environmental and social services project (zusp), zanzibar...aquatic ecosystems zanzibar urban...

September 2010

FINAL REPORT - VOLUME 2 (APPENDICES - SPECIALIST REPORTS)

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Proposed Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP), Zanzibar

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Report Number. 12574-10009-14

Distribution: Zanzibar Urban Services Project Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd

Submitted to: Zanzibar Urban Services Project Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs First Floor, Sea View Wing P O Box 874 ZANZIBAR

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ZUSP ESIA

September 2010 Report No. 12574-10009-14

APPENDIX E Ecology Report

September 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP)

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Report Number. 12574-9486-7

Submitted to: Environmental Services Division Golder Associates Africa Halfway House Midrand 1685

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP)


Executive Summary

Zanzibar Urban Service Project (ZUSP) appointed Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder), in its capacity as an independent consultant, to conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Zanzibar particular project.

Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but has its own legislative assembly known as the House of Representatives, an executive headed by the President of Zanzibar and governed by its own judicial system.

The need to provide rapid expansion of services across Zanzibar was recognized by the Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC). The Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) team was established by the ZMC to achieve these goals. The ZUSP proposes to undertake a municipal infrastructure upgrade project involving the development of selected urban infrastructure and enhancing the street lighting in Stone town.

The ZUSP is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve the public health and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP project proposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting and storm water management system in areas that are currently not well serviced.

There are three broad components to the ZUSP namely:

¡ Design and construction of Surface Water Drainage in the Ng’ambo areas;

¡ Design and implementation of a Solid Waste Management Collection System; and

¡ Upgrading of street lighting in the Stone town region.

Based on the results of the survey the following conclusions were reached:

¡ Habitat integrity at all the sites ranged from extensively modified (IHIA Class E) to critically modified (IHIA Class F). At these levels of impairment, natural habitat, biota and ecosystem function have largely been lost;

¡ The most common impacts affecting the sites are flow modification, bed modification, channel modification, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) due to nonexistent waste water treatment infrastructure, indigenous vegetation removal and the presence of invasive alien plant species especially Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern);

¡ The habitats at Chumbuni Mnazi Mmoja, Nyerere, Mtopepo, Mwantenga and Magorneni have been significantly altered and ecosystem function lost. Successful rehabilitation of these sites would be extremely costly due to the degree of modification. The proposed development of improved drainage is unlikely to have an impact on the ecology of these sites as the sites have been completely modified from their original states; and

Rehabilitation of Kilimani, Botanical Gardens, Binti Amrani and Mwanakwerekwe should be investigated. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site by employing environmental engineering techniques.


September 2010 Report No. 12574-9486-7 i

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 2

2.1 In situ water quality ................................................................................................................................. 2

2.2 Habitat Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 2

2.2.1 Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) ................................................................................ 2

3.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 5

3.1 In situ water quality ................................................................................................................................. 5

3.1.1 pH ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ..................................................................................................................... 6

3.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).............................................................................................................. 6

3.1.4 Temperature...................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Habitat Assessment ................................................................................................................................ 7

3.2.1 Mnazi Mmoja ..................................................................................................................................... 8

3.2.2 Kilimani ............................................................................................................................................. 9

3.2.3 Botanical Gardens ........................................................................................................................... 10

3.2.4 Binti Amrani ..................................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.5 Nyerere ........................................................................................................................................... 12

3.2.6 Mtopepo .......................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.7 Mwantenga ..................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.8 Chumbuni........................................................................................................................................ 14

3.2.9 Mwanakwerekwe ............................................................................................................................. 15

3.2.10 Sebleni ............................................................................................................................................ 17

3.2.11 Magorneni ....................................................................................................................................... 18

3.2.12 Migombani ...................................................................................................................................... 18

4.0 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 19

5.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 20

TABLES Table 1: Criteria used in the assessment of habitat integrity (Kleynhans, 1996) .............................................................. 3

Table 2: Descriptive classes for the assessment of modifications to habitat integrity (from Kleynhans, 1996) ................... 4


September 2010 Report No. 12574-9486-7 ii

Table 3: Criteria and weights used for the assessment of intermediate habitat integrity (from Kleynhans, 1996)............... 4

Table 4: Intermediate habitat integrity assessment classes/categories (Kleynhans, 1996) ............................................... 5

Table 6: Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) scores recorded during the January 2010 survey ................... 7

FIGURES Figure 1: Mnazi Mmoja showing pools of saline water. This area formed part of a lagoon that once separated

Stone town from the remainder of the island .................................................................................................. 8

Figure 2: Historical map showing the lagoon which once separated Stone town from the remainder of the island (Photograph of map in the House of Wonders Museum, Stone town) ............................................................. 9

Figure 3: Kilimani showing the extensively modified habitat at the site. The cleared area in the foreground appears to be tidal and may originally have consisted of a mangrove forest ............................................................... 10

Figure 4: Channel in Botanical Gardens ...................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 5: Binti Amrani showing impoundment created by construction of the road ......................................................... 12

Figure 6: Nyerere showing the extensive growth of the invasive alien plant species K. molesta which covers the entire surface area of the wetland ............................................................................................................... 12

Figure 7: Mtopepo showing the lowest part of the basin. The erosion of sediment from the catchment has resulted in the smothering of the wetland that may originally have been present at the site ........................................ 13

Figure 8: Mwantenga showing the explosive growth of the invasive aquatic plant S. molesta which covers the entire surface area of the site ...................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 9: Chumbuni showing proximity of homes to the standing pools of water ........................................................... 15

Figure 10: Mwanakwerekwe showing solid waste dumping site on the edge of the water and area cleared for cultivation in the right hand foreground ........................................................................................................ 16

Figure 11: Oreochromis spp. caught by local fishermen at Mwanakwerekwe ................................................................ 16

Figure 12: Sebleni showing the large amount of solid waste that has been dumped at the site ...................................... 17

Figure 13: Magorneni showing the shallow water filled depression and large amount of solid waste littering the site ...... 18

Figure 14: Migombani wetland in the south of the project area ..................................................................................... 19

APPENDICES APPENDIX A DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS


September 2010 Report No. 12574-9486-7 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION Zanzibar Urban Service Project (ZUSP) appointed Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (Golder), in its capacity as an independent consultant, to conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Zanzibar particular project.

This report presents the results of the aquatic survey that was conducted in the project area during January 2010.

1.1 Background Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but has its own legislative assembly known as the House of Representatives, an executive headed by the President of Zanzibar and governed by its own judicial system.

The need to provide rapid expansion of services across Zanzibar was recognized by the Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC). The Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) team was established by the ZMC to achieve these goals. The ZUSP proposes to undertake a municipal infrastructure upgrade project involving the development of selected urban infrastructure and enhancing the street lighting in Stone town.

The ZUSP is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve the public health and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP project proposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting and storm water management system in areas that are not well serviced.

There are three broad components to the ZUSP namely:

¡ Design and construction of Surface Water Drainage in the Ng’ambo areas;

¡ Design and implementation of a Solid Waste Management Collection System; and

¡ Upgrading of street lighting in the Stone town region.

The study area, as shown in Error! Reference source not found., is located in Zanzibar City between Stone town to the west, Darajabovu Road in the east, Zanzibar International Airport to the south and R. Mtoni Road to the north.



2.0 METHODOLOGY In order to obtain data to describe the aquatic environment, certain ecological indicators are used. The ecological indicators used during this assessment included:

Stressor Indicators

¡ In situ water quality.

Habitat Indicators

¡ Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA).

2.1 In situ water quality During the field survey field instruments were used to measure the following parameters:

¡ Dissolved Oxygen (Eutech CyberScan DO110);

¡ TDS (Eutech ECTester11 Dual Range);

¡ pH (Eutech pH Tester); and

¡ Temperature (Eutech CyberScan DO110).

2.2 Habitat Assessment Habitat assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the structure of the surrounding physical habitat that influences the quality of the water resource and the condition of the resident aquatic community (Barbour et al., 1996). Habitat quality and availability plays a critical role in the occurrence of aquatic biota. For this reason habitat assessment is conducted simultaneously with biological evaluations in order to facilitate the interpretation of results.

2.2.1 Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) The ecological integrity of a river is defined as its ability to support and maintain a balanced, integrated composition of physico-chemical and habitat characteristics, as well as biotic components on a temporal and spatial scale that are comparable to the natural characteristics of ecosystems in the region (Karr & Dudley, 1981). Habitat integrity in this sense then refers to the maintenance of a balanced, integrated composition of physico-chemical and habitat characteristics on a temporal and spatial scale that are comparable to the characteristics of natural habitats of the region (Kleynhans, 1996).

Habitat assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the structure of the surrounding physical habitat that influences the quality of the water resource and the condition of the resident aquatic community (Barbour et al., 1996).

Habitat integrity of the sites was assessed using the Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) (DWAF, 1999a). This methodology consists of a simplified procedure based on the Habitat Integrity Assessment (HIA) methodology (Kleynhans, 1996). The criteria used in the scoring of the IHIA were selected on the basis that anthropogenic modification of their characteristics can generally be regarded as the primary causes of degradation of the integrity of aquatic ecosystems (Table 1). The severity of certain modifications will, therefore, have a detrimental impact on the habitat integrity of a river (DWAF, 1999a).



Table 1: Criteria used in the assessment of habitat integrity (Kleynhans, 1996)

Criterion Relevance

Water abstraction Direct impact on habitat type, abundance and size. Also impacted in flow, bed, channel and water quality characteristics. Riparian vegetation may be influenced by a decrease in the supply of water.

Flow modification

Consequence of abstraction or regulation by impoundments. Changes in the temporal and spatial characteristics of flow can have an impact on habitat attributes such as an increase in duration of low flow season, resulting in low availability of certain habitat types or water at the start of the breeding, flowering or growing season.

Bed modification

Regarded as the result of increased input of sediment from the catchment or a decrease in the ability of the river to transport sediment Indirect indications of sedimentation are stream bank and catchment erosion. Purposeful alteration of the stream bed, e.g. the removal of rapids for navigation is also included.

Channel modification May be the result of a change in flow, which may alter channel characteristics causing a change in marginal in-stream and riparian habitat. Purposeful channel modification to improve drainage is also included

Water quality modification

Originates from point and diffuse point sources. Measured directly or agricultural activities, human settlements and industrial activities may indicate the likelihood of modification. Aggravated by a decrease in the volume of water during low or no flow conditions.

Inundation Destruction of riffle, rapid and riparian zone habitat. Obstruction to the movement of aquatic fauna and influences water quality and the movement of sediments

Exotic macrophytes Alteration of habitat by obstruction of flow and may influence water quality. Dependent upon the species involved and scale of infestation.

Exotic aquatic fauna The disturbance of the stream bottom during feeding may influence the water quality and increase turbidity. Dependent upon the species involved and their abundance.

Solid waste disposal A direct anthropogenic impact which may alter habitat structurally. Also a general indication of the misuse and mismanagement of the river.

Indigenous vegetation removal

Impairment of the buffer the vegetation forms to the movement of sediment and other catchment runoff products into the river. Refers to physical removal for farming, firewood and overgrazing.

Exotic vegetation encroachment

Excludes natural vegetation due to vigorous growth, causing bank instability and decreasing the buffering function of the riparian zone. Allochtonous organic matter input will also be changed. Riparian zone habitat diversity is also reduced.

Bank erosion

Decrease in bank stability will cause sedimentation and possible collapse of the riverbank resulting in a loss or modification of both instream and riparian habitats. Increased erosion can be the result of natural vegetation removal, overgrazing or exotic vegetation encroachment.

The assessment of the severity of modifications is based on six descriptive categories with ratings ranging from 0 (no impact), 1 to 5 (small impact), 6 to 10 (moderate impact), 11 to 15 (large impact), 16 to 20 (serious impact) and 21 to 25 (critical impact) (Table 2). A five point rating system was decided on, to facilitate scoring flexibility within a category. Scoring is guided by a description of the severity of the impact of the modification for each score (DWAF, 1999a).



Table 2: Descriptive classes for the assessment of modifications to habitat integrity (from Kleynhans, 1996)

Score Impact category Description

0 None No discernible impact, or the factor is located in such a way that it has no impact on habitat quality diversity, size and variability.

1 – 5 Small The modification is limited to a very few localities and the impact on habitat quality, diversity, size and variability is also very small.

6 – 10 Moderate The modification is present at a small number of localities and the impact on habitat quality, diversity, size and variability is also limited.

11 – 15 Large The modification is generally present with a clearly detrimental impact on quality habitat quality, diversity, size and variability. Large areas are, however, not influenced.

16 – 20 Serious The modification is frequently present and the habitat quality, diversity, size and variability almost the whole of the defined section are affected. Only small areas are not influenced.

21 – 25 Critical The modification is present overall with a high intensity; the habitat quality, diversity, size and variability in almost the whole of the defined section are detrimentally influenced.

The IHIA is based on two perspectives of the river, the riparian zone and the in-stream channel. Assessments are made separately for both aspects, but data for the riparian zone are primarily interpreted in terms of the potential impact on the in-stream component. The relative weighting of criteria remain the same as for the HIA and are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Criteria and weights used for the assessment of intermediate habitat integrity (from Kleynhans, 1996)

In-stream Criteria Weight Riparian Zone Criteria Weight

Water abstraction 14 Indigenous vegetation removal 13 Flow modification 13 Exotic vegetation encroachment 12 Bed modification 13 Bank erosion 14 Channel modification 13 Channel modification 12 Water quality 14 Water abstraction 13 Inundation 10 Inundation 11 Exotic macrophytes 9 Flow modification 12 Exotic fauna 8 Water quality 13 Solid Waste Disposal 6 Total 100 Total 100

Confidence ratings should also be provided in the tables to indicate the areas of doubt in the assessment. A four point scoring system should be applied to indicate the degree of confidence attached to all assessments. Where: 0 = no confidence, L = low confidence, M = medium confidence and H = high confidence (DWAF, 1999a).



Based on the relative weights of the criteria, the impacts of each criterion are estimated as follows:

Rating for the criterion /maximum value (25) x weight (percent) (DWAF, 1999a)

The estimated impacts of all criteria calculated in this way are summed, expressed as a percentage and subtracted from 100 to arrive at a score of habitat integrity for the in-stream and riparian components respectively (DWAF, 1999a). The scores for the in-stream and riparian zone components are then used to place the habitat integrity of both into specific intermediate habitat integrity Ecological Categories (EC). These categories are indicated in Table 4.

Table 4: Intermediate habitat integrity assessment classes/categories (Kleynhans, 1996)

Score Class (% of total) Description

90-100 A Unmodified, natural.

80-90 B Largely natural with few modifications. A small change in natural habitats and biota may have taken place but the basic ecosystem functions are essentially unchanged.

60-79 C Moderately modified. A loss and change of natural habitat and biota have occurred, but the basic ecosystem functions are still predominantly unchanged.

40-59 D Largely modified. A large loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions has occurred.

20-39 E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive.

0-19 F

Modifications have reached a critical level and the lotic system has been modified completely with an almost complete loss of natural habitat and biota. In the worst instances, basic ecosystem functions have been destroyed and the changes are irreversible.

3.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 3.1 In situ water quality In situ water quality measurements were recorded using portable field instruments and the results presented in Table 5.

This information is important to assist in the interpretation of biological results because of the direct influence water quality has on aquatic life forms.

Table 5: In situ water quality results recorded during the January 2010 results

Site DO* (mg/ℓ) pH TDS** (mg/ℓ) Temp (˚C) Mnazi Mmoja - 9.4 - 36.9 Kilimani 3.30 8.3 286.0 28.6 Botanical Gardens 0.35 7.9 1014.0 27.3 Binto Amrani 2.08 7.5 214.5 31.0 Nyerere 0.80 7.6 845.0 30.0 Mtopepo 0.00 7.8 240.5 26.8



Site DO* (mg/ℓ) pH TDS** (mg/ℓ) Temp (˚C) Mwantenga 0.48 7.3 214.5 32.6 Chumbuni - 9.8 240.5 31.0 Mwanakwerekwe - 9.6 143.0 33.3 Sebleni 0.06 9.0 227.5 29.5 Magorneni - - - - Migombani - - - - *DO – Dissolved Oxygen; ** TDS – Total Dissolved Solids; - no measurements taken due to lack of surface water or instrument malfunction

3.1.1 pH Most fresh waters are usually relatively well buffered and more or less neutral, with a pH range from 6.5 to 8.5, and most are slightly alkaline due to the presence of bicarbonates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Barbour et al, 1996). The pH target for fish health is presented as ranging between 6.5 and 9.0, as most species will tolerate and reproduce successfully within this pH range (Alabaster & Lloyd, 1982 and DWAF 1996).

The pH values collected during the January 2010 survey were generally neutral to alkaline and ranged from 7.3 to 9.8 (Table 5). It was noted that pH values > 9.0 were recorded at Mnazi Mmoja, Chumbuni and Mwanakwerekwe (Table 5). It can be expected that these values would have a limiting effect on aquatic biota.

3.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The maintenance of adequate Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations is critical for the survival and functioning of the aquatic biota as it is required for the respiration of all aerobic organisms (DWAF, 1996). Therefore DO concentration provides a useful measure of the health of an ecosystem (DWAF, 1996). The median guideline for DO for the protection of freshwater fish, determined by a variety of fish faunas is > 4 - 5 mg/ℓ (DWAF, 1996). The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water is influenced by the temperature, as the temperature of the water increases, so the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases (Davies and Day, 1998).

During the January 2010 survey DO concentrations ranged from 0.0 mg/ℓ at Mtopepo to 3.30 mg/ℓ at Kilimani (Table 5). Based on this assessment it can be concluded that DO concentrations are a limiting factor of aquatic biodiversity at all the sampling sites. It can be expected that the aquatic biota remaining at the sites consists of air-breathing taxa. The significance to aquatic biota of dissolved oxygen depletion depends on the frequency, timing and duration of such depletion (DWAF, 1996). Anthropogenic impacts that contribute to low DO concentrations include

¡ Resuspension of anoxic sediments, as a result of river floods or dredging activities; and

¡ The presence of oxidizable organic matter, either of natural origin (detritus) or originating in waste discharges, can lead to reduction in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface waters. The potential for organic wastes to deplete oxygen is commonly measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD is used as a routine measurement for effluents, and is measure of the amount of oxygen likely to be used in the degration of organic waste. However, in aquatic ecosystems it is unlikely that all organic matter will be fully oxidised.

3.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentrations of TDS in water vary owing to different mineral solubilities in different geological regions. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFS) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines stormwater should not result in contaminant concentrations exceeding local ambient water quality criteria, or

in the absence of local criteria, other sources of ambient water quality (IFC, 2007). According to the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems (DWAF, 1996) TDS concentrations should not be



changed by > 15 % from the normal cycles of the water body under unimpacted conditions at any time of the year; and the amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentrations should not be changed.

Most of the macroinvertebrate taxa that occur in streams and rivers are sensitive to salinity, with toxic effects likely to occur in sensitive species at salinities that are >1000 mg/ℓ (DWAF, 1996).

During the January 2010 survey TDS concentrations ranged from 143.0 mg/ℓ at Mwanakwerekwe to 1014.0 mg/ℓ at the Botanical Gardens (Table 5).

3.1.4 Temperature Water temperature plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems by affecting the rates of chemical reactions and therefore also the metabolic rates of organisms (DWAF, 1996). Water temperature affects the rate of development, reproductive periods and emergence time of aquatic organisms (DWAF, 2005). Temperature varies with season and the life cycles of many aquatic macroinvertebrates are cued to temperature (DWAF, 2005).

During the January 2010 survey water temperatures ranged from 26.8 to 36.9 ˚C (Table 5).

3.2 Habitat Assessment The quantity and quality of the in-stream and riparian habitat has a direct influence on aquatic biota. Evaluating the structure and functioning of an aquatic ecosystem must therefore take into account the physical habitat to assess the ecological integrity.

The in-stream and riparian IHIA classes obtained during the January 2010 survey are presented in Table 6.

These assessments are of a generalistic and broad scale nature and are only intended to provide a general indication of the condition of the concerned river reaches chosen for the purposes of this study.

Table 6: Intermediate Habitat Integrity Assessment (IHIA) scores recorded during the January 2010 survey

Site Habitat Integrity Class

Description

Mnazi Mmoja F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Kilimani F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Botanical Gardens E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

Binto Amrani E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

Nyerere F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Mtopepo F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Mwantenga F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Chumbuni F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Mwanakwerekwe F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Sebleni F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost



Site Habitat Integrity Class

Description

Magorneni F Critically modified. System has been completely modified and natural habitat and biota has been almost completely lost

Migombani E The loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem functions is extensive

The main factors influencing the habitat integrity of each of the sites are described below:

3.2.1 Mnazi Mmoja Habitat integrity at this site was rated as critically modified (IHAI Class F) (Table 6). The site consists of a shallow depression on the outskirts of Stone town (Figure 1). Historical maps of Stone town show that this area originally consisted of a lagoon that connected the entire area between Mnazi Mmoja and Mbuyuni and separated Stone town from the remainder of the island (Figure 2). During the January 2010 survey only a small part of the depression was inundated with the remainder of the site being used as a football field. According to locals this area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May).

Improved drainage is unlikely to have an impact on the ecology of this site as the site has been completely modified from its original state.

Figure 1: Mnazi Mmoja showing pools of saline water. This area formed part of a lagoon that once separated Stone town from the remainder of the island



Figure 2: Historical map showing the lagoon which once separated Stone town from the remainder of the island (Photograph of map in the House of Wonders Museum, Stone town)

3.2.2 Kilimani Based on the IHIA results habitat integrity at Kilimani has been critically modified (IHIA Class F) (Table 6). The site consists of an area that has been extensively cleared of vegetation with only a few shallow pools of water remaining (Figure 3). An existing pipeline crosses through the site and discharges in the ocean adjacent to the site. The site may originally have consisted of a tidal mangrove swamp but the habitat has been extensively modified. Improved drainage of this area is unlikely to have a significant impact on the ecology of this site as the site has been completely modified from its original state.

The possibility of rehabilitating the site and turning it into a green zone for the enjoyment of local inhabitants should be investigated.



Figure 3: Kilimani showing the extensively modified habitat at the site. The cleared area in the foreground appears to be tidal and may originally have consisted of a mangrove forest

3.2.3 Botanical Gardens Habitat integrity at the Botanical Gardens has been extensively modified (IHIA Class E) (Table 6). During the January 2010 survey a small amount of water flowed in the channel (Figure 4). According to locals the water level in the channel can increase considerably during the rainy season (April – May) with the water overtopping the channel and flooding the surrounding area extensively. The channel has been extensively modified during previous attempts at managing storm water drainage. Only a short section of channel remains un-canalised. The channel is uniform and in-stream habitat very limited. Large amounts of solid waste litters the surrounding area and stream channel. Downstream of the site the stream flows into storm water drainage system and is discharged into the ocean.

The possibility of rehabilitating the site by clearing the solid waste and re-investing in the garden should be investigated. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site by using environmental engineering techniques.



Figure 4: Channel in Botanical Gardens

3.2.4 Binti Amrani The site consists of a shallow wetland area in an urban setting (Figure 5). During the January 2010 survey the habitat integrity at the site was rated as extensively modified (IHIA Class E). An extensive loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem function is associated with this level of impairment. The site is situated in an urban setting and anthropogenic impacts are extensive. These include flow modification, water quality impairment, bed modification, channel modification, impoundment due to the raised level of the road and indigenous vegetation removal. The lack of a formal waste water treatment infrastructure in Zanzibar town results in the eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) of all the aquatic ecosystems. This has in turn resulted in the explosive growth of two highly invasive aquatic plants, Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern) at the site. Large numbers of African clawed toads (Xenopus spp.) were observed at the site. Xenopus is a genus of highly aquatic frogs native to Sub-Saharan Africa.

The possibility of rehabilitating the site by clearing the solid waste and rehabilitating the stream banks and in-stream habitats should be investigated. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site. The rehabilitation of the site will provide a green zone for use by local inhabitants.



Figure 5: Binti Amrani showing impoundment created by construction of the road

3.2.5 Nyerere Nyerere consists of a large wetland area in an urban setting (Figure 6). Local inhabitants cultivate crops around the margin. Based on the IHIA results habitat integrity at the site has been critically modified (IHIA Class F).

Figure 6: Nyerere showing the extensive growth of the invasive alien plant species K. molesta which covers the entire surface area of the wetland



Anthropogenic impacts that have contributed to the modified state of the site include flow modification, channel modification, bed modification, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), indigenous vegetation removal, exotic vegetation encroachment, solid waste disposal and bank modification. The invasive alien plant species Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern) cover the entire site.

According to locals this area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May). Improved drainage is unlikely to have an impact on the ecology of this site as the site has been completely modified from its original state.

3.2.6 Mtopepo Mtopepo consists of an inward draining depression with no outflow (Figure 7). The site is situated in an urban area. Due to sediment erosion in the catchment the central part of the depression has been filled in. Very little evidence remains of the pan or wetland which may have been present at the site. The area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May) and several homes in the lower part of the depression have been abandoned. Based on the IHIA results habitat integrity has been critically impaired (IHIA Class F).


Figure 7: Mtopepo showing the lowest part of the basin. The erosion of sediment from the catchment has resulted in the smothering of the wetland that may originally have been present at the site

3.2.7 Mwantenga Mwantenga consists of a small inward draining depression with no outflow (Figure 8). The site is situated in an urban setting and is surrounded on all sides by homes. Based on the IHIA results habitat integrity at the sites was critically modified (IHIA Class F). Impacts which have contributed to the modified state of the site include flow modification, bed modification, indigenous vegetation removal, exotic vegetation encroachment



and eutrophication. The entire surface area of the site is covered with the invasive alien plant S. molesta. According to local inhabitants the area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May).


Figure 8: Mwantenga showing the explosive growth of the invasive aquatic plant S. molesta which covers the entire surface area of the site

3.2.8 Chumbuni Chumbuni consists of a shallow depression with permanent surface water (Figure 9). According to local inhabitants this area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May). Based on the IHIA results habitat integrity at this site was critically modified with extensive loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem function. Anthropogenic impacts that have contributed to the impaired state of the site include flow modification, water quality impairment and indigenous vegetation removal.




Figure 9: Chumbuni showing proximity of homes to the standing pools of water

3.2.9 Mwanakwerekwe Mwanakwerekwe is the largest water body that was surveys during the January 2010 survey (Figure 10). The site is situated in an urban setting. Local inhabitants were seen collection water from the site for domestic use and were also fishing at the site. A local fisherman was seeing catching small Oreochromis spp. (Tilapia) with a hand-line (Figure 11). Oreochromis is a large genus of fishes endemic to Africa. The species in this genus are generally hardy and tolerant of impacts such as impaired water quality (Skelton, 2001). The species in this genus have high economic value.

Some crop cultivation (tomatoes) takes place along the margins of the water. During the January 2010 survey habitat integrity at Mwanakwerekwe was critically impaired (IHIA Class F). Impacts that affect the site include eutrophication, solid waste disposal, flow modification, channel modification, bed modification and indigenous vegetation removal. The highly eutrophic state of the site can be attributed to the lack of a formal waste water infrastructure in Zanzibar town.

The possibility should be investigated of rehabilitating the site by clearing the solid waste and rehabilitating the river banks surrounding the site. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site by implementing environmental engineering techniques.



Figure 10: Mwanakwerekwe showing solid waste dumping site on the edge of the water and area cleared for cultivation in the right hand foreground

Figure 11: Oreochromis spp. caught by local fishermen at Mwanakwerekwe



3.2.10 Sebleni Sebleni consists of a large water filled depression in the central project area (Figure 12). During the January 2010 survey habitat integrity at the site was rated as critically modified (IHIA Class F). Impacts contributing to the impaired state of the site include eutrophication, flow modification, bed modification, channel modification, solid waste disposal and indigenous vegetation removal. Local inhabitants collect water from small pits that are dug along the water’s edge. Fishermen were seen catching Clarias spp. (Catfish) at the site. Clarias is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes (Skelton, 2001). These species are generally hardy and tolerant of a wide variety of impacts including impaired water quality due to their ability to breathe air. According to local fishermen Clarias spp. is the only species that survives at the site during the dry season but the species diversity increases during the rainy season (April – May) when water levels increase and streams start to flow.

The highly eutrophic state of the site can be attributed to the lack of a formal waste water infrastructure in Zanzibar town.

The possibility should be investigated of rehabilitating the site by clearing the solid waste and rehabilitating the river banks surrounding the site. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site by implementing environmental engineering techniques.

Figure 12: Sebleni showing the large amount of solid waste that has been dumped at the site



3.2.11 Magorneni Magorneni consists of a shallow water filled depression in an urban setting. During the January 2010 survey only a small amount of water remained in the depression. According to local inhabitants this area experiences extensive flooding during the rainy season (April – May). The water at the site was highly eutrophic and large amounts of solid waste littered the site (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Magorneni showing the shallow water filled depression and large amount of solid waste littering the site

During the January 2010 survey habitat integrity at Magorneni was rated as critically impaired (IHIA Class F). Improved drainage is unlikely to have an impact on the ecology of this site as the site has been completely modified from its original state.

3.2.12 Migombani Migombani is a large wetland area in the south of the project area (Figure 14). The area is semi-urban. No open water was found at the site during the January 2010 survey but the area floods extensively during the rainy season (April – May). Crops such as maize and rice are cultivated at the site. During the January 2010 survey habitat integrity at the site was rated as extensively modified (IHIA Class E). An extensive loss of natural habitat, biota and basic ecosystem function is associated with this degree of impairment. Impacts that contribute to the impaired state of the site include indigenous vegetation removal, channel modification, bed modification and exotic vegetation encroachment.

The proposed storm water drainage system should be designed in a way that does not impede the ability of the local inhabitants to cultivate crops.



Figure 14: Migombani wetland in the south of the project area

4.0 CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the survey the following conclusions were reached:

¡ Habitat integrity at all the sites ranged from extensively modified (IHIA Class E) to critically modified (IHIA Class F). At these levels of impairment, natural habitat, biota and ecosystem function have largely been lost;

¡ The most common impacts affecting the sites are flow modification, bed modification, channel modification, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) due to nonexistent waste water treatment infrastructure, indigenous vegetation removal and the presence of invasive alien plant species especially Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) and Azolla filiculoides (Red water fern);

¡ The habitats at Chumbuni Mnazi Mmoja, Nyerere, Mtopepo, Mwantenga and Magorneni have been significantly altered and ecosystem function largely lost. Successful rehabilitation of these sites would be extremely costly due to the degree of modification, the proximity of the homes and the resultant problems with flooding. The proposed development of improved drainage is unlikely to have an impact on the ecology of these sites as the sites have been completely modified from their original states; and

¡ Rehabilitation of Kilimani, Botanical Gardens, Binti Amrani and Mwanakwerekwe should be investigated. The proposed upgrading of the storm water drainage should be conducted in a way that contributes to the rehabilitation of the site by employing environmental engineering techniques.



5.0 REFERENCES ALABASTER JS & LLOYD R. 1982. Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish. Cambridge University Press

BARBOUR MT, GERRITSEN J, WHITE JS. 1996. Development of the stream condition index (SCI) for Florida. Prepared for Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida.

DAVIES B & DAY J.1998. Vanishing Waters. University of Cape Town Press.

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY. 1996. South African Water Quality Guidelines. Volume 7: Aquatic Ecosystems.

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY. 2005. River Ecoclassification: Manual for Ecostatus Determination. First Draft for Training Purposes. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

DWAF. 1999a. Intermediate habitat integrity assessment for use in the rapid and intermediate assessments. Resource Directed Measures for the Protection of Water Resources. Volume 3: River Ecosystems. Version 1.0. River Applications R4: Version 1.0. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.

IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2007. Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. General EHS Guidelines: Environmental Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EHSGuidelines

KARR, J.R. and. DUDLEY.D.R. 1981. Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5: 55-68.

KLEYNHANS CJ. 1996. A qualitative procedure for the assessment of the habitat integrity status of the Luvuvhu River (Limpopo System, South Africa) Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5:41-54.

GOLDER ASSOCIATES AFRICA (PTY) LTD

P Kimberg M Thomas Divisional Leader Ecology Reviewer

PK/MT/pk

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07 Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling, SM Manyaka

g:\projects\12574 - esia for zanzbar urban services project\specialist reports\aquatics\12574-9486-7_aquatic ecosystems assessment - sep 2010.docx

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EHSGuidelines



APPENDIX A DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS



DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS

This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Africa Pty Ltd (“Golder”) subject to the following limitations:

i) This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golder’s proposal and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any other purpose.

ii) The scope and the period of Golder’s Services are as described in Golder’s proposal, and are subject to restrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions or circumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expressly indicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that any determination has been made by Golder in regards to it.

iii) Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder was retained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatory locations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed by the investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly, additional studies and actions may be required.

iv) In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided in this Document. Golder’s opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the production of the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than an opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assess the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws or regulations.

v) Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sources and the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actual conditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document.

vi) Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others.

vii) The Client acknowledges that Golder may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with Golder to provide Services for the benefit of Golder. Golder will be fully responsible to the Client for the Services and work done by all of its sub-consultants and subcontractors. The Client agrees that it will only assert claims against and seek to recover losses, damages or other liabilities from Golder and not Golder’s affiliated companies. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it will not have any legal recourse, and waives any expense, loss, claim, demand, or cause of action, against Golder’s affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors.

viii) This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professional advisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any person other than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this Document.


Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd 25 Main Avenue Florida Roodepoort South Africa T: [+27] (11) 672 0666

ZUSP ESIA


APPENDIX F Social Impact Assessment Report

June 2010

ZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT

Social Impact Assessment(“Swimming against the tide” – the challenges associated with unplannedhuman settlement and seasonal flooding in the Ng’ambo area of the City ofZanzibar)

REPO

RT

Report Number: 12574-9466-5Distribution:1 Copy - ZUSP1 Copy - GAA Library

Submitted to:Zanzibar Urban Services Project

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - ZANZIBAR URBANSERVICES PROJECT

June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 i

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1

2.0 CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 2

3.0 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................... 4

4.0 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES.............................................................................. 4

5.0 SOCIAL BASELINE............................................................................................................................................ 5

5.1 Socio-economic context .......................................................................................................................... 5

5.2 Flooding and drainage ............................................................................................................................ 8

5.3 Solid waste management...................................................................................................................... 12

6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................... 13

6.1 Proposed drainage system.................................................................................................................... 13

6.2 Impacts during construction .................................................................................................................. 17

6.3 Impacts during operations..................................................................................................................... 17

7.0 MITIGATING MEASURES................................................................................................................................. 22

8.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................. 22

9.0 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................. 23

Figures

Figure 2-1: Social impact assessment study area......................................................................................................... 3

Figure 3-1: Enumerators conducting interviews ............................................................................................................. 4

Figure 5-1: Enumerators conducting interviews ............................................................................................................ 6

Figure 5-2: Solid waste disposal in urban areas ............................................................................................................ 8

Figure 5-3: Construction in wet areas............................................................................................................................ 8

Figure 5-4: Collar around house foundation................................................................................................................. 10

Figure 5-5: Typical retainer wall around access door ................................................................................................... 11

Figure 5-6: Existing solid waste management system - Skip ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 5-7: Existing drainage with collection grid ......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 6-1: System C – upgrade of existing infrastructure............................................................................................ 14

Figure 6-2: System C – area of flooding in Shaurimoyo ............................................................................................... 14

Figure 6-3: System C – proposed route of drainage pipe in Mwatenga......................................................................... 14

Figure 6-4: System D – area of flooding in Muungano ................................................................................................. 14

Figure 6-5: System D – rehabilitation of existing infrastructure in Mwembenjugu .......................................................... 14


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 ii

Figure 6-6: System G – proposed route of drainage pipe in Karakana.......................................................................... 14

Figure 6-7: System E – existing channel in Migombani ................................................................................................ 15

Figure 6-8: System E – flooded area in Migombani...................................................................................................... 15

Figure 6-9: System E – existing system with pedestrian crossing in Jangombe ............................................................ 15

Figure 6-10: System E – proposed pipeline route in Magomeni.................................................................................... 15

Figure 6-11: System E – affected building (Mosque).................................................................................................... 15

Figure 6-12: System E – proposed pipeline route in Mpendae ..................................................................................... 15

Figure 6-13: System F – vast flooding area used as sporting grounds.......................................................................... 16

Figure 6-14: System G – stagnant water in flooding area in Karakana.......................................................................... 16

Figure 6-15: System H – stagnant water in deep flooded area in Mwanakwerekwe....................................................... 16

Figure 6-16: System I – existing water course to be lined ............................................................................................ 16

Figure 6-17: An existing surface water drain in Shaurimoyo........................................................................................ 17

Appendices

APPENDIX AData Dictionary Guide

APPENDIX BFocus Group Guide

APPENDIX CQualitative Interview Guide


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 1

1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve thepublic health and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP projectproposes to contribute to the improvement of the stormwater drainage system as well as the existing solidwaste collection system in the densely populated and largely unplanned suburban areas of Zanzibar City(referred to as Ng’ambo), and street lighting in the Stone Town area. Basic solid waste management andstorm water drainage systems have been implemented during previous phases of this initiative.

Zanzibar comprises of the two main islands of Pemba (the smaller island) and Unguja. Zanzibar City issituated on the west coast of Unguja island at the centre of the island and is the capital of Zanzibar. StoneTown, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000, is the historical part Zanzibar City with a uniquecharacter representing the historical influence of different eras during which Zanzibar functioned primarily asa trading port. The restoration of historical buildings is aimed at preserving the rich history of the island,which has in recent years also become an international tourist destination. In light of the preservation ofStone Town as an ancient historical site and in view of its tourist attraction, the Zanzibar Municipal Council isplanning to upgrade the street lighting in the area. The original layout of the town has been maintainedduring the ongoing restorative work and the area is still characterised by winding narrow streets lined bymulti-storey buildings. During daytime, the town is a hub of activity. General trading stores and markets,tourist facilities and an assortment of business and government offices attract scores of people from all walksof life to the town. It also has a vibrant night life. The upgrading of street lighting will make the area moreaccessible for tourists and improve the general visibility and safety in the area at night.

In contrast, the Ng’ambo area, on the other side of the old Darajani Creek which used to separate it fromStone Town, is the dormitory of Zanzibar City, densely populated and largely unplanned in terms of housing,infrastructure and services. Moreover, the area has numerous low lying areas (land depressions), naturalstreams and wetlands which have been largely disregarded by those settling in the area. The result is thathouses are occasionally flooded during the wet season (between March and May and between October andDecember) and streets are regularly transformed into spontaneous stormwater canals due to excessivewater runoff. Stagnant water is a permanent feature in many subareas which breeds mosquitoes and givesrise to a range of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and bilharzias.

Poor management of solid waste in this densely populated area has aggravated the stormwater drainagesystem. A few formalised areas for solid waste disposal have been demarcated in subareas, but arepresently not well maintained. As a result, the area is generally littered and the limited stormwater drainageis often obstructed by solid waste that is washed into natural water collection areas during the wet season.Lack of waste management by the municipal authority seems to have given rise to a general apathy towardsmaintaining a clean and safe living environment and is the cause of a range of preventable diseases,especially among children.

In order to improve the Ng’ambo area, the ZUSP is planning to expand the stormwater drainage system tobetter direct the flow of water within and between subareas and to drain excessive stormwater out of thesubareas eventually for discharge into the sea. For this to be successful, the ZUSP is also planning toimplement a robust solid waste collection system. The expected outcome of these interventions is reducedflooding of housing and open spaces and a cleaner environment, free from solid waste material.

The ZUSP is funded by the World Bank who has defined this as a Category A project which means a projectwhich is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse orunprecedented1. In a social environment, sensitive impact refers, amongst other, to displacement orresettlement of people as a result of the project. It is envisaged that the implementation of the stormwaterdrainage system will require minimal resettlement of affected households and compensation fordisplacement of assets. Onsite construction supervision could eliminate the need for any resettlement.

1 World Bank, 1999. Operational Manual 4.01 – Environmental Assessment.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 2

To assess the impact that the project will have on the social environment, ZUSP has appointed GolderAssociates Africa (Golder) to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The SocialImpact Assessment (SIA), which will form part of the overall ESIA, is aimed at identifying the potential socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures to avoid or ameliorate adverse socio-economic impacts andenhance positive ones. This report contains the findings of the assessment.

2.0 CONTEXT AND BACKGROUNDThe project area (see Figure 2-1) is defined as Stone Town (in respect of the street lighting upgrade) and theNg’ambo area. The latter consists of several smaller subareas (shehias or village councils) which areadministered by a Sheha. Shehias in the project area include Karakana, Sebleni, Magogeni, Magomeni,Mpendae, Lurusi (Botanic Garden), and Shaurimoyo. Most of these subareas are affected by poorstormwater drainage and occasional flooding as well as an inadequate solid waste management system.

The governance structures in these areas is based on a complicated dual-system of decentralisedadministration and elected councils. Zanzibar City is part of the Mjini (Urban) district in the Urban WestRegion. According to the 2002 Census, Zanzibar Municipality had 40 shehias. Each shehia is governed bya Shehia Advisory Council which is supposed to be composed of a minimum of 12 members – all appointedby the Sheha himself in consultation with the District Commissioner. A Sheha (the person governing ashehia) has the following responsibilities2:

� Implementation of all the Government laws, orders, policies and directives, for maintenance of law andorder;

� Reconciliation and settlement of all social and family disputes arising in that area in accordance with thecultural and customary values of that area and wisdom;

� Keeping records of all documents relating to the registration of marriage, divorce, births and deaths,ngoma permits, transportation of crops, livestock, charcoal permits and so forth as directed from time totime by the institutions concerned;

� The control of immigration in his Shehia and keeping records thereof;

� Receiving notification for convening all public meetings;

� To do all other things which are legal and has been assigned to him by the District Commissioner; and

� In the absence of police he can order arrests.

Interviews with several government officials as well as some Shehas confirmed the important role they play,for instance in the administration of local affairs including land and housing. In fact, every field visit waspreceded by a visit to the local Sheha to gain permission to enter the area prior to interviewing residents inhis area of jurisdiction. Many a time the Sheha or his delegated representative (presumably from the ShehiaAdvisory Council) would accompany the team during the field visit during which he played a pivotal role inpresenting the team’s credentials to local householders. All activities that directly affect his constituencyhave to be presented to him and receive his approval before it can be implemented.

From an urban planning perspective the project area (Ng’ambo) is largely unplanned. The reasons for thisare well documented3 and appear to have been caused by a rapid influx of people after the announcement oftrade liberation in the late 1970s and early 1980s as well as the lack of administrative capacity andprocedures to absorb these immigrants on the urban fringes. The land management capacity is still notadequate to handle the continuing influx of people and pressure on land remains exceptionally high.

2 Regional Administration Authority Act, Act No. 1 of 1998.3 Ali MH & Sulaiman MS, 2006.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 3

Figure 2-1: Social impact assessment study area


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 4

3.0 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGYData was primarily sourced through two activities, namely a desktop study and fieldwork. During the desktopstudy relevant available documents and other information was reviewed including government statisticalpublications and reports on topics relevant to the project areas. Fieldwork consisted of a quantitativehousehold survey (50 structured interviews were conducted), interviews with key informants/stakeholders,focus group discussions with project affected people and qualitative data collection (175 householdinterviews were conducted). Fieldwork was conducted during January/February and during May/June 2010.The household quantitative survey and focus group discussions were conducted during January/February,before the start of the summer wet season and the qualitative interviews were conducted during May andJune, at the end of the wet season. (The summer wet season is generally defined as the months of March toMay with average monthly rainfall of 280mm and the first spring rainfall occurs usually during November andDecember with a slightly lower average monthly rainfall of 177mm4.)

Eight local field surveyors were trained and deployed for the survey and qualitative interviews. The surveyfocused on household demographic data while the qualitative interviews were designed to elicit responsesabout experiences related to flooding. Focus group discussions were used to interact with communitymembers and to determine their general perceptions and attitudes about the proposed project. Discussiontopics distinguished between construction and operational phases of the stormwater management system,and focused on experiences of flooding and issues around solid waste disposal. Seven focus groupdiscussions were held.

