environment friendly automobiles

32
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILES 1

Upload: pooja-mandal

Post on 20-Aug-2015

635 views

Category:

Automotive


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Environment Friendly Automobiles

1

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILES

Page 2: Environment Friendly Automobiles

2

MEMBERS

• Nikita B120010261• Piyush B120010286• Plash B120010291• Pooja B120010293• Prabhjot B120010294

Page 3: Environment Friendly Automobiles

3

TABLE OF CONTENTSParticulars Page no.Introduction 04Types 05Electric vehicle 06Hybrid vehicle 11Compressed air vehicle 19Improving conventional vehicle 23Comparison 27Advantages 28Disadvantages 29India’s contribution 30Conclusion 31References 32

Page 4: Environment Friendly Automobiles

4

Introduction

• Environment friendly automobiles are those that produces less harmful impacts to the environment rather than comparable vehicles running on gasoline or diesel.

• This can be powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies.

• Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than fossil fuel or less carbon intensive than diesel.

Page 5: Environment Friendly Automobiles

5

TYPES

• Electric vehicle• Hybrid vehicle• Compressed air vehicle• Improving conventional vehicle

Page 6: Environment Friendly Automobiles

6

ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or for propulsion. These type of vehicles came into existence in the mid–19th century. Three main types of electric vehicles exist• Directly powered from an external power station• Powered by stored electricity originally from an

external power source• Powered by an on-board electrical generator.

Page 7: Environment Friendly Automobiles

7

EV-Directly powered from an external power station

Direct connection to generation plants as is common among electric trains, trolley buses, and trolley trucks

Connector between the generator source and the vehicle.

Shatabdi Express

Page 8: Environment Friendly Automobiles

EV- Powered by stored electricity

These systems are powered from an external generator plant (nearly always when stationary), and then disconnected before motion occurs, and the electricity is stored in the battery of the vehicle until needed.

On an energy basis, the price of electricity to run an EV is a small fraction of the cost of liquid fuel needed to produce an equivalent amount of energy (energy efficiency).

A three wheeler to be introduced in Delhi

Page 9: Environment Friendly Automobiles

9

EV- Powered by on-board generator

They are powered by regenerative fuels such as solar energy using solar cells or rechargeable energy storage system(RESS) which store energy for delivery of power and is also rechargeable.

The Tokai Challenger covered the 2998 km with an average speed of 100.54 km/h.

Page 10: Environment Friendly Automobiles

10

TYPES

• Electric vehicle• Hybrid vehicle• Compressed air vehicle• Improving conventional vehicle

Page 11: Environment Friendly Automobiles

11

HYBRID VEHICLEA hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. Engine type :• Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles• Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle

(COREV)• Hybrid fuel (dual mode)• Fluid power hybrid • Electric-human power hybrid vehicle

Page 12: Environment Friendly Automobiles

HV - Hybrid Electric-Petroleum vehiclesA petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (generally gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power the vehicle. These encompass such vehicles as the Toyota Prius, Ford Escape Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid and others.

12Ford escape hybrid Toyota Prius Honda Insight

Page 13: Environment Friendly Automobiles

HV - COREVContinuously outboard recharged electric vehicles (COREV)can be recharged while the user drives. The COREV establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism . The COREV's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged.

13

Page 14: Environment Friendly Automobiles

HV - Hybrid fuel (dual mode)In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or fuels, using the same engine to be hybrids, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles:• Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels

mixed in one tank — typically gasoline and ethanol• Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel

source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels.

14

Page 15: Environment Friendly Automobiles

HV - Fluid power hybrid Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain merely only to change the energy accumulator.There are 2 types of hybrids available:• Petro-air hybrid• Petro-hydraulic hybrid

15

Page 16: Environment Friendly Automobiles

HV - Electric-human power hybrid

• A human-electric hybrid vehicle is a hybrid vehicle, whose drivetrain consists of a human being and an electric motor(and one or more electricity-storage device(s) such as a batteries).

• It can have characteristics of a bicycle or other lightweight human operated vehicles with the addition of faster acceleration and regenerative braking, allowing a higher average velocity, especially in hilly terrain.

16

Page 17: Environment Friendly Automobiles

17

TYPES

• Electric vehicle• Hybrid vehicle• Compressed air vehicle• Improving conventional vehicle

Page 18: Environment Friendly Automobiles

18

COMPRESSED AIR VEHICLE

• A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank.

• Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons.

