carbon Monoxide primary8-hour 9 ppm

Not to be exceeded more than once per year

1-hour 35 ppm

Lead primary and secondary

Rolling 3 month average 0.15 μg/m3 (1) Not to be exceeded

Nitrogen Dioxide primary 1-hour 100 ppb 98th percentile, averaged over 3 years

primary andsecondary

Annual 53 ppb (2) Annual Mean

Ozone primary and secondary 8-hour 0.075 ppm (3) Annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr

concentration, averaged over 3 years

Particulate PM10 primary and secondary Annual 15 μg/m3 annual mean, averaged over 3 years

Particulate PM2.5 24-hour 35 μg/m3 98th percentile, averaged over 3 years

24-hour 150 μg/m3 Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years

Sulfur Dioxide primary 1-hour 75 ppb (4) 99th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations, averaged over 3 years

secondary 3-hour 0.5 ppm Not to be exceeded more than once per year

Attainment/Nonattainment

State Implementation Plans

Standard Area Attainment Status

PM-2.5 1997 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC

Nonattainment

PM-2.5 1997 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC

Nonattainment

8-Hr Ozone Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC

Moderate

State Permit Programs

Voluntary programsAgSTAR ProgramBurn Wise Clean Diesel Campaign Clean Construction USA Clean Ports USA Clean School Bus USA Diesel Retrofit Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2)Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP)Combined Heat and Power PartnershipCommunity-Based Childhood Asthma ProgramsDesign for the EnvironmentEnergyStarEnvironmental Technology Verification ProgramGreenChillGreen Power PartnershipGreen Racing InitiativeGreenScapesGreen Suppliers NetworkHigh GWP Partnership Programs Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)Mobile Air Conditioning Partnership Natural Gas STAR ProgramPesticide Environmental Stewardship ProgramSmartWay Transport PartnershipVoluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership

Regulated HAPsHazardous Air Pollutants ( 33/188 Regulated Chemicals)

1. acetaldehyde 18. formaldehyde

2. acrolein 19. hexachlorobenzene

3. acrylonitrile 20. hydrazine

4. arsenic compounds 21. lead compounds

5. benzene 22. manganese compounds

6. beryllium compounds 23. mercury compounds

7. 1, 3-butadiene 24. methylene chloride

8. cadmium compounds 25. nickel compounds

9. carbon tetrachloride 26. perchloroethylene

10. chloroform 27. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

11. chromium compounds 28. polycyclic organic matter (POM)*

12. coke oven emissions 29. propylene dichloride

13. 1, 3-dichloropropene 30. quinoline

14. diesel particulate matter 31. 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane

15. ethylene dibromide 32. trichloroethylene

16. ethylene dichloride 33. vinyl chloride

17. ethylene oxide

Example HAP emission density

Process- specific regulationsNESHAP (MACT) STANDARD

AerospaceAcrylic / Modacrylic Fiber (area sources)Asphalt Processing andAsphalt Roofing ManufacturingAuto & Light Duty Truck (surface coating)Benzene Waste Operations Boat Manufacturing Brick and Structural Clay Products ManufacturingClay Ceramics ManufacturingCellulose Products Manufacturing Miscellaneous Viscose Processes Cellulose Food Casing Rayon Cellulosic Sponge Cellophane Cellulose Ethers Production Caroxymethyl Cellulose Methyl Cellulose Cellulose EthersChromium Electroplating Chromic Acid Anodizing Decorative Chromium Electroplating Hard Chromium ElectroplatingClay Ceramics ManufacturingCoke OvensCombustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, and Sulfite Pulp & Paper MillsCommercial SterilizersDegreasing Organic CleanersDry Cleaning Commercial dry cleaning dry-to-dry Commercial dry cleaning transfer machines Industrial dry cleaning dry-to-dry Industrial dry cleaning transfer machines

GHGs

So how are we doing?

Reductions over time

So how are we doing 1989 2008

But we still have a long way to go

2002 National Air Toxics Cancer Risk Assessment

GHG Trends

What next?

Improvements to air traffic

Improvements to shipping

More hybrid/electric vehicles

Wind/solar/geothermal

Fuel cell technologies

Hydrogen energy system

Changes in life style to reduce energy consumption and emissionsSmart growth measures

◦Easier to integrate alternative energy options

◦Easier to provide public transportation

◦Reduced passenger car VMT◦Encourage walking and bike riding◦Better linkage with community

Example of Smart Growth changes

Addition of walkways/bike paths

Better integration of residential and commercial activities

More integration

Continuing

Continuing

Vegetate buffers

Another example

Again mixing of commercial and residential activities

More

Better

And better

One more example

Addition of pathways and bike lanes

Lighting and safety features

Mixing of commercial and residential

Continuing incrementally

Maturing of beneficial plants

Addition of public transportation

SummaryWe are able to reduce emissions

while still sustaining growthGHG challenges can be

addresses with available technologies to make US businesses more competitive

Sustainable cities can be developed that reduce fuel consumption and improve quality of life

But what about the rest of the world?

Population Increasing

Future traffic

Can we develop our green technologies and sustainable lifestyles quickly enough to save the world?