Approximately 20 key informant interviews were undertaken with officials from government ministries, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community based organisation (CBOs).

Figure 3-1: Enumerators conducting interviews

4.0 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINESThe Terms of Reference for this SIA made reference to the following legislation and guidelines:

� Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01 – World Bank);

� Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11 – World Bank);

� Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992; and

� Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996.

4 Calculated from technical data presented in the Engineering Component 1.2 Final Design Report compiled by Gauff Ingenieure, February 2010. Averages have been calculatedfrom data between 2004 and 2009 inclusive.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 5

The legislative and operational environment dictates that affected communities in the project area areidentified and consulted during the ESIA process and that significant changes in the social environment aredescribed and mitigated. A key directive is that planned activity must be conducted in a sustainable manner,taking cognisance of the needs of the present population and future generations.

5.0 SOCIAL BASELINEThe social baseline provides a summary of the wider socio-demographic context of the proposed project aswell as a description of the present flooding and water drainage conditions and the solid waste managementsystem.

5.1 Socio-economic contextBaseline data has been gleaned from the 2004/5 Household Budget Survey which was published by theOffice of the Chief Government Statistician of Zanzibar in September 20065, as well as the 2002 Populationand Housing Census6, and is complemented by data collected during the household survey conductedduring January 2010 by the field team. Other sources are referenced in the text.

The Urban District had a population of 205,870 in 2002 with a slightly higher female population. Theaverage household size was 5.4 while the Household Budget Survey (HBS) calculated an average urbanhousehold size of 5.9. The annual growth rate recorded by the 2002 Census was 4.5%7 in the Urban WestRegion, considerably higher than the 3.1% recorded for Zanzibar–Unguja as a whole. However, this figurefalls to 1.9% for the Urban District within which the project is located, whose population was estimated at247,733 in 2007.

The Urban West Region has an extremely high population density of 1,700 people / km², compared to 400people / km² for Zanzibar–Unguja as a whole. These figures indicate one of the highest population densitiesin Africa. The Republic of Tanzania for example has a population density of 39 people / km². The two majorlanguages are English and Kiswahili and the predominant religion in Zanzibar is Islam.

In 2005, 16% of urban-based household heads had no education while 26% had achieved a level ofeducation from Standard 5 to Standard 8 and 43% had achieved the OSC-Form 4 level. While the results forthe Urban district were very similar, data for the rural areas showed a stark contrast with 43% of ruralhousehold heads having had no formal education and only 23% having achieved an OSC-Form 4 level ofeducation. The HBS also found that educational facilities were readily available in urban centres whichcontributed to the Net Enrolment Ratio of about 90% at basic education and primary education levels in theUrban District and 44% at secondary education level.

The level of education for the surveyed households (refer to Figure 5-1) is corroborated by the regional anddistrict trend with most of the surveyed population to the age of 44 having attained an OSC-Form 4 level ofeducation or below. It was found that a larger percentage of females had no education compared to males.This can be attributed to the cultural pressures many young women face with regards to marriage andhousehold responsibilities8.

In 2005, the Household Budget Survey found that 9% of the population of the Urban District had sufferedfrom an illness or injury in the preceding 4 weeks, the majority of whom were between the ages of 0-4 andover 65. Nineteen percent of the population in Zanzibar reported illness or injury in the 4 weeks precedingthe survey. Malaria was the most common illness reported in urban areas, with nearly 80% of children under15 and 67% of those over the age of 15 reporting the illness.

5 RGZ, 2006. Final Report - 2004/5 Household Budget Survey.6 United Republic of Tanzania, 2004. 2002 Population and Housing Census.7 An official in the urban planning department of the Department of Lands and Registration indicated during an interview on 20.05.2010 that the actual growth rate in the Zanzibar Cityarea is in the order of 5% per annum – far beyond the department’s ability to plan land development, infrastructure and services.8 Growing up in Zanzibar. (n.d.)Accessed from http://s4siunc.org/meet_our_scholars/growing_up_in_zanzibar on 15.02.2010


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0-4 5-9 10-15 15-19 20-44 45-64 Over65

Further Education

Form 5-6

OSC Form 4

Standard 5-8

Standard 1-4

Below education age

No education

According to the Household Budget Survey, most homesteads were within 2km of a health centre, and theUrban District had the highest rate (37%) of consulting a Referral Hospital for illness in Zanzibar (comparedto the country average of 11%). However, far less people used a Primary Health Care Unit in the Urban

District (29% comparedto the average of 46%)indicating easier accessto health care facilities9.

In the project area, 10%of the respondentsreported having malariaand 8% havingdiarrhoea in the monthpreceding the survey.While several Shehasmade mention ofmalaria preventionprogrammes in theirarea, one of the rootcauses for the highprevalence of malaria isthe constant presence ofwater aroundhomesteads.

Zanzibar's majoreconomic sectors

include agriculture, trade and industries, and tourism. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy largely dueto the clove industry, which is the main foreign currency earner for the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.Around 24% of the total population is employed in farming or livestock keeping, with a further 4% in fishing.However, these economic activities are largely concentrated in rural areas.

The main employment opportunities in the Urban District are in the government sector (13%), or self-employment without employees (16%). The percentage of housewives without economic activity (20%)reflects the social value that is placed on women as homemakers and primary caregivers. The highpercentage of students (22%) corroborates the previously discussed access to educational facilities. Themost commonly reported secondary activity in the Urban District was farming or keeping livestock (14% ofthe population). The high concentration of people in the project area has a limiting effect on agriculturalopportunities and only in the more formally planned (and more spacious) areas was there evidence of fruittrees and vegetable plots in homesteads.

The Urban District has the largest proportion of homesteads whose main source of income is cash wages(43%) and 23% of homesteads reported owning a business. The 2004 Business Census indicated a growthin family-owned businesses of 45% since 2001 and 93% of the businesses in the Urban District, the majorityin the wholesale and retail trade sector, were family owned and 84% of these businesses had less than 5employees10. The project survey showed that 47% of households were self-employed and 14% wereengaged in wage-employment. There was ample evidence of small business trading in the project arearanging from small supermarkets to specialised carpenter business, home-based tailors and street hawkersselling fruit, vegetables and other daily domestic consumables.

The district also has the largest proportion of homesteads (13%) participating in savings or current accountsin Zanzibar compared to the national average of 6%. The district also has the highest rate of formal bank

9 Household Budget Survey 2005, Accessed at http://www.ocgs.go.tz/download.html on 18.01.201010 Business Census 2004. Accessed at http/www.ocgs.go.tz, on 22.05/2010

Figure 5-1: Educational attainment in project area


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 7

loans, with 3% of homesteads reporting taking out a loan in the 12 months preceding the Household BudgetSurvey compared to the average of about 2%. Access to cash wages, exposure to small businessmanagement and the use of financial facilities are indicative of financial literacy in the project area.

In addition, homesteads in the Urban District have the highest levels of expenditure in Zanzibar. In 2005, themean total homestead expenditure for 28 days was Tsh 175,250 ($13011), compared to the national averageof Tsh 117,151 ($87). Around 48% of expenditure is on food and 18% on housing, water, fuel and power.These figures are slightly lower than national averages due to the higher income rates of the Urban District;the mean annual cash income from employment is almost twice the national average.

The Urban District has the highest percentage of dwellings constructed of modern materials, with 93% ofhouses having a modern roof and non-earth floor, and 74% having modern walls. Around 72% of urbanhomesteads are owner occupied and 14% live without paying rent. Housing was built with durable wallingand roofing materials generally indicating permanency. Areas that were partially planned seemed to attractbetter housing and residential plots were also generally larger (many plots in Mpendae, for instance, had fruittrees and small crops (e.g. cassava)).

Ownership is in terms of the right to occupy which is granted in perpetuity under the Land Tenure Act (1992).All land is owned by the state and cannot be transferred. However, the growing market in the informalsettlement areas suggests that the right of occupancy is transferrable (at least informally) although none ofthese transactions would be registered by the Lands Department. In law, Right of Occupancy is separatefrom the right to own trees and it is possible to own the right to trees on a plot which is not occupied by theowner of the trees. The extent of this practice has not been established in the project area, but needs to beconsidered when formulating an appropriate resettlement framework.

Around 67% of homesteads have electricity connections in the Urban District, the highest figure in Zanzibarand many rural areas have no electricity at all. The main source of fuel used for cooking is either charcoal(49%) or wood (44%) in urban areas. For lighting, homesteads report using either electricity (57%) or paraffin(42%) in urban areas. The continued use of firewood may have long-term implications for the environment.

The majority of homesteads in the Urban District use a pit latrine (72%) as their main form of sanitation,followed by a flush toilet (25%). Only 1% of the population in the district have no toilet facilities; a much lowerfigure than the average for Zanzibar (28%) and rural areas where more than 74% of homesteads have notoilet facilities. Sanitation facilities are generally available in the project area, albeit basic pit latrines.Flooding has a negative impact on these ‘dry systems’ and many homesteads that were visited showedsigns of recent flooding of the compound including sanitation facilities.

The overall goal of the government is to ensure that all homesteads in Zanzibar have access to safe drinkingwater within reasonable distance. Adequate access to clean and safe water contributes to improved healthstatus, reducing exposure to waterborne diseases.

Around 71% of homesteads in the Zanzibar Municipality have access to piped water or depend on protectedsources. Urban homesteads have more access to water from piped systems than rural areas. Piped water isavailable either within the housing unit, outside the housing unit or via the community supply. The UrbanDistrict has the highest level (55%) of private piped water by means of a house connection and a further 27%of homesteads have piped water in the yard.

11 Based on an exchange rate of Tsh1,350.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 8

Solid waste management in theproject area is a considerablehazard to the health of thepopulation and the (future)functioning of the stormwaterdrainage systems. In 2005,households either used a refusepit outside of the compound(27%) or disposed of their refuseoutside the homesteadcompound (25%) (see Figure5-2). National figures forZanzibar are a clear reflection ofthe limited management andimplementation of waste disposalmechanisms with 46% ofhomesteads disposing of theirdomestic refuse outside thecompound. In the project area,unmanaged refuse disposal

causes regular obstruction of the stormwater drainage systems. Domestic refuse is disposed randomlyoutside the compound and it appeared that flood-prone areas are also treated as de facto waste disposalareas. During the wet season waste is washed through the presently unplanned drainage paths leaving atrail of refuse.

5.2 Flooding and drainageStormwater drainage in the Ng’ambo area is particularly poor for a number of reasons. The unplannedhuman settlement which has been sparked by an unprecedented rate of urbanisation linked to the provisionof housing to the poor under the former socialist regime, has contributed to the occurrence of flooding in thearea. The initial planning of residential areas with basic urban services soon gave rise to spontaneousinformal squatting around planned areas. First, squatters anticipated an extension of the planned areas tothe squatter areas and therefore the extension of basic services to their plots. Second, their proximity tobasic services provided the opportunity to create (informal) services network extensions into unplannedareas. As the rate of influx of families to the urban centrewas far greater than the ability of the various planninginstitutions to release serviced residential plots toimmigrants from the rural areas, families made their ownresidential arrangements. The present density of theresidential areas is a clear reflection of the growingdemand for serviced sites and the lack of planning capacityat municipal and ministerial level. What was once deemedillegal action has become the de facto procedure for urbansettlement, with serious consequences to the ecologicaland human environment.

Informal settlement patterns showed a total disregard forthe ecological environment. The only matter that seemedto have been considered was to find a ‘plot of dry land’ onwhich a basic housing structure was built. Severalhouseholds indicated during the interviews that the area was free of flooding when they settled there.However, the increasing demand for residential plots resulted in a gradual infilling of every available openspace with housing. Natural water courses and drainage paths were being obstructed; the high density oftop structures diminished the natural capacity of the ground surface to absorb water and increased the

Figure 5-2: Solid waste disposal in urban areas

Figure 5-3: Construction in wet areas

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 9

amount of run-off in the areas; wetland areas were turned into residential plots. The net result is excessiveflows of water through densely occupied areas and the formation of permanent and seasonal water ponds inbuilt-up areas.

Householders were asked about the frequency of flooding between January and June 2010 to get anindication of the extent of hardship they have to deal with every year. Forty-seven percent of respondentshad experienced a single flooding during the period, 33% had experienced flooding twice and 20% morethan three times. In addition, 34% of respondents indicated that it took less than a day for the water torecede, 30% said it took between one and two days and 18% indicated they waited up to three days for thewater to recede. The remainder indicated longer periods for the water to recede to normal levels, but thesecould also be confused with their time of absence. Many respondents indicated that they vacated theirhomes for longer periods when they thought that the rain was going to persist (with intervals) for severaldays or weeks. A male householder from Karakana said the following:

“When floods occur at night or when I am at work, I call my friend who is also my neighbour to keepmy belongings safe. Sometimes the floods last for 3 weeks and I will leave for three weeks and goto Shaurimoyo”.

A female householder from Mwatenga explained her plan of action in relation to flooding of her home asfollows:

“Before the water enters the house, I start to take my things outside the house; when the floodinghappens at night, I leave all things inside and first protect my family by taking them to my relative notfar from home. They will sleep there till the morning and return to take some of their belongingsaway and tie other things up inside after which they will lock the house and leave until the water is‘finished’”.

A female householder in Magomeni expressed herself as follows:

“When it starts raining, I start collecting our belongings together and keep them close to me.Sometimes I am alone at home. When the water starts entering the house, I will put some of ourbelongings onto the ceiling while I take the rest to my neighbour where we will stay while watchingthe house being flooded. We all leave the house when it gets flooded, no-one remains inside”.

It is apparent that households in flood-prone areas are under great strain during the wet season. They live inconstant dread of hardship, having to protect and move furniture, utensils and personal belongings, takingcare of children and bringing families to a safe place. On the other hand, neighbours, friends and relativesare regularly invaded by these families, having to share their limited space and means under unfavourableweather conditions. As one respondent explained: “we are Muslim so we share when people face hardship”.Others were less noble about their assistance and complained that ‘things break’ when one shares their littlespace with neighbours.

Flooding occurs in different ways. Certain streets and pathways become water ways for runoff rainwater.Excessive rain (in some areas even the slightest down pour) transforms narrow paths into torrents that carryalong sand and debris which gradually erodes the ground surface as well as the buildings along its path. Insome parts, notably Mwatenga, where houses have been built on very steep gradients, residents experiencesevere runoff during rainfall which occasionally causes flooding for the duration of the downpour. Severalhouseholders mentioned the loss of possessions due to the rapid speed with which water rushes down theseslopes, through the compound and downstream. The sheer force of water has caused several house wallsand stand-alone structures such as latrines to collapse. Structural damage to dwellings and latrines is themost common loss that households suffer as a result of the flooding. It cost the 57 respondents who wereable to provide the cost of repairs and replacement of broken furniture and fittings an average of Tsh411,825 ($305) to repair the structural damage or to replace lost property and damaged furniture. Manymentioned that they had not repaired the damage due to lack of financial means. Two female householdersin Nyerere explained:


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 10

“We are mostly affected by cracked walls, damaged beds and the floor. All this damage we neededto repair and we spent Tsh 200,000 to repair the house”.

“One day, my house had collapsed on one side and the door was broken. The walls of the other partwere cracked, the carpet was destroyed and the latrine was broken by the force of the water. I havenow decided to rebuild the walls and I also want to build the walls higher, because I need to bend toget in through the door”. (This suggests that apart from the damage, the house is gradually sinkingas the area gets waterlogged.)

Water collects in low areas (natural depressions) to create puddles, ponds and dams. In some areas, theseponds have become permanent features and are overgrown with aquatic plants. Dwellings in the immediatevicinity become surrounded by water and eventually flood during heavy rainfall. Depending on the extent ofthe catchment area, it can take several weeks before water recedes to levels that allow householders toreturn to their homes. . Homesteads inside these water filled depressions are therefore often vacated duringthe wet season and in some areas have been permanently abandoned. It was difficult to assess fromobservation how many houses are affected by flooding. While there are clear signs of moist and mould onwalls (householders in many areas pointed to the level the water had reached before) many houses are alsoaffected by rising damp. Furthermore, not everyone is equally affected by flooding and several householdshad escaped the hardship this year due to a lower than usual rainfall.

Flooding does not only refer to the inundation of houses, but also of streets and other open spaces. Forinstance, Mpendae, with better planned and considerably wider streets, still faces flooding of the streetsduring heavy rainfall and make these areas impassable at least for a day after the rains have ceased.Houses in this area are generally not affected by flooding, with the exception where these are lower than thesurrounding roads and built close to natural wetlands. In densely built-up areas, flooding of houses occurdue to the volume of water that passes through narrow streets that are transformed into water ways. Duringthe 2004-tsunami water reached roof height in some areas. However, most flooding appears to be betweenankle and waist height (locally measured as ‘covering the floor’ and ‘just below the window’), depending onthe location of the dwelling.

According to the interviews with affected households, flooding affects them in different ways:

� Several houses were built partly or completely in a waterway(although this was in some instances noted as an unintendedresult of subsequent building activities in the neighbourhood)and acted as a deposit area for sand and landslides. Theeffect of the build-up of sand around the house made it moreprone to flooding because of the raised surface area aroundthe house.

� Rapid water runoff erodes pathways as well as buildings andmany houses showed evidence of recent repair to externalwall plaster.

� Debris and heavy objects that are transported by the water hascaused damage to perimeter and house walls.

� Households have lost clothes, kitchenware and otherbelongings that were swept away by the water.

� Furniture, such as lounge and bedroom suites and mattressesare being damaged due to exposure to water.

� Sanitation facilities in several areas are flooded and overflowinto the homestead living spaces and beyond.

Figure 5-4: Collar around housefoundation


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 11

� Several households have lost a life to drowning or waterborne diseases.

In order to cope with this situation, various strategies are being employed to avoid or minimise the negativeimpacts. Most of these strategies come at a cost and for households that experience flooding of theirhomes, these costs are incurred annually.

� Houses alongside waterways were supported by a concrete collar at the base of the wall or exposedfoundation to create a channel for the water and protect the walls against erosion.

� In order to avoid water entering through the access door to the homestead, numerous households hadbuilt a retainer wall around the door. Several residents that were interviewed indicated that this was asufficient buffer when they experienced a mild downpour, butthey were not able to avoid flooding in this way during heavyrainfall. The cost of such structures was estimated byhouseholds between $40 and $115.

� Households that had experienced scouring of a wall due tosevere water runoff repaired the damage to (in someinstances unplastered) brick with new plaster, or by placingbricks or sand bags against the wall to avoid further erodingof the wall. Most houses were built from home-made cementbricks and damage to walls was especially experiencedwhere the quality of the brick was poor.

� Where water runoff is experienced on opposite sides of thehomestead, short retainer walls are constructed that linkhomesteads wall-to-wall to direct the water past their homes.The height of retainer walls is restricted to the extent thathouseholders need to climb over these barriers to accesstheir homesteads.

� During flooding, householders go as far as removing theirbelongings (including furniture items) from their homes forstorage at a neighbour’s or relative’s home. It was observedthat directly affected households had very few belongings. Households with more extensive assets tieditems onto roof trusses or placed their belongings on top of ceiling boards or cupboards to keep it awayfrom water. Householders complained that the constant removal of belongings reduced the lifespan oftheir assets and several mentioned that items such as beds and chairs had to be repaired or replaceddue to structural damage.

� A small number of households had the opportunity to move away from the area for several weeksduring the wet season to avoid the flooding and for their safety. Not everyone lives close enough towilling friends or relatives to move out of their flooded homes for extended periods and their vacating ofthe homestead was only a temporary safety measure for the duration of the flooding of their homes.Many householders mentioned that the water would recede as soon as the rain stopped, but somehomes – especially those closer to water collection areas – experienced stagnant water in their homesfor much longer.

The impact of the present situation on households is significant. Not only do they experience danger to theirlives, loss or damage to their moveable and immovable assets and generally poor and unhealthy livingconditions, households also do not have the opportunity to permanently escape this situation. Apart from thefact that many households have lived in the area for many years and have their emotional roots and socialnetworks in these neighbourhoods, they also bemoan the fact that suitable land is unavailable and the costof rebuilding their home elsewhere is prohibitive – especially considering that their current housing asset hasno market value. Shehas in the area confirmed the pressure on land. While they acknowledge the

Figure 5-5: Typical retainer wallaround access door


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 12

existence of an informal land market, the limited availability of land has ‘forced’ people to settle in areas thatare unsuitable for human habitation. The options for voluntary relocation are minimal.

5.3 Solid waste managementWhile refuse removal is a responsibility of the Zanzibar Municipal Council, the Ng’ambo area is largelyneglected in this respect. A consistent feature of the area is the random littering of domestic refuse. Refuseis presently disposed of outside homesteads, on ‘sidewalks’and in open areas (often areas that are prone to flooding),even inside abandoned and incomplete buildings. Somebury the waste in their yard or in common areas whileothers burn their waste at informal dumping sites. The FinalAssessment and Design Report for a Solid WasteManagement Strategy12 (subcomponent 1.3 of the ZUSPproject) indicated the presence of 70 informal sites whichequalled the number of formal disposal sites. Onehouseholder in Karakana explained his domestic wastecollection and disposal system as follows:

“I collect the domestic waste in plastic bags at homeand when these are full, I dispose of it outside thecompound a few minutes away. No one cleans thissite. The way we dispose of our waste is not a goodsystem because we cause a lot of disease. Also, there is always a bad smell in the area and when itrains, water dams up due to the waste until it reaches my house”.

Or, as another householder explained: “when the rains come, the waste is washed back to my house again”,clearly exposing the problems they face with regard to their domestic waste. One female householder

explained a very practical constraint: “I cannot walk far [to the skipa distance away from her house in Mpendae] because my childrenare still young”. The absence of a responsible waste managementauthority in the area combined with the hardships that householdsface has created a dilemma in respect of environmental healthand safety, as one female householder explained: “the dumpingarea is far and I do not like sending my children, because whenthey get to the dumping site they play on top of the waste”. Manyhouseholders acknowledged that their waste disposal system isnot good for the environment and a hazard to humans, but thenresponded:”...what can we do? There is no skip or slab in ourstreet and nowhere else to take our garbage”. Many streets arelittered to the extent that the path surface consists almost entirelyof compressed layers of dirt.

During the wet season, this dirt is washed away and randomlydisplaced in areas further downstream or deposited back intohomesteads. Existing drainage systems are obstructed by thecollection of waste and no longer function properly, exacerbatingthe water drainage challenges described above. It also adds tothe health hazards that are experienced from stagnant water.

Fungus was mentioned as a common disease by householders in all areas followed by malaria anddiarrhoea. Children are for obvious reasons especially exposed to diseases associated with stagnant andpolluted water and decomposing waste. The occasional flooding of domestic sanitation facilities furtheraggravates the situation.

12 Final Assessment and Design Report for a Solid Waste Management Strategy for the Zanzibar Municipal Council, Division of Sewerage, Drainage and Solid Waste, May 2010.

Figure 5-6: Existing solid wastemanagement system – Skip at formal site

Figure 5-7: Existing drainage withcollection grid


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 13

Where rudimentary waste collection facilities have been implemented, these are generally poorly managed.Skip (waste collection) containers were in some instances filled to capacity, placed in inappropriate placesand user unfriendly (large containers that are too high for users to place domestic refuse inside). Severalunfenced, unprotected and unmanaged cement slabs that serve as communal waste collection points werenoticed. Livestock were found scavenging these waste sites which contributed to the spreading of wastematerial beyond the designated disposal area. Since no organised collection efforts were noticed duringfieldwork, it left the impression that municipal waste management is at best a very haphazard system.

6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENTThe assessment of the social impact for the construction of stormwater drainage and a solid wastemanagement system requires a brief description of the proposed storm water drainage system.

6.1 Proposed drainage systemThe Final Design Report for the construction of the stormwater drainage system refers to works that werecompleted prior to and during Phase II. The proposed extension and rehabilitation of the drainage system isreferred to as the Phase III works.

� The existing stormwater drainage system that was completed prior to and during Phase II measures atotal length of about 16,000m of open and closed drainage.

� The Phase III works include the rehabilitation (reshaping and relining) of about 5,800m of existingdrainage and the extension of about 13,800m of open and closed drainage. The system componentsare alphabetically labelled as systems C to I. The Final Design Report recommends the exclusion ofSystem H primarily for technical reasons.

Several existing and proposed channels follow natural water courses and are left uncovered. Channels thatpass through residential areas make provision for pedestrian and motorable crossings. Several crossings onthe existing system were apparently added after construction and were not in all instances designed tomitigate the restricted human access. The proposed rehabilitation and extension include numerouspedestrian crossings of about 1.5m wide and motorable crossings of 2.5m wide. Channels that require deepexcavations have been designed with covering slabs.

System CThis system is the longest drainage system covering approximately 9,100m of drainage. Just over 5,000mwill consist of buried pipes (mostly new) and about 4,000m will be open channels (mostly rehabilitation ofexisting infrastructure), some of which will be completely covered with concrete slabs because of the depthof the channel. This system is particularly designed to drain excess water from Sebleni and includes therehabilitation of an existing system and the extension of several new components around Sebleni,Mwantenga, Magogoni A and Shaurimoyo. This system includes the replacement of a box culvert atKwamabata.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 14

Figure 6-1: System C – upgradeof existing infrastructure

Figure 6-2: System C – area offlooding in Shaurimoyo

Figure 6-3: System C –proposed route of drainagepipe in Mwatenga

System DThis is a short extension of less than 800m to an existing system that consists mainly of buried pipes (65%)and some linkages to the existing system of channels.

Figure 6-4: System D – area offlooding in Muungano

Figure 6-5: System D –rehabilitation of existinginfrastructure in Mwembenjugu

Figure 6-6: System G –proposed route of drainage pipein Karakana

System EThis is the second longest system (excluding System H) covering approximately 4,600m of drainage of whichalmost 85% is designed as open channel (covered in some areas). More than 50% of the distance is along amain road (covered channel sections) and about 2,000m is the rehabilitation of an existing dirt channel(through Botanical Garden towards Migombani). More than 1,200m of proposed new pipeline will be laidthrough Mpendae residential area of which about 140m passes through a narrow passage between houses.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 15

Figure 6-7: System E – existingchannel in Migombani

Figure 6-8: System E – floodedarea in Migombani

Figure 6-9: System E – existingsystem with pedestriancrossing in Jangombe

Figure 6-10: System E –proposed pipeline route inMagomeni

Figure 6-11: System E –affected building (Mosque) bycovered channel

Figure 6-12: System E –proposed pipeline route inMpendae (narrow section)

System FThis component is an improvement of an existing system in order to drain a cricket playground in MnaziMmoja. This area is inundated with water during the rainy season and also experiences flooding resultingfrom sea water backflow with high tide. It covers approximately 800m of open channels (560m) and buriedpipes.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 16

Figure 6-13: System F – vast flooding area usedas sporting grounds

Figure 6-14: System G – stagnant water inflooding area in Karakana

System GThis system (1,490m) is an entirely new extension intended to drain the area of Karakana (which is severelyflooded) as well as a large pond of stagnant water around Kwa Mzushi. About 85% of the system followslinear infrastructure and, apart from a short discharge section, is entirely buried.

System HThis system consists of more than 8,000m of buried pipes designed to drain Mwanakwerekwe as well asMagogoni B (via Mwanekwerekwe) and several other smaller areas (including a number of roadintersections). Several technical alternatives were provided in the Final Design Report in order to reduce theexcavation depth (more than 20m for the original design) and shorten the route to lessen the loss of energy(gravitational flow). An extensive part of the original system design follows linear infrastructure with severalshorter branches from two market areas and residential areas feeding into the mainline. The cost of thissystem was also deemed beyond the present available financial resources and it was proposed that furtherstudies be done in order to reach a more appropriate and cost-effective design.

Figure 6-15: System H – stagnant water in deepflooded area in Mwanakwerekwe

Figure 6-16: System I – existing water course tobe lined


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 17

System IThis is a completely open system following a natural water course towards the outflow point into the sea. Itmeasures almost 2,800m and relieves the Kwamtimpura subarea.

6.2 Impacts during constructionThe construction phase refers to the new systems aswell as the rehabilitation to the existing systems. Inorder to reduce the impact of flooding on homesteads,several existing surface water drains are to be upgraded(Figure 6-17) and new surface water drains are to beconstructed. The anticipated construction relatedimpacts (see Table 1) were discussed during the focusgroup discussions and qualitative interviews. Issuessuch as temporary obstructed access to areas due toexcavation, and site safety concerns were seen to be faroutweighed by the positive impact of the completedworks on their living conditions. Many residentsexclaimed that as long as the water drainage wouldreduce the flooding in the area, they would tolerate thetemporary discomfort during the construction phase. Asone resident exclaimed: “...our problem is not thechannel (drain), our problem is flooding” referring to thetemporary ‘problem’ construction would bring to his household compared to the permanent solution thatwould be brought by the proposed project.

The risk to residential buildings and structures is moderate. It is expected that the drainage system in someareas will pass through narrow passages/paths with potential adverse impact on the surrounding housing.Less than 30 structures have been identified that will be affected during the construction phase to the extentthat parts of walls will have to be demolished during the excavation and reinstated after the pipes have beenlaid. In only one instance will a part of a mosque (the ablution section) be demolished and rebuilt on adifferent part of the property. A further risk is the potential destruction of walls due to excavation offoundations or caving in of excavation walls. A number of fruit trees (coconut and banana) will be affectedby the construction and will be permanently lost. Temporary obstructed access routes will require adequateand safe diversions especially where this affects school-going children. Present paths and access roads arevery informal and often inaccessible due to excessive water runoff and flooding during the wet season. Thecommunities are well accustomed to finding alternative routes to local destinations.

The impact of the proposed solid waste management system will be significantly positive. The position ofwaste collection slabs and skip containers is critical to ensure that these do not occur in areas with highvolumes of water runoff. The design should also consider the needs and requirements of users. User-friendly designs and positioning is important to ensure optimum and appropriate use of these facilities.Without this, the condition of the general environment will not significantly improve. The most significantimpact of a solid waste management system will be the change in social behaviour. Adjustment of humanbehaviour to a managed waste environment relates to depositing domestic refuse in designated collectionareas more distant from their homesteads than is their current practice. While this adjustment may initiallybe perceived as negative, the outcome of changed behaviour is a clean and healthy environment.

6.3 Impacts during operationsThe impact of this project after construction will be significantly positive (see Table 2). First, the reduction instagnant water as a result of the new and rehabilitated drainage systems and the restriction of solid wastedisposal to formalised and managed sites will be the most significant and positive impact of the proposedproject. It is anticipated that this will reduce the incidence of diseases related to polluted and stagnant waterand dispersed waste. It will also provide improved access to and use of areas (such as the sporting grounds

Figure 6-17: An existing surface water drainin Shaurimoyo


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 18

affected by System F) which are presently completely, partially or regularly flooded. Second, the likelihoodof permanent diversions of (pedestrian) paths and (vehicle) access roads as a result of the completed(operational) water drainage system is deemed low. On the contrary, permanent channelling of waterthrough the proposed water drainage system will most probably improve internal access even when some ofthe present routes are permanently closed. The impact of diversion of access routes is thereforeinsignificant.

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June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 22

7.0 MITIGATING MEASURESThe implementation of the proposed water drainage and solid waste management system is a cumulativemitigating measure of the present hazardous and unhealthy human environment. The present hardshipsthat the affected households face – the annual apprehension towards the wet season and its associatedphysical and emotional impact – will be significantly alleviated or eliminated by the construction of anappropriately designed water drainage and solid waste collection and disposal system. Apart from thegravitational transportation of excess water from residential areas, a well managed waste collection systemwill also reduce the frequent obstruction of natural water ways and constructed channels (thereby improvingthe flow and direction of rain water) and the displacement of randomly disposed domestic waste throughoutthe built-up areas. As such, the identified impacts during the construction and operational phases areinsignificant in the face of the enormous improvements that are anticipated as a direct result of the proposedproject. Nonetheless, mitigating measures to be considered include the following:

� Implementation of the compensation plan for the displacement of household assets (see the ARAP fordetails).

� Providing adequate and safe passage during construction where internal paths to social infrastructuresuch as schools, religious and health facilities are obstructed. These measures must especiallyconsider the needs of children.

� Providing adequate and safe internal access where community paths and access roads arepermanently obstructed during operation, especially in respect of water crossings. The provision ofcrossings as mentioned in the Final Design Report is deemed adequate and should be implemented asplanned or improved (provision of more crossings than presently designed).

� Conducting health and safety workshops with affected communities to educate households about solidwaste management practices, including opportunities for grading and recycling.

� Phased construction, especially of the water drainage system to reduce the number of openexcavations at any given time and to reduce the temporary obstruction of internal access routes and tobusinesses and other communal services.

In order to manage possible grievances during the construction and operational phases, an acceptablegrievance procedure should be developed to facilitate the interaction between aggrieved residents, thecontractors and their managing agents.

8.0 CONCLUSIONThe impact assessment of the human environment has indicated that the most significant positive projectimpact is the improvement of the conditions under which the population in the Ng’ambo area live. It istherefore recommended that the proposed project is implemented upon finalising of the stormwater drainageand solid waste disposal designs taking the mitigating measures into consideration.

In addition, the project area was never planned for human settlement and the present conditions do not allowfor retrospective site surveying and planning of services infrastructure. Nonetheless, the formalisation ofcertain conditions is necessary to avoid the random (informal) settlement in areas which are ‘dried out’ as aresult of the improved stormwater drainage. Moreover, certain water logged areas and wetlands should beclearly indicated as uninhabitable spaces. The gradual identification of such sites would begin to reduce thepressure on the authorities to manage unplanned and hazardous settlement patterns and improve the valueof amenities in the area.

Finally, the sustainability of this improvement is to a large extent dependent on the capacity of the ZanzibarMunicipal Council to manage, operate and maintain the infrastructure. Residents want to be confident aboutthe Council’s ability to manage the human settlement environment.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 23

9.0 REFERENCESAli MH and Sulaiman MS. 2006. Causes and consequences of the informal settlements in Zanzibar.Conference Paper presented in Munich, Germany.

Growing up in Zanzibar. (n.d.) Accessed from http://s4siunc.org/meet_our_scholars/growing_up_in_zanzibaron 15 February 2010

Household Budget Survey 2005, Accessed from http://www.ocgs.go.tz/download.html on 18 January 2010

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar 2007. Zanzibar Statistical Abstract Accessed fromhttp://www.ocgs.go.tz on 11 January 2010.

Zanzibar Country Profile. Accessed from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/3850393.stm on07 January 2010

Zanzinet Forum. Accessed from http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/economy/uchumi.html on 07January 2010

DIRECTORS: FR SUTHERLAND, AM VAN NIEKERK, SAP BROWN, L GREYLING, SM MANYAKA

Frank Snijder Marion ThomasSocial Researcher Reviewer

FS/MT

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07

Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling, SM Manyaka

g:\projects\12574 - esia for zanzbar urban services project\reports\esia report\appendixes\12574 - final sia_28june2010.dfsj.docx


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 24

APPENDIX AData Dictionary Guide


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 25

This Data Dictionary Guide accompanies the Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) Trimble DataDictionary household survey. Below is a guide to the questions and information for each Section of surveyloaded on the Trimbles.

At the beginning of each Section it will be necessary to enter the allocated household number beforecontinuing with the survey.

HOUSEHOLD INFORMATIONHH NumberThis is a number allocated to the household interview and will be S - -

Interviewer NameYour name

Interview DateDate of the interview

Name of Household HeadEnter the name of the Household head

Gender of Household HeadSelect either male or female

Name of Person InterviewedThis may be different to the name of the household head.

HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICSLanguageSelect one of the following language options:

� Swahili

� Arabic – Omani

� Arabic – Standard

� English

� Italian

� Other (please specify in following question)

EthnicitySelect one of the following options:

� Hadimu

� Tumbatu

� Waunguja


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 26

� Wapemba

� Arab

� Asian


ReligionSelect one of the following options:

� Muslim

� Christian

� Hindu

� Traditional


Age DistributionIndicate the number of individuals in the household falling into age category shown.

EMPLOYMENT – EDUCATIONLevel of EducationFor each household member please select one of the following:

� No education

� Adult Education

� Standard 1-4

� Standard 5-8

� OSC Form 4

� Form 5-6

� Further Education

EmploymentFor each household member please select one of the following:

� Employed

� Self-Employed

� Unemployed

� Not seeking work


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 27

� Below employment age

Type of WorkFor each household member please select one of the following:

� Government employee

� Self-employed

� Tourism

� Fishing

� Housewife

� Student

� Agriculture

� Trade


� Not Applicable (if the person is below employment age)

Do you receive wages in cash?Please choose one of the following:

� Yes

� No

� Not applicable (if not working)

HEALTHMalaria last monthPlease indicate for each household member if they had malaria in the last month. The number of individualssuffering the illness should be recorded according to their age:

� Age 0-4

� Age 5-15

� Age15-65

� Age 65+

Following each age category please indicate the course of treatment followed using the following categories:

� Referral hospital

� PHCU (Primary Health Care Unit)

� Private doctor


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 28

� No treatment

� Home treatment

� Family / friend treatment

Diarrhoea last monthUsing the same criteria as malaria, please indicate for each household member if they had diarrhoea in thelast month. This will be recorded by number of individuals of each age group, and the treatment followed.

Fever / sickness last monthUsing the same criteria as malaria, please indicate for each household member if they had fever or sicknessin the last month. This will be recorded by number of individuals of each age group, and the treatmentfollowed.

SERVICESType of HouseHH Roof MaterialPlease choose from the following list of options to specify the material used for the household roof:

� Thatch

� Metal

� Tiles

� Plastic

� Other (specify in following question)

HH Walls MaterialPlease choose from the following list of options to specify the material used for the household walls:

� Plastered cement bricks

� Unplastered cement bricks

� Plastered mud bricks

� Unplastered mud bricks


HH Floor MaterialPlease choose from the following list of options to specify the material used for the household floor:

� Cement

� Mud



June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 29

HH DoorPlease choose from the following list of options to describe the household door:

� Wood – decorated (this includes any carving or painting)

� Wood – plain

� Metal


EnergyEnergy for LightingPlease indicate the source of energy the household uses for lighting from the following:

� Electricity

� Paraffin

� Wood


Energy for HeatingPlease indicate the source of energy the household uses for heating from the following:

� Electricity

� Charcoal

� Wood


Energy for CookingPlease indicate the source of energy the household uses for heating from the following:

� Electricity

� Charcoal

� Wood


RefusePlease indicate how the household disposes of refuse choosing from the following options:

� Rubbish pit inside compound

� Rubbish pit outside compound

� Rubbish bin

� Throw inside compound


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 30

� Throw outside compound

� Burning


SanitationPlease indicate the sanitation facilities of the household choosing from the following options:

� Flush toilet

� Pit latrine

� No toilet


CRIMESafe living areaPlease specify YES or NO if the individual considers the area they live to be safe.

Victim last 12 monthsPlease indicate if the individual has been a victim of crime in the last 12 months.

Type of crimePlease indicate the type of crime they experienced choosing from the following options:

� Robbery

� Assault

� Break in


� Not applicable (if the individual was not a victim of crime)

Report to policePlease specify if the crime incident was reported to the police choosing from the following options:

� Yes

� No

� Not Applicable (if the individual was not a victim of crime)

FLOODINGFlood last 12 monthsPlease specify YES or NO if the household has experienced flooding in the last 12 months.


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 31

Damage to HHPlease indicate if flooding caused damage to the household in the last 12 months. Choose from the followingoptions:

� Yes

� No

� Not Applicable (if the household did not experience flooding in the last 12 months)

Prevent WorkPlease indicate if flooding has prevented any member of the household from attending work in the last 12months. Choose from the following options:

� Yes

� No


Prevent SchoolPlease indicate if flooding has prevented any member of the household from attending school in the last 12months. Choose from the following options:

� Yes

� No


Cause IllnessPlease indicate if flooding has caused illness to any member of the household in the last 12 months. Choosefrom the following options:

� Yes

� No


Cause DeathPlease indicate if flooding has caused death to any member of the household in the last 12 months. Choosefrom the following options:

� Yes

� No



June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 32

APPENDIX BFocus Group Guide


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 33

The proposed project will contribute to the improvement of existing waste collection, street lighting andstormwater management system in areas that are not well serviced.

The overall outcome of the project is expected to:

� Improve the public health and welfare in the area; and

� The biophysical environment.

Surface Water DrainageZanzibar City experiences major flood events. Due to the lack of stormwater management systems, stagnantpools of water are found in low-lying areas for lengthy periods of time. These pools of water present a healthand safety risk to the residents the area. For example, the water is a breeding ground for vectors and refuseaccumulates...

The design, construction and rehabilitation of the Surface Water Drainage will results in:

� Expanding the diameter of existing pipe drains and constructing new open channel drains;

� Rehabilitating existing open channel drains; and

� Routing stormwater into the ocean by means of marine outfalls.

The marine outfalls are pipelines that will discharge the stormwater into the sea.

Solid Waste Management Collection SystemThere is no formal system for waste management in Zanzibar. Waste is collected in a large variety ofcontainers such as plastic bags, plastic buckets, large tins, palm leaf baskets, plastic bags and cardboardboxes.

This is unhygienic and causes nuisance. For example, decomposing waste creates bad smells and attractsscavengers such as rats and cats. Animals that scavenge in the waste scatter the waste on streets whichthen gets washed into drains causing blockages. The authorities recognise the situation is in urgent need ofattention and hence have instigated the ZUSP.

The design and implementation of the Solid Waste Management Collection System will include:

� Provision of removal equipment e.g. bins;

� Construction of new concrete skip slabs and the provision of containers; and

� Provision of additional steel skips.

Street LightingStreet lighting in the Stonetown area will be upgraded. Stonetown is a UNESCO declared World HeritageCity, and therefore an archaeological and heritage impact assessment is required and will be included in theESIA.

CONSTRUCTIONAre there any questions regarding the construction phase of the project?

How could the construction of the project components affect your life?

FLOODINGDo you experience flooding where you live?

What happens when your home floods?


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 34

What do you think the water bring with it?

WASTEHow do you dispose of your waste?

Are there any problems with waste disposal in your community?

How do you think the new system will influence you?


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 35

APPENDIX CQualitative Interview Guide


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 36

ZUSP: QUALITATIVE SURVEY OF FLOOD AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDSINTRODUCTIONSGive a brief introduction of yourself and the Zanzibar Urban Services Project.

1) Interview Number. Remember to mark the house and label according to the interview number

2) Name of the area and date of interview

3) Name of person you are interviewing

4) Gender (M/F)

5) Status in the household (e.g. HH head, wife, eldest son, daughter in law, etc..)

6) How many persons live in this house?

7) How many children (under 18 years)?

8) How many elderly persons (older than 65 years)?

9) How many persons are employed/earn a regular income?

10) Are they self employed or employed by an employer?

11) How far do they work from home (how long do they travel to work in the morning?)

FLOODING SITUATION12) How many times do floods occur every year? How many times has this house been flooded since

January this year (2010)? When was the last time your house was flooded? Did your house flood duringdaytime or at night or for more than 12 hours (meaning, flooding started during daytime and lasted tillthe night or it started during the night and lasted until daytime the following day)?

13) How does your house get flooded: (1) because of water running down the street passed your houseand it then enters your house; or (2) because you live close to an area where the water collects anddams up until it reaches your house?

14) Usually, how long does it take (minutes/hours/days) for the water to recede/go down/leave the houseafter it has been flooded? The last time your house was flooded, how long did it take for the water toleave the house?

15) Why do you think this area/your house is flooded every time it rains? What causes this problem? Hasthis always been a problem or is it something that only started to become a problem in recent years? Ifso, when (in which year) did you start experiencing flooding and what do you think contributed to theproblem?

COPING STRATEGIES16) What do you do to protect your belongings when the water starts rising? What happens if you are at

work or at night? Do you stay in the house or do you go somewhere else? Where do you go? How fardo you go from where you live: is it in the same neighbourhood (e.g. a few houses away) or is it inanother neighbourhood? Do you all leave the house or only women and children (please explain)? Howlong do you leave the house: for as long as the rain lasts (just for a single rain storm) or for longer(several weeks until the flooding is over)? If you leave for longer periods, what do you do with thehouse and your belongings inside?