Page 19: Environment Friendly Automobiles

19

LIQUID-NITROGEN VEHICLE

• A liquid nitrogen vehicle is powered by liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank.

• Traditional nitrogen engine designs work by heating the liquid nitrogen in a heat exchanger, extracting heat from the ambient air and using the resulting pressurized gas to operate a piston or rotary engine.

Page 20: Environment Friendly Automobiles

20

HYDOGEN VEHICLE

• A hydrogen vehicle uses hydrogen as its fuel for motive power.

• Chemical energy of hydrogen is converted into mechanical energy in these type of vehicles.

Page 21: Environment Friendly Automobiles

21

TYPES

• Electric vehicle• Hybrid vehicle• Compressed air vehicle• Improving conventional vehicle

Page 22: Environment Friendly Automobiles

22

IMPROVING CONVENTIONAL VEHICLE(ICV)

A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in renewable fuels or using less carbon intensive fossil fuels.Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient car internal combustion engines.Types of fuel used are:• Biofuel• Compressed natural gas(CNG)• Ultra low sulphur diesel• Ethanol

Page 23: Environment Friendly Automobiles

23

ICV-Biofuel

• A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.

Page 24: Environment Friendly Automobiles

24

ICV-Compressed natural gas

• CNG is a fossil fuel substitute for petrol, diesel fuel, or LPG. CNG may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere.

• CNG is made by compressing natural gas (methane), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar.

Page 25: Environment Friendly Automobiles

25

ICV-Ultra low sulphur diesel

• Ultra-low-sulphur diesel (ULSD) is diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulphur content.

• ULSD has a lower energy content due to the heavy processing required to remove large amounts of sulphur from oil.

Volkswagen Jetta TDI

Page 26: Environment Friendly Automobiles

26

ICV-Ethanol

• Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol C2H5OH is the same alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

• It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline.

• Most ethanol used for fuel is being blended into gasoline at concentrations of 5 to 10 percent.

• Produced renewably from agricultural crops or from recycled wastes and residues.

• Ethanol is a renewable energy source because the energy is generated in the presence of sunlight, which cannot be depleted.

Page 27: Environment Friendly Automobiles

27

Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Vehicle

Fuel Cell LPG/CNG Petrol Diesel

Air Pollution Zero Medium Zero Medium Medium High

Noise Pollution

Low Medium Low Medium Medium Medium

Infrastructure Availability

Good Excellent Poor Poor Poor Excellent

Safety Good Good Medium Poor Good Good

Vehicle Degradation

Low High Medium Medium Medium Medium

Page 28: Environment Friendly Automobiles

28

ADVANTAGES

• When we are driving an eco friendly vehicle , we are reducing the amount of emissions and pollution in the environment individually.

• They are also helping to protect the ozone level which protects all living things including human beings , animals and plants on the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays that come from the sun.

• The different gases that are emitted are unseen and can get into our body without anyone knowing it which can cause a multitude of health problems. By driving an eco friendly car, we can help to eliminate many of these health problems.

Page 29: Environment Friendly Automobiles

29

DISADVANTAGES

• Eco friendly automobiles are not great on the highways as they tend to have less power and slower acceleration.

• An issue for such automobiles is that sometimes they become much expensive to maintain as they are more complicated than internal combustion engines.

• Some people think that these cars are not as safe as the vehicles running on gasoline or diesel.

• Mechanics also have less experience with these vehicles.

Page 30: Environment Friendly Automobiles

30

INDIA’S CONTRIBUTIONAn Indian company, Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited, formerly known as the Reva Electric Car Company, based in Banglore founded in 1994 is involved in designing and manufacturing of electric vehicles.Future green vehicles to be manufactured in India are:• Reva• Tata Indica Vista Electric• Hybrid Maruti Swift• Mahindra Scorpio Hybrid• Toyota Prius Hybrid

Page 31: Environment Friendly Automobiles

31

CONCLUSION

• The study establishes the knowledge of ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY AUTOMOBILES.

• Over the last few years eco friendly cars have become very popular as they are economical and pollution less.

• Pollution has always been a problem in INDIA , so these automobiles can help the cause.

• Something should be done so that more of these vehicles come on roads.

Page 32: Environment Friendly Automobiles

32

REFERENCES

• www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenvehicle• www.endingtheviolence/info• www.ehow.com/facts• www.fueleconomy.gov/biodiesel• www.greenriverheart.net• www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/eth

anol• www.getupforchange.org/rti