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 37

17) If you stay in the house and do not move into someone else’s house, how do you protect your family?For instance, when it starts raining at night, how do you take your wife and children out of the houseand where do you take them to?

18) What type of damage inside your house do you suffer because of the flooding (to furniture and otherassets/ possessions)? Roughly how much have you spent this year to repair the damage that wasdone by the water?

19) What type of damage do you suffer to the structure of the house (e.g. outside walls)? Roughly howmuch have you spent this year to repair the damage that was done by the water to the structure of yourhouse? How many times this year did you have to repair damage to the house?

20) Have you done anything to the house to prevent flooding? What did you do and when did you takethese measures? Has this helped and in what way? How much has it cost you to make thesechanges/alterations (for instance, how much did it cost you to build a small wall around the door so thatthe water does not get in)?

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS21) Besides the flooding, does the stagnated water in the area bring other problems to your family such as

malaria or cholera? Is here anything else that has affected the health of your family because of theflooding? What did you have to do to attend to this problem/what help did you need to get to deal withthe health problem? How much did it cost you to deal with this health issue?

SOLID WASTE22) How do you collect waste in your house (plastic bags, containers, etc)? Where and how do you

dispose of the waste from your house? Is this a formal site (a skip or slab)? How often do you take itthere? Who in this household is responsible for taking the waste there? How long does it take thatperson to get to the disposal site? Who cleans this disposal site, if any? Is it their responsibility to cleanit? If not, whose responsibility is it?

23) Is there a ‘skip’ or slab close to your house (get the person to point in the direction of the skip or slab)?Have you used it to dispose of your waste? Why or why not?

24) The way that you are now disposing of your waste, is it a good system? Why or why not?

DISPLACEMENT/RESETTLEMENT25) How long have you been staying in this house? Is this your own house or are you renting this house?

Did you buy the land and build your own house? How much did the land cost and how much did it costyou to build your house? Did you buy the house? How much did it cost you? From whom did you buythe land or was it given to you by some one? Who gave you the land?

26) Why don’t you permanently move to somewhere where it is safer? Why not? Why have you not yetmoved even though you would like to move to a better place (what stops you from moving)? (Listen forreasons why people want to stay where they are, e.g. because of work, lack of land in a safer locationor in an area where there are the basic necessities/amenities, etc.)

27) If there is a project to build channels to take the water away from the area so that your house is nolonger flooded, would you mind having a ditch/channel running right near your house (in the samestreet)? What concerns (safety, access to other areas by crossing the channel, etc.) would you havewhen they build a ditch/channel next to your house? What measures will you take to make sure thatyour household is safe? Will such a channel make your life better?

28) Imagine that they have agreed to build a channel through your street and your house is affected by theconstruction (e.g. one of the walls of your house has to be destroyed and redesigned to make space forthe channel), would you prefer to move permanently out of the house into a new area and a new house


June 2010Report No. 12574-9466-5 38

or would you prefer to be compensated for that wall, for instance by getting the project to redesign thehouse and rebuild the wall away from the channel?

CONCLUSION29) Is there anything else you want say to us about what we talked about?

30) Do you have any questions or concerns that you want to raise with us? (Allow for questions and answerappropriately without making any promises whatsoever!)

Thank you very much for your time. Have a pleasant day.

Karibu!

ZUSP ESIA


APPENDIX G Visual Report

June 2010

FOR INCLUSION IN THE ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)FOR THE ZANZIBAR MUNICIPALCOUNCIL’S PROPOSED ZANZIBAR URBANSERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP)

VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPO

RT

Report Number: 12574-9424-4Distribution:2 Copies - Client1 Copy - Golder Library (Pretoria)

Submitted to:Mr. Craig AllenGolder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd.Thandanani ParkMatuka CloseHalfway GardensMidrand1685

12574 - ZUSP VIA

June 2010Report No. 12574

Executive Summary

IntroductionGolder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed to conduct a Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) as part ofthe specialist assessment phase of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed ZanzibarUrban Services Project (ZUSP). An ESIA is required in terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 to evaluate the potentialimpacts of the proposed project and to recommend measures to reduce negative impacts and enhancepositive impacts. This report presents the findings of the visual assessment and serves to aim as a guide tothe proposed development.

Study areaThe study area is located in Zanzibar City between Stone Town to the west, Darajabovu Road in the east,Zanzibar International Airport to the south and R. Mtoni Road to the north. Approximately 20% of the studyarea forms part of the Stone Town World Heritage Site (WHS).The Stone Town was declared a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site on 2nd December 2000. The site was divided into three areas:

� Stone Town WHS

� Buffer Area of the WHS

� Zanzibar City

Project descriptionThe Zanzibar Urban Services Project is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve the publichealth and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP projectproposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting andstormwater management system in areas that are not well serviced.

There are three broad components to the ZUSP, namely:

� Design and construction of Surface Water Drainage in the Ng’ambo areas;

� Design and implementation of a Solid Waste Management Collection System; and

� Upgrading of street lighting in the Stone Town region.

Terms of ReferenceThe terms of reference for the VIA were to determine the potential visual impacts of the proposeddevelopment on potential viewers or receptors, in terms of the visual context within which the activity will takeplace. In order to achieve this aim, the following five steps are followed:

� Describing the study area as visual resource by way of a baseline investigation, and characterising thenature and quality of the landscape, and the visual sensitivity of the resource;

� Determining the change in the visual resource that would be brought about by elements of the proposedproject, and how visible this change will be from the surrounding areas;

� Describing and assessing the resultant visual impacts of key components of the proposed project;

12574 - ZUSP VIA


� Assessing the resultant visual impacts in terms of applicable guidelines for development in the WHSarea;

� Assessing the significance of visual impacts subsequent to the implementation of mitigation;

� Recommending mitigation measures to reduce the potential visual impacts of the project.

Approach and methodologyThe urban setting in which the study area is located required the pedestrian to be defined as the primaryuser. Methods similar to that described by Cullen (1964) were used to map the experience of the pedestrianwithin the urban environment. A photographical survey of particularly Stone Town was undertaken and usedto describe the baseline. The visual quality of the study areas was defined, and the effect of the projectcomponents on visual quality was described in terms of critical views, visual clutter and visual proportion.

Visual QualityThe visual quality of these different project areas is the primary parameter against which visual impact ismeasured for the project. The following conclusions are made in terms of the visual quality of the study area:

� The visual quality of Stone Town WHS is estimated as being high owing to its status as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site, architectural quality, historical significance and distinct urban sense of place.

� The visual quality of WHS buffer area is estimated as being moderate, owing firstly to its statusassociated with the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and also due to the presence of visually intrusive,manmade elements. Although this area has a considerate amount of open space, the quality thereof issomewhat degraded. However, this section of the study area still retains some of its sense of place andvisual appeal.

� The visual quality of Zanzibar City is estimated as being low, owing to the neglected and polluted stateof this urban area.

Receptor SensitivityThree receptors were identified: residents; tourists and WHS Stakeholders. Due to the position of the studyarea in an urban setting frequented by tourists, many of which are of foreign nationality, the followingreceptor groups have been identified:

� Residents – The population of the combined study area constitute many thousands of people, meaningthat the exposure factor of this receptor group to the development is expected to be high. This group isthe primary receptor group. However, most of the residents are poor and make a living through tradeand tourism. It is anticipated that they will regard the proposed infrastructure in a positive light, becauseit will improve their quality of life. It is anticipated that the visual impact on this receptor group will benegligible, because they attach more value to their sustenance than to the visual quality of theirsurroundings. The overall receptor sensitivity of this group is therefore rated to be low.

� Tourists – The number of tourists to this region is high, especially during the peak season. Theexposure factor of this receptor group to the development is expected to be high. Most of the visitors toZanzibar seek to visit the tropical beaches, but the Stone Town World Heritage Site is a major urbanattraction. Tourists are keen observers and are likely to attach value to the visual quality of theirsurroundings. In this case though, the development of the proposed infrastructure will improve theexperience and functionality of the study area for tourists and residents alike. It is more likely that thetourists will notice the negative visual quality of the current state (waste and storm water management

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problems, as well as a lack of sufficient lighting), than they would the project on completion. It ishowever important to note that the construction period will be associated with negative visual quality, aspeople will pay more attention to their surroundings and be annoyed by it. The overall receptorsensitivity of this group is therefore rated to be medium.

� WHS Stakeholders – The UNESCO status of specifically Stone Town, but also the WHS buffer area,attracts a variety of statutory interest and evaluation. Any development, be it restorative orcontemporary, is viewed with a critical eye to ensure that the cultural significance of the area is retainedand honoured. Although these statutory bodies agree that the proposed development will improve theexperience of study area, the way in which it is executed (i.e. construction process, impact on heritageresources and design language of the development on completion) is critical. The overall receptorsensitivity of this group is therefore rated to be high.

Note: The overall or weighted receptor sensitivity for the proposed project is therefore expected to bemedium. It must however be borne in mind that this analysis is done on the assumed reactions of receptorsbased on previous professional experience on similar projects and is always subject to a measure ofsubjectivity.

Impact assessmenta) Key Questions

The key questions that have been identified as the basis of this study are listed below.

Key Question Impacts identified

(1) What will the visual impact be as a result of thevarious project components, on the three identifiedproject areas, during construction phase?

Visual impact on receptors as a result of excavationand construction activities for the provision of:

� Street lights, waste collection slabs and wastecollection containers in Stone Town;

� Waste collection slabs, waste collectioncontainers and storm water channels in thegreen corridor and buffer area;

� Waste collection slabs, waste collectioncontainers and storm water channels inZanzibar City.

(2) What will the visual impact be as a result of thevarious project components, on the three identifiedproject areas, during operational phase?

Visual impact on residents, tourists and WHSStakeholders as a result of the completedinfrastructure, including:


� Light at night in Stone Town;



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1) What will the visual impact be as a result of the various project components, on the threeidentified project areas, during construction phase?

i) Visual impacts and nuisance during the construction phase of the project components;

The construction phase will involve excavations and temporary road closures. The construction periodis expected to be short term, and as soon as construction of the solid waste management system andthe street lights are completed the experience of the town will be improved for residents and touristsalike. The location of the container points should be carefully assessed to determine visual impact onnearby landmark buildings or monuments

ii) Associated visual impact of construction activities on adjacent buildings, should there be animpact on the structural integrity of such buildings;

The overseeing statutory bodies and stakeholders such as UNESCO, STCDA (Stone TownConservation and Development Authority) and ZMC (Zanzibar Municipal Council) should monitor theconstruction activities, as excavations and road works, as well as altered storm water managementduring the construction period, to ensure that the structural integrity of adjacent buildings is not affected.

iii) Design language of the proposed infrastructure and whether it will contextualize with theexisting environment;

Stakeholders will be concerned about the design language of the proposed infrastructure. If the designlanguage is inappropriate, the proposed infrastructure will exacerbate visual clutter. With adequateguidelines the proposed infrastructure can be designed in such a way that it adds to the culturalsignificance of the area. Also refer to the report regarding the design of street lighting in stone andZanzibar Municipal Areas, by Electriplan (T) Limited in December 2009.

(2) What will the visual impact be as a result of the various project components, on the threeidentified project areas, during operational phase?

i) The visual impact of the street lights during day time will be low, for wide areas and increasingin magnitude for narrow alleys.

The visual impact of the street lights during day time can be mitigated by incorporating an appropriatedesign language (to be approved by STCDA).

ii) Street lights will provide light at night and improve accessibility of the area, resulting in apositive visual impact.

Appropriate design of the light fitting can serve to accentuate landmark buildings, provide soft light innarrow passages and overhead lights where needed. Light at night will provide tourists and residentswith a safer and more legible environment

iii) The waste collection points will have a low to moderate impact on specific sites.

The improvement in solid waste management (less litter in streets) will outweigh the visual impact of thewaste collection points. Provided that the location of the waste collection points does not negativelyaffect the visibility of landmark buildings or monuments, and assuming that adequate maintenance is inplace, the resultant visual result of the waste collection points will be positive.

iv) Storm water channels will have a low impact for specific sites

The improvement in storm water management will outweigh the visual impact of the storm waterchannel. Provided that the storm water network is efficient and that adequate maintenance is in place,the resultant visual result of thestorm water channels will be low.

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b) Visual mitigation potential

Although it was found that the proposed infrastructure will not look particularly out of place (in terms of thevisual absorption capacity of the urban environment, the placement of the infrastructure in terms of criticalviews towards monuments and landmark buildings, as well as the design language of the infrastructure andparticularly the street lights, will serve to mitigate potential visible impact if it is done responsibly. Thefollowing suggestions for mitigations were included in the mitigation and monitoring chapter:

v) Design Phase

- Street lights

o Placement

o Orientation

o Proportion

- Light at night

o Energy requirements

o Materials selection

o Operational requirements

- Solid waste management

o Placement

o Screening

o Operational requirements

vi) Construction Phase

o Integrated Planning

o Traffic management

o Heritage conservation

o Best practice

vii) Operation Phase

o Integrated planning

o Street lights

o Solid waste management

o Storm water management

c) Impact significance ranking

The Impact significance ranking of the visual impacts of the project alternatives without and with mitigation(during operations) was determined as indicated below:

d) Impact summary

In summary, from a visual perspective, the proposed project can be supported, provided that therecommended mitigation measures are implemented and that effective and ongoing rehabilitation of the

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areas affected by construction occurs. Furthermore it is imperative that effective and comprehensivemitigation of all areas affected by the project happen upon decommissioning of the project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Brief Project Description.......................................................................................................................... 1

2.2 Site location............................................................................................................................................ 1

2.2.1 Stone Town World Heritage Site........................................................................................................ 1

2.3 Visual component ................................................................................................................................... 2

2.4 Location context ..................................................................................................................................... 2

2.4.1 Stone Town WHS.............................................................................................................................. 4

2.4.2 WHS Buffer Area............................................................................................................................... 4

2.4.3 Zanzibar City..................................................................................................................................... 4

2.5 Project components................................................................................................................................ 4

2.5.1 Construction and Upgrade of Surface Water Drains............................................................................ 5

2.5.2 Solid Waste Management Collection System ..................................................................................... 5

2.5.3 The design and implementation of the Solid Waste Management Collection System will include: ......... 5

2.5.4 Upgrade of Street Lighting in Stonetown ............................................................................................ 5

3.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................... 7

4.0 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODS................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 Approach to assessment......................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Definition of the study area...................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 Temporal scope...................................................................................................................................... 8

4.4 Context for visual impact assessment...................................................................................................... 8

4.5 Methodology........................................................................................................................................... 8

4.6 Describing the visual resource baseline................................................................................................. 10

4.6.1 Landscape character....................................................................................................................... 10

4.6.2 Visual quality................................................................................................................................... 11

4.6.2.1 Critical views................................................................................................................................ 11

4.6.2.2 Sense of place / genus loci........................................................................................................... 11

4.6.2.3 Visual absorption capacity............................................................................................................ 11

4.6.2.4 Aesthetic appeal .......................................................................................................................... 12

4.6.2.5 Visual quality assessment ............................................................................................................ 12

4.6.3 Receptor sensitivity ......................................................................................................................... 13

4.7 Aspects of visual impact........................................................................................................................ 14

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4.7.1 Visibility .......................................................................................................................................... 14

4.7.2 Visual clutter ................................................................................................................................... 14

4.7.3 Visual proportion ............................................................................................................................. 14

4.8 Impact assessment criteria.................................................................................................................... 15

4.8.1 Determining impact magnitude......................................................................................................... 15

4.8.2 Determining impact social significance............................................................................................. 16

4.8.2.1 Geographic extent........................................................................................................................ 16

4.8.2.2 Duration....................................................................................................................................... 17

4.8.2.3 Social significance assessment .................................................................................................... 17

4.8.3 Additional impact assessment criteria .............................................................................................. 19

4.8.3.1 Direction...................................................................................................................................... 19

4.8.3.2 Frequency ................................................................................................................................... 19

4.8.3.3 Reversibility / mitigation potential.................................................................................................. 19

4.9 Identifying mitigation measures ............................................................................................................. 19

5.0 LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................................. 20

6.0 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................................. 20

6.1 The Stone Town Heritage Act, 1994...................................................................................................... 20

6.2 Stone Town Heritage Management Plan ............................................................................................... 20

7.0 BASELINE INVESTIGATION ............................................................................................................................ 21

7.1 Landscape character ............................................................................................................................ 21

7.1.1 Natural character............................................................................................................................. 21

7.1.1.1 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 21

7.1.1.2 Surface water .............................................................................................................................. 22

7.1.1.3 Vegetation ................................................................................................................................... 22

7.1.2 Human made character and habitation............................................................................................. 23

7.1.2.1 Stone Town WHS ........................................................................................................................ 23

7.1.2.2 WHS buffer area .......................................................................................................................... 24

7.1.2.3 Zanzibar City ............................................................................................................................... 25

7.2 Visual quality ........................................................................................................................................ 25

7.2.1 Critical views................................................................................................................................... 25

7.2.1.1 Stone Town ................................................................................................................................. 25

7.2.1.2 WHS Buffer Area and Zanzibar City.............................................................................................. 30

7.2.2 Sense of place / genus loci .............................................................................................................. 30

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7.2.3 Visual absorption capacity ............................................................................................................... 31

7.2.4 Aesthetic appeal.............................................................................................................................. 31

7.3 Visual quality assessment summary...................................................................................................... 31

7.4 Receptor sensitivity............................................................................................................................... 32

8.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................................... 33

8.1 Key questions....................................................................................................................................... 33

8.2 Visibility analysis – based on critical views............................................................................................. 33

8.2.1 Visibility analysis in Stone Town ...................................................................................................... 33

8.2.1.1 Street lights ................................................................................................................................. 38

8.2.1.2 Storm water channels .................................................................................................................. 38

8.2.1.3 Waste collection points and waste container points ....................................................................... 38

8.2.2 Visibility Analysis in Green Corridor and WHS Buffer Area and Zanzibar City .................................... 39

8.3 Visual clutter......................................................................................................................................... 39

8.3.1.1 Street lighting............................................................................................................................... 40

8.3.1.2 Light at night................................................................................................................................ 41


8.3.1.4 Solid waste collection slabs and collection points .......................................................................... 41

8.4 Visual proportion................................................................................................................................... 42


8.4.1.2 Solid waste collection slabs and collection points .......................................................................... 43

8.4.2 Street lights..................................................................................................................................... 44

8.4.3 Light at night ................................................................................................................................... 45

8.5 Magnitude Impact summary.................................................................................................................. 47

8.6 Impact significance ............................................................................................................................... 48

8.6.1 Impact significance of the project alternatives................................................................................... 48

8.7 Expected visual impacts on the study area ............................................................................................ 49

8.7.1 Construction.................................................................................................................................... 49

8.7.2 Operations ...................................................................................................................................... 53

8.8 Cumulative impact assessment............................................................................................................. 56

8.8.1 Baseline assessment....................................................................................................................... 56

8.8.2 Project components......................................................................................................................... 56

8.8.2.1 Impact ranking without mitigation.................................................................................................. 56

8.8.3 Cumulative effect of infrastructure master plan................................................................................. 56

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9.0 MITIGATION AND MONITORING ..................................................................................................................... 58

9.1 Guidelines for mitigation........................................................................................................................ 58

9.2 Design Phase....................................................................................................................................... 58

9.2.1 Street lights..................................................................................................................................... 58

9.2.1.1 Placement ................................................................................................................................... 59

9.2.1.2 Orientation................................................................................................................................... 59

9.2.1.3 Proportion.................................................................................................................................... 59

9.2.1.4 Light at night................................................................................................................................ 60

9.2.1.5 Energy requirements.................................................................................................................... 61

9.2.1.6 Materials selection ....................................................................................................................... 63

9.2.1.7 Operational requirements............................................................................................................. 63

9.2.2 Solid waste management ................................................................................................................ 63

9.2.2.1 Placement ................................................................................................................................... 63

9.2.2.2 Screening .................................................................................................................................... 64


9.2.3 Storm water .................................................................................................................................... 64

9.2.3.1 Planning for storm water management.......................................................................................... 64

9.2.3.2 Materials selection ....................................................................................................................... 65


9.3 Construction Phase .............................................................................................................................. 66

9.3.1.1 Integrated planning ...................................................................................................................... 66

9.3.1.2 Traffic management ..................................................................................................................... 66

9.3.1.3 Heritage conservation .................................................................................................................. 66

9.3.1.4 Best practice construction Planning and Management................................................................... 66

9.4 Operations Phase - Management and Maintenance............................................................................... 66

9.4.1 Integrated Planning ......................................................................................................................... 66

9.4.2 Street lights..................................................................................................................................... 67

9.4.3 Solid Waste Management................................................................................................................ 67

9.4.4 Storm Water Management............................................................................................................... 67

10.0 IMPACT RANKING........................................................................................................................................... 68

11.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................. 70

TABLES

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Table 1: Visual Quality assessment criteria ............................................................................................................ 12

Table 2: Receptor sensitivity criteria............................................................................................................................ 13

Table 3: Scoring system for assessment of magnitude of development components .................................................... 15

Table 4: Impact significance scoring table................................................................................................................... 17

Table 5: Impact significance scoring table................................................................................................................... 19

Table 6: Key Questions for Assessing Visual Impact ................................................................................................... 33

Table 7: Visual impact assessment of Storm water channels on study areas (without mitigation) .................................. 42

Table 8: Visual impact assessment of Solid Waste Collection points on study areas..................................................... 43

Table 9: Visual impact assessment of Solid Waste Container points on study areas (without mitigation) ....................... 44

Table 10: Visual impact assessment of Street Lights on study areas (without mitigation) .............................................. 45

Table 11: Visual impact assessment of Light at Night on study areas (without mitigation) ............................................. 45

Table 12: Visual impact assessment of individual project components during the operations phase .............................. 47

Table 13: Magnitude summary table of project components......................................................................................... 48

Table 14: Expected visual impacts on the study areas as a result of the construction ................................................... 49

Table 15: Expected visual impacts on the study areas as a result of the operations phase............................................ 53

Table 16: Impact ranking without mitigation................................................................................................................. 56

Table 17: Impact ranking of the visual impacts of project components on individual receptors....................................... 68

FIGURESFigure 1: Location map indicating the three study areas ................................................................................................ 3

Figure 2: Typical views of Stonetown (Botha, J. 2007)................................................................................................... 4

Figure 3: Layout of proposed infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 4: Methodology for a VIA ................................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 5: Typical topography of the study area illustrating that the height and density of the buildings overshadowsthe topography (Photo - zanzibary.wordpress.com)..................................................................................... 21

Figure 6: Typical street trees where adequate space is available (J. Botha, 2007)........................................................ 22

Figure 7: Typical alley in Stone Town, indicating the narrow streets two and three storey buildings (J. Botha,2007)......................................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 8: General view of the flood areas that resulted in open spaces in the WHS buffer area..................................... 25

Figure 9: Significant buildings and streetscape elements in Stone Town (Siravo, 1996)................................................ 27

Figure 10: Photo reference map indicating the route along which photographs were taken ........................................... 29

Figure 11: Sequential Photographs at places of significance along the route of the infrastructure (C. Allen 2010) .......... 30

Figure 12: Influence of proposed infrastructure on potential critical views ..................................................................... 35

Figure 13: Specific areas where critical views towards monuments, landmark buildings and significantstreetscapes may be jeopardized. .............................................................................................................. 36

Figure 14: Detail of electrical reticulation and waste sites, within 50 metres of significant buildings and significantstreetscapes .............................................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 15: The positions of these two waste collection/container points may have to be reconsidered........................... 38

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Figure 16: the "cluttered" look that characterises some areas of Stone Town and Zanzibar City (C. Allen, 2010) ........... 39

Figure 17: Examples of existing light fittings in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)................................................................. 40

Figure 18: Recently installed light at the Old Fort......................................................................................................... 41

Figure 19: Typical Storm water channels to be constructed in Zanzibar City................................................................. 41

Figure 20: Stone Town and Zanzibar City currently has a severely inadequate solid waste management system .......... 42

Figure 21: Current and proposed waste collection system ........................................................................................... 42

Figure 22: Varying widths of pathways and alleys, particularly in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)...................................... 45

Figure 23: Placement of lamp posts so as not to obscure critical views. ....................................................................... 59

Figure 24: Lighting hierarchy - pedestrian and vehicular use (Harris, 1987).................................................................. 59

Figure 25: Lighting hierarchy - major and minor roads are distinct, and pedestrian routes defined. (from Harris,1987)......................................................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 26: Accentuate landmark buildings without causing glare (Harris, 1987) ............................................................ 60

Figure 27: Provide soft, unobtrusive lighting in narrow alleys or in paths of critical views............................................... 60

Figure 28: Emphasise walkways and provide adequate lighting where needed............................................................. 60

Figure 29: Optimally make use of available space ....................................................................................................... 60

Figure 30: Avoid glare (CKA, 2008) ............................................................................................................................ 61

Figure 31: Lighting away from buildings ...................................................................................................................... 61

Figure 32: Placement of concrete slabs so as not to influence critical views towards landmark buildings ormonuments................................................................................................................................................ 63

Figure 33: Light weight structure that partially screens the solid waste slabs, but which does not constrict access......... 64

Figure 34: Channel profiles for urban conditions.......................................................................................................... 65

Figure 35: Channel profiles for open space conditions................................................................................................. 65

BOXES

Figure 1: Location map indicating the three study areas ................................................................................................ 3

Figure 2: Typical views of Stonetown (Botha, J. 2007)................................................................................................... 4

Figure 3: Layout of proposed infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 4: Methodology for a VIA ................................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 5: Typical topography of the study area illustrating that the height and density of the buildings overshadowsthe topography (Photo - zanzibary.wordpress.com)..................................................................................... 21

Figure 6: Typical street trees where adequate space is available (J. Botha, 2007)........................................................ 22

Figure 7: Typical alley in Stone Town, indicating the narrow streets two and three storey buildings (J. Botha,2007)......................................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 8: General view of the flood areas that resulted in open spaces in the WHS buffer area..................................... 25

Figure 9: Significant buildings and streetscape elements in Stone Town (Siravo, 1996)................................................ 27

Figure 10: Photo reference map indicating the route along which photographs were taken ........................................... 29

Figure 11: Sequential Photographs at places of significance along the route of the infrastructure (C. Allen 2010) .......... 30

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June 2010Report No. 12574 xiii

Figure 12: Influence of proposed infrastructure on potential critical views ..................................................................... 35

Figure 13: Specific areas where critical views towards monuments, landmark buildings and significantstreetscapes may be jeopardized. .............................................................................................................. 36

Figure 14: Detail of electrical reticulation and waste sites, within 50 metres of significant buildings and significantstreetscapes .............................................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 15: The positions of these two waste collection/container points may have to be reconsidered........................... 38

Figure 16: the "cluttered" look that characterises some areas of Stone Town and Zanzibar City (C. Allen, 2010) ........... 39

Figure 17: Examples of existing light fittings in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)................................................................. 40

Figure 18: Recently installed light at the Old Fort......................................................................................................... 41

Figure 19: Typical Storm water channels to be constructed in Zanzibar City................................................................. 41

Figure 20: Stone Town and Zanzibar City currently has a severely inadequate solid waste management system .......... 42

Figure 21: Current and proposed waste collection system ........................................................................................... 42

Figure 22: Varying widths of pathways and alleys, particularly in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)...................................... 45

Figure 23: Placement of lamp posts so as not to obscure critical views. ....................................................................... 59

Figure 24: Lighting hierarchy - pedestrian and vehicular use (Harris, 1987).................................................................. 59

Figure 25: Lighting hierarchy - major and minor roads are distinct, and pedestrian routes defined. (from Harris,1987)......................................................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 26: Accentuate landmark buildings without causing glare (Harris, 1987) ............................................................ 60

Figure 27: Provide soft, unobtrusive lighting in narrow alleys or in paths of critical views............................................... 60

Figure 28: Emphasise walkways and provide adequate lighting where needed............................................................. 60

Figure 29: Optimally make use of available space ....................................................................................................... 60

Figure 30: Avoid glare (CKA, 2008) ............................................................................................................................ 61

Figure 31: Lighting away from buildings (in order to reduce ambient light for residential use) ........................................ 61

Figure 32: Placement of concrete slabs so as not to influence critical views towards landmark buildings ormonuments................................................................................................................................................ 63

Figure 33: Light weight structure that partially screens the solid waste slabs, but which does not constrict access......... 64

Figure 34: Channel profiles for urban conditions.......................................................................................................... 65

Figure 35: Channel profiles for open space conditions................................................................................................. 65

APPENDICESAPPENDIX AReferences

APPENDIX BDocument Limitations

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONGolder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed to conduct a Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) as part ofthe specialist assessment phase of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed ZanzibarUrban Services Project (ZUSP). This report presents the findings of the visual assessment and serves to aimas a guide to the proposed development.

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION2.1 Brief Project DescriptionThe Zanzibar Urban Services Project is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve the publichealth and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP projectproposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting andstormwater management system in areas that are not well serviced.




� Upgrading of street lighting in the Stone Town region.

2.2 Site locationThe study area, as shown in Figure 1 is located inZanzibar City between Stone Town to the west,Darajabovu Road in the east, Zanzibar InternationalAirport to the south and R. Mtoni Road to the north.

The area includes Stone Town, Kisiwandui, Darajani,Vikokotoni, Mtendeni, Kidongochekundu, Mabuluu andMaisara-suleiman, Kilimani, Malindi, Batini, KodogoChokondo, Michenzani, Malindi and Amaani.

2.2.1 Stone Town World Heritage SiteApproximately 20% of the study area forms part of theStone Town World Heritage Site (WHS).The Stone Townward was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 2nd

December 2000. As such, development in the StoneTown area is monitored closely by various stakeholderssuch as UNESCO, the World Bank, The Stone TownConservation and Development Agency (STCDA) and theUnited Republic of Tanzania. An ESIA is required interms of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy of 1992 andthe Environmental Management for SustainableDevelopment Act of 1996 to evaluate the potentialimpacts of the proposed project and to recommendmeasures to reduce negative impacts and enhancepositive impacts.

THE STONE TOWN WORLD HERITAGE SITE

Statement of Significance

“Zanzibar Stone Town is the last and best, as wellas the largest preserved living town testifying theevolution of Swahili civilization, itself a product ofmany cultural streams and strong maritimeeconomic transformation.” (WHC NominationDocumentation, 1999)

World Heritage Committee Decision

In 2000 the Stone Town was inscribed into theWorld Heritage List under the following criterion

• ii – The Stone Town of Zanzibar is anoutstanding material manifestation of culturalfusion and harmonization

• iii – For many centuries there was intenseseaborne trading activity between Asia and Africa,and this is illustrated in an exceptional manner bythe architecture and urban structure of StoneTown

• iv – Zanzibar has great symbolic importance inthe suppression of slavery, since it was one ofthe main slave-trading ports in East Africa andalso the base from which its opponents such asDavid Livingstone conducted their campaign.

(from WHC Nomination Documentation, 1999)

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2.3 Visual componentThe aim of this VIA report is to assess the visual impact of the proposed development on the study area, butmore particularly, on the Stone Town World Heritage Site. For the purposes of this VIA the study area will bedivided into three areas, namely:

a) Stone Town WHS;

b) WHS Buffer Area; and

c) Zanzibar City.

2.4 Location contextThe locations of Stone Town, the green corridor and buffer area, and Zanzibar City are shown on Figure 1below:

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Figure 1: Location map indicating the three study areas

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2.4.1 Stone Town WHSThe layout of Stone Town is typical of areas that have been incrementally developed. The area consists ofnarrow streets with historical facades, while the open spaces are mostly contained for private use at the backof the buildings. The streets are pedestrian dominated and populated by lively tourists, residents andmerchants. Although most of the buildings are being restored as part of the conservation plans that WHSstatus brought about, deterioration is visible due to inadequate rainwater management and timber rot. Theexisting overhead electrical/telecom reticulation cables have a negative visual impact. Currently, there arefew garbage containers and household waste is inadequately managed. Furthermore, street lighting in theStone Town area is largely in a state of disrepair.

Figure 2: Typical views of Stonetown (Botha, J. 2007)

The ZUSP project will aim to improve the street lighting and waste management of the Stone Town area,which will result in a more pleasant experience of the town for tourists and residents alike.

2.4.2 WHS Buffer AreaThe green corridor and buffer area is a thin strip of land to the west of Benjamin Mkapa Road and east ofMlandege Road. This area enjoys WHS status as it is a declared buffer area. Although the layout of this areacorresponds to some extent with that of Stone Town, the land uses are less tourist-orientated. The bufferstrip is visible from the Stone Town area and therefore development guidelines from the STCDA should befollowed.

2.4.3 Zanzibar CityThe largest part of the study area forms part of modern day Zanzibar City. Although development in this areais more spread out than in Stone Town, the inhabitants are poor and the area is not adequately serviced.The installation of storm water drains and solid waste collections points will improve the quality of life of theinhabitants.

2.5 Project componentsThe Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) is an initiative by the Zanzibar Municipal Council to improve thepublic health and welfare, and the biophysical environment for the people of Zanzibar City. The ZUSP projectproposes to contribute to the improvement of the existing solid waste collection system, street lighting andstormwater management system in areas that are not well serviced.



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� Upgrading of street lighting in the Stonetown region.

2.5.1 Construction and Upgrade of Surface Water DrainsZanzibar City experiences major flood events. Due to the lack of stormwater management systems, pools ofstanding water are found in low-lying areas for long periods of time. These pools of water present a healthand safety risk to the residents of the area. For example, the water is a breeding ground for mosquitos and aplace where refuse accumulates.

The ZUSP will contribute to improving the situation by:

� Expanding the diameter of existing pipe drains and constructing new open channel drains;

� Rehabilitating existing open channel drains; and

� Routing stormwater into the ocean by means of marine outfalls. The marine outfalls are pipelines thatwill discharge the stormwater into the sea.

2.5.2 Solid Waste Management Collection SystemThere is no formal system for solid waste management in Zanzibar. Solid waste is collected in a large varietyof containers such as plastic bags, plastic buckets, large tins, palm leaf baskets, plastic bags and cardboardboxes.

This is unhygienic and causes nuisance. For example, decomposing solid waste creates bad smells andattracts scavengers such as rats and cats. Animals that scavenge in the waste scatter the solid waste onstreets which then gets washed into drains causing blockages. The authorities recognise the situation is inurgent need of attention and hence have therefore initiated the ZUSP to help improve the situation

2.5.3 The design and implementation of the Solid Waste Management CollectionSystem will include:

� Providing solid waste removal equipment such as bins;

� Constructing new concrete skip slabs and providing containers; and

� Providing additional steel skips

2.5.4 Upgrade of Street Lighting in StonetownStonetown is a UNESCO declared World Heritage City. Street lighting in the Stonetown area is largely in astate of disrepair. The ZUSP therefore aims to upgrade the street lighting in Stonetown to acceptable safetystandards.The extent of the proposed infrastructure will be indicated on Figure 3 below.

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Figure 3: Layout of proposed infrastructure

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3.0 TERMS OF REFERENCEThe terms of reference for the VIA were to determine the potential visual impacts of the proposeddevelopment on potential viewers or receptors, in terms of the visual context within which the activity will takeplace. In order to achieve this aim, the following five steps are followed:

� Describing the study area as visual resource by way of a baseline investigation, and characterising thenature and quality of the landscape, and the visual sensitivity of the resource;

� Determining the change in the visual resource that would be brought about by elements of the proposedproject, and how visible this change will be from the surrounding areas;

� Describing and assessing the resultant visual impacts of key components of the proposed project;

� Assessing the resultant visual impacts in terms of applicable guidelines for development in the WHSarea;

� Recommending mitigation measures to reduce the potential visual impacts of the project; and

� Assessing the significance of visual impacts subsequent to the implementation of mitigation.

4.0 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODS“Receptors” of visual impacts refer to the people that might see a proposed development, as a visual impact

is primarily an impact concerned with human interest.

4.1 Approach to assessmentThe assessment was conservative in the sense that:

� The VIA assessor typically has a more critical eye than the receptors;

� All potential impacts were modelled at their maximum state (both construction and completion),regardless of the assessment period. Furthermore all potential impacts have been modelled as if theywill occur simultaneously, i.e. a “worst-case” scenario approach has been adopted;

� The current layout of the development as provided by the client is not final and there is some room foradaptation of the final designs. However anticipated changes will not be material to the nature of theproject itself and will not result in significant changes in the visual impact;

� Detail designs of what the structures are going to look like are not yet available, and can therefore notbe assessed from a visual point of view. The selection of materials (in terms of visual attributes) mustbe cautiously approached and adhere to guidelines that are applicable to the Stone Town WHS.

� The construction process should adhere to the Environmental Management Plan and the postconstruction phase with a maintenance programme. Neither the EMP or the maintenance programme iscurrently available; therefore it is assumed that best practice guidelines will be adhered to.

4.2 Definition of the study areaThe extent of the study area contains all areas where infrastructure will be installed (Refer to Figure 1). Thenature of the proposed infrastructure is such that there is no need to include an indirect study area. However,the study area consists of areas that vary significantly in terms of visual character and sensitivity. The directstudy area will be divided into three smaller study areas, defined as Stone Town, the green corridor andbuffer area, and Zanzibar City respectively.

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4.3 Temporal scopeThe installation of infrastructure within an existing urban area usually is disruptive of nature and it can beexpected that the construction period will last at least two years. Although the proposed infrastructureupgrades will not look particularly out of place once completed, the construction phase can be expected tohave a visual impact and cause nuisance. Subsequently the extent and magnitude of the visual impact, orchange that is caused to the landscape will continuously decrease as construction progresses. Although thenature and extent of the change in the visual landscape is described for the complete lifespan of the project,the main focus of the study will be on the project in its completed state. For the purpose of this report thetemporal scope can be defined as follows:

Short term: 2-5 years

Medium Term: 5- 20 years

Long Term: more than 20 years

Due to the nature of the proposed development, it is anticipated that the change in visual condition will bepermanent, as infrastructure will not often be decommissioned, although it may be replaced by upgrades. Allmodelled results are therefore based on the development in a completed state.

4.4 Context for visual impact assessmentNatural beauty has an instinctive appeal to humankind. Consciously or unconsciously, humans distinguishbetween scenes that are aesthetically pleasing to behold and ones that are not, or that have been negativelyimpacted upon. Our perception of these landscapes is also partially determined by the nature of the view thatwe have of it and the distance from which it is viewed. Many aspects, such as our cultural background, oureducation, our experiences, the complexity of the scene, ecological health of the area, and the uniqueness ofthe scene, also consciously or unconsciously influence our opinions about the views that we see. In thecontext of the visual changes brought about by a particular project, an analysis of these factors forms thebasis of visual impact assessment methodology.

4.5 MethodologyFigure 4 below represents the VIA methodology used for this study. The fields of visual and aestheticassessment of a site; and determining the possible influences that a proposed activity or project may haveon the visual aspects of the study area, has developed into a scientific field over the years. The aim of suchassessments is to determine the potential impacts that a proposed project may have on different viewergroups that may be affected by it. The proposed project in this case refers to the development itself, as wellas possible indirect operational or ancillary impacts caused by the development, such as light pollution anddust emissions during construction.

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Figure 4: Methodology for a VIA

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The visual impact assessment process involves the following components:

� Describing the visual resource or baseline condition or landscape character in terms of:

� natural elements; and

� Human-made elements.

� Determining the visual quality of the landscape in terms of:

� critical views available of the landmark buildings and monuments in the area;

� its sense of place or genus loci;

� visual absorption capacity and

� aesthetic appeal.

� Determining the receptor sensitivity to the propose project,

� Determine the magnitude of the impact, by considering the proposed development in terms of aspectsof visual impact assessment namely:

� visibility;

� visual clutter; and

� visual proportion.

� Assessing the social significance by relating the magnitude of the visual impact to:

� its duration; and

� geographical extent.

� Describing the impact according to additional criteria:

� direction;

� frequency; and

� reversibility.

� To recommend mitigation measures to reduce the potential visual impacts of the project.

4.6 Describing the visual resource baselineThe visual resource refers to the existing attributes and character of the site prior to development. Theseattributes are described in the subsections below. In order to be able to determine or quantify the perceivedvisual value of an area, it must first be understood in terms of its landscape character.

4.6.1 Landscape characterLandscape character is the description of the physical occurrence of natural (physical and biological) andhuman-made (land-use) attributes, which includes topography, vegetation, hydrology and land use. Thelandscape character is determined by studying the physical attributes of the study area during the site visitsand comparing the information with available aerial photographs and topographical maps. The variouslandscape character areas are then plotted on a landscape character map.

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4.6.2 Visual qualityVisual quality deals with the way people perceive the landscape. It includes the following aspects listedbelow:

4.6.2.1 Critical viewsCritical views are those views of a study area or landscape, seen from specific vantage points that areconsidered significant due to the fact that they display very characteristic and usually appealing aspects orparts of the landscape. Where the study area has a strongly defined genus loci or sense of place this aspectis reflected in such views and may be preceded by a strong sense of arrival, for instance a valley thatsuddenly opens up after passing through a narrow mountain pass.

Critical views can either be long or short range views, depending on the proximity of the vantage point inrespect of the study area that is being viewed. Long range views are relevant to the regional study area, andshort range views to the local study area. These views are important as they capture the sense of place, aswell as the visibility of the site proposed for the project. Regional climatic conditions influence especiallylong-range views to and from any site. High humidity can cause the air to look murky, reducing the clarity ofvision over distance. This occurs due to moisture particles reflecting the light, which diffuses images in thedistance. This effect only occurs over relatively large distances.

When buildings, vegetation or landforms obscure a view, the range of the view is shortened, resulting inshort or medium-range views. The nature of the urban environment obscures even short range views. Analternative approach will be used to assess the impact on critical views. For the purpose of this report, criticalviews are regarded as significant views towards monuments and landmark buildings. This method will bedescribed in more detail further on in this report.

4.6.2.2 Sense of place / genus lociAccording to Lynch (Lynch, 1992) sense of place is "the extent to which a person can recognise or recall aplace as being distinct from other places, as having a vivid or unique, or at least particular character of itsown". Thus sense of place means that a site has a uniqueness or distinctiveness, which distinguishes it fromother places. The primary informant of these qualities is the spatial form and character of the naturallandscape together with the cultural transformation associated with historic use and habitation. A landscapecan be said to have a strong sense of place, regardless of whether it is considered to be scenically beautifulor not. Where high landscape quality and strong sense of place coincides, the visual resource is consideredto be high.

The sense of place of a site is determined during the site assessment, by considering the site itself in termsof its broader context. This step is at least partially subjective, as individuals may attach different values to alandscape due to their cultural and socio-economic background, personal experiences, etc.

4.6.2.3 Visual absorption capacityVisual absorption capacity can be defined as “an estimation of the capacity of the landscape to absorbdevelopment without creating a significant change in visual character or producing a reduction in scenicquality” (Oberholzer, 2005). The ability of a landscape to absorb development or additional humanintervention is primarily determined by the vegetation cover, topographical landforms and existing humanstructures.

A further major factor is the degree of visual contrast between the proposed new development and theexisting elements in the landscape. If, for example, a visually prominent industrial development alreadyexists in an area, the capacity of that section of landscape to visually “absorb” additional industrial structuresis higher than that of a similar section of landscape that is still in its natural state. VAC is therefore primarily afunction of the existing land use and cover, in combination with the topographical ruggedness of the studyarea and immediate surroundings.

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The VAC of a landscape is again determined by taking a series of representative photographs during the sitevisit and then relating them to available aerial photographs or topographical maps. In this fashion, areas ofdiffering VAC potential can be spatially delineated if relevant.

4.6.2.4 Aesthetic appealAesthetic appeal refers not only to the visual quality of elements of an environment but also to the way inwhich combinations of elements in an environment appeal to our senses. Studies of perceptual psychologyhave shown human preferences for landscapes with a higher visual complexity, rather than homogeneousones (Young, 2007). On the basis of contemporary research by Crawford (Crawford, 1994), landscapequality increases when:

� Topographic ruggedness and relative relief increase;

� Where water forms are present;

� Where natural landscapes increase and human-made landscapes decrease; and

� Where land use compatibility increases and land use edge diversity decreases.

Traditionally, natural landscapes are deemed to be aesthetically more pleasing than urban environments.However, within the context of this site, the WHS status of the historic urban landscape forms part of theaesthetic appeal. According to Siravo (1996) the old Stone Town is not only characterised by monuments,significant buildings and historical facades, but also important streetscapes which, due to aesthetics andhistory, form an important part of the aesthetic appeal of Stone Town and Zanzibar City. The aestheticappeal of this historic urban landscape will be briefly discussed under Section 7.0.

4.6.2.5 Visual quality assessmentFairhurst (2004) indicates how visual quality is assessed. The assessment combines visual quality attributes(views, sense of place, visual absorption capacity and aesthetic appeal) with landscape character and givesthe landscape a high, medium or low visual quality value. As noted earlier when considering attempts toclassify or score the value of something that is inherently subjective and influenced by individualinterpretation, results will not be absolute and can only be measured against the criteria and parameters thathave been assigned for their assessment. The assessment criteria are based on principles commonly usedin visual assessment and addresses concepts that are expected to be universally understood andexperienced. However, the criteria were adjusted to accommodate the urban environment in which the studyarea is located. The definitions of the High, Medium and Low scores are described in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Visual Quality assessment criteria

Visual QualityScore

Criteria

High The number of monuments and landmark buildings Stone Town results in aninherent higher quality visual score. This is specifically associated with theStone Town WHS, and therefore the WHS is considered to be of high visualquality due to the following:

Monuments: and structures that are considered landmarks due to their uniqueor outstanding architectural qualities, as well as their historical and culturalvalue.

Significant buildings: Buildings that illustrate specific features that illustratean essential contribution to the character of the Stone Town.

Significant streetscapes and facades: Where a street or a group of buildingfrontages, taken as a whole, contribute to the character of the town. These

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Visual QualityScore

Criteria

streets and ensembles are noted not for any specific architectural feature, butrather because together the individual facades have retained the best of thetowns traditional appearance, scale and proportions.

Streetscape elements: These are distinct from buildings, yet form an intrinsicpart of the urban fabric. Streetscape elements include old tombs, fountains,trees and vistas.

Open Space and graveyards: The parks, gardens, lesser green areas andgraveyards identified on the map are precious assets within the densely knitfabric of the Stone Town. Moreover, the graveyards provide an importantreligious and historical record of the different communities, families andpersonalities that have inhabited the Stone Town. (Siravo, 1996.)

The Stone Town WHS, as well as the green corridor and buffer area isconsidered to be of high visual quality.

Medium Areas that exhibit positive urban character, but which have evidence ofdegradation. The majority of the buildings and streetscapes can individually notbe classified as significant, but in combination they result in a positivecharacter. These landscapes are less important to conserve, but may includecertain areas or features worthy of conservation. Zanzibar City is considered tobe of medium visual quality.

Low Areas generally negative in character with few, if any, valued features. Scopefor positive enhancement frequently occurs.

4.6.3 Receptor sensitivityReceptor sensitivity refers to the degree to which an activity will actually impact on stakeholders, anddepends on who sees the project, how many persons see the project, how far the stakeholder is from theproject and their perceptions regarding aesthetics, the receptors around the project can be classified forhigh, moderate or low visual sensitivity (Table 2).

Table 2: Receptor sensitivity criteriaVisualQuality Score

Site Specific Criteria

Amount of people that will see the project (exposure factor):

High Towns and cities (e.g. thousands of people)

Medium Villages, typically less than 1000 people.

Low Less than 100 people (e.g. a few households)

Receptor perception regarding the project and visual landscape (perceived landscape valuefactor):

High People attach a high value to aesthetics, such as in or around a game reserve,conservation area or World Heritage Site, and the project is perceived to significantlyimpact this value of the landscape.

Medium / People attach a moderate value to aesthetics, such as smaller towns, where natural

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VisualQuality Score

Site Specific Criteria

Moderate character is still plentiful and in close range of residency.

Low People attach a low value to aesthetics, when compares to employmentopportunities, for instance. Environments have already been transformed, or are notbeing maintained.

4.7 Aspects of visual impactVisual impact is the alteration of the physical nature of a site as perceived by receptors and describes:

� The visual changes to the fabric and individual components of the site; and

� How these changes are perceived by various receptors.

Visual change is an indirect impact, as a result of the direct impacts caused by the project. It can be bothquantitative and qualitative, and is done by both objective and subjective interpretation but guided byindustry-accepted guidelines. The assessment of this impact is then done based on defined impact rankingcriteria and cumulatively comprises the following components:

4.7.1 VisibilityGenerally, visibility is determined by conducting a viewshed analysis to define the areas from where thedevelopment would be visible. A Geographic Information System (GIS) system such as ARCVIEW 9.2 3DAnalyst is used. However, within the context of an urban landscape, this approach will not appropriate. Themapping processes as described by Cullen, 1964, as well as the map “Significant Streetscapes andMonuments” (Siravo, 1996), was used as a basis from which to identify and map critical views towardsmonuments and landmark buildings.

The process involves mapping a consecutive journey through the urban area by taking photographs atsignificant places or at predetermined intervals, along the route of installation of the proposed infrastructure.The images are then linked to a map whereby the relationship between the width of the road, height ofsurrounding buildings and extent of proposed infrastructure will be visible. In some cases, infrastructure willbe installed close to significant buildings and significant streetscapes. In these areas the visibility of theartefact must be honoured and not obscured by the infrastructure. Therefore the purpose of the visibilityanalysis is to identify areas where the alignment of the proposed infrastructure may need to be adjusted.Secondly, the nature of the design elements must be appropriate for the setting; this is closely linked tovisual clutter and will be discussed later on in the report.

4.7.2 Visual clutterVisual clutter is a term that is specific to this urban project, and it deals with how well the project componentsfit into the cultural aesthetic of the urban realm. The visual impact of a proposed urban landscape alterationalso increases the complexity of the context. If the existing visual context of the site is relatively simple anduniform any alterations or the addition of human-made elements tend to be very noticeable, whereas thesame alterations in a visually complex and varied context do not attract as much attention. Especially asdistance increases, the object becomes less of a focal point because there is more visual distraction, and theobserver's attention is diverted by the complexity of the scene (Hull and Bishop, 1998).

4.7.3 Visual proportionUrban areas are characterised by infrastructure and buildings that vary in scale. The visual proportion of theproposed infrastructure in relation with its surrounding needs to be assessed to determine if it will fit (in termsof scale and proportion) with its surroundings. Within the context of Stone Town this attribute is particularlyimportant because the town is visually cluttered and the addition of elements may add to clutter. The size of

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the proposed element (i.e. storm water channel, waste collection point, or height of street light) will beassessed to measure whether it fits with the proportion of the surroundings.

4.8 Impact assessment criteria4.8.1 Determining impact magnitudeThe magnitude of the identified impacts was determined by using a rating matrix of the criteria visual quality,visibility, visual intrusion, visual exposure and receptor sensitivity. Magnitude is defined as the degree ofchange in a measurement or analysis, and is classified as negligible, low, moderate or high. Magnitude forthe purposes of this VIA was calculated as shown in Table 3.

Some of the project components may result in a nett positive visual impact, therefore the scoring system wasadjusted to allow for positive visual impacts. The positive impacts are indicated below in green.

Table 3: Scoring system for assessment of magnitude of development componentsVisual Quality oflandscape (How

unique is thelandscape?)

Visibility (Based onCritical Views and

Sense of Place)

Visual Clutter (Howdoes the proposedinfrastructure fit in

with thesurroundings?)

Visual proportion(How does the scale

of the proposedinfrastructure fit in

with thesurroundings?)

3 (Urban environmentswith aesthetic appealand containingsignificant monuments,landmark buildings andstreetscapes; i.e. theStone Town WHS site)

3 (proposedinfrastructure is highlyvisible and interfereswith sense of place andcritical views towardsmonuments orlandmark buildings)

3 (Contrasts stronglywith surrounding landuses and adds to visualclutter)

3 (The proposedinfrastructure has aregional impact onvisual proportion, i.e. itdramatically affects thesky line of the urbanarea)

2 (Urban environmentswith aesthetic appealand significantbuildings, but withoutdeclared monuments;i.e. Zanzibar City)

2 (proposedinfrastructure is onlypartially visible incritical views towards amonument or landmarkbuilding, moderatescreening present)

2 (clearly visible, butforms part of anorganised designlanguage)

2 (The proposedinfrastructure has alocal impact on visualproportion, i.e. it hassome influence on longrange views, or the skyline of the urban area,when viewed fromspecific places)

2 (open spaces such assquares, parks,recreation grounds,graveyards andbeaches)

2 (open spaces such assquares, parks,recreation grounds,graveyards andbeaches)

2 (only visible fromcertain vantage points,but forms part of anorganised designlanguage)

2 (The proposedinfrastructure has animpact on the site (i.e.open spaces) in termsof scale.)

1 (Areas generallycluttered, and degradedin character)

1 (proposedinfrastructure isscreened and does notinterfere with criticalviews towardsmonuments orlandmark buildings.)

1 (fits into thesurrounding – does notconflict with land useand improves usage ofthe urban area (forexample light at night)

1 (The proposedinfrastructure has animpact on the site interms of visualproportion, i.e. it affectsthe visual proportionsof urban elements in

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From the above table the Magnitude Points (MP) is calculated as follows:

MP = [Visual Quality x (Visibility + Visual Clutter + Visual Exposure)] x Receptor Sensitivity. MaximumMagnitude is 32.4 points. A score of 0-10 is considered low, a score of 11-17 is considered moderate, anda score of 18-33 is considered high. In this case it is possible that the development will contribute to thevisual quality of the study area. A score of – 7.2 is considered a high positive score.

4.8.2 Determining impact social significanceVisual impact is a human perception and is therefore only measured in terms of social significance.Environmental significance is normally addressed as part of other specialist studies. Standard ImpactAssessment Criteria are used to determine the social significance of the visual impact, namely:

4.8.2.1 Geographic extentThis is the area affected by the impact, classified as site, local, regional or beyond regional. A method ofdefining impacts within a study area, in terms of the percentage of a certain resource affected, is influencedby the size of the study areas. As noted earlier, only a site related and local study area will be applicable tothis project.

elevation)

0 0 0 0

-1 -1 (The proposedinfrastructure isdesigned andconstructed in such away that it contributesto the sense of place ofthe site(monument/landmarkbuilding), or enhancescritical views towardsmonuments orlandmarks.))

-2 (The proposedinfrastructure will, oncecompleted, reducevisual cluttersignificantly; forexample the provisionof a wastemanagement strategywill reduce the amountof litter on the roads.)

-1 (The proposedinfrastructure isdesigned andconstructed in such away that itcomplements the visualproportion and theexperience of the urbanenvironment (forexample, installation ofluminaries that areappropriate to theproportions of thesurrounding buildings).

-2 -2 (An integrated urbandesign approach isfollowed whereby thedesign and placementof the proposedinfrastructure formspart of an urbandevelopmentframework, masterplans and sketch plans.Once completed, theproject will improvecirculation andlegibility.)

-2 (An integratedapproach wherebyfirstly existing clutter(for example overheadreticulation cables etc)is cleared, andsecondly where newdevelopment, ie.Pathways, streetfurniture and lighting,paving etc. forms partof an integrated masterplan.)

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4.8.2.2 DurationThe duration of a project or activity for the purposes of a VIA is defined as the length of time over which avisible impact occurs. To this end several project phases are identified which together comprise thecomplete duration of the project (listed below). Each of these phases has the following project-specificrelevance:

� Design Phase: This phase describes the site in its current condition prior to any of the proposedactivities commencing and is referred to as the baseline assessment.

� Construction Phase: In this case the construction phase is deemed a primary impact, because thedisruption nuisance and visual impact caused by excavation is anticipated to be greater than that of theoperations phase.

� Operations Phase: This phase is deemed as the secondary impact, because the development will fit inwith the surroundings (provided that the design decreases visual clutter and is appropriate in terms ofvisual proportion. Adequate maintenance must be implemented).

� Upgrade Phase: Infrastructure rarely gets decommissioned, however it may in future be replaced byupgrades to supply increase in demand. This will not be assessed as part of this VIA.

Thus in terms of the overall project duration, short-term is defined as less than the construction phase(typically less than 5 years); medium-term is longer than short-term and up to the end of the operationalduration of the project (5 to 20 years depending on the scale and complexity of the project); long-term isgreater than medium term (greater than the operational phase). In instances where a project represents thelikely final state or end use of a landscape the project duration may be permanent.

4.8.2.3 Social significance assessmentIt must be noted here that visual impact primarily has a social significance, as it deals with what people seeand perceive what they see. The system for determining the visual impact significance is shown in Table 5.

Hence, visual impact significance was determined as follows:

� Positive impact – The proposed development will improve the visual quality of the area

� Negligible impact – The proposed development does not reduce the visual quality over the short term;

� Low impact – Structure barely visible to slightly visible over the short and medium term;

� Moderate impact – The proposed development reduces the visual quality of the urban area due toadditional clutter and inappropriate scale of elements.

� High impact – Large structure highly visible, i.e. in direct line of sight within less than 1 km, dominatingthe general view (“in your face”), over the medium or long term.

Table 4: Impact significance scoring tableMagnitude (Severity) Geographic Extent Duration Social significance

Negligible All All Negligible

Low Site Short-term Negligible

Low Site Medium-term Negligible

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Magnitude (Severity) Geographic Extent Duration Social significance

Low Site Long term Low

Low Local short-term Negligible

Low Local medium-term Negligible

Low Local long-term Low

Low Regional short-term Negligible

Low Regional medium-term Negligible

Low Regional long-term Low

Moderate Site short-term Low

Moderate Site medium-term Low

Moderate Site long-term Moderate

Moderate Local short-term Low

Moderate Local medium-term Low

Moderate Local long-term Moderate

Moderate Regional short-term Moderate

Moderate Regional medium-term moderate

Moderate Regional long-term High

High Site short-term Moderate

High Site medium-term Moderate

High Site long-term High

High Local short-term Moderate

High Local medium-term High

High Local long-term High

High Regional short-term High

High Regional medium-term High

High Regional long-term High

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Once these factors are ranked for each impact, the significance of the two aspects, occurrence and severity,is assessed using the following formula:

SP (significance points) = (probability + duration + scale) x magnitude

The maximum value is 495 significance points (SP). The impact significance will then be rated as follows:

Table 5: Impact significance scoring table

4.8.3 Additional impact assessment criteriaAdditional impact assessment criteria that may be described include the following aspects:

4.8.3.1 DirectionImpact assessment criteria could be positive, neutral or negative with respect to the key question.

4.8.3.2 FrequencyHow often the effect occurs within a given time period and is classified as low, medium or high in occurrence.Seasonal considerations are discussed when they are important in the evaluation of the impact. For visualimpact the frequency is regarded as continuous and will therefore not be assessed for the different activities.

4.8.3.3 Reversibility / mitigation potentialAn indicator of the potential for recovery following the impact.

4.9 Identifying mitigation measuresOnce the impact significance of various components of the development has been determined, conceptualvisual mitigation measures are developed to address the specific impacts that are identified. Thesemitigation measures are based on acceptable practices for visual impact mitigation and are selected for theirappropriateness for addressing the identified visual impacts. However, detail plans and designs for thesemeasures must be developed by a specialist once the implementation plans for the project have beenfinalised.

In the case of a mixed-use property development it is normal for most of the mitigation measures to be in theform of specific layout and design guidelines and principles, rather than methods of screening or visualcamouflage, as would be the norm with a mining or industrial project. In other words the potential negativeimpacts that the development may have on the visual surroundings are offset or mitigated by creating adevelopment that is in itself visually rather pleasing; rather than trying to hide it. This concept is discussed infurther detail in Section 9.1.

SP >247 Indicates highenvironmentalsignificance

An impact which could influence the decision about whether ornot to proceed with the project regardless of any possiblemitigation

SP 148 – 247 Indicates moderateenvironmentalsignificance

An impact or benefit which is sufficiently important to requiremanagement and which could have an influence on the decisionunless it is mitigated

SP <148 Indicates lowenvironmentalsignificance

Impacts with little real effect and which should not have aninfluence on or require modification of the project design.

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5.0 LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONSThe following assumptions and qualifications are relevant specifically to the field of VIA and the findings ofthis study:

� Determining the value, quality and significance of a visual resource or the significance of the visualimpact that any activity may have on it, in absolute terms, is not achievable. The value of a visualresource is partly determined by the viewer and is influenced by that person’s socio-economic, culturaland specific background and is even subject to fluctuating factors such as emotional mood. Thissituation is compounded by the fact that the conditions under which the visual resource is viewed canchange dramatically due to natural phenomena such as weather, climatic conditions and seasonalchange (CKA, 2008). Therefore visual impact cannot be measured simply and reliably, as is forinstance the case with water, noise or air pollution. It is therefore impossible to conduct a visual impactassessment without relying to some extent on the expert professional opinion of a qualified consultant,which is inherently subjective. It is unlikely to materially influence the findings and recommendations ofthis study, as a wide body of scientific knowledge exists in the field of visual impact assessment, onwhich findings are based.

� Certain of the parameters and criteria used to evaluate the visual quality of the landscape, as well asthe magnitude of any potential visual impact caused, are specific to the study area and proposedinterventions. Interpretation of some of the concepts in this document would not apply whendetermining for instance the visual impact of a large mining project in a predominantly undisturbed ruralvisual setting.

� Limited design drawings are currently available. Therefore, some of the positions of particularly wastesites and street lights, as well as the design language thereof, may need to be reassessed when moreinformation becomes available;

� Due to the scale of the site, all the areas that were photographically surveyed could not be included inthis report. Where applicable, photographs of specific critical views were included in the report.

� Due to the conceptual nature of the design drawings the findings of this report are of a general natureand the modelled results may differ slightly from the actual resultant visibility of the infrastructure oncompletion. However it is not anticipated that the variance will be of a material or consequential nature.

6.0 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS6.1 The Stone Town Heritage Act, 1994All requirements of this Act must be taken into account during the planning, construction and operationalphases of this project.

6.2 Stone Town Heritage Management PlanAll requirements of the Stone Town Heritage Management Plan must be taken into account during theplanning, construction and operational phases of this project.

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7.0 BASELINE INVESTIGATIONThis chapter describes the landscape as visual resource, including biophysical and human-made features. Itfurther aims to determine the visual quality and sensitivity of this resource, as a baseline for impactassessment. The baseline investigation commenced with a site and study area assessment, conducted inJanuary 2010. A photographic survey was done of the project site and surrounding areas, from numerousvantage points, including critical views towards landmark buildings. The landscape character, visual qualityand receptor sensitivity for Stone Town, the green corridor and WHS and Zanzibar City will be describedbelow.

7.1 Landscape characterLandscape character is the description of the physical occurrence of natural (physical and biological) andhuman-made (land-use) elements and is done from an objective perspective. It only seeks to describe thevarious components that comprise the visual landscape, without assessing their perceived value. Followingis a brief description of the study area in terms of these attributes.

7.1.1 Natural character7.1.1.1 TopographyZanzibar is a relatively low lying island and the highest point is approximately 120 metres above sea level.Due to the urban setting the topography has little visual influence on the landscape character of the area.The site slopes gently towards the ocean. The image below indicates the relatively flat area and densely builtup urban fabric of the study area.

Figure 5: Typical topography of the study area illustrating that the height and density of the buildings overshadows thetopography (Photo - zanzibary.wordpress.com)

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7.1.1.2 Surface waterZanzibar is surrounded by the Indian Ocean. As such, the ocean and ocean views informs the landscapecharacter of the study area, but more so in Stone Town than in the WHS Buffer Area and Zanzibar City. Withreference to inland surface water features, some features occur within the green corridor of the Stone TownWHS. These features are the result of flood areas that temporarily gets inundated with water. An aquaticstudy that was carried out on these flood areas indicated that the areas are severely degraded and has verylittle ecological function. Furthermore, the quality of the water is a concern in terms of human health.

7.1.1.3 VegetationSimilar to topography and surface water, the vegetation of the study area, which was originally forested,have now been cleared. Large trees exist in open areas such as the Botanical Garden and the KikwajuniBondeni Garden. “Banyan” trees can be found in some of the open space areas of Stone Town. These treesare sacred and a sign of spiritual values. Most of the streets are too narrow to accommodate street trees.The past 25 years have been characterised by tree planting programmes in order to improve the livelihoodof the inhabitants.

Figure 6: Typical street trees where adequate space is available (J. Botha, 2007)

STONE TOWN TREES PROJECT

“A four phase project on Stone Town trees has been funded byEmbassy of Sweden/Sida. The first phase included a full inventory oftrees within the Stone Town border. The report gives a full picture alllarger trees within Stone Town. Some un-identified species havealso been found.

Trees with a trunk wider than 1 meter in diameter have been markedwith white paint to secure their value and importance to the town.Two unique trees have been protected by fencing arrangements anddisplay boards mounted to give full information about the trees. Thetwo trees are: An African teak tree (Mvule) along Creek roadopposite Haile Selassie Secondary School, planted during the laydown of the first East African wireless cable in Zanzibar, 1880.

A Banyan tree (Mkuyu) along the Forodhani seafront, Mizinganiroad, planted by Sultan Seyyid Khalifa bin Haroub, on the occasionof the Bicentenary of the Al Busaid Dynasty on 20th November 1944.

The next phase of the project will include replanting of trees thathave either died or been cut down. It is of importance that a lost treeis being replaced with one of the same sort. Seedlings will be raisedand the local community will be involved and made aware of theimportance of three in their neighbourhood.”

The full report is available for all ZSTHS members under themembers section.(http://www.zanzibarstonetown.org/programmes.htm)

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7.1.2 Human made character and habitationSave for some tall trees in Stone Town and Zanzibar City, and the green corridor in the buffer area, thecharacter of the study area is urban and predominantly human made. The architecture and history ofspecifically Stone Town is fundamental to its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As such, the visualattributes of the manmade structures will inform an important part of the “natural character” of the baselinestudy and will be briefly summarised below. Zanzibar City is inhabited by approximately 140 000 citizens(according to WHC Nomination Documentation, 1999), while Stone Town and the green corridor and WHSbuffer is estimated to be occupied by about 16000 inhabitants.

7.1.2.1 Stone Town WHSa) Types of architecture

Issa S. Makarani, 2007 compiled a documentfor the STCDA which briefly describes thecultural heritage of Stone Town. The historyand architecture of Stone Town is characterizedby various foreign influences which is a result oftrading. Originally houses built were mud andwattle covered with palm leaves. During thereign of Sultan of Oman (1830) stone was usedfor construction. Later on the foreign influencesresulted in decorative street furniture and lights.The town is characterized by narrow streets(Makarani, 2007)

60% of the properties in Stone Town arecommercial and residential. The rest are mainlyreligious buildings like churches, mosques, andpublic structures like markets, offices, schoolsand hospitals (WHC NominationDocumentation, 1999).

� Early Stone town architecture

� Arabic influences

� Indian influenced architecture

� Swahili architecture

� European influenced architecture

� Religious architecture

b) Urban typology and the human scale

The narrow streets resulted in a pedestriandominated social environment. The street frontsare characterised by two to three storeybuildings, often with decorative facades andbalconies. The height of the buildings resultedin open spaces that are contained enough tocreate private spaces. The alleys and pathwaysare often crossed by unsightly infrastructure

STONE TOWN ARCHITECTURE – The Evolution ofZanzibar Town

“The Stone Town is an agglomeration of various architecturaltraditions form the East African coast and the world of the IndianOcean. Four major traditions can be identified, but they are notalways distinct for they have been homogenized in the process tocreate a new amalgamation that is Zanzibar, or more broadly,Swahili.

1) Swahili – eighteenth century

The Swahili house was designed as an introverted, self containedcomplex organised around an ‘intimacy-gradient’ from the semi-open entrance porch where guests were normally received, to themaster bedroom at the back of the house with very elaboratestucco decoration and niches.

2) Omanis – early nineteenth century

The Omanis traders introduced massively built multi-storey squareblock of coral stones and mortar with a flat roof surmounted by alow crenulated wall. However, the wet climate resulted in pitchedroofs of corrugated iron sheets or tiles. The houses display elegantsimplicity, but he elaborately carved square wooden doors are richin symbolism.

3) Indian 1860’s-1890’s

Most of the Indians settled as poor traders and settled in narrowshop-front houses along the bazaar streets. The simple four –leafGujurat-style doors exposed the whole front of their houses to thecustomers, while the domestic quarters were at the back of thehouse. As they prospered, they began to buy Oman houses towhich they added external verandas to increase ventilation andlight. By 1890 finely carved Indian style doors with semi-circularlintels became popular even with the Arabs. A great example is theOld Dispensary.

4) British European influence – early 20th century

The British tried to blend the new colonial architecture into theexisting style of Zanzibar. They introduced ‘Saracenic’ or Moorishfeatures borrowed from Istanbul and Morocco.

From WHC Nomination Documentation, 1999

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such as telecom lines and electrical cables.

The widths of the streets vary greatly, but in general there arethree typologies (which will be discussed further on during theImpact Assessment):

viii) Main and circular roads, wide enough for vehicularcirculation

ix) Secondary connector roads

x) Private alleys

c) Open spaces

The relationship between built up and open spaces in StoneTown is unique. The Swahili tend to domesticate open spaces,rather than to expose them. Individually this is achieved byenclosing an open courtyard within a house. Communally, it isdone by encompassing open spaces around buildings.Therefore, an outsider will be under the impression that thearea is totally built up, while the residents have adequate socialand gathering spaces. (WHC Nomination Documentation, 1999:9)

Figure 7: Typical alley in Stone Town, indicating the narrow streets two and three storey buildings (J. Botha, 2007)

d) Intangible heritage

An important characteristic of the open and communal open spaces described above, is the intangibleheritage that is associated with it. Social gatherings, traditional dances and famous Islamic festivities alongeast Africa named “Maulid ya home” are some of the activities that could be practices in open spaces.(Makarani, 2007)

7.1.2.2 WHS buffer areaAlthough the main intention of the buffer area is to prevent urban sprawl from affecting the WHS, it containsa considerable amount of open space which becomes a visual and social asset to the town. A Germanfinanced solid and liquid waste rehabilitation project covered Stone Town as a first phase, and servicedelivery was tremendously improved (WHC Nomination Documentation, 1999: 40). As part of the ZUSPproject solid and liquid waste within the buffer area will be improved.

a) Types of architecture

The architecture within the buffer area generally corresponds to that of Stone Town, although the westernextent of Zanzibar City has grown into the buffer area, and approximately 20000 people are located withinthis area (WHC Nomination documentation, 1999:41). Due to development pressure some additional levelsare being added to existing buildings and new buildings are being built in open spaces. The height of someof the newly constructed buildings exceeds the height restrictions that are in place for this area, although theStone Town Conservation and Development Authority Act of 1994 control these matters to some extent.

b) Urban typology and human scale

The width of streets and height of buildings correspond to that of Stone Town, however there are few, if any,declared monuments within this area.

c) Open Spaces

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As mentioned, the buffer area contains a green corridor and some flood areas. The green corridor area ischaracterised by open spaces that act as flood areas.

Figure 8: General view of the flood areas that resulted in open spaces in the WHS buffer area

7.1.2.3 Zanzibar Citya) Types of architecture

Zanzibar City is the capital of Zanzibar and the centre for all the commercial and political activities. ZanzibarTown consists of the core historical part, the Stone Town, and the Ng'ambo area on the other side of the oldDarajani Creek, which used to separate the two parts. Although the buildings in Ng'ambo area are morespread out that in Stone Town and the buffer area, the houses are small and simple. Modern day ZanzibarCity is typical of a developing African country.

b) Open spaces

The beach front and coast line areas are generally green and sports fields, plantations, flood areas and openareas are located adjacent to the shore lines.

7.2 Visual qualityThis aspect of the study is primarily subjective, based on the professional opinion of the consultant andindustry-accepted standards in visual assessment, including the photographic assessment. The anticipatedvisual impact is greater in Stone Town than in Zanzibar City, due to Stone Town’s classification as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. Consequently, the survey was focused in Stone Town.

7.2.1 Critical views7.2.1.1 Stone TownThe urban character of the area results in limited long range visibility. Based on the type of developmentenvisaged (infrastructure with limited height and visibility), as well as the limited long distance views, “criticalviews” were identified as views towards monuments, landmark buildings and significant streetscapes, alongthe alignment of the proposed infrastructure. The following pertinent places were identified, according to theWHC Nomination Documentation 1999:

� Old Fort

� The House of Wonders

� Old Dispensary

� Roman Catholic Cathedral

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� Anglican Cathedral

� Tippu Tip House

� Malindi Bamnara Mosque

� Jamat Khan

� Royal Cemetery

� Persian Baths

In addition to these places listed above, Siravo, 1996 identified monuments, landmark buildings andsignificant streetscapes that contribute to the character of Stone Town. Refer to Figure 9 below.

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Figure 9: Significant buildings and streetscape elements in Stone Town (Siravo, 1996)

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“Although it is the overall urban fabric that gives Stone Town its character, there are many individualbuildings of architectural merit and historical significance as well as hundreds of elements such as doors,balconies and decorative details which are distinctive features in and of themselves.” Siravo, 1996

These places are spread throughout Stone Town. As described under Section 4. Study Approach andMethodology, sequential photographs were taken along the route of the proposed infrastructure. The photoreference sheet is indicated below.

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Figure 10: Photo reference map indicating the route along which photographs were taken

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In some areas the proposed infrastructure may have an influence on the location of significant architectureas defined above. This will be discussed in more detail in the impact assessment section.

Tippu Tip House Hamanini Baths Anglican Church

School Main Road – large width and school Main Road – large street width

View over waste site from small square Stone Town Cultural Centre The Old Arab Fort

Figure 11: Sequential Photographs at places of significance along the route of the infrastructure (C. Allen 2010)

7.2.1.2 WHS Buffer Area and Zanzibar CityBased on the assumption that Stone Town has a greater visual quality, less time was spent in the buffer areaand in Zanzibar City. Critical views were not defined, although the visual quality of the areas werephotographically assessed.

7.2.2 Sense of place / genus lociAgain, due to the WHS status of Stone Town, there is a distinct difference in the sense of place of StoneTown, as opposed to Zanzibar City. The human character of Stone Town led to its classification as aUNESCO World Heritage Site. The sense of place is unique, but will vary according to the personalreference of the receptor.

Stone Town is characterised by a very specific sense of place, which is a result of the significant architectureand historical features; as well as the combination of tourists and residents that gather and trade in openspaces and crowded streets.

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The green corridor and WHS buffer area displays the same character as Stone Town, however there areless declared monuments and development is more rapidly occurring. The buffer area contains a greencorridor, which is an important aspect of the sense of place.

Zanzibar City hosts 92% of Zanzibar’s population. The urban setting is more spread out and an example of amodern African City.

7.2.3 Visual absorption capacityThe VAC is considered to be high, based on the following:

� The study area is located in an urban setting which is densely built up;

� The architectural styles vary greatly;

� The limited unobstructed views;

� The proposed infrastructure is similar to existing infrastructure and characteristic of urban settings.

It is anticipated that the proposed infrastructure will not look out of place.

7.2.4 Aesthetic appealAlthough the area does not contain many natural elements, the value of the Stone Town area in terms ofaesthetic appeal is considered to be high. The value of the green corridor and WHS buffer area consideredmoderate, while Zanzibar City, for the most part, is aesthetically unappealing.

7.3 Visual quality assessment summaryKeeping the criteria of Table 1 and the above assessment of the study area visual character in mind, insummary it can be stated that visual quality of the Stone Town WHS is high, while that of the WHS bufferarea and Zanzibar City is low. This is largely due to the aesthetic value that is associated with the contextof the unique sense of place, rather than pure visual aesthetics. Based on Stone Town’s status as a WorldHeritage Site, its visual quality is considered to be high, irrespective of local inconsistencies.

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7.4 Receptor sensitivityFor the criteria used to assess receptor sensitivity please refer to Table 2. Due to the position of the studyarea in an urban setting frequented by tourists, many of which are of foreign nationality, the followingreceptor groups have been identified:

� Residents – The population of the combined study area constitute many thousands of people, meaningthat the exposure factor of this receptor group to the development is expected to be high. However,most of the residents are poor and make a living through trade and tourism. It is anticipated that theywill regard the proposed infrastructure in a positive light, because it will improve their quality of life. It isanticipated that the visual impact on this receptor group will be negligible, because they attach morevalue to their sustenance than to the visual quality of their surroundings. The overall receptor sensitivityof this group is therefore rated to be low.

� Tourists – The number of tourists to this region is high, especially during the peak season. Theexposure factor of this receptor group to the development is expected to be high. Most of the visitors toZanzibar seek to visit the unspoilt beaches, but the Stone Town World Heritage Site is a major urbanattraction. Tourists are keen observers and are likely to attach value to the visual quality of theirsurroundings. In this case though, the development of the proposed infrastructure will improve theexperience and functionality of the study area for tourists and residents alike. It is more likely that thetourists will notice the negative visual quality of the current state (waste and storm water managementproblems, as well as a lack of sufficient lighting), than they would the project on completion. It ishowever important to note that the construction period will be associated with negative visual quality, aspeople will pay more attention to their surroundings and be annoyed by it. The overall receptorsensitivity of this group is therefore rated to be moderate.

� WHS Stakeholders – The UNESCO status of specifically Stone Town, but also the WHS buffer area,attracts a variety of statutory interest and evaluation. Any development, be it restorative orcontemporary, is viewed with a critical eye to ensure that the cultural significance of the area is retainedand honoured. Although these statutory bodies agree that the proposed development will improve theexperience of study area, the way in which it is executed (i.e. construction process, impact on heritageresources and design language of the development on completion) is critical. The overall receptorsensitivity of this group is therefore rated to be high.

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8.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT8.1 Key questionsThis chapter assesses the visual impact that would be caused by the proposed activity, and assesses thepotential cumulative impacts of this activity when considered in its greater context. The key questions thathave been identified as the basis of this study are listed below.

Table 6: Key Questions for Assessing Visual ImpactKey Question Impacts identified

(a) What will the visual impact be as a result of thevarious project components, on the three identifiedproject areas, during construction phase?

Visual impact on receptors as a result of excavationand construction activities for the provision of:





(b) What will the visual impact be as a result of thevarious project components, on the three identifiedproject areas, during operational phase?

Visual impact on residents, tourists and WHSStakeholders as a result of the completedinfrastructure, including:





8.2 Visibility analysis – based on critical viewsTo obtain a greater understanding of the degree of visual impact that will arise due to the potential visibility ofthe project, the visibility was determined in terms of critical views towards monuments and landmarkbuildings.

8.2.1 Visibility analysis in Stone TownRefer to Figure 11 for an example of the photograph series that was taken along the route of theinfrastructure (refer to Figure 3).

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Based on Figure 9 – Significant buildings and streetscape elements and Figure 3 - ProposedInfrastructure map, the placement of the proposed development relative to monuments, landmark buildingsand significant streetscapes can be seen in the Figure 12 – Influence of proposed infrastructure onpotential critical views, below.

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Figure 12: Influence of proposed infrastructure on potential critical views

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From this map it is evident that conflicts could occur in the following areas:

Figure 13: Specific areas where critical views towards monuments, landmark buildings and significant streetscapes maybe jeopardized.

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Figure 14 below indicates the proximity of proposed infrastructure in relation to monuments below. It is clearthat the street lights occur close to all of the monuments, while only two waste collection/container pointsoccur within 50 metres of a monument.

Figure 14: Detail of electrical reticulation and waste sites, within 50 metres of significant buildings and significantstreetscapes

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Based on the visibility analysis, the following can be stated:

8.2.1.1 Street lightsStreet lights will be installed in almost all cases within a 50m radius of significant buildings. In these areasparticular care must be taken to ensure that the type of street light does not obscure critical views towardsbuildings, and that design thereof is contextually appropriate in terms of proportion (to be discussed underSection 8.3 and 8.4). Through the use of appropriate lighting techniques, lighting can be used to create focuspoints at landmark buildings and monuments.

8.2.1.2 Storm water channelsThe storm water channel will not have a visual impact on critical views towards buildings and monuments.

8.2.1.3 Waste collection points and waste container pointsIn some cases the location of the waste collection points and waste container points could potentially havean impact on critical views towards monuments. In these cases the placement of the collection and containerpoints should be carefully assessed to ensure that they do not impact on critical views towards themonuments, and that they cannot be seen from the monument, or that they are adequately screened.

Refer to Figure 15 below.

Figure 15: The positions of these two waste collection/container points may have to be reconsidered

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8.2.2 Visibility Analysis in Green Corridor and WHS Buffer Area and ZanzibarCity

In Zanzibar City the ZUSP involves the expansion of an existing infrastructure upgrade project. The projectwill greatly improve the storm water and waste problems that currently prevail. The designs are similar toexisting infrastructure in Zanzibar City (refer to the photographs below). Therefore the visibility thereof in theWHS buffer area and Zanzibar City was not analysed. Some design recommendations will be madepertaining to materials etc.

8.3 Visual clutterTo determine whether the proposed infrastructure will add to visual clutter, one must determine iftheelements fit into the cultural aesthetic of the urban landscape as a whole; in other words whether theproposed development is visually compatible with the existing styles and characteristics of the area.

It has been established in Section 7 that the site for the proposed development as well as the greater studyarea has an urban landscape character of Stone Town is of high visual quality owing to its status as a worldheritage site. The adjacent green corridor, buffer area and Zanzibar City are of at least moderate visualquality. However, from photographs and field surveys it is also apparent that the area is characterised by avariety of architectural styles, which in some cases result in visual clutter.

The addition of infrastructure and any other elements that are either particularly large, or developmentcharacterised by elements that differ substantially from the existing development in the study area andimmediate surroundings, will add to visual clutter.

Figure 16: the "cluttered" look that characterises some areas of Stone Town and Zanzibar City (C. Allen, 2010)

The proposed development consists of required infrastructure upgrades (i.e. storm water channels, solidwaste collection points and street lights). It can therefore be argued that the level of visual clutter that will becaused by the proposed development will be low, as its constituent elements are similar to that of other landuses in the study area and none of these individual elements are either horizontally or vertically expansive. Itis however important to keep in mind that although the structure (in terms of height and placement) might notbe visually intrusive, the materials and detail design of the elements should be carefully considered, becauseinappropriate materials or design language could result in visual clutter in terms of the prevailing historicallysignificant areas.

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8.3.1.1 Street lightingPublic street lights in most of the areas in Stone Town are virtually non existent. Walking along some streetsafter nightfall is both difficult and dangerous. There are some areas where residents installed their securitylights at the entrances and around their buildings. These lights also serve as street lighting, although sincethey are not coordinated, illumination along those streets appeared irregular. Few areas has street lightswhich are still working. In general, the noted defects include the following:

� Blown lamps;

� Rusted canopies;

� Loosened mountings;

� Complete absence;

In some areas where the luminaire has been removed, the bare lamp was covered with “locally available”material.

The present street lighting is not adequate for providing safety, security and comfort to locals and tourists.Most of the areas are either dimly lit or completely dark at night, while on the other hand some areas lit byprivate facade security lights are illuminated above the required level, thus representing light pollution. .

Based on the report by Electriplan (T) Limited as well as examples of the street lighting that can be found inthe area, it can be assumed that a formalised, uniform street light system will reduce clutter and improvelegibility. Furthermore, light at night will improve the tourist experience of Stone Town by creating a saferenvironment. Installing light fittings that compliments the surrounding architecture will improve the sense ofplace.

Figure 17: Examples of existing light fittings in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)

Although the above examples all provide light, some of them do not contribute to visual coherence.

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This photograph was taken at the Old Fortand indicates a relatively recently installedlamp post. Residents and tourists agreedthat they liked the look of it and thataccording to them it fits the surroundings.

ote: It is crucial that the design of thestreet lights (whether manufactured orsupplied) be approved by a suitablyqualified specialist. Inappropriatedesigns may exacerbate visual clutter,and a viable opportunity to improveuniformity and legibility of the town willbe lost. Also refer to the report byElectricplan (T) Limited regarding thedesign of street lighting in Stone Townand Zanzibar Municipal areas.

Figure 18: Recently installed light at the Old Fort

8.3.1.2 Light at nightThe colour of the light source, the light intensity and the angle of light incidence must be considered willdetermine whether light at night is perceived as being cohesive and appropriate. This will be discussed inmore detail under Section 10.

8.3.1.3 Storm water channelsThe storm water channels to be installed are similar to the ones indicated below. The channels are belowsurface levels, which reduce the visibility from a human visual perspective. The storm water channel willformalise the existing channels which are currently overgrown and littered. If appropriate materials areselected, uniformly applied and adequately maintained, visual clutter will be reduced.

Figure 19: Typical Storm water channels to be constructed in Zanzibar City

8.3.1.4 Solid waste collection slabs and collection pointsAt the moment Stone Town and Zanzibar City currently has a severely inadequate solid waste managementsystem. This lack of order increases the cluttered look. The provision of a solid waste management strategywill greatly improve the visual quality, and by implication the visual coherence (thus less visual clutter) of thearea.

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Figure 20: Stone Town and Zanzibar City currently has a severely inadequate solid waste management system

Although the concrete slabs and skips will create an unsightly site specific visual impact, the resultantimproved neatness of the study area as a whole will be positive.

Figure 21: Current and proposed waste collection system

8.4 Visual proportionVisual proportion deals with the appropriateness of the scale of the proposed infrastructure in relation to theheight and width of the surrounding buildings and pathways.

8.4.1.1 Storm water channelsThe visual proportion of storm water channels is not so much a result of aesthetics, as it is of function. Theheight: width ratio needs to be determined from a functional perspective; thereafter recommendationspertaining to aesthetics and visual proportion can be made. Also, the storm water channels will not be visiblefrom lengthy distances, because they are below the natural ground level. Therefore it is not expected that thevisual proportion of the storm water channels will have a particularly negative impact. The impact will mostlybe of a site scale and a low to minor magnitude.

Table 7: Visual impact assessment of Storm water channels on study areas (without mitigation)StudyArea

VisualQuality ofreceivinglandscape

Visibility(Based on

criticalviews andsense of

place)

Visual Clutter(How does the

proposedinfrastructurefit in with the

surroundings?)

VisualProportion(How doesthe scale of

the proposedinfrastructure

OverallReceptor

sensitivity

Resultantreceptor

sensitivityfactor

Magnitude

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fit in with thesurroundings)

a) StoneTownWHS 3/High

2 /moderate

1 / low 1 / low Medium 1 12 /moderate

b) WHSbufferarea 2/Moderate

2 /moderate

1 / low 1 / low Medium 1 8 / low

c)ZanzibarCity 1/Low

2 /moderate

1 / low 1 / low Medium 0.8 3.2 / low


8.4.1.2 Solid waste collection slabs and collection pointsAs explained under visual clutter, the solid waste collection points will provide a positive contribution to thevisual quality of the study area as a whole. However, the specific location of the concrete slab in relation tosurrounding buildings is important. The slab and skip may not be placed where the scale thereofovershadows the entrances of surrounding buildings. The existing solid waste slabs are mostly tuckedbetween buildings to reduce the visibility thereof. Additional mitigation measures pertaining to screening ofthe waste collection points may be of value, because it will reduce clutter and improve visual proportion.

Table 8: Visual impact assessment of Solid Waste Collection points on study areasStudyARea


Visibility(Based on


place)



surroundings?)


the proposedinfrastructurefir in with thesurroundings)

OverallReceptorsensitivity

Resultantreceptor

sensitivityfactor

Magnitude

a) StoneTownWHS 3/High 1 / low 1/low 2 / moderate Medium 1.2 14.4 / Low*

b) WHSbuffer area 2 /

Moderate2 /moderate 1/low 1 / low Medium 1.0 8 / Low*

c)ZanzibarCity 1 / Low 1 / low 1/low 1 / low Medium 0.8

2.4 / Minor*


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*The potential for a negative resultant visual impact for the Solid Waste Collection Points is limited to thesites where they are located only, as the visual impact on the rest of the study area will be positive, due tothe substantial removal of litter and rubbish from it.

Table 9: Visual impact assessment of Solid Waste Container points on study areas (withoutmitigation)

StudyArea


Visibility(Based on


place)



surroundings?)


the proposedinfrastructurefit in with the

surroundings)


Resultantreceptor

sensitivityfactor

Magnitude

a) StoneTownWHS 3/High 1 / low -2/Pos 2/ moderate Medium 1.2

3.6 / Minor*

b) WHSbuffer area 2 /

Moderate2 /moderate -2/Pos 1 / low Medium 1.0 2 / Minor*

c)ZanzibarCity 1 / Low 1 / low -2/Pos 1 / low Medium 0.8 0 / Minor


*The potential for a negative resultant visual impact for the Solid Waste Container Points is limited to thesites where they are located only, as the visual impact on the rest of the study area will be positive, due tothe substantial removal of litter and rubbish from it.

8.4.2 Street lightsThe most eminent potential visual threat in terms of proportion and scale is the provision of street lights. Thewidth of the streets, pathways and alleys vary greatly, but it most cases it is too narrow to install traditionallamp posts.

This photograph was taken in one of the wider roads inStone Town. In this area the installation of street lights will beappropriate, because the width of the streetscape isadequate enough to accommodate lamp posts withoutnegatively affecting visual proportion.

The width of this street will be able to accommodate a street light on oneside of the road

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The width of this street will be able toaccommodate a street light on one side ofthe road

Light fittings mounted to the walls will bemost appropriate for the width of thisstreet.

Light fittings mounted to the walls oroverhead suspended lights will be mostappropriate for the width of this street.

Figure 22: Varying widths of pathways and alleys, particularly in Stone Town (C. Allen, 2010)

In order not to install street lights which visually distort the proportion and scale of the surroundings, uniquedesigns will have to be considered for specific spatial conditions. For wide streets traditional lamp posts maybe considered, while narrower alleys may have to be fitted with luminaries fixed to walls or suspendedacross the street. If the lights are designed and installed in a cohesive manner, the visual cohesiveness andlegibility of the area will be improved. More mitigation measures will be described under Section 10.

Table 10: Visual impact assessment of Street Lights on study areas (without mitigation)

Study Area


Visibility(Based on


place)



surroundings?)



OverallReceptor

sensitivity

Resultantreceptor

sensitivityfactor

Magnitude

a) StoneTown WHS 3/High 2 /

moderate 2 / moderate 2 / moderate High 1.2 21.6 / high


Note: Street lights will only be installed in Stone Town.

8.4.3 Light at nightThe colour of the light source, the light intensity and the angle of light incidence will determine whether lightat night is perceived as being proportional to the surroundings. This will be discussed in more detail underSection 11.

Table 11: Visual impact assessment of Light at Night on study areas (without mitigation)

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Study Area


Visibility(Based

on criticalviews andsense of

place)



surroundings?)




Resultantreceptor

sensitivityfactor

Magnitude

a) StoneTown WHS 3/High -1 / Pos 1 / low 1/ low High 1.2 3.6 / low


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FPR

OJE

CT

CO

MPO

NEN

TS(R

EFER

TOSE

CTI

ON

8.2)

VISU

AL

INTR

USI

ON

OF

PRO

JEC

TC

OM

PON

ENTS

(REF

ERTO

8.3)

VISU

AL

EXPO

SUR

EO

FPR

OJE

CT

CO

MPO

NEN

TS(R

EFER

TO8.

4)

OVE

RA

LLR

ECEP

TOR

GRO

UP

SEN

SITI

VITY

(REF

ERTO

7.4)

RES

ULT

AN

TR

ECEP

TOR

SEN

SITI

VITY

FAC

TOR

(REF

ERTO

Tabl

e2)

MAG

NIT

UD

E

STO

NE

TOW

NW

HS

Stre

etlig

ht2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate-

high

Fact

or1.

2H

igh

21.6

Hig

h

Ligh

tatn

ight

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

Mod

erat

eFa

ctor

1.2

Hig

h3.

6M

inor

Solid

Was

teC

olle

ctio

n2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate-

high

Fact

or1.

2M

ediu

m-h

igh

14.4

Low

Solid

Was

teC

onta

iner

s2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate

Fact

or1.

2H

igh

3.6

Min

or

WH

SB

UFF

ERA

REA

Solid

Was

teC

olle

ctio

n2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate-

high

Fact

or1.

1M

ediu

m-h

igh

8Lo

w

Solid

Was

teC

onta

iner

s2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate

Fact

or1.

0M

ediu

m2

Min

or

Stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

Mod

erat

eFa

ctor

1.0

Med

ium

8Lo

w

ZAN

ZIB

AR

CIT

Y

Solid

Was

teC

olle

ctio

n2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate-

high

Fact

or0.

8Lo

w0

Min

or

Solid

Was

teC

onta

iner

s2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

h2

Mod

erat

e3

Hig

hM

oder

ate-

high

Fact

or0.

8Lo

w26

.4Lo

w

1257

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USP

VIA

June

2010

Rep

ortN

o.12

574

48

Stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

2M

oder

ate

3H

igh

Mod

erat

eFa

ctor

0.8

Low

3.2

Low

MP

=[V

isua

lQua

lity

x(V

isib

ility

+Vi

sual

Intru

sion

+Vi

sual

Expo

sure

)]x

Rec

epto

rSen

sitiv

ity.M

axim

umM

agni

tude

is32

.4po

ints

.A

scor

eof

0-10

isco

nsid

ered

low

,asc

ore

of11

-17

isco

nsid

ered

mod

erat

e,an

da

scor

eof

18-3

3is

cons

ider

edhi

gh.

Are

sulta

ntre

cept

orse

nsiti

vity

of1.

2w

asus

ed to

dete

rmin

eth

eim

pact

sign

ifica

nce

of th

epr

ojec

talte

rnat

ives

.

8.6

Impa

ctsi

gnifi

canc

e8.

6.1

Impa

ctsi

gnifi

canc

eof

the

proj

ecta

ltern

ativ

esTa

ble

13:M

agni

tude

sum

mar

yta

ble

ofpr

ojec

tcom

pone

nts

Sect

ion

ofal

ignm

ent

Mag

nitu

deSc

ale

Dur

atio

nPr

obab

ility

Sign

ifica

nce

with

out

miti

gatio

n

Miti

gatio

npo

tent

ial

(dur

ing

oper

atio

ns)

Sign

ifica

nce

with

miti

gatio

n(d

urin

gop

erat

ions

)1.

STRE

ETLI

GHT

S

a)S

tone

Tow

nW

HS

21.6

/ hi

gh2

/loc

al4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

237.

6 /m

odlo

wLo

w

2.LI

GHT

ATN

IGHT

a)S

tone

Tow

nW

HS

3.6

/low

2 /l

ocal

4 /l

ong-

term

5 / d

efin

ite39

.6 /

Low

low

Neg

ligib

le

3.SO

LID

WAS

TEC

ONT

AIN

ERPO

INTS

a)S

tone

Tow

nW

HS

3.6

/Min

or*

1 / s

ite4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

36 /

Low

Min

orN

eglig

ible

b)W

HS

buffe

rar

ea2

/ Min

or*

1 / s

ite4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

20 /

Low

Min

orN

eglig

ible

c) Z

anzi

bar

City

0 / M

inor

1 / s

ite4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

0M

inor

Neg

ligib

le

1257

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June

2010

Rep

ortN

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574

49

4.SO

LID

WAS

TEC

OLL

ECTI

ON

POIN

TS

a)S

tone

Tow

nW

HS

14.4

/ Lo

w*

2 /l

ocal

4 /l

ong-

term

5 / d

efin

ite15

8.4

/ M

oder

ate

Low

Neg

ligib

le

b)W

HS

buffe

rar

ea8

/ Low

*2

/loc

al4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

88 /L

owlo

wN

eglig

ible

c) Z

anzi

bar

City

2.4

/Min

or*

2 /l

ocal

4 /l

ong-

term

5 / d

efin

ite26

.4 /

Low

low

Neg

ligib

le

5.ST

OR

MW

ATER

CH

ANN

ELS

a)S

tone

Tow

n12

/Hig

h1/

Site

4 /l

ong-

term

5 / d

efin

ite12

0/Lo

wLo

wN

eglig

ible

b)W

HS

buffe

rar

ea8

/low

1 / s

ite4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

80 /

Low

low

Neg

ligib

le

c) Z

anzi

bar

City

3.2

/low

1 / s

ite4

/lon

g-te

rm5

/ def

inite

32 /

Low

low

Neg

ligib

le

MP

=[V

isua

lQua

lity

x(V

isib

ility

+Vi

sual

Clu

tter+

Visu

alS

cale

)]x

Rec

epto

rSen

sitiv

ity.M

axim

umM

agni

tude

is32

.4po

ints

.A

scor

eof

0-6

isco

nsid

ered

min

or,a

scor

eof

7-12

islo

w,a

scor

eof

13-1

8is

mod

erat

e,a

scor

eof

19-2

4is

high

and

25+

isve

ryhi

gh.

*The

pote

ntia

lfor

ane

gativ

ere

sulta

ntvi

sual

impa

ctfo

rthe

Sol

idW

aste

Con

tain

erP

oint

sis

limite

dto

the

site

sw

here

they

are

loca

ted

only

,as

the

visu

alim

pact

on th

ere

stof

the

stud

yar

eaw

illbe

posi

tive,

due

toth

esu

bsta

ntia

lrem

oval

oflit

tera

ndru

bbis

hfro

mit.

8.7

Expe

cted

visu

al im

pact

son

the

stud

yar

ea8.

7.1

Con

stru

ctio

nTh

e ta

ble

belo

wpr

ovid

esa

sum

mar

yof

the

expe

cted

mag

nitu

deof

the

visu

alim

pact

caus

edby

the

prop

osed

deve

lopm

ento

nth

eva

rious

rece

ptor

grou

psid

entif

ied;

inte

rms

ofth

eke

yqu

estio

nsid

entif

ied

for t

hepr

ojec

t:

Tabl

e14

:Exp

ecte

dvi

sual

impa

cts

onth

est

udy

area

sas

are

sult

ofth

eco

nstru

ctio

n

1257

4-Z

USP

VIA

June

2010

Rep

ortN

o.12

574

50

Rec

epto

rsSo

urce

sof

visu

al im

pact

sR

easo

nfo

rthe

impa

ctIm

pact

Sign

ifi-

canc

e

Not

esStreet lights

Lightat night

Solidwastecollection

points

SolidWasteContainer

Points

Stormwaterchannel

1.ST

ON

ETO

WN

WH

S

Rec

epto

rs(w

eigh

ted

Med

ium

rece

ptor

sens

itivi

tyfo

rre

side

nts,

tour

ists

and

WH

Sst

akeh

old

ers)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

1.Vi

sual

impa

cts

and

nuis

ance

durin

gth

eco

nstru

ctio

nph

ase

ofth

est

reet

light

s.

2.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

solid

was

teco

ntai

ner

poin

tsan

dso

lidw

aste

colle

ctio

npo

ints

(i.e.

conc

rete

slab

s)

3.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

4.As

soci

ated

visu

alim

pact

ofco

nstru

ctio

nac

tiviti

eson

adja

cent

build

ings

,sho

uld

ther

ebe

anim

pact

onth

est

ruct

ural

inte

grity

ofsu

ch

Neg

ligib

leto

low

1.Th

eco

nstru

ctio

nph

ase

will

invo

lve

exca

vatio

nsan

dte

mpo

rary

road

clos

ures

.The

cons

truct

ion

perio

dis

expe

cted

tobe

shor

t ter

m,a

ndas

soon

asco

nstru

ctio

nis

com

plet

ed th

eex

perie

nce

of th

eto

wn

will

beim

prov

edfo

rres

iden

tsan

dto

uris

tsal

ike.

2.Th

eco

nstru

ctio

npe

riod

issh

ort t

erm

and

not

expe

cted

tobe

disr

uptiv

e.As

soon

asth

ew

aste

man

agem

ents

yste

mis

inpl

ace

ther

ew

illbe

agr

eat

impr

ovem

enti

nvi

sual

qual

ityof

the

area

(less

litte

r).Th

elo

catio

nof

the

cont

aine

rpoi

nts

shou

ldbe

care

fully

asse

ssed

tode

term

ine

visu

alim

pact

onne

arby

land

mar

kbu

ildin

gsor

mon

umen

ts

3.Th

ede

sign

of th

est

orm

wat

erch

anne

lsho

uld

cons

ider

the

follo

win

g:-

Safe

ty(v

isua

lcha

ract

erof

balu

stra

de,i

fan

y)-

Mat

eria

ls-

Rel

atio

nshi

pw

ithop

ensp

ace

The

cons

truct

ion

phas

ew

illin

volv

eex

cava

tions

and

tem

pora

ryro

adcl

osur

es

4.Th

eov

erse

eing

stat

utor

ybo

dies

and

stak

ehol

ders

such

asU

NES

CO

,STC

DA

and

MW

CEL

Esh

ould

mon

itor t

heco

nstru

ctio

nac

tiviti

es,

1257

4-Z

USP

VIA

June

2010

Rep

ortN

o.12

574

51

Rec

epto

rsSo

urce

sof

visu

al im

pact

sR

easo

nfo

rthe

impa

ctIm

pact

Sign

ifi-

canc

e

Not

esStreet lights

Lightat night


points

SolidWasteContainer

Points

Stormwaterchannel

build

ings

.

5.D

esig

nla

ngua

geof

the

prop

osed

infra

stru

ctur

ean

dw

heth

erit

will

cont

extu

aliz

ew

ithth

eex

istin

gen

viro

nmen

t

asex

cava

tions

and

road

wor

ks,a

sw

ella

sal

tere

dst

orm

wat

erm

anag

emen

tdur

ing

the

cons

truct

ion

perio

d,to

ensu

reth

atth

est

ruct

ural

inte

grity

ofad

jace

ntbu

ildin

gsis

nota

ffect

ed.

5.St

akeh

olde

rsw

illbe

conc

erne

dab

out t

hede

sign

lang

uage

of th

epr

opos

edin

frast

ruct

ure.

Ifth

ede

sign

lang

uage

isin

appr

opria

te,t

hepr

opos

edin

frast

ruct

ure

will

exac

erba

tevi

sual

clut

ter.

With

adeq

uate

guid

elin

esth

epr

opos

edin

frast

ruct

ure

can

bede

sign

edin

such

aw

ay th

atit

adds

toth

ecu

ltura

lsig

nific

ance

of th

ear

ea.

2.W

HS

BU

FFER

AR

EA

Rec

epto

rs(w

eigh

ted

Med

ium

rece

ptor

sens

itivi

tyfo

rre

side

nts,

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

1.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

the

stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

.

Neg

ligib

le/

Low

.The

desi

gnof

the

stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

houl

dco

nsid

erth

e fo

llow

ing:

-Sa

fety

(vis

ualc

hara

cter

ofba

lust

rade

,if

any)

-M

ater

ials

-R

elat

ions

hip

with

open

spac

eTh

eco

nstru

ctio

nph

ase

will

invo

lve

exca

vatio

nsan

dte

mpo

rary

road

clos

ures

.

1257

4-Z

USP

VIA

June

2010

Rep

ortN

o.12

574

52

Rec

epto

rsSo

urce

sof

visu

al im

pact

sR

easo

nfo

rthe

impa

ctIm

pact

Sign

ifi-

canc

e

Not

esStreet lights

Lightat night


points

SolidWasteContainer

Points

Stormwaterchannel

tour

ists

and

WH

Sst

akeh

old

ers)

2.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

solid

was

teco

ntai

ner

poin

tsan

dso

lidw

aste

colle

ctio

npo

ints

(i.e.

conc

rete

slab

s)

2.Th

eco

nstru

ctio

npe

riod

issh

ort t

erm

and

not

expe

cted

tobe

disr

uptiv

e.As

soon

asth

ew

aste

man

agem

ents

yste

mis

inpl

ace

ther

ew

illbe

agr

eat

impr

ovem

enti

nvi

sual

qual

ityof

the

area

(less

litte

r).

3.ZA

NZI

BA

RCI

TY

Rec

epto

rs(w

eigh

ted

Med

ium

rece

ptor

sens

itivi

tyfo

rre

side

nts,

tour

ists

and

WH

Sst

akeh

old

ers)

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

1.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

solid

was

teco

ntai

ner

poin

tsan

dso

lidw

aste

colle

ctio

npo

ints

(i.e.

conc

rete

slab

s)

2.Vi

sual

impa

ctan

dnu

isan

cedu

ring

the

cons

truct

ion

phas

eof

stor

mw

ater

chan

nels

Low

1.Th

eco

nstru

ctio

npe

riod

issh

ort t

erm

and

not

expe

cted

tobe

disr

uptiv

e.As

soon

asth

ew

aste

man

agem

ents

yste

mis

inpl

ace

ther

ew

illbe

agr

eat

impr

ovem

enti

nvi

sual

qual

ityof

the

area

(less

litte

r).

2.Th

ede

sign

of th

est

orm

wat

erch

anne

lsho

uld

cons

ider

the

follo

win

g:-

Safe

ty(v

isua

lcha

ract

erof

balu

stra

de,i

fan

y)-

Mat

eria

ls-

Rel

atio

nshi

pw

ithop

ensp

ace

The

cons

truct

ion

phas

ew

illin

volv

eex

cava

tions

and

tem

pora

ryro

adcl

osur

es.

1257

4-Z

USP

VIA

June

2010

Rep

ortN

o.12

574

53

8.7.

2O

pera

tions

Wha

twill

the

visu

al im

pact

be

asa

resu

ltof

the

vario

us p

roje

ctco

mpo

nent

s,on

the

thre

eid

entif

ied

proj

ecta

reas

, dur

ing

oper

atio

nal

phas

e?

The

expe

cted

mag

nitu

deof

the

visu

alim

pact

caus

edby

the

prop

osed

deve

lopm

entd

urin

gth

eop

erat

ions

phas

e;in

term

sof

the

key

ques

tions

iden

tifie

dfo

rthe

proj

ect,

are

sum

mar

ised

asfo

llow

s:

Tabl

e15

:Exp

ecte

dvi

sual

impa

cts

onth

est

udy

area

sas

are

sult

ofth

e op

erat

ions

phas

eR

ecep

tors

Sour

ces

ofvi

sual

impa

cts

Rea

son

fort

he im

pact

Impa

ctSi

gnifi

-ca

nce

Not

es

Street lights

Lightat night


points

SolidWasteContainer

Points

Stormwaterchannel

1.ST

ON

ETO

WN

WH

S

Res

iden

ts,

tour

ists

and

UN

ESC

Ore

spre

sent

ativ

es

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

1.D

urin

gth

eop

erat

ions

phas

eth

evi

sual

impa

ctca

nbe

desc

ribed

asfo

llow

s

a)Th

evi

sual

impa

ctof

the

stre

etlig

hts

durin

gda

ytim

ew

illbe

low

,for

wid

ear

eas

and

incr

easi

ngin

mag

nitu

de fo

rnar

row

alle

ys.

b)St

reet

light

sw

illpr

ovid

elig

htat

nigh

tand

impr

ove

acce

ssib

ility

ofth

ear

ea,r

esul

ting

ina

posi

tive

visu

alim

pact

.

c)Th

ew

aste

colle

ctio

npo

ints

will

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1257

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Rec

epto

rsSo

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8.8 Cumulative impact assessmentIn order to assess cumulative impact it is necessary to establish the most likely future scenario or scenariosfor the area, and consider these together with the current scenario or base-case.

8.8.1 Baseline assessmentThe baseline assessment has established that the study area is an urban setting where the addition ofinfrastructure such as storm water channels, solid waste collection points and street lighting will not look outof place. However, the detail design of the infrastructure in terms of materials, style etc is crucial to ensurethat the development is cohesive, legible and proportionally scaled.

8.8.2 Project componentsIt was found that the provision of a solid waste management strategy and storm water channels may actuallycontribute to the visual quality of the area by reducing the amount of unsightly rubbish that is scatteredthroughout the town, provided that the specific placement thereof be carefully considered. The provision oflight at night in Stone Town will improve the current conditions, and if correctly implemented it will have aminor or low visual impact.

8.8.2.1 Impact ranking without mitigationTable 16: Impact ranking without mitigation

Project component Impact ranking (withoutmitigation)

1. STONE TOWN WHS

1. Street lights Low

2. Light at night Moderate

3. Solid Waste Collection points Moderate

4. Solid waste containers Low

5. Storm water channels Low

2. WHS BUFFER

1. Solid Waste Collection points Low



3. ZANZIBAR CITY

1. Solid Waste Collection points Low



8.8.3 Cumulative effect of infrastructure master planThe installation of an infrastructure master plan of this scale will be disruptive and will cause nuisance.However, during the operations phase the visual impact will be reduced and the effective functioning of the

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service systems will not only improve quality of life, but may also contribute to the visual quality of the area (ifdevelopment is planned and executed responsibly). The impact ranking can be significantly reduced throughapplying mitigation measures and guidelines. Please refer to Section 10 below for mitigation and monitoringmeasures in terms of

a) Design phase;

b) Construction phase;

c) Operations phase.

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9.0 MITIGATION AND MONITORING9.1 Guidelines for mitigationThe potential for mitigating the visual impact requires an integrated approach to problem solving. Byadhering to certain guidelines for mitigation, the magnitude of the visual impact may be reduced, or eventransformed into a positive visual attribute of the Zanzibar urban landscape. An integrated approach wouldinclude, but not be limited to the following:

� Follow an integrated design process whereby the city planning, engineering and infrastructure and theheritage specialists are involved in the vision and master planning, as well as the phasing, ofinfrastructure projects;

� Appoint a suitably qualified specialists to design in detail the recommendations (to be discussed furtheron), for implementation;

� Ensure that a coherent design language is applied throughout new projects, so as to reduce visualclutter and improve legibility of the town;Ensure that operational requirements of all new designs arebeing met;

� Ensure that adequate maintenance and management of the systems are in place.

9.2 Design Phase9.2.1 Street lightsStone Town is a visually cluttered area with a variety of design styles. Street lights are needed mainly for theprovision of light at night. Adding street lights to the already crowded spaces could have the followingimpacts:

a) Increase clutter; or

b) Improve legibility and coherence.

The area is both residential and commercial and it has vehicular and pedestrian roads. The lighting in areaswhere vehicular traffic is allowed should promote road safety, security and amenity. In pedestrian dominatedroads full consideration must be given to providing effective security and amenity lighting.

The Electriplan (T) Limited report on the design of street lighting for Stone Town lists the following designcriteria:

� Maintain and complement the architectural nature of the WHS

� Facilitate and enhance vision of motorists without constituting any disturbance in the form of glare

� Facilitate movement and orientation and promote facial recognition in both vehicular and pedestrianroads

� Promote safety

� It should not constitute a disturbance to local residents in houses on which luminaires are mounted

� The design should be durable and discourage vandalism

� The lighting scheme should be uniform throughout the town.

In order to improve the legibility and coherence of the town’s streetscape, the placement, proportion,materials and operational requirements of the proposed street lights need to be taken into account.

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9.2.1.1 PlacementThe placement of the light should be such that it does not obscure or deduct from vistas towards landmarkbuildings or monuments.

Figure 23: Placement of lamp posts so as not to obscure critical views.

9.2.1.2 Orientation

The type of light (size, height, light intensity and direction) should be selected in terms of requirement andpurpose.

Figure 24: Lighting hierarchy - pedestrian and vehicular use (Harris, 1987)

9.2.1.3 Proportion

The scale of the lamp post in relation to its surroundings and function isimportant. Access should not be constricted, for the sake of light quality, andvice versa.

Figure 25: Lighting hierarchy - major and minor roads are distinct, and pedestrian routes defined. (from Harris, 1987)

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9.2.1.4 Light at nightAlthough the purpose of light provision in Stone Town is foremost to provide light at night, it must not causelight pollution. Choosing the correct light fitting could improve the visual experience of Stone Town in termsof the following:

� Accentuate landmark buildings or monuments through up lighting;

� Provide soft, on obtrusive lighting where needed;

� Emphasise walkways and provide adequate lighting where needed;

� Optimally make use of available space.

Figure 26: Accentuate landmark buildings without causingglare (Harris, 1987)

Figure 27: Provide soft, unobtrusive lighting in narrowalleys or in paths of critical views

Figure 28: Emphasise walkways and provide adequate lightingwhere needed

Figure 29: Optimally make use of available space

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Although this is in an urban area, light pollution must be kept to a minimum. Reduce the height from whichfloodlights are fixed and identify zones of high and low lighting requirements with the focus of the lights beinginward, rather than outward. Avoid up-lighting of structures, but rather direct the light downwards andfocused on the object to be illuminated. Avoid directing the light towards the direction from where it would bemost experienced. (CKA, 2008)

� Light spill, particularly upwards, must be minimised. This can be achieved by implementing thefollowing recommendations:

� All external light fittings shall not allow light to shine upwards

Figure 30: Avoid glare (CKA, 2008)

� Lighting for security and safety must be directed downwards and towards the structures to reduce lightspill beyond the property and to reduce the risk of having too much light shining towards thesurrounding residences.

Figure 31: Lighting away from buildings (in order to reduce ambient light for residential use)

9.2.1.5 Lighting LevelThe main consideration in this design will be to

a) Promote safe movement

It is important for pedestrians to be able to move about safely, so lighting levels shall be sufficient to revealpotentially dangerous obstacles lying in their paths and any irregularities in the road surface. The horizontal

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illuminance will be kept at a minimum of 1lux as recommended in the CIE Guide on the Emergency Lighting(draft 1980)

b) Enhance facial recognition

It is important for pedestrians to be able to recognise one another when encountered. Recommendedminimum throughout the design so that facial recognition at a distance of 4 metres (the safe distance ifattack is eminent)

c) Facilitate good orientation

Good orientation implies the ability to identify houses and other buildings and features of the environment,especially road junctions. The type of lighting chosen for Stone Town will meet this requirement and at thesame time maintain the environmental aesthetics of the WHS. Street names in particular should be wellilluminated

d) Promote security

The design should help to deter the would-be intruder of the burglar, or at least make known its presence tothe residents.or passersby. This design will serve to reduce the number of night time break-ins and deterstreet crime, especially those associated with drug abuse and possible vandalism.

e) Avoid light pollution and glare

The problem of glare is less critical for pedestrians and slow moving motorists than it is for fast moving ones.This is primarily because of much lower speeds involved. The traffic (pedestrians and motorists) in slowspeed have much longertime to adopt to changes in brightness in their visual field and they are thereforeless likely to be blinded as to come in contact with unseen obstacles in their paths. It is important to keepglare to acceptable minimum levels by avoiding unscreened luminaires at eye leve. All lights shall beinstalled at a height higher than 2 metres.

9.2.1.6 Energy requirementsa) Traditional types of lights

� Incandescent lamps

� Fluorescent lamps

� Mercury vapour lamps

� Metal Halide Lamps

� High-pressure sodium lamps

� “White” high pressure sodium lamps

� Low- Pressure sodium lamps

b) Solar light

Given Zanzibar’s current problem with provision of electricity, the provision of street lighting should be energyconscious. Although solar power seems like a sustainable solution, the cost of installation, maintenance andfear of vandalism solar power is currently not a favourable option.

c) LED

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) luminaries (light heads) use 70% less energy than conventional lights (such asMetal Halide, or High Pressure Sodium) typically used for street lighting applications. It is proposed that any

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current street lights within the study area must be retrofitted with LED luminaries in order to save costs in thelong term, and that the proposed street lights to be installed be fitted with LEDs. The cost of retrofitting oldstreet lights with LED luminaries is slightly cheaper than a new fitting, as the same pole, electricalconnection, cabling and concrete base plate can be used. Suppliers of such luminaries, for example BEKA,will be able to supply to Africa.

9.2.1.7 Materials selectionThe lights should form part of a range of designed streetscape elements, which, when installed in StoneTown, will improve the legibility and reduce clutter by providing coherence. This range of furniture andmaterials should be designed by a specialist. Alternatively, existing ranges by established manufacturersmay be considered. The selection thereof is to be done by a specialist and to be approved by the STCDA.During the selection process at least the following characteristics should be taken into account:

� Colour and style;

� Colour of light source (i.e. warm tones such as yellow in under lit areas, vs. cool shades such as bluishin well lit areas);

� Ability to withstand corrosion;

� Method of fixing – how does one install the lamp post for ease of maintenance with a foundation,against a wall, or suspended on a cable – and in such a way that the fixture does not affect thestructural integrity of the heritage buildings;

� Ease of maintenance – protection against vandalism, replacement of broken or malfunctioningcomponents, accessibility, maintenance cost etc.

� Energy requirements (LED lighting vs. solar powered)

9.2.1.8 Operational requirementsThe consideration of materials selection and energy requirements should be such that it does not hamperthe operational requirements of post or light fitting.

9.2.2 Solid waste management9.2.2.1 PlacementThe placement of the concrete slabs and/or skips must be such that it does not impact on a critical viewtowards a landmark building or monument.

Figure 32: Placement of concrete slabs so as not to influence critical views towards landmark buildings or monuments

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9.2.2.2 ScreeningThe solid waste slabs should be screened from view with a suitable screen wherever space and accessallows it. However, the screen must not hamper the operational requirements for waste collection etc.

Figure 33: Light weight structure that partially screens the solid waste slabs, but which does not constrict access


9.2.3 Storm waterAlthough space restrictions within urban areas limit the number of options to be considered as part of stormwater management, a combination of options may be used to devise feasible alternatives to standardengineered solutions. The majority of the proposed storm water channels to be installed in Zanzibar City runthrough densely built-up areas, which creates space limitations as well as a risk for public safety if thechannels are open. On the other hand, some portions of the proposed storm water network will run throughor close by green corridors and public open spaces, creating an opportunity to design the storm watermanagement infrastructure in such a way that it becomes an asset to the town.

9.2.3.1 Planning for storm water managementThese alternatives could improve the visual quality of the storm water channel, ensure public safety, orprovide added benefits such storm water retention within open spaces.

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a) Urban areas

Figure 34: Channel profiles for urban conditions

b) Open space

Figure 35: Channel profiles for open space conditions

9.2.3.2 Materials selectionThe look of the storm water channels (in terms of materials and finishing) could form part of a range of adesigned materials palette, which, when installed in Stone Town, will improve the legibility and reduce clutterby providing coherence. For example – covered stormwater channels could be paved with a material and in

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a way that is in accordance with the materials palette. In this way, the covered storm water channel results ina walkway that is paved with distinct paving patterns and fitted with street furniture, creating a publicboulevard. During the selection of materials at least the following characteristics should be taken intoaccount (in terms of visual aspects):

� Colour and style;

� Roughness coefficient of the channel and the visual impact that it will have in terms of colour,maintenance etc;

� Ability to withstand corrosion;

� Ease of maintenance – accessibility, installation of litter traps.


9.3 Construction Phase9.3.1.1 Integrated planningAs part of the ZUSP project and other developmental activities that are taking place in Zanzibar, it isimportant that the execution programme of these projects be integrated into a master plan.

9.3.1.2 Traffic managementThe narrow roads and dense population contribute to increasing traffic congestion. Construction andexcavation activities will worsen the traffic situation. Wherever possible construction should be phased andcontained to subareas at a time, so that the entire town is not being dug up at once.

9.3.1.3 Heritage conservationThe structural sensitivity of the historical buildings and streetscapes deserve prior to construction.Construction methods, phasing and mitigation measures should be aligned to the EnvironmentalManagement Plan and be approved by an adequately qualified heritage architect and/or the STCDA. Thephasing of the construction period should not allow for excavations being done for the installation of electricalreticulation cables, while two months later the same trench will be dug up again to install seweragereticulation.

9.3.1.4 Best practice construction Planning and ManagementThe Environmental Management Plan will describe in more detail specific construction methods, phasingand mitigation measures. Best practice guidelines should be followed in terms of the following:

� Construction camps;

� Excavations;

� Stormwater management;

� Practical and safety hazards.

9.4 Operations Phase - Management and Maintenance9.4.1 Integrated PlanningAcquiring funding to install and improve infrastructure for the town should be closely coupled to amaintenance programme. Without proper maintenance the improvements will become a liability.

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9.4.2 Street lights

� Replace bulbs and fixtures – ensure that adequate stock is available or that the components can beeasily obtained;

� Paint/anti- corrosive coverage as often as needed;

� Where street lights need to be installed or replaced in entirety, extra stock should be kept or it should bereadily available from a supplier.

9.4.3 Solid Waste Management

� Frequently remove the waste according to a waste management plan to prevent odour and build-up ofwaste;

� Ensure adequate access for waste removal services, but limited access for the public.

9.4.4 Storm Water Management

� Ensure that litter traps are installed and adequately maintained;

� Ensure adequate access for maintenance purposes;

� All open channels should be bordered by a balustrade for public safety, or preferably underground inurban areas;

� Remove sediment from paved and concrete channels from time to time.

� Remove sediment from storm water detention ponds when needed

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le

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11.0 CONCLUSIONThe study areas that will be affected by the installation of the proposed infrastructure vary in visual quality.Stone Town WHS is of a high visual quality owing to its status as a World Heritage Site, characterised byhistorical and architectural significance. The WHS buffer area and Zanzibar City was respectively consideredto be moderate and low in terms of visual quality. It was found that the type of development (i.e. storm waterchannels, solid waste collection points and street lights) will not look out of place as it will visually beabsorbed within the urban character of the study area. The location of specifically two wastecollection/container points should be reconsidered in order to en sure that critical views towards monumentsare not negatively affected.

However, the design details of the proposed infrastructure in terms of placement, visual characteristics andconstruction methods are crucial. A number of principles have been identified that will ensure that thedevelopment is of a high visual quality and will fit into the perceived overall aesthetic character of the area,thereby greatly reducing any potential negative impact that it may have and indeed resulting in severalpositive impacts.

Subsequently from a visual perspective, the proposed development can be supported provided that therecommendations of this report are adhered to.

DIRECTORS: FR SUTHERLAND, AM VAN NIEKERK, SAP BROWN, L GREYLING, SM MANYAKA

Johan Goosen Prof. Gwen TheronPrLArch Divisional Leader

JG/GT/hp

Reg. No. 2002/007104/07

Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling, SM Manyaka

g:\projects\12574 - esia for zanzbar urban services project\reports\esia report\appendixes\12574-rep-final-via-20100617.docx

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APPENDIX AReferences

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REFERENCES

� Campbell, E.E. 2007. The vegetation of the Clarke Brink Property, Jeffrey’s Bay: Assessment ofconservation value and sensitivity with recommendations for rehabilitation. Report prepared for ChrisMulder Associates Incorporated by the Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University,Port Elizabeth. 27 pp.

� CKA, 2008. A Visual Impact Assessment of the proposed Eskom 88kV Transmission line upgradelinking into the Holcim/Eskom switchyard and substation, Roodepoort. P. 4.

� CKA, 2008. Visual Aesthetics Report for proposed New Multi-Products Pipeline (NMPP) betweenDurban and Heidelberg.

� Clean Stream Environmental Consultants cc, 2008. Zululand Anthracite Colliery: Western Extensionand Ngwabe Environmental Impact Assessment.

� Crawford D. 1994.Using remotely sensed data in landscape visual quality assessment, Landscape andUrban Planning, No 30 p 71-81.

� Electriplan (T) Limited, 2009. Consultancy Services for Design of Street Lighting in Zanzibar StoneTown and Zanzibar Municipal Areas outside Stone Town. Volume 1 Final Report. Dar es Salaam

� Fairhurst, K. 2004. Visual Landscape Design Approaches (Forestry 491). Faculty of Forestry, Universityof British Columbia.

� Harris, C.W. 1987. Time saver standards for landscape architecture: Design and Construction Data,Second Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company: New York.

� Higuchi, T. 1988. p. 4.

� Higuchi, T. 1988. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. p. 3.

� Hull, R.B., and Bishop, I.E. 1988. Scenic Impacts of Electricity Transmission towers: The influence oflandscape type and observer distance. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol 27. p. 99-108.

� Landscape Institute with the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment. 2002. Guidelinesfor Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Second Edition. Spon Press, London

� Lynch, K. 1992. Good City Form. The MIT Press. p 131.

� Oberholzer, B. 2005. Guideline for Involving Visual and Aesthetic Specialists in EIA Processes. Edition1 CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005 053 F. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of theWestern Cape, Department of Environment Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.

� Siravo, F. 1996. Zanzibar – A Plan for the Historic Stone Town. Aga Khan Trust for Culture: Geneva,Switzerland

� Young, G. 2004. Visual Impact Assessment for Proposed Long-term Coal Supply to Eskom’s Majuba.NLA. p. 2.

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APPENDIX BDocument Limitations

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DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS

This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Africa Pty Ltd (“Golder”) subject to the followinglimitations:

xi) This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golder’s proposal and noresponsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for anyother purpose.

xii) The scope and the period of Golder’s Services are as described in Golder’s proposal, and are subject torestrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions orcircumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expresslyindicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that anydetermination has been made by Golder in regards to it.

xiii) Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder wasretained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatorylocations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed bythe investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly,additional studies and actions may be required.

xiv) In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided inthis Document. Golder’s opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the productionof the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than anopinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assessthe effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws orregulations.

xv) Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sourcesand the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actualconditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document.

xvi) Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data,have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. Noresponsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others.

xvii) The Client acknowledges that Golder may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with Golder toprovide Services for the benefit of Golder. Golder will be fully responsible to the Client for the Servicesand work done by all of its sub-consultants and subcontractors. The Client agrees that it will only assertclaims against and seek to recover losses, damages or other liabilities from Golder and not Golder’saffiliated companies. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it willnot have any legal recourse, and waives any expense, loss, claim, demand, or cause of action, againstGolder’s affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors.

xviii) This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professionaladvisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any personother than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on ordecisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts noresponsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actionsbased on this Document.


ZUSP ESIA


APPENDIX H Archaeology Report

1

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT(ESIA) FOR ZANZIBAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL`S PROPOSEDZANZIBAR URBAN SERVICES PROJECT (ZUSP)

PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES(CULTURAL HERITAGE IMPACT) ASSESSMENTREPORT

BY DR. CHARLES BERNARD SAANANE

2

TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgement

Executive Summary

List of Acronyms

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background Information

1.2 Proposed Activities

1.3 Structure of the Report

2.0 Project Descriptions

2.1 Description of the Local Environment

2.2 Description of Baseline Conditions

2.3 Description of Socio-economic Aspects

2.4 Description of Biophysical Aspects

2.5 Description of Cultural Aspects

3.0 Materials and Methods

4.0 Identification, Prediction and Assessment of Potential Impacts

5.0 Analysis of Stated Impacts as they Relate to Human Health

6.0 Consideration of Alternatives and Mitigation Measures Incuding Commitment to Mitigation

7.0 Environmental Management Plan, Monitoring and Auditing Program

8.0 The Manner Public Consultation in Respect to the Undertaking was Implemented

9.0 Additional Necessary Information to Assess the Proposed Activity

10.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Appendices

3

Acknowledgement

This work was facilitated by several officials at diverse capacities. I extend sincere gartitude tothe following officials: Mr. Warithi Sultan as well as Salum Mvita (Zanizbar Stone TownConservation and Development Authority); Mr. Abdallah Khamis (Department of Archives,Museums and Antiquities); Mr. Zuberi Hamza (Department of Environment); Mr. Mzee KhamisJuma (Division of Zanzibar Urban and Sanitation); and Dr. Nariman Jiddawi (Institute of MarineScience, University of Dar es Salaam).

Executive Summary

This Heritage Impact Assessment report forms part of an Envionmental and Social ImpactAssessment carried out as part of the Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP). This specialiststudy was deemed necessary for the various components of the proposed ZUSP, thesecomponents being the upgrade and installation of storm water drainage channels, wastemanagement infrastructure upgrade repair as well as the installation of street lighting in the StoneTown area. This specialist study compliments other works in prepartion for the Zanzibar UrbanServices Project construction phase to be implemented in January 2011.

Zanzibar city includes areas beyond Stone Town that are both under the jurisdiction of the localgovernment authority, namely Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC). Thus, Zanzibar city can bedivided into two areas, namely, the Stone Town area and the greater urban area. The Stone Townarea has monuments, buildings and most likely buried cultural resources as well as moveablecultural resources (archaeological artefacts). The latter could be inland and under water (in theIndian Ocean). The area alongside Stone Town is expected to contain buried movable culturalheritage resources (such as archaeological artefacts). The munipality has a population of around206,913 as indicated by the 2002 population census, covering almost 1,600 hectares, with StoneTown covering about 95 hectares of this area. Thus, it has a marked population increase from157,634 inhabitants as established in the 1988 census.

The proposed project will cover the Ng`ambo area, which includes Stone Town and large partsof Zanzibar City. Existing road storm water drainage systems can be seen in certain areas but are,in general, in a state of disrepair and filled with waste. In certain areas, such as Saateni, non-biodegradable solid waste is evident, while infrastructure is in close proximity to the storm waterdrainage systems and existing construction works for improving road culverts are commonplace. In Saateni, such works are present in the drainage (water) channel and above the oldbridge.

It is critical that all storm water drainage channels are directed towards the ocean throughout thestudy area. Currently, throughout the Ng`ambo area there are certain storm water outfalls thatend shortly before the ocean shore, for example, at Mbuyuni. This is a major problem in that thestorm water and waste streams can’t be adequatly managed if they are being dispelled prior toentering waste collection traps or being dispelled above ground.

4

The Stone Town area has monuments, buildings, buried cultural resources and moveable culturalresources (such archaeological artefacts). The latter could be inland and under water (in theIndian Ocean). The area contiguous to Stone Town is envisaged to have buried movable culturalheritage resources (archaeological artefacts). The Ng`ambo area, which forms part of theproposed project area, is densely populated with houses. Some settlements in Ng`ambo, such asat Mwanakwerekwe, include squatter settlements with a lot of inhabitants.

There are swampy areas in the proposed project area that are within people`s settlement areas.Such areas become flooded and cause havoc when it rains as a result of there being no properdrainage systems. This is evident in the areas of Sebuleni, Kidongo Chekundu, Mnazi Mmoja(play grounds are incorporated in the buffer zone to Stone Town Heritage Site) and several othersuch areas in both the southern and northern zones within the project area. Also, several streamsor rivers traverse the envisaged project area and currently, most ineffectively drain storm water.

The study area has a very high population density with many houses built in water catchmentareas – flood areas when it rains. Majority of residents use pit latrines and because the arearegularly floods, such latrines overflow and mix with storm water. As a result, there is significantsoil and groundwater pollution which is a significant cause for concern. Associated healthhazards for the overall population include:

• Disease;• Contaminated water and food supplies;• General impact on society from a dirty environment.

Such a situation leads to incidences of water borne diseases such as dysentry and cholera. Insome cases, with the presence of still water pools, certain disease vectors like mosquitoes breedin large numbers and increase the incidence of malaria. In Zanzibar, malaria accounts for 40% ofall outpatients, 33% of all admissions, and 28% of hospital deaths for children under the age of15. Malaria remains the largest health threat in Zanzibar, although diarrhea remains a healthconcern for children, with almost half of the children suffering from it, not being given anyadditional fluids or taken to a medical facility.

In terms of heritage, the project area includes graves, monuments, light houses and variousarchaeological artefacts. For example, close to the Upepo River, archaeological objects(ceramics) in form of pottery remains belonging to Triangular Incized Ware (TIW) wererecovered. These findings denote to the Early Phase of East African Iron Working, almost 3,000years ago. In Kiembe Samaki, archaeological remains belonging to TIW were accidentallyrecovered. In addition, there were previously estates (for cloves, coconuts and cloves) in suchplaces as Mpendae, Sebuleni and Mwanakwerekwe. People lived and worked on these estatesand as such there is a large possibility for the survival of archaeological objects. In Kilimanithere are ruins and the first Anglican church to be built in Zanzibar. In Maruhubi, there are ruinsfor the sultanate and are protected by law.

The installation of new or upgrade to existing street lighting in Stone Town should be take intoconsideration the conserved style of houses in Stone Town. This can be achieved by using suchdesigns as installing street lights along the walls of house. Any design needs to be properlyworked in order to protect the fabric and integrity of the cultural property, i.e. the houses inStone Town.

5

The project may have impacts that are perceived to be negative, such as the possibility ofunearthing cultural resources or archaeological objects as a result of the constrcution activities.These archaeological objects may be destoryed, trampled while excavating trenches for the stormwater drains or dumped elsewhere. Some may even be destroyed completely. As long as peopleused the harbour and other landing sites along the sea shore, there will always be a rich source ofunder water archaeological resources. The discharge of effluent at the proposed outfall sewerposition along the coastline, could result in the destruction of these existing archaeologicalobjects.

As a result of the denstiy of the project area, it can assumed that there has already been somedestruction or loss of archaeological materials. Even in the Stone Town area, a recent harbourfacelift did not include a cultural impact assessments. In addition, previous housing developmentprojects also did not involve a cultural heritage impact assessment.

Without proper mitigation measures being implemented both before and during constructionworks, such finite unrewable culural heritage resources may be lost. Loss would mean denialand/or loss of history of the area and country as a whole. The Stone Town area was a satelite areaand is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site with museums, monumnets and various otherculturally significant sites and buildings. Additional recovery of archaeological objects and theireventual proper interpretations would add value to such already protected, preserved andconserved cultural heritage resources.

There could be a possibility of creating positive impacts by controlling flooding and creatinghappiness for people residing in the project area. Such a measure would create a long-termpositive impact. The project would also create employment to people, some on permanent basis,while others will be employed temporarily.

Negative impacts may be viewed a low in built up areas as a result of the archaeologicalmaterials having already benn destroyed and/or lost. The few remaining materials would beimpacted by secondary and/or short-term negative impacts. Once lost, archaeological materialscan be classified as irreversible or non-rewable/non-replaced/non-recovered. If human remainsare uncovered in previously unidentified burial grounds by construction activities, operationsneed to cease immediately and the relevant authorities contacted.

The desired project should encourage the involvement of local archaeologists in order for themto recover or salvage any archaeological materials that may be exposed during constructionworks. In addition, the aim of cultural awareness creation and education regarding theenvironment and cultural resources should be encouraged.

In conclusion, the negative impacts of the project are far outweighed by the positive impacts.However, various mitigation measures, such as the involvement of archaeologists to recover anyarchaeological or cultural material that may be unearthed during construction, need to beimplemented.

6

List of Acronyms

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

SoER State of Enviroment Report

TIW Triangular Incized Ware

ToR Terms of Reference

USA$ United States of America Dollars

ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency

ZMC Zanzibar Municipal Council

ZUSP Zanzibar Urban Services Project

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1.0 Introduction1.1 Background Information

This document contains the report on the results of a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) studywhich was done for the Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP). This specialist study wasdeemed necessary for the various components of the proposed ZUSP, these components beingthe upgrade and installation of storm water drainage channels, waste management infrastructureupgrade repair as well as the installation of street lighting in the Stone Town area. This specialiststudy compliments other works in prepartion for the Zanzibar Urban Services Projectconstruction phase to be implemented in January 2011.

Zanzibar town is situated on Unguja Island which, together with Pemba Isle and over 50 isletssuch as Tumbatu, Changuu, Kibandiko, Chapwani, Bawe, Chumbe, Mnemba, Lathan, make upZanzibar. Zanzibar together with mainland Tanzania form the United Republic of Tanzania.According to 2002 population census, Zanzibar has a population of less than one million people(984,351 people). Population growth rate between 1988 and 2002 was recorded to be 3.1 percent.

Unguja Island measures 86 kilometres long and 39 kilometres at its widest point covering a totalarea of 1,666 square kilometres, while Pemba is 60 kilometres long and 22.25 kilomtres widecovering a total area of 988 square kilometres. Zanzibar is situated approximately 40 kilometresoff the mainland of East Africa, Unguja being only 30 kilometers at its shortest point fromMainland Tanzania. Furthermore, the two islands are 50 kilometres apart and are separated bythe Pemba channel.

Zanzibar city includes areas beyond Stone Town that are both under the jurisdiction of the localgovernment authority, namely Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC). Thus, Zanzibar city can bedivided into two areas, namely, the Stone Town area and the greater urban area. The Stone Townarea has monuments, buildings and most likely buried cultural resources as well as moveablecultural resources (archaeological artefacts). The latter could be inland and under water (in theIndian Ocean). The area alongside Stone Town is expected to contain buried movable culturalheritage resources (such as archaeological artefacts). The munipality has a population of around206,913 as indicated by the 2002 population census, covering almost 1,600 hectares, with StoneTown covering about 95 hectares of this area. Thus, it has a marked population increase from157,634 inhabitants as established in the 1988 census. (Zanzibar Investment Policy, n.d.).

1.2 Proposed Activity, Its Purposes and Rationale

This Heritage Impact Assessment report forms part of an Envionmental and Social ImpactAssessment carried out as part of the Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP). This specialiststudy was deemed necessary for the various components of the proposed ZUSP, thesecomponents being the upgrade and installation of storm water drainage channels, wastemanagement infrastructure upgrade repair as well as the installation of street lighting in the StoneTown area. This specialist study compliments other works in prepartion for the Zanzibar UrbanServices Project construction phase to be implemented in January 2011.

8

The desire to provide rapid expansion of social services across Zanzibar town was recognized byZanzibar Municipl Council (ZMC) such that the Zanzibar Urban Services Project (ZUSP) teamwas established to achieve these sustainablegoals. In due regard, ZUSP propose to undertake thismunicipal upgrade project that will involve the development of selected urban infrastructure andthe enhancement of street lighting in Stone Town.

In due regard, an ESIA is mandatory in terms of Zanzibar Enviromental Policy of 1992 and theEnvironmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1992 so as to evaluate potentialimpacts of the proposed project and thus, recommend mitigation measures to reduce or preventnegative impacts as well as enhance positive impacts. The Terms of Reference (ToR) for ESIAhave been completed and approved by the Department of Environment in November 2009. Thisis the Second Phase of ESIA, the Impact Assessment Phase, and is aimed at facilitating properproject initiation, implementation and eventual commissioning including monitoring measures.

1.3 Structure of the Report

This report composed of eleven Sections.

Section One gives an Introduction that includes the followingSub-Sections: Background Information;Proposed Activity,Its Purposes and Rationale; andStructure of the Report.

Section Two deals with Particular Descriptions on the following key areas:Description of the Local Environment;Baseline Conditions;Description of Socio-economic Aspects;Description of Biophysical Aspects;Description of Cultural Aspects.

Section Three is about Materials and Methods,while Section Three presents Identification, Prediction and Assessment of Potential Impacts.

Section Five provides Analysis of Stated Impacts as they Relate to Human Health and

Section Six presents Consideration of Alternatives and Mitigation Measures IncudingCommitment to Mitigation. Section Seven is about Environmental Management Plan,Monitoring and Auditing Program, while

Section Eight is about The Manner Public Consultation in Respect to the Undertaking wasImplemented.

Section Nine gives Additional Necessary Information to Assess the Proposed Activity and

Section Ten provides presents Conclusions and Recommendations.

9

2.0 Particular Descriptions2.1 Description of Baseline ConditionsFigure 1 shows the study area located in Zanzibar town between Stone Town area to the west,Daraja Bovu Road in the east, Zanzibar International Airport to the south and Mtoni River Roadto the north. In due regard, the location includes the following areas: Stone Town, Kisiwandui,Darajani, Vikokotoni, Mtendeni, Kidongo Chekundu, Mabuluu, Maisara-Suleiman, Kilimani,Malindi, Batini, Michenzani, Mwanakwerekwe and Amaani (Figure 1). Other areas include floodareas; solid waste collection points; existing and under construction sewerline; proposed sewerline; existing and under construction storm water drains; storm water drains to be constructed infuture; and an interceptor sewer to be constructed in future.

2.3 Description of Cultural AspectsAs a World Heritage Site, Stone Town contains buildings of architectural and culturalimportance; these include a chapel and fort constructed by the Portugese in the sixteenth century,as well as infrastructure such as the harbour developed by Arab and Indian merchants.

The project area includes monuments, light houses (used in ancient times) and moveable culturalobjects (archaeological artefacts) which may be buried either inland or under water. Of particularinterest are:

Recent discoveries of pottery remains belonging to Triangular Incized Ware (TIW), anddating to the Early Phase of East African Working, almost 3000 years ago, recoveredclose to Upepo River and at Kiembe Samaki (Abdallah Khamis, pers. comm., 28th

January, 2010);Clove and coconut estates at Mpendae, Sebuleni and Mwanakwerekwe (ibid.);Ruins and the first Anglican church built in Zanzibar at Kilimani; andRuins for the sultanate at Maruhubi under legal protection.

Archaeological evidence revealed that the islands may have been settled by stone age people,notably, during the Late Stone Age, as far back as 30,000 years ago. Further settlements byindigenous people, arscetained by archaeological remains, have been recorded at various sitesthat include the remains of humans, animals, ceramics and several other archaeological artifacts.Further archaeological discoveries, such as early iron workings, revealed several traditions andcultures such as the Swahili Culture. As a result, it is known that Zanzibar was settled byindigenous people from an early time.

Oral traditions and socio-political history offer further accounts of Zanzibar`s growth as anancient town. A notable period for such development was between A.D. 1500 to 1850. StoneTown grew on the western tip of the triangular peninsula. This peninsula was partially separatedfrom the main island by a creek running in a north easterly direction and the only point of contactto the main island was situated to the south. It is further argued that the choice for such a site andits subsequent growth into one of important urban settlements of the area was determined partlyby its natural harbour that offered incoming vessels protection during monsoon seasons.

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Monsoons typically occur during the period of November to February and the winds associatedwith these monsoons brought traders from Arabia, Persia and India. In constrast to this, windsduring the period of June to September brought vessels from further south and returned othervessels to their home ports in the north as well as the east of the Indian Ocean. Such settlementsand movements facilitated maritime trade, trade in the mainland and further to the hinterland. Inaddition, settlements facilitated establishment of plantations for crops such as coconuts as well ascloves and other spices. Plantations were established away from the urban settlements and as aresult a pattern of movement/interaction between the then Zanzibar urban area and its immediatesurrounding area became prodominant.

Currently, Zanzibar is politically part of the African mainland, but its Islamic heritage andtradition continue to link the island to one time sultanates and harbour-towns that lined thewestern Indian Ocean such as Kilwa (southeastern Tanzania), Mombasa (Kenya), Malindi(Kenya), Lamu (Kenya) and Mogadishu (Somalia), as well as to ancient trading ports of theArabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf. In due regard, Zanzibar developed an urban traditionthat still stands today.

Thus, with development of ancient Zanzibar into a big urban settlement that was involved withancient international maritime trade as well as across the mainland at several points,infrastructure that included buildings and monuments ensued. Most structures that exist and havebeen rehabilitated are under continued protection and conservation. In due regard, after majorrehabilitation works in order to restore the integrity and fabrique of the cultural heritageresources in Stone Town, the Zanzibar Stone Town Conservation and Heritage DevelopmentAuthority was established. Further to such developments, Stone Town is a World Heritage Cityinscribed under the United Nations, Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO’s) World Heritage List (for selected monuments see Figures 2, 3a and3b). StoneTown is one of the biggest Cultural Tourism centres in Africa.

3.0 Materials and MethodsThe Heritgae Impact Assessment involved the following data collection methods:

• Key informant interviews;• Surveys throughout the study area;• Observations (non-participant observations); and• Documentation (photographs and inscriptions).

Key informant interviews involved unstructured questions to officials from the followingestablishments:

• Institute of Marine Science of the University of Dar es Salaam;• Zanzibar Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority;• Division of Water and Waste Management;• Department of Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities; and• Department of Environment.

11

Surveying covered the entire study area in order to understand the existing situation with regardto storm water and waste water management infrastructure. Observations were made a certainkey points throughout the study area that facilitated this impact assessment.

4.0 Identification, Prediction and Assessment of Potential ImpactsThe proposed project will have certain positive and negative impacts and the purpose of theESIA is to enhance the postive impacts and minise or remove the negative impacts. It isgenerally assumed that impacts caused by linear developments, such as stormwater channels onheritage sites, may be less severe than impacts which occur as a result of more drastic kinds ofdevelopment such as mining, town establihment or dam building operations where major affectson the environment, including heritage resources, are brought about.

The significance of heritage resources is usually determined according to criteria such as thefollowing: the scientific, research, esthetical, educational, ideological, tourism, etc value ofheritage resources. Other criteria which may apply are the repeatability (scarcity); condition(dilapidated, restored, altered, disturbed) and inherent cultural, historical, industrial, economicand contextual value that each and every heritage resource possesses.

The level of significance of each heritage resource will determine what mitigation measures haveto be applied before this heritage resource may be affected by the proposed project. The natureand extent of the mitigation measures will again determine the process that has to be followedwith the authority when such sites are found.

Some of the heritage resources in the study area including those that have not been detected maybe impacted (affected, altered, damaged) by the proposed project. The number of heritageresources which may be affected by the project can be decreased if a walk-through study of thestormwater alignments is undertaken before construction commences.

The project may have impacts that are perceived to be negative, such as the possibility ofunearthing cultural resources or archaeological objects as a result of the constrcution activities.These archaeological objects may be destoryed, trampled while excavating trenches for the stormwater drains or dumped elsewhere. Some may even be destroyed completely. As long as peopleused the harbour and other landing sites along the sea shore, there will always be a rich source ofunder water archaeological resources. The discharge of effluent at the proposed outfall sewerposition along the coastline, could result in the destruction of these existing archaeologicalobjects.

As a result of the denstiy of the project area, it can assumed that there has already been somedestruction or loss of archaeological materials. Even in the Stone Town area, a recent harbourfacelift did not include a cultural impact assessments. In addition, previous housing developmentprojects also did not involve a cultural heritage impact assessment.

In terms of heritage, the project area includes graves, monuments, light houses and variousarchaeological artefacts. For example, close to the Upepo River, archaeological objects(ceramics) in form of pottery remains belonging to Triangular Incized Ware (TIW) wererecovered. These findings denote to the Early Phase of East African Iron Working, almost 3,000years ago. In Kiembe Samaki, archaeological remains belonging to TIW were accidentally

12

recovered. In addition, there were previously estates (for cloves, coconuts and cloves) in suchplaces as Mpendae, Sebuleni and Mwanakwerekwe. People lived and worked on these estatesand as such there is a large possibility for the survival of archaeological objects. In Kilimanithere are ruins and the first Anglican church to be built in Zanzibar. In Maruhubi, there are ruinsfor the sultanate and are protected by law.

Without proper mitigation measures being implemented both before and during constructionworks, such finite unrewable culural heritage resources may be lost. Loss would mean denialand/or loss of history of the area and country as a whole. The Stone Town area was a satelite areaand is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site with museums, monumnets and various otherculturally significant sites and buildings. Additional recovery of archaeological objects and theireventual proper interpretations would add value to such already protected, preserved andconserved cultural heritage resources.

There could be a possibility of creating positive impacts by controlling flooding and creatinghappiness for people residing in the project area. Such a measure would create a long-termpositive impact. The project would also create employment to people, some on permanent basis,while others will be employed temporarily.

Negative impacts may be viewed a low in built up areas as a result of the archaeologicalmaterials having already benn destroyed and/or lost. The few remaining materials would beimpacted by secondary and/or short-term negative impacts. Once lost, archaeological materialscan be classified as irreversible or non-rewable/non-replaced/non-recovered. If human remainsare uncovered in previously unidentified burial grounds by construction activities, operationsneed to cease immediately and the relevant authorities contacted.

The desired project should encourage the involvement of local archaeologists in order for themto recover or salvage any archaeological materials that may be exposed during constructionworks. In addition, the aim of cultural awareness creation and education regarding theenvironment and cultural resources should be encouraged.

In conclusion, the negative impacts of the project are far outweighed by the positive impacts.However, various mitigation measures, such as the involvement of archaeologists to recover anyarchaeological or cultural material that may be unearthed during construction, need to beimplemented.

5.0 Consideration of Alternatives and Mitigation MeasuresIncluding Commitment to Mitigation

Different mitigation measures have to be followed for the various types of heritage resources thatmay be affected by the proposed project. Mitigation measures for various types and ranges ofheritage resources are usually conducted by specialists qualified in various disciplines.

If archaeological objects are exposed during construction, experts fom Department of Archives,Museums and Antiquities should be notified immediately. Such experts may undertakeassessments and determine the steps that need to be taken in order to ensure the preservation of

13

the archaeological object. Should the extent of archaeological material being uncovered besubstantial, a realignment of infrastructure for that particular area should be looked into. Thenewly assessed alignment should involve test excavations before undertaking any constructionworks. Alternatively, if the archaeological material being unearthed is minimal, a salvagerecovery plan should be implemented and all artifacts safely removed or adhered to, followingon from which construction works can continue.

Other best practices should include to commission experts from the Department of Archives,Museums and Antiquities to walk the designated path/route so as too undertake test excavationsat several spots. This will involve them carrying out transects along the proposed projectalignment.

In other instances, during the construction phase, experts (archaeologists) from the Departmentof Archives, Museums and Antiquities could undertake monitoring of construction works so asto salvage any archaeological materials that may be exposed.

Graveyards can also be exhumed and relocated. The exhumation of human remains and therelocation of graveyards are regulated by various laws, regulations and administrativeprocedures. This task is undertaken by forensic archaeologists or by reputed undertakers who areacquainted with all the administrative procedures and relevant legislation that have to be adheredto whenever human remains are exhumed and relocated. Permission for the exhumation andrelocation of human remains have to be obtained from the descendants of the deceased (ifknown), the various authorities and the local police.

In conclusion, the negative impacts of the project are far outweighed by the positive impacts.However, various mitigation measures, such as the involvement of archaeologists to recover anyarchaeological or cultural material that may be unearthed during construction, need to beimplemented. There should be a good linkage between construction workers, ZMC and finally,custodians of cultural objects, the Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities.

6.0 Environmental Management Plan, Monitoring and AuditingProgram

Experts should undertake test excavations along the route alignment and end points/outfalls.The experts should follow a transect, testing samples at abritrary 50m intervals.. Excaavated soilshould be sieved in a screen wire mesh of 0.5 millimetres diameter, and all recovered culturalobjects cleaned, identified and catalogued. Find spots should be fully documented, with GPScoordinates indicated, and objects should be properly curated after interpretations.

The size of find spot and quantinty of archaeological material excavated will determine ifconstruction activities should proceed, or if re-alignment options need to be explored. Ifuncertain, further expert opinions should be sought for immediately.

, The construction team should work closely alongside the Department of Archives, Museumsand Antiquities, who will be responsible for all archaeological assessment during the

14

construction phase. Archaeologists should be informed of any achaeological findings beforeconstruction work begins.:Archaeological equipment required will include the following:

• Trowells;• Global positioning system;• Sieves;• Sand fill containers;• Storage bags for artifacts;• documentation equipment such as camera..

Topographic maps and aerial photographs would be required in order to assist in reconnaissanceworks and to indicate find spots of exposed archaeological materials. Also a transit should betaken so as to use if a find spot would need mapping and thus, relocate the route so that furtherarchaeological works could be done properly.

An audit should be conducted by the Department of Archives, Museums and Antiquities incollaboration with the Department of Environment. Local authorities should be notified of suchfinds from grass roots level to the top municipal administration. All such moves would help inexecuting salvage works, envrionment conservation, cultural heritage protection and pertinentauditing.

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

The project may have negative impacts like the posibility to uncover cultural resources in formof archaeological objects. Some places would be developed as discharge areas at some places,for example, at Saateni, River Upepo, Maruhubi and other areas as disclosed by an official fromthe Division of Watse Water and Waste Management. Thus, some archaeological objects may bedestroyed, trampled while excavating trenches for the storm water drains or may be dumpedelsewhere close or far from their original places. Some may even be destroyed completelybeyond recovery. Also as long as people used the harbour and other landing sites along the seashore, there are under water archaeological resources. Discharging effluents to the planned sitesalong the sea shore means construction works and thus, destruction of the same.There should be measures to involve people from project start up to end. Such involvementshould embrace the following: sensitize, create awareness and educate people about environmentand protection of cultural heritage resources. Such a measure should include project participantsfrom various establishments and levels as key players/partners to the project. The Department ofArchives, Museums and Antiquities should be given the lead task/role in the name of culturalheritage conservation, while other players in their specailized areas should do the same but as ateam. Suh a measure can be helpful at diverse capacities in terms of envisaged ZUSP projects.

As long as there are many houses constructed to cater for inhabitants, whether or not in heavilypopulated areas, there was some destruction together with loss of archaeological materials. Evenin the Stone Town area, a recent harbour facelift that is almost 75% complete never involvedcultural impact assessments. Like in housing development works, no Cultural Heritage ImpactAssessment was done before such developments.

15

The project area includes monuments, light houses (used in ancient times) and archaeologicalartefacts. For example, close to Upepo River, archaeological objects in form of pottery remainsbelonging to Triangular Incized Ware (TIW) were once accidentally recovered. They denote tothe Early Phase of East African Iron Working, almost 3,000 years before present. Similararchaeological artifacts were recovered at Kiembe Samaki. Also there were estates (for cloves,coconuts and cloves) in old times at such places as Mpendae, Sebuleni and Mwanakwerekwe.Thus, people lived and worked in those areas such that there is a great possibility of recoveringarchaeological objects. At Kilimani there are ruins and the first Anglican church. At Maruhubithere are ruins for the sultanate.

Without proper mitigation measures before construction works, such finite unrewable culuralheritage resources may be lost. Loss would mean denial and/or loss of history of the area andcountry as a whole. Afterall, the Stone Town area was a satelite area and is a World Heritage Sitewith some museums. Additional recovery of archaeological objects and their eventual properinterpretations would add value to such already protected, preserved and conserved culturalhritage resources.

There could be a possibility of creating positive impacts by cotrolling floods and create happyand safe dwelling in the project area. Such measure would create a positive impact for a long-term. The project would create employment to people, some on permanent basis, while other wilbe employed temporarily.

Also, such envisaged developments would cause negative impacts if cultural resources,especially in big numbers would be destroyed and/or lost by any means. But negative impactsmay be minimal in already built environments because they may have already destroyed and/orcaused loss of the same. The few remaining materials would cause secondary and/or short-termnegative impacts. But the problem is that once lost, they are irreversible or non-rewable/non-replaced/non-recovered. The only worry could be if they recover human remains in possiblyonce burial grounds that were not designated like by the time people had not started to bury theirdead.

Discharge of materials could cause some health hazards if unchecked properly. Suchconstruction woks should be healthy friendly, curbing soil and water pollution so that humansshould not be affected with water borne diseases. Likewise, discharge to the ocean should notdestroy biological organisms, especially at fish landing sites that may cause contamination andthus, lead to diseases caught by fish at such places.

The desired project should involve archaeologists so that they can recover or salvagearchaeological materials that may be exposed during construction works. Also there should beteam work with the aim of undertaking sensitization, awareness creation and education aboutenvironment and cultural resources.

The project outweighs negative impacts such that there should be great consideration in carryingout the planned works. However, mitigation measures require calling upon archaeologists so asto salvage any archaeological or cultural material that may be recovered. Furthermore, proper

16

project execution would limit soil and water pollution such that water borne diseases that areaffecting people would be greatly controlled.

References

Chami, F. (ed) 2009 Zanzibar and the Swahili Coast From c. 30,000 Years Ago. Dar es Salaam:E & D Vision Publishing

Siravo, F. 1996 Zanzibar: A Plan for Historic Stone Town: Geneva: The Aga Khan Trust forCulture

Lange, Glenn-Marie and N. Jiddawi 2008 ``Marin Conservation: How Economic Valuation ofEcosystem Services Can Help.``Environment: Matters at the World Bank: 10-13.

ZRG 2004 State of Environment Report. Zanzibar: Department of Environment

ZRG n.d. Zanzibar Investment Policy. Zanzibar.

ZRG 1992 National Environmental Policy. Zanzibar: Commission for Lands and Environment.

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APPENDICESAppendix I: Map

FIGURE 1 MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PROPOSED ZUSP PROJECT

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Appendix II: Photographs

Figure 2 Sign Board for Zanzibar Stone Town World Heritage Site at Mbuyuni

Figures 3a Ancient Buildings in Zanzibar Stone Town

ZUSP ESIA


APPENDIX I Social Interviews

SOCIAL AND ARAP INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS

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Area KARAKANAQNO 1KAR11MATGPS GPS 0523449 9321403Date 11 June 2010 KarakanaName Juma Shaibu HamadiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold There are 1 people live in that houseChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 self employed, in Malindi, 30min by busFlooding Mr Juma Shaibu is the Zanzibarian people who live at Karakana.

This people (Mr Shaibu) he stay alone in his own house. Whichis near by the place which is was get flooded problem. Thatplace (Karakana) floods occur 2 times every year. Two times thishouse has been flooded since January. Even Mr Shaibu house(He said Mr Shaibu). The house of Mr Shaibu get floodedbecause i close to the are where the water collects and dampsup until it reaches my house. Usually the water it takes about 3days up to 5 days until the water leave the house.

Coping strategies I protect my belongings when the water raising for put it on theroof. And other I keep to my neighbour. When the floods occurat the night and I am still op the work I call my friend which isalso my neighbour in order to keep a safe my belongings. Sometime when floods occur in takes about 3 weeks. And also i leavemy house for these 3 weeks and I go to Shaurimoyo. The floodscourses alot of damage and the damage which its occur is someof my belongings it take by the water. The wall crack, the toiletare flooded, the crops are destroyed, etc. I didn’t done anythingto prevent against floods

Health Besides the flooding, the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblems to us like fungus, skin disease. The help which I needto get deal with health problem is to get a mosquito net, to get amedicine of malaria, not only that but also we have to destroy thesource of malaria, that is to build a channel that is big couses.That because when we are destroy the floods we have todestroy the malaria

Displacement I have been staying in this house since 2006. This is my ownhouse. I build. The land at this it cost about 300,000TSH. Andthe house it cost about 600,000 TSH. I am permanently move tosomewhere else that because in do not have money to buyanother place which is better. If there a project to take the wateraway from the area so that is my house no longer flooded I shallmind having a channel that running near to my house, thatbecause the channel help us from the flooding; If they haveagreement to build a channel through my street and my house isaffected by the construction (e.g. one of the wall of my house is



affected that I prefer to rebuild another wallSolid Waste I collect the waste to the plastic bag. And I put it outside. In this

household none no responsible taking the waste there but all ofthe us can do that. It get about 6 up to 7 to get the disposal site.There are no any one who cleans a disposal site. But ZAIC isresponsible to cleans that disposal site. The way that are nowusing to disposing the waste is not a good system that becausewhen we are disposing the waste like that we couse alot ofdisease. And always the smell that place is bad not only that butalso when the rain the water collects to an area and damps upuntil it reaches my house. With some of the routern waste that itgoing to be a big problem myself I know that but some of us theydo know even you teach them they do nothing

Other We can destroy malaria from the only mouth but we can destroythe malaria by build a channel and to us the best way to disposea west. Please help us for doing that.

ARAPQuestions

1. If one wall fall down it cost about 400,000 TSH to build2. Yes I have a legal title of the land3. Not I have not a bank account because4. I have no money to put on the bank5. Yes I like to have a bank account6. I like to have a bank account because I can protect myself use my money from my bank account. I can’t go to any oneto borrow.7. I have many person to teach about how to receive themoney by cash.

Area KARAKANAQNO 2KAR11KHAGPS GPS 0524140 – 9320886Date Karakana 11th June 2010Name Siti Shamte HassanGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold There are 16 persons live in this houseChildren U18 6 children under 18 years oldElderly 65 plusNo one but 2 persons they are about 50-55 years oldEmployment There are two persons are employed and earn regular income

They are employed by an employerIt is about half an hour by car and one hour and half by walking

Flooding The flood occur two times a year. Since January the houseflooded one day, and it was a day time the water started daytime till night.Because of stagnated water and running waterIt takes an hours the water to leave the house and sometimetakes a couple of days to leave the waterBecause of the rains. It is something that only started become aproblem in recent years.



She said she is protecting her belonging as much as she can.She said she can’t say how but she does according to thecondition. During high rain we move to our relatives near by hereAnd the father (my husband) and eldest son remain in to thehouse to protect. Some valuable things and they stay up theceiling.Destruction of my property. She said she cannot remember howmuch she had spent.NothingShe tried to build her house by having strong foundation

Health It is problem, it may emerge the disease like malaria, choleraDisplacement During the construction of channel it is just a part of her house

may be affected. Especial at the garden beside of her housemay be affected and she said she would be like to be given cashmoney to repair wall of the garden at her house.Mrs Siti has no bank account but she would like to have a bankaccount and she has some body else to teach her how to use it

Solid Waste 1 She collects in to the container and take them near bythe football ground and through it away. The children responsibleto take it.2 Therre is no any skip in the area. So no body isresponsible to remove the wastes, it is the responsibility of anycitizen, but what they do only they burning the wastes.

Other NoneARAPQuestions

None

Area KARAKANAQNO 005KAR10LUCGPS GPS 0524076 – 9320737Date Karakana 10 June 2010Name Sleiman Juman MakameGender MaleStatus HH headHousehold 7 people lived in the houseChildren U18 3 children under 18 yearsElderly 65 plusNo older than 65 yearsEmployment 1 person employed

Employed by an employer to do the work45 minutes and he use daladala

Flooding Mr Sleiman was the first boy to interview and he told me manyabout flooding every year he told me floods occur 4 times and inthis year 2 times his house been flooded since January and thelast time was in May and when the water enter in the house ittake 3 days to leave the house and this flooding start duringdaytime and end till night. Mr Sleinman told me that he thinkbecause of the water running down the street and past his houseand then enters his house and also because he is near the pond



that’s why every year his flooded. Usually he told me that watertake 3 days to leave the house after it has been flooded and thelast time when his house was flooded it take also 2 days to thewater leave the house not only that but he also think because heis near the pound that’s why his house is flooded every time itrain and this always been a problem because every year hishouse flooded and this was started in 1997 because of the badplanning of the house

Coping strategiesMr Sleiman says that when the rain starts raining he protect herbelongings by taking them to her relatives for more helping and ifhe will be at work he will call her wife to collect her belongingsand then take it even to his neighbour and when he will comeback at the work he will take it to his relatives but if it will be atnight he will protect his things and take near his house untilmorning. Mr Sleiman told me that they can’t stay in he housebecause the all house is flooded they just leave the house untilthe water dry and then they come back to his house so all areleaving in the house and the will be to his relatives until the waterdry in the house it may take 3 days and if they will be for a longtime the thief will take his main in his house.He says that the type of damage inside his house which sufferbecause of the flooding are so many but some of them aresponges, beds to be broken, clothes, books of children,electricity switch and all of this cost 3,000,000 tsh he spend torepair and the type of damage outside his house only walls falldown because of water and this cost 2,000,000 tsh he spent torepair the damage outside his house and in his year he repairwall in his house and also he didn’t done anything to prevent thisflooding to his house

Health Mr Sleiman told me that beside the flooding in his family water inthe area bring other problem because the people suffer becauseof malaria, cholera and also other time bring the skin problemand also this affect many people especially children becausethey just play even in the dirty water so this is the big problem tohis area and in this year Mr Sleiman didn’t cost any money todeal with this health problem

Displacement Mr Sleiman told me that they live in that house about 24 yearsnow and that his own house which get from his father about 2xyear ago and his father buy the land and then build a housebefore his deaths. And his father inherist that house for about 29years now. They were born in that house and first when theycome they was no other house so he told him to remain in thathouse with his children and his wife. Also they don’t move topermanently place where its safe because also it is expansive tobuy the land and then build the house.About the issue of building a channel he agree with that and heneed to build a channel area near his house



Solid Waste He says that in his area he just use plastic bags for more helpingbut also in his area they don’t have any skip to put the wastewhen they have collect they just put in the one house near himwhich has been broken and for his side that is not a good systemthey need to get permanently place where they can take careabout their waste and also they need someone who can also betogether with them who come from the government


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 006KAR10LUCGPS GPS 0524129 – 9320713Date Karakana 10 June 2010Name Khamis Ameir ZaidaniGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 people lived in the houseChildren U18 6 children under 18 yearsElderly 65 plusNo older than 65 yearsEmployment 1 person employed

Employed by an employer to do the work at town1 hour and he use bicycle

Flooding Mr Khamis told me that 4 times floods occur every year and 2times his house been flooded in this year since January till todayand the last time was in May. Not only that but also his house getflooded because of water running down the street past his houseand then enters his house and also because he is near thepound. Usually it take 3 weeks to the water leave the house andthe last time when his house flooded it take 2 weeks to the waterleave the house he think that because of the poor planning of thehouse and also the people are so many that’s why his houseflooded every time it rains and this always been a problembecause every year the houses are flooded and this because ofthe poor planning of the house and this was starts in 1006 whenthe people be a lot near his house

Coping strategiesHe collect/protect his belongings when the water starts rising bytaking them to his neighbour because his relative they don’t careabout them. They can’t leave the alone they just go children onlyto his neighbour remainder are remain even the water are insiderhis house. The type of damage inside the house which sufferbecause of flooding are sponges, clothes, doors and he don’tknow how much did he cost to repair the damage and also aboutoutside his house is only wall fall down and also he forget howmuch did he cost to repair the damage but in this year he didn’trepair the damage. He didn’t done anything to the house toprevent flooding



Health Beside the flooding he told me that no other problem to his familyDisplacement He says that about 10 years they been at Karakana and that its

own houses he buy the land and then build the house, the landit cost 30,000 tsh to buy and the house it cost 6,000,000 tsh tobuild and this money all he got from his father and also his fathertold him do not move permanently where its safe because he losta lot of money so he will remain there. About the project heagree with that and he need to build the channel even near hishouse or even it will affect some of his instruction he agree withthat

Solid Waste He just use plastic bags and then he sent his children to the skipand this is a formal site because there is someone who come totake every week. The way that now disposing of his waste is agood system because they get the one who responsibility to takethe waste in every house for every week


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 5KAR10ASHGPS GPS 0524083 - 9320734Date Karakana 10 June 2010Name Halima Moh’d SeifGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 5 personChildren U18 2 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 person employed

They employed by government1 person is a teacher

Flooding 3 times floods occur every year. Since January the flood occurtwice. The last time was in June 10 2010 it flooded at night buthe last time was in day. The Halima house flooding because theylive near to pond also her house is in slope area so water getinside of her house. Usually it take 2 to 3 week but the last timeshe don’t know because the rain are still raining

Coping strategiesWhen water start rising they take their things to their neighboursif she’s at work her son which is work outside of this house startleaving the things. They all leaving the house because the waterreach the roof so its dangerous to stay.Their go to their neighbour near to their house may be 5 to 6houses its the same neighbourhood area, they live the house forabout 2 weeks so no one is responsible to protect the housebecause it protect itself by water.The first Halima says all of their things destroying and spend alot of money she don’t remember how much but this when the



rain start she leave all of her things so only house is destroyingbecause all the wall crack and other falling down so they don’trepair the wall so she also don’t know the cost of each wall

Health Beside malaria and cholera the stagnated water bring fungus forchildren, diarrhoea so they go hospital and spend more than15,000 tsh

Displacement Halima says its not her house her brother borrow her, his nameis Mosi Makame, also she say she don’t know the cost of herbrother house only she know is her brother bought a land andbuilt it.Halima say its good idea to build the channel because it willconserve water so they are need to go other place for living inpeace

Solid Waste Also Halima says in their area no skip or slab for rubbish but theydig a hole behind of their house for rubbish. So it don’t costanything. The way Halima use for rubbish is not good becauseother waste like plastic, pampers don’t rot so it cause problem onplant like cassava and sweet potatoes


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 6KAR10ASHGPS GPS 0524088 - 9320738Date Karakana 10 June 2010Name Fatma Moh’d SaidGender FemaleStatus Spouse/housewifeHousehold 9 personChildren U18 3 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 person are employed

They are self employed1 person are octopers seller. He work beside the road which take10 mins, and 1 person sell the spair of bicycle in Mikunguniwhich take 30 minutes

Flooding Fatma say in her house it reach 5 times per year for flooding tooccur. Since January the flooding occur in 3 time, the last timewas in April. Fatma says its house get flood because she livenear to the pond and also because of the bad planning of thehouses. Usually it take 1 month for water to go down in Fatma’shome but the last time take 26 days

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising Fatma take her things and her childrenand go Mpendae to her relatives. They stay Mpendae for about 1month, until the water go down, all of them leave the housebecause water get until to the roof. So no one left to take care ofthe house. Fatma says the first time all of her thing affected but



that time she leaving with all of her things, the first time for about2 weeks to sold the other things, for this time she only use themoney to repair the walls and roof but couldn’t know the cost ofthe wall

Health Beside malaria Fatma’s house are not suffer from anythingbecause they all leave to Mpendae until the water recede

Displacement Fatma say they live in that house for about 10 years, its no aFatma’s house she rent it and paid 15,000 tsh per 1 room for 1month so she couldn’t know the cost of that house. But she saidthe way of building the channel is good because it will clean theenvironment and she couldn’t know if the owner will agree toleave his house or to repair the affected area. 1Kar11Kha

Solid Waste They take the waste to dump area but there’s no skip or slab andno one is responsible to dispose the area. Fatma say the way ofdispose the waste that they use is not good because it destroysthe environment.


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 1KAR11KHAGPS GPS: 0524140 – 9320722Date Karakana 11th June 2010Name Luziga Iddi ShaabanGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 3 persons live in this houseChildren U18 1 child under 18 years oldElderly 65 plusNo oneEmployment One person is employed and earn regular income

He is employed by an employerIt is about 7km from home to work

Flooding In his house might be affected but when the engineer will useother side construct the channel not close to his house there isno possibility to his house to be affected so Patricia said should I(surveyor) make an interview when the engineers decide to usesuch a narrow path close to his house.So general interview huziga said, he is real affected by thestagnated water and running water in to his house in every highrain (flood). He moves from his house to his relatives but only hiswife and the his son, he always remain to the house so as toprotect his property against thieves

Coping strategiesThe biggest which he get during the flood is destruction of hisproperty and the water which inter in to his house make his toiletflot. So inside the house the condition change from good smell tobad smell. He remain in to his house when water are full in hishouse. He build special emergence ladder during high rain he



gous up stair and stay for the whole night or day. Last year hehad spent about 200,000 shillings to repair the damage

Health NoneDisplacement He said he wants to move permanently to go some where else

but now he has no money to but the house in another place.So during construction of channel any destruction that mayhappen to his wall of his house he would like to be given cashmoney so as to repair his house and if the destruction will beover he would like to get cash money to move permanently

Solid Waste NoneOther NoneARAPQuestions

Surveyor Comment: I don’t think if this house will be affectedduring construction of channel because there is a hugepossibility for the channel to cros sarea which are very straightforwad compare to his house which are little bit crooked. MrLuziga has bank account and he knows how to us is his bankaccount is P.B.Z.

Area KARAKANAQNO 5 KAR10EMMGPS GPS 0524058 9321006Date Karakana10th June 2010Name Zuhura Zahor AbdallahGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 people liveChildren U18 1 childElderly 65 plusNo elderlyEmployment 1 employed

self employment (farmer)Travel from Karakana to Kiyanga

Flooding This house experience flood 2 times every ie spring and autumnform May-June and Sept-Nov either the day or night. The lastwhen they experience flood is this year was in May where it rainsheavily from morning to evening without stopping. When it rainsheavily the take about 2-3 days to recede and the last water took3 days to recede after been flooded. The reason for floodoccurance is bad arrangement of houses that lead the house tobe close to each the lack of ditch channel also it’s a sloped area

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we use to keep our things on top of theceiling board to save them cos when flood occur we experiencehigh damages to our things eg furniture, radio, t.v. etc. wehaven’t do anything to protect our house form flood cos its needmoney this process

Health The pond or stagnated water cause the health problem ehcholera and malaria in this area cos the water are too muchpolluted

Displacement We’re been staying for 4year now and this is not our own house



we just rented. Our house was badly damaged in 2005 wheretsunami occur. We want to move from this area but money is agreat problem and now days the land is very expensive to buy. Ifthere will be a project of ditch channel will be cool and we won’tmind cos we’re sure that the construction of ditch channel will behelped to avoid this problem. But if any construction will damagemy house I should be paid

Solid Waste The place we use to collect our solid waste is in he bucket afterthe bucket is full we keep them outside then we just buried orburn although it’s not a good system to do this but I haven’tanother way to do except this cos there is no slab near or in ourstreet


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 6 KAR10EMMGPS GPS 0524034 9320988Date Karakana 10th June 2010Name Ali Said SuleimanGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 people liveChildren U18 1 childElderly 65 plusno elderlyEmployment 1 employed

Travel from Karakana to M/kwerekweFlooding This house experience flood every it rains but almost flood occur

during spring so about 2 times they experience flood every yeareither day or night. The rain takes about 4 hours to stop whenfloods occur. The time time when floods occur at my house wasin February where it rain heavily. I think the cause of floodoccurance is only bad arrangement of house and no ditch in ourstreet that will allow water to pass through hence they stay andform a pond. Usually the water takes about 3-5 days to recede inthe house

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we use to shift our things to our neighbourswho are not affected much with the water some we put them ontop of the ceiling board cos water cannot reach there. Thedamage occur during flood is very high for example loss ofexpensive things like furniture, clothes, tv, dvds, radios metresetc that lead to high loss of money for example in this year onFebruary I spend about 500,000 to buy new things and repair ofhouse

Health Health problem also occur eg malaria because of the pond nearthe area cholera, stomach fever fungus etc. but in my family notyet experience the diseases



Displacement We have been staying in this for almost 25 years. It’s our ownhome cos we bought it and built our house. We want to movethis area but we cant cost I bought the land very expensive about7 million so I can’t go another place cost now I haven’t anymoney. The idea of ditch construction is good and I accept it cossurely will help to reduce or to avoid this problem of flood but ifany damage occur to my house during construction they justhave to pay me or given another area to live

Solid Waste We use to collect our waste in the plastic bag then shift anddump outside there where it’s not far from here then we burn allthe waste. Actually it’s not a good system but what should we do.Theres no slab in our street to keep our waste that why we dothis way or system


None

Area KARAKANAQNO 5KAR10MUSGPS GPS 0524027 9320729Date Karakana 10th June 2010Name Asha MohmedGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold There is 4 person who live in that houseChildren U18 There is 1 under 18Elderly 65 plusThere is no elder than 65 yearsEmployment They are employed

He work from tourismNot stated

Flooding Flood occurs every year this house has been flooded 2 timessince hanuary the was flood during day time. House got floodedbecause he live near the area where the water collect and damsuntil reach the house. This house flood since April of course thisalways been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can took my children and my thing awayto my neighbours not far from home it is another neighbourhood.The damage that is inside my house do I suffer because of wateris been my toelet and they all live the house. There is nothing Ican do to prevent flood health and I collect them to cover thedams.I will like to say thank you for that what you want to do

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther NoneARAPQuestions

None



Area KARAKANAQNO 6KAR10MUSGPS GPS 0524008 9320725Date Karakana 10th June 2010Name Aiman KomboGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold There is 10 people who live in that houseChildren U18 The is 4 under 18Elderly 65 plusThere is no elder than 65 yearsEmployment Not statedFlooding Floods occur 2 time every year this house have been flood 3

time since January this year the last time has been flooded may,the house flood during the day time. House got the floodedbecause she live close the water and small river, the water takea few hours to go down after it has been flood. During her houseflood it take a day the water the leave the house. This house isflooded every time it rain came down and follow the street and itcollect and dam

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can take my children and my other thingwhich are important. I can stay in the house I am goingsomewhere else I am going to my neighbor, not far from home inanother neighbourhood. She live the house and water for theflooding is over and come back to took my other things. She livethe house during the day flood until flood longer periods nothingI can do, my house and my belong inside.The damage inside my house do I suffer because of the flood iscrack only in my house I took al the things over important for me.Roughly I am spent 50,000sh this year because of other things Igot to my neighbor. In this year I am prepare the house 1 time.There is nothing I am doing to prevent flooding

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste I collect them and then drop them to that dam my child took them

to the damsOther I want to say this don’t lie to us if you’ve only come and you’re

welcomeARAPQuestions

None

Area KARAKANAQNO 1KAR11KHAGPS GPS 0524140 – 932072Date Karakana 11th June 2010Name Luziga Iddi ShaabanGender MaleStatus HH Head



Household 3 persons live in this houseChildren U18 One child under 18 years oldElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment One person is employed and earn regular income

He is employed by an employerIt is about 7 km from home to work

Flooding So general interview Luziga said he is real affected by thestagnated water and running water inter in to his house in everyhigh rain (flood)

Coping strategiesHe moves from his house to his relative, but only his wife and thehis son, he always remain to the house so as to protect hisproperty against thieves. The biggest which he get during floodis destruction of his property and the water which inter in t hishouse make his toilet to flot so inside the house the conditionchange from good smell to bad smell. He remain in to his housewhen water are full in his house. He build special emergenceladder during high rain. He goes up stairs and stay for the wholenight or day. Last year he had spent about 200,000 shillings torepaire the demage

Health NoneDisplacement In this house might be affected but when the engineer will use

other side construct the channel not close to his house there isno possibility to his house to be affected so Patricia said should I(surveyor) make an interview when the engineers decide to usesuch a narrow path close to his house.He said he wants to move permanently to go somewhere elsebut now he has no money to buy the house in another place.So during construction of channel any destruction that mayhappen to his wall of his house he would like to be given cashmoney so as to repair his house and if the destruction will beover he would like to get cash money and more permanently


I don’t think if this house will be affected during the constructionof channel because there is a huge possibility for the channel tocross area which are very straight forwad compare to his housewhich are little bit crooked.Mr Luziga has bank account and he knows how to use it hisbank account is PBZ

Area MWATENGAQNO 1MWA8MASGPS GPS 0524657 – 9317712Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Ali Makame Hamisi “MGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 6 people live in this house



Children U18 2 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment One person has employed by an mployer “a footballer regular

income in 80,000 per monthHe takes to hours to reach the place he work he use thegovernment transport “daladala

Flooding Ones flood occur every year. No flood in this year of 2010.2008 in April was the last time his house was flooded. Thehouse is flooded during morning time. His house get floodedbecause he live close to an area where the water collects anddams up until it reaches to his house.Usually it take two mounths the water to recede house after ithas been flooded. Also the last time took two mounth the waterto leave the houseThe area is flooded every time it rains because of the incorrect orimproper building of the house which hcontain water do not passto the place suppose to pass through. He has experienced floodsince 2005. The contributed of the problem is only when thechannel will build which can take water out the place

Coping strategiesBefore water starts rising they take all things away the houseand leave with them. When occur at night firstly they removesome of water out side the house and then stay until morningthen take other things and go somewhere else. They go toschool because they don’t have any other place to go so thatthey stay until the water is over. Is not far from the area they live,it takes only 30 mins to reache school. All of them leave thehouse no one else remain at home and go to the school area.Before they leave the house they locked the door so than no onecan inter in the house.If the family stay at home when flooded. He talk with youngchildren that “they should not play the flooded water butsometimes only eldes remain and the children sends to hisneighbor until morning and then find other place to lie.He face the following damages like his things are stolen liketelecision, radio and even clothes. In this year he didn’t repairany thing because flood didn’t appear in his house. The damageof the house is just make wall to become old and then hesurpose to coloured again but it cost 15,000 to repair the house.For this year he didn’t repair the house because no flood in thearea

Health Until today he didn’t do anything to prevent flooding inter in hishouse because he doesn’t has the money to build those blockand cement.The stagnant water bring the problems like cholera, malaria and“kichocho”. No any problem affected the health of his familybecause of flooding. They use mosquito net which help toprevent from malaria and other diseases he didn’t do any thing.



If possible in order to help them he need the medicine and alsobuild the channel because if there where channel all thisproblems will finish. It cost 200,000 Tsh

Displacement He has been stayin gin this house more than 5 year. Is his ownhouse. He just bought the house it cost 200,000 he buy thehouse from his uncle.He can’t leave the house because he is close to her mother ashe want to make the house be good and be as before “whenwater comes doesn’t affect anymore.He is not yet the channel pass across his house beause thechannel will affect his family.If the channel will affect his house will depend to the area isaffect because his house is small

Solid Waste They put waste outside the house and then burn. They did thisbecause in this area no skip or slab to keep the wastes. This isthe informal way to uses the system they use he hate so muchbut they should have to do because of no permanently place tokeep the wastes


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 1MWA8LUCGPS GPS 0524419 – 9318260Date Mwatenga 8th June 2010Name Siti Khamis shamisGender FemaleStatus House wifeHousehold they are 11 people live in the houseChildren U18 They are 8 children under 18 yearsElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Only 1 person employed

Employed by an employerIt is far from home he just use daladala

Flooding When I was taking with her she told me that only two timesfloods occur every year and since January I this year only 1times her house been flooden and this was in April. Not only thatbut also she told me that during daytime the flooding started andlasted night, also she told me that it depend if the rain will bemore than 6 hours the water will pull up her house so it take longtime to dry. Also Siti told me that her house got flooded becauseof water running down the street past her house and then entersher house also she continue to say that even because of waterrunning but also they are the river where the water doesn’t dry.Beside of that also she says that usually the water takes 3 ormore weeks to leave the house. And the last time her housewhen was flooded it take 3 days. She things that her house is



flooded every time it rains. Because she is near the pound sothis make her to get flooded every year. This is not always beena problem it depend with the rain. If the rain will be big also theproblem will be for a long time. In 1995 start experiencingflooding and until today is the big problem our area

Coping strategiesSiti says many things about her belongings but some of themshe told me that she will protect her belongings when the waterstarts rising by taking them away he house otherwise if it willpossible she will up the roof for more helping. If she wil be atwork she will call her daugher and ask if the water enter thehouse and if enter inside and also if necessary she got apermission from her headmaster and go hom e and if will be atnight she will go to her neighbor for helping her. Siti says whenthe water flooded she is not stay at home she go to her relativecall Darajabora and all leave in the house no one remain and bethere until the watch over and if it will take long time the thief willtake all her things.She says that she can’t live in the house with water she will wentanywhere with her family. She will take all her children and allthe people who live in that house. The type of damage insideher house suffere are so many but some of them are electricityswitch, bed, curbart which cost 50,000 shillings, and the type ofdamage suffer to the structure of the house walls fall down whichcuase a problem and this cost 1,000,000 shillings. In this year 2times repair damage to the house. Also about to preventflooding Siti says that she didn’t done anything to the house toprevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding no other problem which face her familyDisplacement Not only that but also Siti told me that they live Mwatenga for

about 12 years because when they come to Zanzibar they got asmall house. She buy the land for 3,000,000 Tsh and then buildthe house and that house cost 6,000,000 shilling to build she toldme that that is own house and that land was given by someonebut she forget his name.They don’t move to permanently place where its safe becauseher mother and her father are too older and the money also isthe big problem.If there is a project to build channel she is agree with that andeven if she will affect by the construction but she don’t care onlyshe need to get that what they need and last to get that channelbecause this channel with make her life to be better and to beaway from flooding which is long problem in her area (since1998)

Solid Waste Siti told me that because her house is near the river (pound) shejust use plastic bags and then collect it after that she just fire itfor more important and to be away with diseases or she put itdown the land by using the holl. And this is not a formal site and



no one responsibility only themselves take care about it and shethink that is not a good system necessary they need to get agood permanent place (area) for more keeping their wasteproduct

Other Last she doesn’t has anything to say about what we talked aboutbut she is only ask me a question. If the people of South Africacome they will gave the money to build another house for thosehouse go problem of flooding?

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 002MWA8LUCGPS GPS 0524454 – 9318246Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Ahmad Mdoe MwalimuGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold They are 13 persons (people) live in that houseChildren U18 Children under 18 years are 5Elderly 65 plusElderly person are only 1Employment Only 1 person employed

Employed by an employerIt is far he use vespa to go to the work

Flooding Ahmad was the one who was taking with me in my projects andhe has many things to talk about flooding situation. This floodingoccur 2 times every year and in this year since January hishouse was been flooded only 1 times and the last time was inApril also his house was flooded and got many problem.This flooding started during daytime and it may take days tolasted, it may take may be two or three days. Also he says thathis house get flooded because of water running down the streetpast his house and then enters his house and also because he isnear the slope.Not only that but also usually the water take two days to leavethe house after it has been floded and the last time when hishouse was flooded it take also two days to leave the house.He think that area every time flooded when the rain it rains andeven his house is the on ewhich got that problem he thinkbecause it is near the slope so they can’t control the waterbecause the water more speed. He is not a always problem butit is sometime because it started to become a problem in recentyears and this it start in 1995 and this is because of the badplanning of the houses

Coping strategiesAhmad also told me that when the flooding is near he protect allhis belongings when the water starts rising and went to hisneighbourhood. He also sayed that if it will at night he will wakeup and take his things to his neigbour until in the morning and if



he will be at the work he will choose a permission ot the head ofthe work. He can’t stay in the house he go somewhere else formore helping it is not far his house and he leave with his childrenand often people who live in that house. They will there until thewater drying in his house and if it will take many days the thiefwill enter in his house and collect all his things.Also told we that if he will stay in the house and not move intosomeone else’s house he think more about to move the waterand pull out the house for destroying the channel his wife andchildren he will take them to his neighbor. The type of damageinside the house which suffer because of flooding are frij, switch,and something it cuase chort, and about the money which costhe don’t know. About outside the house also the wall falls downbecause of water to be in speed and also he don’t know howmuch shilling did it cost in this year only one time repair damageto the house. He didn’t do anything in his house to preventflooding

Health Beside the flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblem to his family such as malaria, cholera, typhoid(bichocho) and no other affected which affect his family becauseof the flooding. And about the money which cost he don’t knowhow much shillings did him use to deal with this health issue

Displacement Ahmad told me that for 12 year now they live Mwatenga and thatis their own house which got from his grandfather and hisgrandfather buy the land and build the house but he don’t knowhow much shillings did the land cost and also to build the housebecause his grandfather his deaths. They don’t move tosomewhere to get good permanently because they don’t havemoney to build another house and also when they will sell thathouse no one can buy it because it is mean slope.About the issue of project he says that he think to do with thatproject and also he need to build a channel to take the wateraway from the area so that it can help him more because heshouse is no longer flooded. And also would like to have ditchand also he agree with that even if it will be near his house

Solid Waste He collect waste by taking it into plastic bags which help him tocollect all near to him and far away is home. It is a formal sitebecause there is someone who deal with this issue. There is aspecially place called Mwantenga they use that place for puttingtheir waste. The one who responsibility is sheha. It is not a skipand this is not a good system because it cost them

Other He didn’t has anything o say about this issue only to thanks forour project

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 003MWA8LUC



GPS GPS 0524438 – 9317925Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Khamis Moh’d ZahorGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 9 peopleChildren U18 only 3Elderly 65 plusonly 1Employment only 1 person employed

employed by an employerit is far he used daladala

Flooding Mr Khamis told me that two times floods occur every year and inthis year only 1 time his house has been flooden since Januaryand the last time was in April. Not only that but also the houseflood during daytime and this is because of the water runningdown the street past his house and then enters his house that’swhy his house flooded. Usually the water take days to leave thehouse after it has been flooded unless when the water it is notmany and the last his house was flooded the water take days toleave the house. He think that’s because he is near the slopeand his house is down so this make his houseto be floodedevery year when it rains. Also he continue that this always beena problem. In 1995 started to be a problem

Coping strategiesMr Khamis told me that when the flooding is belong he protect allhis belongings when the water starts rising by taking it far awayhis house and go to his neighbor whose help him until the waterdry. If the flooding start Mr Khamis told me that he can’t go outthe work but if it will be at night he will wake up and go to hisneighbor for more helping. Also he told me that the place wherehe go it is not far his home may be he take 15 minutes to walk,all are leaving in the house no one remain until the water leavethe house and if he will be for a long time he collect all his thingsand take it to another neighbor who is near than that. Mr Khamissays that if he will not move to other house he will take careabout his family and wake the children do not use bad waterbecause it can affect their health. For inttance if it start at nighthe will collect his children first and then his wife, he will takethem to his relative.Mr Khami told me that the type of damage inside his housewhich suffer because of the flooding are so many but some ofthem are toilet to fall down (kutoboka), clothes and many otherthings inside his house but he doesn’t know how much shillingdid him cost to prepare the damage. About outside it is onlywalls to fall down and also he don’t know how much shilling didhe use to prepare his wall and in this year he didn’t repair hishouse. And about prevent flooding and also he didn’t take anymeasures about this problem



Health Beside the flooding Mr Khamis told me that there is manyproblem or disease which affet their health especially malariaand cholerabecause of the rains to be a lot. There is no anythingelse that has affected the health of his family. And in this yearhe didn’t cost any money to dael with this problem of health

Displacement Mr Khamis told me that he live Mwatenga about 22 years nowand that its his own house and first he buy the land for 6,000,000shillings and then build the house but he forgort the money whichuse to build the house also he told me that he forget the one whogive him the land. Beside of that Mr Khamis told me that theydon’t move permanently place where its safe because they don’thave money to buil another house and that is the big problemand also no 1 need to buy that house because now it has gotmany problem especially flooding. About the project to build thechannels to take the water away from the area so that his houseis no longer flooded. He think to do with that project and he isready for building the channel near his house no problem about itbecause it may help them to be away to flooding

Solid Waste Mr Khamis sayed many about waste but he says that he useplastic bags for more effeort and this help him to collect all rabishnear his house and for it. About responsibility he told me thatthere is no one who responsibility about that issue all in thevillage responsibility about this issue because every one takecare about his health with her/his family. Mr Khamis sayed thatand that it is not a skip and also be continue that is not a goodsystem because they don’t have permanent place for their waste

Other Mr Khamis has no more to say than thank you and he didn’t askme any questions about the issue of flooding

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 004MWA8LUCGPS GPS 0524441 – 9317892Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Lila Abu SleimanGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 people live in the houseChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 employed

self employedhe use bicycle

Flooding Because of the flooding to be a big problem in that area Lila toldme that every year flooding occur two times and in this year only1 time the flooding occur in her house and the last time was inApril this year and this flooded daytime and it take only two



hours. Also Lila says that because of water running down thestreet past her house and thenenters her house that’s why everyyear get flooded in her house. Ussually she told me that it takedays the water to leave the house afterit has been flooded. Andthe last time her house was flooded it take days. She things thatbecause she is near the slope and she is near the pond that’swhy her house flooded every time it rains. This problem cuasesby poor planning of the houses and this was started since 1995

Coping strategiesLila told me that she collect (protect) her belongings when thewater starts rising by collect all thingsand far to neighbor forkeeping it good. And if it will be at night she will leave the houseand go to her neighbor for helping and if she will at work she willtake a permission and go home for looking more about herhouse. Lila told me that’s they can’t go all in their house onlychildren and ladies are going but others are remain in the houseespecially boys, this is because they don’t have relative andgood neighbor to her area all people have his/her family she/hecan’t save the all people of one house to take them in his/herhouse otherwise they go to branch for more helping.If they will be there for a long time only the thing which happen toenter the thief in the house. She told me that if she will be in thehouse and not more into someone else’s house she will takecare about her children only and her husband will take care hisself and for instrance if the raining it starts raining at night shewill take her children and save them somewhere for morehelping.n The type of damage inside her house which sufferbecause of the flooding no damage suffer insider her house butabout outside only wall fall down and this cost 80,000,000 torepair it but in this year she didn’t repair the damage to thehouse. About prevent she told me that she didn’t done anythingto the house to prevent flooding

Health Lila told me that beside the flooding no other problem to herfamily

Displacement Not only that but also Lila told me that she live Mwatenga about16 years because when they come to that house and get thatland she build her own house first she buy the land and thenbuild the house and the land cost her 3,000,000 shilling and builtthe house it cost her 8,000,000 shilling and her father and hermother assist her that house is belongs to her and not anotherone and also she can’t go other place because she build nearher parents.Also told me that she can’t permanently move to othersomewhere where it is safe because her parents don’t havemoney to buy other place. Also her parents have no job also thisis a big problem and also she has its own business near herhouse so even this help her to get food with her parents butwhen she will go far her parents will not a one who can take care



about them.The last Lila told me that she think to do with that project ofbuilding a channel no problem because they will be away fromflooding which is the big problem for them also she says that sheis not mind if the channel will be near to her house or even if theone wall of her house the people will use for building a channel

Solid Waste Lila use plastic bags for more helping she send his childrenslamp and she use her children to take it. Yes, Lila says it is aformal site because these is a person who deal with that issueand this it take one week to the person who come to deal withthat. Also this is a skip because all of them they use only onedump so this also make the area be clean. She think that it isgood system and this help them to be away with diseasesespecially cholera

Other Lila told me that she will be together with us for this project andwill be thanks God to get all information

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 005MWA8LUCGPS GPS 0524444 – 9317933Date Mwatenga 8th June 2010Name Amina Ally AbdallahGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 people live in the houseChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 employed

self employedon foot

Flooding Amina told me that since they live in that house 3 times floodsoccur every year and in this year since January her house hasbeen flooded two times and it was in May. Also she continue tosay that her house flood during daytime and also at night. Thisis because she is near the pound and her house get floodedbecause of watter running down the street past her house andthen enters her house. Also usually this flooded it take days toleave the house after is has been flooded. And the last time herhouse was flooded the water take hours to leave house. Shecontinue to say she think that because she is why the slopethat’s why her house flooded every time it rains. This alwaysbeen a problem become a problem in 1995 when the peopleplanning bad situation the area

Coping strategiesNot only that but also she says that she protect her belongingswhen the water starts rising by taking them to roof. She don’thas work and if it will at night she will take her children to go to



her relatives near her home but there are up than her. She can’tleave alone she take with her family and she will be there untilthe water dry in the house and if it will be for a long time the thiefwill take a chance to take the all things in the house. If she willstay in house not move someone else’s house she will careabout her children and if the rain will start at night she will gooutside her house.The type of damage inside her house which suffer because ofthe flooding are so many but some of them are (magadoro) andshe don’t know how much shilling it it cost and about the damagesuffer outside her house only wall to fall down and she don’tknow how muh shillings did she spend to repair the damage. Inthis year she didn’t repair damage to her house. And also shetold me that in the house she didn’t done anything to the houseto prevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding to her family the problem of disease likemalaria and cholera is the big problem. There is no anythingelse that has affect the health of her family and she didn’t costany money to deal with this health issue she just take care themabout the health problem

Displacement Amina told me that they live Mwatenga for about 15 yearsbecause when they come in that home and get that house fromher mother her mother buy the land and then build the house butshe don’t know how much shilling did it cost to buy the land andthe build the house. Also she told me that she think to do with usthat project which can help them to solve the problem. Not onlythat but also she don’t move to permanently place where its safebecause they odn’t have money to buy the land and build thehouse and also she is alone in Zanzibar all her relatives are inDar-es-Salaam. Also she agree with us to buil the channel evennear her house it will be okay

Solid Waste Amina told me that she collect waste in her house by usingplastic bags and then take it where they responsibility and lateron the manispaa are allowed to take take them to Jumbi and theresponsibility about this issue is only manispaa and for her sideshe think this is a good system because the manispaa every theweek they come and take the waste and far away to her houseand also all neighbor


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 5MWA8MATGPS GPS 0524455 – 9317945Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Asaa HamadiGender Male



Status Eldest sonsHousehold no responseChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusnoneEmployment One person is employed

There are 1 self employed (fisherman)He work at Malindi its about 30 min by buss

Flooding Mr Asaa Hamadi is the eldest son who live at Mwatenga Street.He is a fisherman. He work at Malindi. Where he go to theocean in order to catch a fish. He is also sold the fish at Malindi.Mwatenga is street which Mr Asaa built his house. Mwatnga isthe street which is effected by floods. Even Mr Asaa house.Every year flood occur 3 times (said Asaa). Since January theflooded occur 1 time. This year (2010) where iw as be the lasttime flooded occur. The flooded occur more than 12 hours. Myhouse get flood because I live to an area where the water collectand dams until reaches my house. Usually the water take 3 up 4days to leave my house. I think this area flooded every rainbecause it is down the slop when the rain come the waterrunning from the slope and go down the slop and collects afterthat the water raising. Flooding contributed to be a problem –because it couses the disease like cholera, malaria etc

Coping strategies I protect my belongings when the water start raising for transfermy belongins to our neighbor. If I am at work or at night I call mysyster in our house in order to be carefully for that. And that timeshe does not sleep till in the morning. My sister when thereafterraising she call our neighbor in order to hep him. I thank God I didn’t get any damage inside my house I am suffer because offlooding. And also there are no any damage do/suffer to thestructure of my house. Not only that but also I do not doneanything to the house to prevent flooding

Health NoneDisplacement I have bene staying in that house since last year (2009). Just I

remember it was been in the Eid Holiday. It was in secondHoliday. It’s my own hous this. I buy the land in order to buidhouse. The land it cost me about 200,000 Tsh. Where to buildthat house I forget how much I use. Because I build slowlyslowly. I stay with my sister because she was get scrumble andpartition with her busband till that time she was stay here. I didnot go anywhere I permanently here because I have notanywhere to go. Thought I would like (better place). If there aproject to build channels to take a water away the area so thatthe house no longer flooded I have to be happy even a channelright near our house. Because we shalt be finished the problem.And also if I agreed to build a channel through our street and ourhouse is effected by the construction eg one on the wall of myhouse destroyed. I prefer to rebuild antoerhw wall and to



redesign like the first timeSolid Waste I collect the waste in my house I plastic bag. I round by my self

or any child here back to our house in order to drop it the wasteon the water which it stay for long time here. There no anyonethat come to cleans this site (ZMC) Zanzibar Municipal Cancel isthe responsibility to cleans that disposal site. But I wonder that itdoes not put even durstbin here. Not only that but they see thatproblem but they do not take action against that stop water (hesaid Mr Asaa)

Other Please help us to that problemARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 1MWA8MUSGPS GPS 0524702 – 9317750Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Mosi JumaGender FemaleStatus no responseHousehold In that house lives about eight (8) personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusnoneEmployment One person is employed

She is self employedFlooding In her house it happen in to two 2 years. The house getting flood

in May 2010, the last time that her her house getting flood in(may 5) and her house gating flood during the day time. Nightand finished at night time. And house get flooding because shelive near the poud bath and when the rain came are collectaround her house, and it tacke a day after is has been floodid

Coping strategiesWhen the water start rising fast I toock all my thing for examplecloth, an other that is simple to tacke, when I will be at worckcame back home faster, I toock my things and I go to my naeborand that near to my home, and me and my children are are livethe house others are staying gating the things and I leave thehouse for longer of 3 weeks until the flooding is over, and leftother things there.The damage which I am suffer becous of flooding is my hous geta crack and I spent 60,000 for making my house better

Health For me I don’t have any problem and for my children were live ingood way

Displacement Until now I have twenty years old I leave in this house, and this ismy own house I looked for my husband before he died.I can’t live here because I don’t have other place when I haven’t Iwill go because I am so tired to stay here.I will be happy if you (illegible) your assistance quickly so I thinkyou don’t lied to us



Solid Waste We are just collect them and we are throw them to that pond andthis is responsible for my chalde and the is my responsible forcollet the solid wast and thorce (? Illegible) them

Area MWATENGAQNO 2MWA8MUSGPS GPS 0524701 – 9317756Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Rehema JumaGender FemaleStatus not statedHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusnoneEmployment she doesn’t work any were so she gets money fo brothersFlooding In her house gating the flood when the time of raen came and

she gat it in to 3 years and in this (May 5) she gat the flood and ittack more than 12 hours it depands the raen start.And she gat flood because when then raen came so the wartergot in there house for crossing the house and when the pond isfull water get in her house. It means she live near the pond and ittacke a day after it has been flood

Coping strategiesWhen the water start to rising fast I fix any things and then Itoock them to any neighbor and then I return to loock otherthings which is not havy and than I return to my nieghbour untilthe day after that night and we all sleep to any neibouer so Itoock my son to my sistern and I will stay there until flooding isfinished too that I wayte in 30 day or over that and left my housewithout any body loock after the house.The damage which I gat is my things which are inside aredestroyed for that flood, for this flood until know I safer by mytoilet it going down.For know on I fix any toilet I I want to make it beter than that Iwas use for a long time I think it tacke more years than thatwhich is the long time I have it

Health NoneDisplacement Until now I have 15 years for staying here and this is my own

house I goete it for any fadher.I will be happy if you will say this for real because it macke aslive without happenes. So late them do this quickly

Solid Waste The thing I do for solid wast I toock all the wast of hour time Iburn them but other time I drop them to the bush


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 3MWA8MUS



GPS GPS 0524729 – 9317721Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Asha uma PanouGender FemaleStatus not statedHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusnoneEmployment Husband is employed (drawing)

he do that work at town thereFlooding In her house it happen in to 4 years and becous her wall going

down that way she get the flood like that, the last time my housegat flooding it about May there and happen when the rain isstarted becous we don’t what the rain will be came so that why.And the water runtering in my house because when the waterraining to the street and it tacke more than 5 hours for the watergating in the house and it tack many day for water to be small.That is the thing that every month it happen almost in April ormay, so when will gat a halper will be together until it over

Coping strategiesWhen the water start first I took my children that is the first thingand then I toock of their thing which it is not havy example foodcloth.And then when the rain started I toock them to my mother’shouse because she doesn’t live far from there she live atMagogou there up to now I don’t have any problem for thatflooding becous my husband mack it better that ary (? Illegible)and the thing I do is to macke avy wall that what we do

Health Since the last month my child gat a cholera so I don’t now Itbecouse flood or other thing that be it but I don’t see to otherhouse that gat any problem for helth

Displacement Since I was born I leave here until know and now I have 40 yearsold and I want to move to go my fathers house he doesn’t wantme to stay with him I don’t know why.And I will be happy for hearing you are do it but not say fo yourmouth

Solid Waste I just repaid to the dust been and then I drop them the dump or I hert them behind my house, and he doesn’t go far from becausewe are nere the dump


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 4MWA8MUSGPS GPS 0524702 – 9317650Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Mafubda HussenGender Female



Status HH HeadHousehold In that house live about 7 pessons she have 41 years oldChildren U18 not statedElderly 65 plusnot statedEmployment She doesn’t have any job until now. She doesn’t have a husbandFlooding In her house it happen about 3 three years, she doesn’t

remember that the day but the day that happen at night she wassleed and hear the roes of goat at 2:00 at night and she wackeup and see the water is under the table and than she got out andshe said for the havy sound like this flooding x2 and then herpartner came to help her to gate the things out and because theflood I very havy she she of hear has stay to her neighbo up tothe morning but that she doesn’t sleep

Coping strategiesWhen the water starts rusing first I toock anything and mychildren but I don’t tack the havy thing like cooker frig and whenit geopan (? Illegible) I go to my brothers house and I leve thereuntil the water is going dash and if will tack 30 days or maybemor.The damage that cause my house is having a crack at our sideand for now small wall

Health I toock my waste and drop them near the bath and someday Itoock it from other road. And I don’t want to live my housebecause I don’t have other place to go that why I staying heareuntil I die, and if you can tacke your company mocke things uswill be a good fermas (? Illegible).

Displacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther The things I thanks to you tel me what you want to do I hope you

the god will be with youARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 5MWA8MUSGPS GPS 0524659 – 9317775Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Musanaidi JumaGender FemaleStatus not statedHousehold In that house live about 12 personChildren U18 not statedElderly 65 plusnot statedEmployment 1 have my own job

Self employed (selling fish)the place were the worck it is not so far is near to my house and Itoock 30 minute to be there

Flooding They got flood many years until now. The time which I got floodis May 6 cause there is a load of rain the last time which my



house got flood is in that May and in my house the flood got inmore 12 house is depanding for the rain.The water got in to any house because the water running downthe street, it tacke year for living the house.The cause of this problem is my house so many crack this is abig problem becouse will die some day becous we are here nearthe house

Coping strategiesFast I just gat out I loock for their water if that is so high areasout with my children and it got up slowly I pick up my thing leavethe to my neighbor, after that when is morning I got pick up myother things and then I tack them to my sister’s house and thedamage which I have in my house it go down that wy I buld thishouse again

Health NoneDisplacement So many years I leve in here sinse I am born in live in here until

now I leave in here this is my how but I didn’t buld this was thegift for my father when he was died.I went to leve the hous but I can’t cause I don’t have off plac togo and when the flooding it will be full we going to stay to theschool stay until the water leve the house.I want to come of othe month and than you will see the floodingAnd other thing I want to sa to you thank you using your handsor your mind to help the peple

Solid Waste First of all I pick them and I loock to the buth or other time I heatthem and wy fast child whose toock throw it


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 3MWA8MATGPS GPS 0524454 - 9317933Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Aliza Ngwali MshengaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold There 10 person live in that houseChildren U18 There 4 children under 18 yearsElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment One person is employed

Self employed. Is the motor cycle mechanicalThey work at Nyerere is about 6 min by car

Flooding Mrs Miza Ngwali Mshenga is house mother of 8 children. Shelive in Zanzibar at Mwantenga street. Mwatenga street is onestreet is one street of other street in Zanzibar which are down theslope From this situation the house of Mrs Aliza are get floodsproblem. Floods occur 4 times every year. Since January floodsoccur 2 times this year. Since January 2010. The last time my



house was flooded is May. May house was been flooded formore than 12 hours but it depend upon the rain start or stop. Myhouse get flooded because we live to an area were the watercollects and it up until it reaches my house. Instead of that whenthe water raising from the ground level and become very high inthat place it was been this place like a dish (when you put thewater and you fill the dish and drop it down. So after that stepthe water find the way to pass through this way it direct water toSebleni. And other water have to separate on Mwantanga all theway

Coping strategiesNothing to do when the water floods. Also I put my belongingson the bed. Instead of that w are find the place to live. If floodsoccur at night I talk with my neighbor a few houses away to stayin his house. And other day when the floods occur I am going toNyarugusu to my children and my family member Floods occurmore than 12 hours not only that but it depend upon the rainstop. And if the water raising and to be very high we leave allthe house with our belongings. Even my husband. We staytheretill the water leave the house. Also we are come every dayor night on order to see our house. Thet ype of damage insidemy house do I suffer because of flooding is my chlothes wasroutern in my bag that is couses by water. And was not be seentill the days past. The type of damage do I suffer to structure ofthe house is the wall cracking outside wall of my house. And Iuse packet of cement to prepare the damage. It cost about20,000 Tsh

Health NoneDisplacement I have been staying in this house sine 15 years ago. This is my

own house. I buy the land and I build my house. The land it costme about 3000 Tsh. But I forget how much did it cost me tobuild my house. I did not move to somewhere where it’s saferbecause I am the elderly not only that I am a poor women. Veryunfortunate I get the money to buy and build this house. But Ididn’t have capability of moving a better place. Instead of that ifthere a project to build a channels to take a water away from thearea and the channel running right near my house no problem.Not only that but also if they agreed to build a channel throughour street and my house is to be effected by the construction (egone of the wall is to be effected / prefer to rebuild other wall)

Solid Waste I collect the waste to the plastic bags and I drop it to the waterback to my house which it was been caused by floods. Mychildren is the household is responsible for taking the wastethere. There is no responsible for taking the waste there. Thereis no skip or slab close to my house. My self I clean this disposalsite because there no anyone come to clean. Zaic isresponsibility to clear. The way that I now disposing the wasteits not good system that because when you are drop the waste



to the water which are come from the rain and that water whenfloods occur its push the waste again to our home

Other We thank God to get people who was been think about ourproblem

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 2MWA11MATGPS NoneDate Mwantenga 11 June 2010Name Talib Omary MpembaGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold NoneChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment There 1 person are self employed

He work in Dar-es-Salaam at KigamboniFlooding Mr Talib Mary Mpemba is the man who build his foundation at

the Mwantenga street in Swahili of Pemba island which near byZanzibar. The word Mwantenga it means “you are not with me”.Floods occur 2 times every year. Since January floods occur 1time. The last time floods occur on May. The house beenflooded because of the first time the floods it does not occur inthat place but the people come in that place to take sand (soil) inorder to build the houses in another place. Plan of that place arenot good. So when the rain the water collects to damps until itreaches my foundation. It takes about 3 till the water leave myfoundation

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement That is my own foundation. I buy the land from one Mr Said Ally.

It cost about 350,000 TSH these years and my foundation it costabout 3,800,000 TSH until that stage. I did go to build anotherplace because i have no money to build another place. It was bea better to build a channel that because it protect us from theflooding which it course a lot of disease. And the waste toseparate all over the street. If they agreed to build a channelthrough our street and my foundation is affected by theconstruction (eg. The wall of my house to be destroyed andredesigned to make space for the channel I never mind becausethat the channel it uses belongs to our self. And price of thehouse and the land it going to raise. That because the floodeddoes not occur again the people they do not mind staying in thatplace

Solid Waste NoneOther Please Golder Associates, help us



ARAPQuestions

If the wall fall down it cost about 700,000 TSHYes I have a legal title of the landNo I have not a bank account. I know how to use a check systemNo I do not like to have a bank account

Area MWATENGAQNO 1MWA8MATGPS GPS 0524491 - 9317955Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name BW Kidawa Hassan AmmeGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold There are two family live in that house. One family there are 10

persons and there are 14 person in other familyChildren U18 14 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people are employed

2 formally employedThe one people in the company and one people employed inZantel mobile phone

Flooding Mr Kidawa Hassan Amme is the one who was the problem offlooding. He lives at Mwantenga here in Zanzibar. His about 48years old. His house floods occur 2 times every year. His gotflood at the season of rain. This house been flooded 3 timessince January this year. The last time my house floods on Maythis year (2010). My house floods 12 hours in the rain season butalso it depend upon the rain. My House floods because we aredown the slope. We live close to an area where the watercollects and dams up until it reaches my house. The water afterraising here to the down the slope their find the water after thattheir going to Sebleni/ the water it take two up to three hours toleave the house. I think this area is flooded every time it rainbecause we are down the slope and instead of that the watercollects and raising it up until reaches our house

Coping strategies I protects my belongings when the water start raising for put onthe roof. And other I talk to my neighbour in order to put it for me.If are at work or at night and floods occur I call my friend in orderto help my family against the flood. I tell him in the telephone ifthe water increases raising he supporse to call me in order tocome and also i take my wife and children out of the house. Itake them to my mother in law at Darajabovu. Its about 30 minby car. Myelf I left in my house in order to protect my belongingsinside and my house from the enemy. That is whow I protectmyfamily for the instance. According to the flooding my housethe toilet is crack and also it get floods. My food stock routen,and my furniture is destroy down side. And my child birthcertificate are routen. Roughly i spent about 50,000 tsh to repairthe damage. And other damage I suffer to structure of the house



is to build outside wall. That outside wall it prevent me from theflooding

Health NoneDisplacement I have been here since 1994. I have been live in the soil hut. This

hut it was been crack by floods since I was not build he brickhouse. That it was been in 1994. Not only that but also this is thetime were my toilet is break. So I prefer to build other housewhich it was be cost about two million. Before that soil hut i wasbe buy the land which it cost about 500,000 tsh. I buy the land at1994 when I was been have a soil hut. And in 1994 I build brickhouse. I do not permanently move to somewhere because everything you supprose to use the money, I am poverty. I onlyfighting for the food which we are not sure to get it. Because oursalaries it does not satisfy. Not only that like I say the othercourses I have 12 children and 1 wife all are look at me. I haveresponsibility for all that. If there a project to build a channel totake the water away the area so that my house no longer floodedit was be better because the problem is flood. Not only that butalso if agreed to build a channel through our street and myhouse is effected by the construction it is not a big problem I prefer to rebuild the wall

Solid Waste I collect the waste in a plastic bag. I dispose the waste to thedown the slope. That is the place where he water is start raising.This place have not skip or slab. The responsible is this household for taking the waste is my children. The way that are nowdisposing of my waste is not a good system that because theflooding it take the waste to our house. ZMC are responsible toclean it

Other I say there are so many people they come to questions aboutthat program but till that time we do not see any construction ofthat program

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 2MWA8MATGPS GPS 0524571 – 9317944Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Zuberi Hatibu DadiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 peopleChildren U18 6 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment There are 4 people are employed

All 4 are self employedThey work at the Market its about 10 min from their home

Flooding Mr Zuberi Hatibu Dadi is the fathers of 10 children. He lives in



Zanzibar at Mwantenga. Mwantenga is the one street ofZanzibar which are down the slope. Every year the house of MrZuberi it get flooded 3 times. But only this year there are notflooded. The last time floods occur at May. My house gets floodsmore than 12 hour. But flooded there no time to start because itdepend upon the rain. Whether night time or at the day. Myhouse get flood because we love close to an area where thewater collects and dams up until it reaches my house. Anothercauses is there some people build in the way wid the water passthrough. That is the another way started to become a problem

Coping strategies I put my belongings on the roof when the water start rising. Thelast time when the water rising it floods all the way in that street.After that the water follow the way which it is going to Sebleni.The last time when the floods occur all we leave the house. Andwe are going to Magogoni. But these year only women andchildren they leave the house. When the rain stop it take onlytwo days water leave the house. The damage which it causes byfloods is toilet was crack and the wall break not only that but alsothe toilet get floods that damage since 2007. ButI forgot howmuch I spent that year to repair the damage. Another type ofdamage do I suffer to structure of the house is to put a lot of soiland concreat. That soil it use for build m house to be long andconcreat it use to find the house to be strong and do not allowthe water to penetrate through inside

Health NoneDisplacement I have been staying in this house since 15 years ago. Its my

house since 1978. It was been a mudder house. After a years webuild it again a brick house slowly slowly. It was been a hut. Ibuy it to Mr Muhamadu But this time his apsence he died. It wasbeen cost about 500,000 Tanzanian shillings the past years ago.For that I do not understand if can I get flood here. My self I liketo move somewhere to a better place but I do not have money.Not only that but also even the project to build channel iscompleted having a channel right near my house no problembecause channel save us against floods. And also a problem it isnot have not to have a channel near my house. But a problem isto have a floods near our house. If they agreed through ourstreet and our house is effected by the construction eg. The wallof my house has to be destroyed I prefer to rebuild other walland redesign like first time

Solid Waste We are collects the waste on plastic bags after that one childrenin my household take the waste back to our house which it burn.My self I clean the place where west burn. And I put the remainwaste to the water floods which are back in the house. ZMC isthe responsibility cleans this disposal site. Our street does nothave even skip or slab close to our house. The way that we arenow disposing the waste is not good system because even we



are burning the waste it remain. And also there no any one cometo clean a disposal site. Not only that but also all the person inthat street they come to drop the waste here which its near to myhouse

Other At the last I have to said that please the member (worker) ofGolder Associates Africa please do that project very quicklybecause we are ready get the damage, disease, etc. Before getanother damage or disease which is the big problem bring usconstruction. Also there are so many people come to questionsbut they do nothing

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 4MWA8MATGPS GPS 0524476 – 9317955Date Mwatenga 8 June 2010Name Taifa Mbarouk HamadGender FemaleStatus House motherHousehold 10 personChildren U18 Not statedElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 4 people are employed

There are 4 person are self employer (business)We work at Darajani its about 25 min from home by bus

Flooding Mrs Taifa Mbarouk Hamadi is the house mother who have 8children. She live at Mwatenga in Zanzibar. Mwatenga street isthe street which is get floods problem. The house of Mrs Taifafloods occur 2 times every year. The last times this houseflooded since 1999. I thank my god my house did not floodedsince January (2010) said Mrs Taifa. My house almost floodedmore than 12 hour but it depend upon the rain stop. My houseflooded because the water running down the street and past myhouse and it then enters my house. That because I build downthe slope. Usually the water take about 3 days until the waterleave the house

Coping strategies I put on the roof my belongins and others I bring to my neighbor.I always at night I stay in our house. But my hursband have towives on day he sleep in this house and another he sleep to hisanother wife. When the flood occur at night I take my children toour nighbour. And I take to my nieghbour other and rest I leavein our house. And also every time I goes to my house in order tocheck my belongins every time. The type of damage inside myhouse is destroy my children birth certificate, my food stockroutern, and furniture routern down in side. But I thank my Godbecause I didn’t get the damage to structure of the house. I buildmy house very carefully because after buy the land I listen



someone say that place many people they get flood. I didn’t doany investigation before I buy from the beginning

Health NoneDisplacement I have been here since 4 years. That its may own house. I buy

the land in order to build this house. The land it cost about200,000 Tsh. I buy this land to omary Haji. He live here atMwantenga. But I forget how much it cost in orded ot build ahouse. I like to move to a better place where the floods do notoccur but I don’t have money. I am poor.Not only that but also if there is a project to build channels totake the water away from the area so that your house in nolonger flooded it was be better. Because the problem here isfloods the problem is not to have channel near the house.Instead of that if they agreed to have a channel and may houseis to be effected eg one the wall of my house is destroyed. I preffer to have to rebuild another wall away from the channel

Solid Waste I collect waste in the plastic bags in my house. I dispose thewaste the water wide is back to my house. That water is cousesby rains. And also it does not dry it stay there to be down theslope for 3 or 2 weeks before dry. The responsible to cleans thisdisposal site is ZMC (Zanzibar Municipal Council). The way thatwe use to disposing the waste are not good system becausewhen you dispose the waste to the mud water which it wascauses by the rain and their get flood from these water when therains again the waste return back to our home

Other We are always think about 2 thing life and floods please help usone thing in order to left us about one thing (life)

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 2MWA9MATGPS GPS 0524647 - 9317995Date Mwatenga 9 June 2010Name Zahor Haji MohdGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 12 personChildren U18 2 childrenElderly 65 plusare 1 elderly personEmployment 6 people are employed

6 self employedSome of them work at Mwanakwerekwe and the rest Harbours.Mwanakwerekwe about 6 min by bus and the harbour about 30min by bus

Flooding Flooding occur 2 times every year. I thank God since January myhouse did not flooded (this year 2010). The last time my houseflooded on May 2009. My house flooded it depend how the rains



came. In fact that my house get flooded because we are downthe slope. The water running doen the street past my house andthen enters my house and for the sometime when running it runtill to an area where the water collects and dams up until itreaches our house

Coping strategies I take some of my belonging to our neighbour where the flooddoes not occur here in Mwantenga and other the rest I take it tothe roof. We didn’t leave the house. Only women and children.The type of damage inside my house is birth certificates, foodstock, and other documents has been destroyed due to theflooding. And some of the damage do I suffer to structure of thehouse is to build a wall infront of my house with it was break byfloods. I use about 150,000 tsh to repair the damage. This year I did not repair but last year I repair it.

Health NoneDisplacement We have staying in this house since 1987. That is my fathers

house, I don’t know exactly did he buy the land but approximateits about 500,000 tsh since 1987. Yes my father buy the land andbuild the house. After that we are build the house but I don’tknow the cost. We are permanently here because the lack of theland is safer location.If my house has to be destroyed and redesigned to make spacefor the channel I prefer the company to build me a betterstructure that was effected

Solid Waste NoneOther Many people they come to ask about that floods but they do

nothing. Please be serious, be truth in order to save our problem.Nothing to give you but our God help you if you are serious

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 3MWA9MATGPS GPS 0524633 – 9318011Date Mwatenga 9 June 2010Name Said Saleh SaidGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 11 peopleChildren U18 9 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

He work at Darajani its about 30 min by busFlooding Floods occur 3 times every year. This house flooded 1 time since

January this year 2010. The last time my house was flooded onMay. May has was get flooded according to the rain season. Ourhouse got floods because we live close to an are where thewater collects and dams up until it reaches our house. Usually



the water take 3 days to leave the houseCoping strategies I protect my belongings for put it to the roof. When the water

raising up I take my children and my wife to our neighbour nearto our home. And my self I remain in our house in order to checkmy house and belongings. The damage inside my house isclothes and my food stock has been destroyed. And the damagesuffer to structure the house is wall crack. It cost me about20,000 to build. That year I do not do any repair

Health Besides the malaria the stagnated water in an area bring otherproblem in my family such as malaria and cholera. Other thingelse which it effecting the health of my family because of theflooding is skin disease and fungus

Displacement I have been staying in that house since 1985 its about 25 years.That is my son’s house they give in order to live here. I don’tknow any cost of that house. I permanently be here because Ididn’t have any where to go. That because I didn’t have money.If there is a project to build channel to take a water away fromthe area so that is my house no longer flooded I have mind tohave a channel. Whatever it running near to our house. Themeasure which I will take to make sure that our household issafe is every time every day I will teach them the problem whichthey will get if they do not take care. Not only that but also if theyhave agreed to build a channel through our street and house iseffected by the construction eg the wall of my house is to bedestroyed I prefer to build another wall by the company

Solid Waste I collects the waste on plastic bags. Here there is no skip. Thereis no any responsible for taking he waste there. After that we aregoing to disposing the waste to the water infornt of our housewhich it was causes by the rain. Always this water it does notdry. The way which are disposing the waste is not good. Thebecause when your disposing the waste there in water which arecollects the water dams up then it reaches to our house with therouten waste. It causes a bad smell always and disease

Other None. But just I say that please Golder Associates show the wayto others follow (be example for all)

ARAPQuestions

1 If the wall fall down during construction it was cost about400,000 tsh2 I do not have any title of the land3 I do not have a bank account4 I do not know how to use the check system5 Yes I like to have a bank account. That why because Ididn’t have money6 Yes I have the people to teach me about that receive themoney by cash

Area MWATENGAQNO 1MWA9MATGPS GPS 0524636 – 9317954



Date Mwatenga 9 June 2010Name Neema Bakari HajiGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 9 peopleChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

1 self employedHe work at Malindi its about 30 min by bus

Flooding Neema Bakari in the house mother of the one family who live inMwatenga. Mwatenga is the street near by Nyerere street.Neema Bakari is about 38 years old. Mwantenga the streetwhich have floods. Floods occur 5 years ago. The flood doesoccur these year. Usually the water take 3 or 4 days till to leavethe house. This area house flooded because having the waterrunning down the street. And there were no were to go after thatit collect it into some place the raising there inters our house

Coping strategies I protect my for put my belongings on the roof. Nothing do iffloods occur at night. But if the floods occur at night are nothing odo we are also stay in our house. The type of damage do I sufferis to structure of my house if the toilet are crack and it get floods.I don’t do anything in order to protect to the floods

Health Besides flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblems to my family another thing which is effected is to getfungus, stomach pain

Displacement I have staying in that house since 14 years ago. Its our ownhouse. I have been buy the land in order to build my own house.It cost me about 200,000 tsh. These years in since 1996. And myhouse it cost me about 2 million and I forget the name of thepeople who selling me the land. In fact that I permanently heremove to somewhere else even though I would like because I have get unfortunate for build here but we like the better but wedid not afford it. Not only that but also is the channels to take thewater away from the area running near my house that is notproblem but we need the good constructions which is thatchannel it stay for many years without break or crack. If that theyhave agreed to build a channel through our street and my houseis effected by the construction (e.g. the wall 6mwa9kha

Solid Waste I collect waste on a plastic bags and also I burn it there. This isformal sites skip. In the household the children is responsible fortaking the waste there. Myself I clean that disposal site butZanzibar Municipal is responsible to clean this disposal site.There is no skip or slab that place. I think this way is not goodbecause when the flood occur the waste which we are dispose itcom again in our house and it causes a disease because theygot mixed of rain flood, toilet floods and the waste there




None

Area MWATENGAQNO 6MWA9KHAGPS GPS: 0524626 – 9317970Date Mwatenga 9th June 2010Name Mana Ali and Mwajuma Khatibu MbarakaGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 peopleChildren U18 9 childrenElderly 65 plus2 people are about 50 yearsEmployment There is only person who is employed

He is employed by an employerIt is about 7 km from home to work place

Flooding In his house the surveyor considered much about the coconuttree, there is one coconut tree which is going to be affected.Mwajuma said in a year the coconut tree produce twice and inevery one season it produces 80 coconuts, so in a year they get160 coconuts.Therefore this house seems to be quite far away from thestagnated area such that they most of the time the water doesn’tenter inside the house

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement I as a surveyor I asked many questions about the compensation

and they answered only some of the question and the rest of thequestions were not responded because the owner of the housewas not around. They said if any injury (destruction) occur theywill be happy to be given cash money.It was difficult to get the owner of the house because he is adriver and he is much bussy during the day time. Therefore allinformation I (surveyor) get was from his wife and daughter.The owner of this house is Khatibu Mbaraka. His mobile phone0773149481. So for more information we can get him throughthis number but all in all Mr khatiba Mbaraka said that he has noproblem, but during construction the engineers are supposed tobe much careful because the land is very slake (feeble) becauseit is full of water at the bottom of the land


None

Area MWATENGAQNO 7MWA9KHA



GPS GPS: 0524647 – 9317995Date Mwantenga 9th June 2010Name Zaitumi Ali OmariGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Four persons employed

2 self employed and 2 are employed by an employerFlooding And also in this house it is only a coconut which is going to be

affected, but here is no possibility for the wall of the house to bedestructed because there is enough space.Mrs Mwanaid didn’t answer many questions because the houseis family ownership and she said she is value less in the familyso she can’t provide the decision, so this house is an inheritedfamily house but I (surveyor) took some of the information aboutthe compensation. Mrs Zaitumi said that she would be happy ifthe compensation will be cash money.She said the coconut tree produce three times a year and ineach time the coconut produce 70 coconut. So in a year shealways harvest 210 coconuts. She uses the coconut for domesticpurposes.

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement So during the construction of water channel there is a high

possibility for the coconut tree to be affected. Zaitumi gave me(surveyor) the mobile phone of her brother who is eldest brother.His mobile phone is 0777 868413 and his name is Ayoub. Andthe Zaitumi’s husband is name Safari Mabruke his mobile phoneis 0773 074006.Water from the stagnated area is not a problem in this house shesaid


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Area MWATENGAQNO 2MWA8MASGPS GPS 0524747 9317738Date Mwantenga 8th June 2010Name Safia Mussa HamadiGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 13 peopleChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1



Employment Three people employedThree people have employed them selves.They took 30 min to reach the place they are working on foot.She don’t understand their regular income

Flooding Ones flood occurs every year. No flood in this year because itdoesn’t rain heavily than other years. 2005 in April was the lasttime her house flooded. Her house was flooded at night. Herhouse is get flood because she live close to an area where thewater collects and dams up until it reaches her house.Actually it take three mount water to go down after it has beenflooded. The last time it take 2 month water to leave the housebecause not a lot of water inter in the house. Her house isflooded during it rain because of water has no place to move andthis due to when the way is blocked and the way was crossaround the road so at the time start to build the road and the wayalso blocked. She has experience flood since 1978. Is there apossible only channel will finish this problem

Coping strategiesBefore water inter the house, she start to prepare her things outside the house when at night she leave all things inside and startto save the family. She go to her relative, is not far from theplace she live. They sleep there then morning come back andstart to put out some her things other tie up the house and thelocked the house. The will return until water finish.When they stay at home only her and other elder people bidchildren keep away to the water. When at night firstly she keepaway the flooded area all children then come and take clothes.The damage she face only that her toilet is most affected. Shecost a lot of money to but stones soil and cement. She repaironly one time this year. She didn’t prevent flooding because sheis poor

Health The stagnated water produce a lot of mosquitos in the area.They prevent malaria by using net. Also cholera affect childrenbecause the play the stagnated water. They treat by directly goto government hospital. The help she need is only the stagnatedwater should removal because all diseases come from the water

Displacement More than 35 years staying in this house. It is her own house.She bought the land and herself built the house. At that time shebought the land cost 20,000sh and she don’t remember she costto built the house. Before the land was a shamba so at that shebought the land from the owner of the shamba and then allowher to build the house.She can’t move to somewhere else because she live near toschool where her grands does not cost a time. The channel willnot make any trouble because she understand that will be lookedat time and spray the insecticides. The channel make her lifebetter. If the channel affected the construction and no longerflood will stay the same house but only the area which affected



must be correctedSolid Waste She collect the wastes outside her house. Because the area has

no skip or slab to put wastes, They was she use is not nice butshe has no means to change the life

Other It is true that the idea of building the channel must be so quicklybecause people affected so much

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 4MWA8MASGPS GPS 0524702 9317760Date Mwantenga 8th June 2010Name Mkashamba Juma IssaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 2 peopleChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Both of they are working

have employed by an employer.They take 1 hour and 30 min to reach the place with daladala

Flooding Ones time flood every year. No flood reached in the house thisyear but reached around her house. 2009 in March was the lasttime her house flooded. Her house was flooded at noon. Thehouse is get flood because she live close to an area where thewater collects and dams up until it reached to her house.Usually her house take a month the water to recede the after ithas been flooded. The last time take 2 month the water to leavethe house because it rains heavily so that a lot of water inter thehouse.The house is flooded every time it rains because of she build thehouse near the pound and water need a space to stay if becomesmall surpose to inter to the settlement and this because of noway to pass through. She has experiencing flood since 2008 untiltoday. This problem can be contributed if the water will removalin the place should produce a channel which take water out theplace

Coping strategiesTwo days before it rain she take all her things and put them toher mother house. So when at night she leave the house untilthe next day then come and take another things and gosomewhere else. She go to her mother it take 2 hour tor eachthe place. She stay there until the flood is over. Before leave thehouse the locked the house.Even if she stay in the house she doesn’t have a family. Then atnight she take only her husband and then go to her mother. Thedamage that she face her furniture always affected because ofwater and her plates and bowls are broken. In this year she



didn’t spend any cost. The house is only affected the colour andtoilet. In this year only one time repair the wall she spent morethat 20,000sh. Until today she didn’t do anything to preventflooding because will cost a lot of money

Health It is true that until today the stagnat water bring of malaria in herfamily this due to those stagnated water produce mosquito sothat he use a lot of money to buy insecticides spray andmosquito nets. She need help to the insecticide

Displacement She has been staying in this house 3 years now. Is her husbandhouse. She said her husband buy the land and build his ownhouse. She don’t know the money cost to buy the land and buildthe house.She is on the way to leave the house because only 3 years a lotof damages. The house will be safe when the one build thechannel are good on build the channel. If the house is affectedduring construction she will prefer to move permanently out ofthe house into new area

Solid Waste She collect water around the stagnated water because shethinks that when put wastes away she will reach the tame thepound will be over. In the area is no skip or slab close. So thatbecause of that the ski[ is far away she is not using it to disposeher waste. The way she not disposing of wastes is not good butshe should have to do because can produce problem to thechildren. For example can cut off his or her foot with any edgetool


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Area MWATENGAQNO 3MWA8MASGPS GPS 0524742 9317717Date Mwantenga 8th June 2010Name Maulid AbdallahGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 10 peopleChildren U18 6 childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people have employed

self-employedBoth of them take 20 min to reach the place they work on foot

Flooding Four times flood every year. This depend to the level of the rain.This year 2010 no flood. 2009 in April was the last time thehouse flooded. The house is flooded during night. They took 3houses to backs the things and go. The house is floodedbecause she live close to an area where the water collects anddams up until it reaches the house.



Usually takes one month to leave the house even the last timetake one month the water to recede the house. The house isflooded every time when it reains because water has no place tomove. She don’t remember when start experiencing flooding inorder to contributed the problem is only build channel whichbring water out the pound

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising the protect some of her things to herrelatives but others hold to upper side of the house. When atonly and her and the family leave the house and do not takeanything else. The go to her relative at the same street, it takejust 5 min to reach the palce she live. She live there until theflood is over. They just locked the house while belongs areinside. When the flood appear at night they live the house thesame night with the family and go to her relatives. The damageshe face is her clothes are become useless and her furnitureunwanted In this year she didn’t cost anything due to that noflood in her house.The house is cause the following damages like the toilet makescracks and other part of the wall. In this year she didn’t costanything because on the money – no money. She didn’t doanything to the house to prevent the flooding because of nomoney

Health The stagnated water mostly produce mosquitos and nothingelse. They cost a lot of money to buy net and other prey ofinsecticides

Displacement 10 years now she has been staying in the hsoue. Is her husbandhouse. She don’t know anything deals with the house. They can’tleave permanently because they don’t have another place to go.She can’t say anything about the channel pass through thehouse or affect the house because is not her house, she is just awife only

Solid Waste She collect waste beside of her house and then burn it. The skipor slab is so far away to the area she live. The system she use isbad because can cause aire pollution but nothing she can do

Other Missing dataARAPQuestions

None

Area MWATENGAQNO 6MWA9KHAGPS GPS 0524626 – 9317970Date Mwantenga 9th June 2010Name Mana Ali and Mwajuma Khatibu MbarakaGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 peopleChildren U18 9 childrenElderly 65 plusbut 2 people are about 50 years



Employment There is only one person who is employedHe is employed by an employerIt is about 7 km from home to work place

Flooding Therefore this house seems to be quite far away from thestagnated area such that they most of the time the water doesn’tenter the house

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement It was difficult to get the owner of the house because he is a

driver and he is much busy during daytime. Therefore allinformation I (surveyor) get was from his wife and his daughter.I as a surveyor I asked many questions about the compensationand they answered only some of the question and the rest ofquestions not responded because the owner of the house wasnot around. They said if any injury (destruction) occur they willbe happy to be gien cash money.The owner of this house is KHATIBU MBARAKAHis mobile phone 0773149481So for the more information we can get him through this number,but all in all Mr. Khatibu Mbaraka said that he has no problem,but during construction the engineers are supposed to be muchcareful because the land is very slake (feeble) because it is fullof water at the bottom of the land


In this house the surveyor considered much about the coconuttree, there is one coconut tree which is going to be affectedMwajuma said in a year the coconut tree produce twice and inevery one season it produces 80 coconuts, so in a year they get160 coconuts

Area MWATENGAQNO 7MWA9KHAGPS GPS 0524647- 9317995Date Mwatenga 9 th June 2010Name Zaituni Ali OmariGender FemaleStatus Spouse/HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Four persons employed

2 self employed and 2 are employed by an employerFlooding Water from the stagnated area is not problem in this house she

saidCoping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement So during the construction of water channel there is a high



possibility for the coconut tree to be affected. Zaituni gave me(surveyor) the mobile phone of her brother who is eldest brotherhis mobile phone is 0777868413 and his name is Ayoub andZaituni’s husband is name is Jafari Mabruki his mobile phone is0773074006And also in this house it is only a coconut which is going toaffected, but there is no possibility for the wall of the house to bedestructed because there is enough space


valueless in the family so she can’t provide the decision, so thishouse is an inherited family house, but I (surveyor) took some ofthe information about the compensation. Mrs Zaituni said thatshe would be happy if the compensation will be cash moneyShe said the coconut tree produce three times a year and ineach time the coconut tree produce 70 coconut so in a year shealways harvest 210 coconuts. She uses the coconut for herdomestic purpose

Area MAGOMENIQNO 1MAG7ISHGPS GPS 0524340 - 9317558Date Magomeni 7 June 2010Name Zainab Hajji AmerGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 peopleChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plus2Employment 1 person employed

She self employedShe is making soap at home some of them she sell at home butsome of them at Bwago and Paje. She is going by daledala andshe is using 2 hours but she is not going every day

Flooding In Mrs Zainab’s house floods occur twice in a year but since thisyear start she suffer from flood only one time and it was duringthe daytime and fortunately she was at home and she was ableto inform others that floods started. Mrs Zainab told me that herhouse is flooded because in front of his house there is a waywhich allow water to go to the place where water are collect sheis not very chosed but not far and water which running from thestreet to the collecting point are affecting her. Not only that butalso Mrs Zainab’s house is flooded according to the rain if it isheavy rain it is flooded but if it is not heavy rain she is being safeand she is not getting flood. But usually when her house floodedwater takes only 5 hours but if it is very heavy rain but when it isnot very heavy rain water just stay for three hours (3 hrs) in thehouse.



According to her experience Mrs Zainab told me that the floodedbecause it’s a down area but also there was a very poor plan ofthe house and since of the houses where built to the way whichwater pass but (illegible) days the level is increased becausethere is one channel which was built by the government takeswater from Nyerere to Magomeni and it brings a lot a waterincreasid rather than in 1992

Coping strategiesWhen it start rain she is starting to collect all her things andkeeping them together and close to her and sometimes she isonly her in the house. And if water started to enter into thehouse she is starting to take her things to the roof and otherthings she is taking them outside to the neighbor and stayingthere and waiting while looking the house. They all live outsidethe house when it is flooded and no one remains in the house.As we know water sometimes move faster and sometimesmoving slowly but last three years water move with her door andkitchen things also where take them by water and some of themwere broken when she find the safe place to her things andsometimes her childrens school things are destroyed by watersuch as books. Unfortunately she couldn’t tell me even in roughhow much she spend to repair inside thing which had beendestroyed by water because she can’t remember.For the outside damages they are a lot in 2009 her wall wasfallen down and until now she couldn’t build another onebecause when it rains her wall is fallen down. So she is notspending money and she was taking her brick blocks andkeeping like a wall. Also her house sometimes walls were crackand is taking care of the cracks alls she don’t remember howmuch she is repairing her house because she is not repairing allthe house at the same time but when she got money repair oneof them another areas but she doesn’t know how much shespent for this

Health Mrs Zainab she is taking care of her family as a part of mothershe is very good mother. No one can drink water unboiled waterin order to prevented by diarrhorea and cholera and no one cansleep without mosquitor net so her family is safe and no one issuffering from any disease which are caused by water

Displacement This woman she is a Magomeni since 1987 and it is her ownhouse but she bought a land to someone whom called Mariyam.Unfortunately she cannot remember how much she spent for theland for the house because it’s a long time and the type of thehouse which start with was a mud house and she was buildingslowly slowly by bricks so she can’t remember any thing.But this year she start to built another house at Kitogamibecause she is very by floods and losing her things so shedecided to start to built another house and to live the place.Also she told me that she always need evelopment so she can



not stop development and said that not only the channels pass infront of the street but even if can pass in place at the senter ofher house she is ready for anything which could happen at thattime

Solid Waste Also Mrs Zainab is very good person whom she likes herenvironment even if in street there is no slab and there is noanything which plannes by anyone at Magomeni and whomtaking care of wast but she is taking care her solid wast bybrning them. She is cleaning her own place of keeping her wastand she is not disturbing anyone. She is happy of his situation oftaking care of her solid wast but the problem its when it rain shehas no choice she is throwing on water her waste


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 2MAG7ISHGPS GPS 0524395 – 9317638Date Magomeni 7 June 2010Name Ali Mbarak AliGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 peopleChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 He is employed

2 He is self employed (shop keeper)He is taking 30-45 min to the place where he is working he usfoot when he is going but when he is returning at home he take adaladala. He is working Kwalinrusha

Flooding In Mr Ali’s house floods occurred twice per a year and he told memost in April and September but in this year since January hishouse flooded only on time and he is waitinf for another seasonto complit the second. In this year also his house was floodedduring a day time and she was at work but he left the work andhe went home to help his family because he is the head of thefamily so he is suppors to be suffering with his family.His house getting floods because he is in a near the pond but notclosed and water pass through his house and usually waterstaying in his house only for hours when rain stop they go backto the house and start to take water outside the house but watermay stay in the street for 3 to 4 days only.This are is flooded because this is among the down areas butthe most reason there is no way which allows water to go out ofthe area and water from the uper areas are affected them whoare in a down areas. His house was not flooded when its rainbut when its heavy rain but norwedays when it rain the house its



flooded because there is a ditch from Nyerere street flow waterat Magomeni and at Magomeni there is no way and stay to them.But since 1990 he was getting flood

Coping strategiesHe is keeping his things in the roof and other thing to theneighbours such as TV, radios and frig. When he is at work heis going home and help his family and they all live the house andgo to their neighbours ask for help but in 2008 their was veryheave rain but their was one place in the house water was notreach Mr Ali he was remaining in the house because he wasprotecting the house because of thieves.Mr Ali when his house flooded he get a lot of damage but for theinside damages some times they lost their clothes one day helost cell his document and his thing were broken such as budskitchen things and so many things.Also some time the house is affected wall are crack andsometimes and some times he is repairing and some times livingas it is because he is not having cash but in this year he spent200,000 Tsh for inside things and 150,000 for the house such askepping new glow and the walls which were cracks.Also he build a small wall at the door in order protect water to benot inter in the house but water says that we can enter and youcan not run away from us

Health They do realy taking care of their health by boiling water in orderto be prevented by cholera but unfortunately Malari they can notrun away from it because be triyed to by nets and they are usingthem but nothing because they can prevent mosquito whent theyare sleeping only but mosquito bite them during daytime and thesuffer from malaria but the are going to hospitals and gettingtreatment

Displacement In this are he uses since 1990 and it is his own house and hewas bought a land from Maulid and he is not rememberinganything how much he bought and how much spent to built ahouse he is not remembering anything.He is having another place he built a house and a place werethere is no flood at kwarara but he can not go with his familybecause his family contain 12 members and his new house it ishaving only 3 rooms so he decided to rent it and to stay at thesame place.Mr ask ask me what is development? And he told me thatdevelopment is the situation where by things change from lowerstage to the higher stage which means that he needdevelopment he is ready for any thing but he don’t need floodand he suffer for a long time and he don’t mind about a ditch andabout his house because he need development he don’t needfloods

Solid Waste In his family they are collecting them selves their wast andburning them this is because there is not place where they can



go and keep their waste but some of the people they arethrowing away and some of them they are keeping the waste atthe playing ground. But during night.This is not a good way because its affect environment. And theyneed a skip in order to have permanent place of keeping theirsolid waste instade of throwing on the ground


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 3MAG7ISHGPS GPS 0524329 9317603Date Magomeni 7th June 2010Name Zuwena Mwinyi HajjiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 peopleChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 2 were employed by the government

2 Those are teachers but are different schools one she isat Fuoni and one at Seblenishe use only 30 minutes by daladala and the last one she is atsebleni and she use 20 minutes by daladala

Flooding In every year her house flooded for only 2 periods and mosthappen in march and april. Since January her house flooded fora single period and it was flooded during the day time and sheleft the house and go to the neighbours house to ask for help.The house it is flooded because water running near her houseand she is living the house for 2 days but also it is according tothe rain and if it is very heavy she can lefy the house for 4 daysand this problem happens because there is no way to allowwater to go away but there is enter way. This happen since 1995but for those years there was nothing

Coping strategiesWhen it is raining she start to take her things and keeping themon a roof and when she keep all her things in a safe place she isliving the house to his brother for the whole rainy season.When she come back sometimes she is found her house wallswere getting cracks and she is able to repair the house and alsosometimes a flow she is suppose to keep a new one and shespent about 80,000 to repair the house

Health About health in the family they are taking care of their selves andthey are boiling water and washing the house with a soap andthey are washing their hands very careful also they are usingmosquito nets so they are whole taking care of their health

Displacement She was staying in this place since 2007 and she is her ownhouse and she was bought a land and it cost her 800,000 and 3



million to build a house and she bought to Rehma Ali Zongo.She can not move to another permanently area because shedon’t have another place to go and also according to her lifecondition she is able to stay there.When the construction it is going on she will taking care of herhouse asking first for the construction abou the safe of her selfafter they finish if there is no problem which going to happenafter they finish. And if she will get a good reason she will allowto build the ditch and if her all house affected she will need to bebuilt her house at the same area again.

Solid Waste The waste she is collecting them in a bucket and the placewhere they are desposing them then are the where place whereare open such as the houses which are not complete andsometime near the playing ground. The situation of disposingwaste it is not good because they are destroying environmentand when floods occur their own waste go to them. So what theyneed are skips


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 4MAG7ISHGPS GPS 0524313 9317606Date Magomeni 7th June 2010Name Ramadhan Omar HashamGender MaleStatus SonHousehold 5 peopleChildren U18 no responseElderly 65 plusnot statedEmployment 5 are employed

3 are self employed:1 he is selling fish he is using 30min bydaladala / 2 he is selling used things he is using 20min on foot /3 he is not having permanent work sometimes a driver andsometimes he is at the market place2 are employed:1 he is employed by the government and he is asoldier / 2 he is working at Zanzibar shipping enterprises

Flooding Floods occur twice per year in this house and most if is happensin April and September and since January this house wasflooded for the only single period. Most of the time his houseflooded during daytime and the all sometimes they are at workso they are just left the work and going at home to protect theirthings.This house if it is flooded because it is near the place wherewater are collect but usually water stay in the house for three toget out of the house. This area is flooded because there is noway to allow water to go and also there is a cannel which taking



water from another street to their streetCoping strategiesWhen it is raining they are keeping their things on a roof and

other things they are taking to their other relatives in order to besafe. Mot of the time in the house there is somebody who can nolive the house.Whater cause a lot of problem but in their house it is causedproblems such as walls were getting cracks and sometimes theflow also crack and they are supposed to build it again and thespent about 100,000 to repair house and also they uilt a smallwall near the doors to stop the water enter in the house but it isuseless

Health Most of the people whom are living in the house they are not inthe house for the the time but just they are coming and going sothey are not getting any problem because they are not stayingjust to sleep but they are boiling drinking water

Displacement He was staying in this house since 1992 and he don’t rememberanything about the history of the place and even the total cost ofit because it was bought by his mother.They don’t have another permanent area so that’s why they arenot living the place and this it is because of they don’t haveenough cash. About the channel and the construction they areready for anything because they don’t want floods and the havebeen affected them for a long period and it is enough.No2MAG9EMM

Solid Waste They are collecting their waste in a plastic bag and they aredesposing them in the house which have been not finish there isno one responsible for it because the last person whom is goingto see the plastic bag it is full he is responsible. They why thatthey are disposing is not good at all


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 2MAG9EMMGPS NoneDate Magomeni 9th June 2010Name Jumanne Ally SaidGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 peopleChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 employed

self employedFrom Magogoni to Bububu

Flooding Floods occur 3 times in this house almost is during winter springand autumn. This house have been flooded more than 4 times in



this year and if im not mistaken was in April where a heavy rainoccurred and the flood can occur any time weather day or night.When it flooded the usual doesn’t stay for long time to recedeonly 2 days the the go away. The reason for this area to getflooded is only lack of ditch channel also the position of myhouse is not goof that’s why we experienced flooded everytime itrains heavily

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur I use to shift my things to my neighbours allmy assets will be there to my neighbours who are not affectedwith water. Almost of my expensive things I shift to my neighborso no damages to my things only a bit of damage. I didn’t doanything to prevent my house from flooding cos its need moneyand I don’t have money

Health In case of diseases I thanks God a lot cos no body have beenexperience diseases because of water. Im very care to pretectmy family against diseases eg cholera

Displacement I’ve been staying in this house for 15 years and it’s my ownhouse not for rented. I bought the land long time ago so I’veforgotten how much it costs. I want to move from this place butdon’t have money to start new settlement. The idea ofconstruction ditch will be good and is accepted if it will be true.So for any damage I have to be paid or given another area.We need them to have true promises

Solid Waste I use to preserve my waste in the bucket and then send them tothe dump because we haven’t a slab near our street. The way ofsystem we do for dumping the waste is not good cos affect ushealthy for example when the water are bringing near the housecan cause TB etc


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 001MAG7LUCGPS GPS: 054358 - 9317559Date Magomeni 07/06/2010Name Asha Hassan HajiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

1 self employedIt is far from home it is just take then minutes only

Flooding Asha told me that four times floods occur every year in that area,and also she told me that since January three times her housebeen flooded in this year. And the last time her house was



flooded in May. Not only that but also she told me that her houseflood during daytime and last till the night. Her house get floodedbecause of water running down the street past her house andthen enters her house.Also told me that usually water takes days to leave the houseafter it has been flooded. The last time her house was flooded ittake only one day the water to leave the house.Not only that but also Asha told me that she think that becauseof the way houses which people build near the channel whichmake her to use and their house near to her to be flooded everytime it rains. She says that this problem was started to be aproblem since 2005. Also she starts to solve this problem bybuilding the place where it broken because of the flooding

Coping strategiesAsha also says that she protects her belongings when the waterstarts rising by takes them far away and leave the house alone.If it is not a good way and the water are full inside she takes herthings and put it in the roof. And if she is at work or at night shewill go another place until morning, and the place where she gowear to her home to her neighbourhood it is not far to her housemay be it can take one hour. Asha also told me that she can’tleave alone but she go with her children because when sheleave her children alone they cant do anything otherwise they willcry because of the water to be full in the house. Only one dayshe leave the house and the tier back at home. And if she willbe for a long time the thief will take all her things inside herhouse.If she will stay in the house and not move into someone else’shouse she will protect her family by take them outside her house.And if it will at night she will take her children to Sheha for morehelping.Asha told me that the type of damage inside her house whichsuffer because of the flooding are clothes, toilet, and many otherthings and for this year she told me that no money which use torepair the damage. Not only that but also the type of damagewhich suffer to the structure of the house is wall and this costseven thousand shillings to repair in this year. In this year sherepair only one time the damage to the house. She told me thatshe didn’t do anything to the house to prevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding Asha told me that no other things in the areawhich bring other problems to her family. The thing which alsoaffect the health in the family is only the body to be tired. Nomoney which cost her to deal with this problem of health

Displacement Asha told me that they live Magomen for about 28 yearsbecause the house which they live they got it from hergrandfather who bought so years ago. They were born in thathouse so they cant go other place. And it is her own house andshe buy the land and their build the house and this land cost



3,000,000 shillings and to build the house it cost 5,000,000shillings. And this land got from someone who called FerejiSleiman.Not only that but also Asha told me that they don’t movepermanently place where it safer because of the lack of money.And because Asha has her own business and this make her togoing good in her life. And she says that she think to do with thaproject and they will be together with all people who gave themsupport.Also Asha says to build the channel is a good idea and they willbe happy when will be and she don’t care about anything whichwill be happen when the channel be build wear her home andland ekeh if it can either on one area of her home the need onlyshe need to build theet channel which can make them to be in agood area and clean.Last she didn’t ask me anything about this issue is only to thanksGod for our work

Solid Waste Asha told me that she collect waste in her house by put it in theplastic bags. It is far to the home and they take it by using abags. eg.(kiloba) and in her house the responsible for taking thewaste are themselves. It is not far to her home to where theygoing to put the waste. Asha told me that themselves aredisposal site and no one responsibility to clean it all areresponsibility to make the area to be good and clean.It is sleip and she use to dispose of her waste because of it helpto be the waste together and not someone else which can be aproblem. Asha says that it is not a good system because it makethem to use only one place and the area are big the people aremany so they need to get other place which can help them to befree and be some of them and not all


None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 002MAG7LUCGPS GPS: 0524355 - 9317647Date Magomeni 07/06/2010Name Fatma Ally OmarGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

Employed by an employerIt is far and he use daladala

Flooding Fatma was the one girl which I was with her to do a project she



has many things to say. First she told me that four times herhouse floods occur every year and also for three times in thisyear since January her house been flooded. The last time wasin May her house was flooded and this house flood duringdaytime and this it take more than 12 hours daytime and lastedtill the night.And also her house got flooded because of water running downthe street past her house and then enters her house. She toldme that usually the water take days to leave the house after ithas been flooded. The last time her house was flooded was inMay and this take one week to leave the house, which causemany problem.Not only that but also Fatma told me that she think that herhouse is flooded everytime it rains because the water has noplace to go and the roof are not there so this makes a problem.This problem cause many other problem which face people inthe different area. And this be a big problem because of thepeople to be since 1984 in the place but this time the people areso many so this make to be always a problem. Since 1995 wasa problem until today is still a problem

Coping strategiesFatma also says that she protect her own family when the waterstarts rising by taking on the roof and also they use the otherthings which can take them outside the house especially peopleand other things which she put it on the roof. If she will at workor at night many things will be broken because of many water.Fatma also says she will never stay in that house she will gosomeone else, she will go to relatives and it is not far from herhome. Fatma told me that she cant leave alone she will take fisther children and then her self becase when she will leave alonethe children will sufer because no one can take care about themand also the children are still young so she must take them fistand later on the women who remain in the house. Not only thatbut also Fatma says it depend for how long the after will leavethe house if it will be one week it is okay if three days it okay andthen after the water leave the house and then they turn back athome. Also when she will leave the house for a long time thethief will take all things which was remain in the house, so alsothat is a big problem because most of them are poor.If she will stay in the house Fatma says she will protect herfamily by making sure that will build the roof near her home toprotect her family. If the rain it starts raining at night she will takeher children to relatives and last they shall go themselves.She told me that the type of damage inside her house whichsuffer because of the flooding are so many but some of them areclothes, freje, switch and this cost 3,000,000 shilling to reduce itback and the damage which suffer to the structure also are somany but some of them are walls fall down which cost 2,000,000



shilling. In this year she doesn’t repair damage to the houseHealth Besides the flooding Fatma told me that her family got many

problem such as malaria, cholera the people sufer because ofthe water in the area and the problem of malaria it cant go faraway because the mosquitoes are so many in her area.Fatma also says there is no anything else which affect the healthof her family because of the flooding. She also attend thisproblem by getting the mosquitoes nets and go to the hospitaland in this year this problem it doesn’t cost any money

Displacement Fatma told me that they live Magomeni four about 30 yearsbecause when they come in that home and get that house firstthey buy the land and build the house which the land cost2,000,000 millions shilling and moeny which cost to build thehouse is 9,000,000 shillings. This land she buy from somecalled Abdul Mohd Khanis.Fatma also told me that they don’t permantly move tosomewhere it safer because it expansive to get the land and shedoesn’t have money which can help her and because herhusband got a job in Zansibar also it will impossible for them toother place. Aso Fatma says that she think to do with thatproject to build channels to take the water away from the area sothat their house is no longer flooded, she also would like or mindto have a ditch/channel running right by her house. Also shesays the channel will make her life better. And last she says shewill agree with that to build the channel even near her house shedon’t mind the only way she need to get a channel which canhelp them to solve many problem especially health problem.Last Fatma doesn’t ask me any questions and she doesn’t haveanything else to say

Solid Waste She collect waste in her house by using plastic bags and thentake it away from her house. Yes is a formal site. There is aperson who come to take for one week. And this it doesn’t costlong time, the responsibility to clean it are them selves. And noother people who come from far at their home. It is a skip andthe person all use one place not only that but also she used it todisponse her own waste because it helps them. And this it is nota good system they need to get another system which can helpthem better


None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 003MAG7LUCGPS GPS: 0524322 - 93176080Date Magomeni 07/06/201Name Mohd Ally KessGender Male



Status HH HeadHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

1 self employedHe takes ten minutes and he use bicycle or daladala

Flooding Moh’d was the first boy to me to do a project and he told me thathe thanks God to get a chance to do a project with some else.Firstly he told me that four times floods occur every year and notonly that but only in this year floods occur three times and thelast time was in May. Also told me that it depends the flooding tocome to his house is not daytime or at night may be it can bedaytime or night. And this it can take two or three days to finishthe water in his house.Secondly told me that his house get flooded because of waterrunning down the street past his house and it thenenters hishouse. Also he told me that usually it takes days to leave thehouse after it has been flooded. The last time this house wasflooded it take three days for the water to leave the house.Thirdly he think because of the poor planning of the house andthis was started since 1995 which make his house is floodedevery time it rains and because this is affect many people socause many problem eg. The problem of money and this alwaysbeen a problem and this problem of flooding was started in 1995

Coping strategiesFourly Mr. Moh’d told me that he is always protect his belongingswhen the water starts rising by taking other things far out homeand go other place for getting more permanent. And if he will beat work or at night he will collect or his things and if the will atwork he will take a permission to the headmaster. He cant stayin the house because the water are full he go somewhere else,he go to her sister for more helping he told me is far from hishome but when got a problem he cant see far. Also he told methat all are leaving in the house, it depends until the water dry inthis house and if he will for a long time the thief will take allthings and this is a big problem.They cant stay in the house because the water are full they go tomadrasa for more helping and for instance when the rain startsraining at night first the will take his children and last he will takehis wife, but the first thing to do is to take his children tomadrasa. The type of damage inside his house do sufferbecause of flooding are so many but some of them areclotheses, bed, cups and this it cost 3,000,000 shillings andoutside the damage that suffer to the structure of the house arewalls to fall down and this cost 4,000,000 shillings in this year3,000,000 he use to build his wall. He doesn’t done anything inhis house to prevent the flooding



Health Beside the flooding when water in the area are full and no placeto go it cause many problems to the family and this problems aremalaria and cholera and this because of water to be duty (dirty).And other problem is fungues. Yes there anything else whichaffected the health because of the flooding especially funguesand this it become because of duty water but they use ditol to killthe kind of insects near her house and this cost 55,000 tsh

Displacement Moh’d told me that about 15 years they live in Magomeni and thehouse which he live his own house and he buy the land and thenbuild the house, the land cost 3,000,000 tsh and to build thehouse it cost 6,000,000 tsh. And he buy the land from someonecalled Mr Issa who gave him for 6 millions.The don’t move permanently place where its safer because itexpansive to get the land in other place in Zanzibar. Andbecause Moh’d has his own business also this help him in hislife. Also he doesn’t like someone to take their half its land. Andalso he think more about to do with that project. And he need tobuild the channel to take the water away from the are so that hishouse is no longer flooded he also would mind having aditch/channel running right near his house. Not only that byt alsohe access other areas by crossing the channel, but also heagree with that to build the channel and he don’t care if thechannel will inter his house he will be together with them

Solid Waste Mr Moh’d told me that he collect waste in his house by usingplastic bags and this waste he take far away from his home andno one dispose of the waste from this area. And also says that itis not a skip and the way which are use is not good they needother way which can help them

Other If possible he said it will be good to build the channelARAPQuestions

None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 4MAG7LUCGPS GPS 0524299 - 9317605Date Magomeni 7 June 2010Name Salma Abdallah SleimanGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold Eight memberChildren U18 Three childrenElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding Two times floods occur every year. Since January of this year

2010 occur three times. In May was the last time the house wasflooded. The house is flooded at day time. The house get floodedbecause of water running down the street past her house and itthen enters to her house. Usually it take three days to recede the



house after it has been flooded. The last time take four days butit doesn’t enter in the house.Also Salma told me that usually water take days to leave thehouse after it has been flooded. The last time her house wasflooded for three days. And she tink because of the lond theslope and near the pound that why her house flooded every timeit rains. This is because of the long problem or always been aproblem and every year is a problem

Coping strategiesShe told me that she collect all things and for to neighbour forkeeing it good. If it is will at night he will leave the house and ifhe will be at work he will take a permission to the headmasterand go home. Not only that but also when the wall fall down andother things out of the house are broken eg. Trees 2 millions shespent to repair her house. And also she can’t leave alone she willgo with her children and other people whi live in that house untilthe flooding is over. And if she will take the family she go faraway at home. The type of damage inside the house suffer areso many but some of them are cups, bed and she take 3 millionsto spend this year to repair. Only one time he repair to the houseand damage which suffer outside the house is wall. He didn’tdone anything to the house to prevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding no other problem to his family.Displacement She stayed for 30 years, its own house and she buy a land and

build the house the land buy for 4 millions and build the housefor 8 millions. The she who gave that land she doesn’t know

Area MPENDAE Magomeni MzalendoQNO 1MPE10KHAGPS GPS 0524403 – 9317239Name Tamimu Hassan KhamisGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plus2 are over 50 yearsEmployment Two are earn regular income

They are self employedThey don’t have specific (regular) interval. It depends on wheredo they get the job, sometime they go quite far away to searchfor the job but some time they get the job near by their home.This is because they don’t have a specific job

Flooding Twice a yearBy this year only one timeHe said this year but I can’t remember whenIt was day timeThe flooded started at daytime and lasted till the night. My houseget flooded when the stagnation are over so the has has no wayto go so it back and inter into the house.



13 My house get flooded because I love close to an areawhere the water collects and dams up then come inside myhouse.14 Usually it takes an hours15 It rainsBuilding the houses without proper planThis is some thing that only started to become a problem inrecent years.Mr Tamim said he can’t remember when but it is a quite longtime since this problem happened.

Coping strategies16 I take all valuable things and the furniture which cannotresist the water to my neighboursIm a farmer so if high raining I must come back at home though I may become wet because I know at any time destruction mayoccur.It depend on how strong of the flood, if not too much I send myfamily to my neighbours I and my eldest son remain to the houseand start to take water out side the rooms as long as we can.My family fo to my neighbours usually.Not far just the nearer houses.If high rain and the neighbours are far, he said he can notanswer such question because his neighbours are close.17 He said he sends his family to his neighbours and onlyhis eldest son and him self remain to the house.18 My furnitures. He said he spent about two hundredthousands to repair.19 None20 Yes, I planted many banana trees.

Four years ago I took this measureYes it had helped me he said because now the banana

trees and coconut trees have roots which help to avoid soilerosion. He said he spent about 300,000 TSH

Health 21 Yes, malariaNoneNone

Displacement 25 For long time, it is about 30 years now. He bought asmall house for about 1.5 millions from somebody else, he isalready died26 He said he cannot because of poverty situation. MrTamimu is ready to move. He get another place which are safefrom water but now he cannot move because of his condition ineconomic level. He cannot buy other house some where else.27 It is going to be good. He said he has no any means tomake the safe situation during the construction of channelbecause he is bussy person. He said you never know what isgoing to happen during construction.28 No he said he could not prefer permanently to new area



and new house because it Mpendae now he is well known andhe now has many friends and a good neighbours. So if he goesto some where else he never know what is going to happenthere, maybe in the new street there are many thieves anddangerous animals for my children.29 Yes he said he is very eagerness with our talking and hewill be more than happy when the project will succeed toconstruct the channel

Solid Waste 22 He collects into the local containers. He said, he hassome shamba and he is a best farmer so he takes those wastesto his shamba and use it as a natural fertilizers.

He takes once a week or some time twice a month.Mr Tamim himself is a responsible for taking the waste. Forabout two hours walking on foot but he uses a bicycle from hishouse to the shamba.

No body clean because the waste changes from harmfulto harmless for the vegetables23 No, if there is I don’t know I never use it24 Yes it is a good system


Mr Tamimu has no an account number because he has moneyto keep at the bank but he said if he get money from any whereelse he will be ready to open the account. And Mr Tamimu hasabout 27 banana trees and one coconut tree and his bananatrees are not in high quality so he is ready to sell his bananatrees 3,000 TSH per banana tree and 50,000 TSH for thecoconut tree.NOTE He has a young coconut tree

Area MPENDAE Magomeny Mzalendo (Mpendae)QNO 2MPE10KHAGPS GPS 0524414 – 9317249Name Twahirri SaidiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold Not statedChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusnoneEmployment He is self employed

He is teachingMr Twahiri is a polite man and he is a Madrasa teacher and Itook his picture with her daughter beside the coconut tree

Flooding In short, this house an interview occurred take place in aprevious week. What I did is dealing with tree

Displacement Mr Twahiri belong one coconut tree which is going to be affectedduring construction. Mr Twahiri said in a year the coconut treeproduce the coconut three times and this depend on howfertilizer are used to nourish the coconut tree but because the



land near by the tree is fertile, his coconut ree is more productionand in one year the coconut tree produce three times and inevery season the coconut tree produce 70 coconuts, so in a yearhe often harvest 210 coconuts and they use coconut during fastand sometime they harvest young coconut (madafu).Mr Twahiri said, he would be happy when the construction ofchannel will be completed since he is mainly affected

ARAPQuestions

Mr Twahiri has a bank account because he level of life is low andhe not able to open the account but he is ready to have a bankaccount.And the biggest problem which face Mr Twahiri is stagnation ofwater and accumulation of waste disposal. Mr Twahiri has no anaccount but he has a box to use but not belong to him. His box is460, but make it secret.(The highlighted section was crossedout)Mr Twahiri is a teacher and he has a coconut tree and he has noproblem with this project and the wall of his house is alreadyfractured and old. His wall was fractured due to high runningwater which flow beside his wall of his house so the companydecision is to construct his wall to become better and strongbecause the wall seems to be tired and old and there is a little bitpossibility for the wall to fall down during construction of thechannel. So Patricia said he will be given an offer for his wall tobe built the better wall

Area MPENDAEQNO 1MPE7MASGPS GPS 0523944 – 9316759Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Mariam FakiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 peopleChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 One person has employed

2 Formally employed with government.He works at Mnazimoja Hospital. He takes 1 hours to reach tothe place he works. He uses government transport “daladala”.His regular income is 140,000 Tsh per month

Flooding Two times flood occur every year. Since January of this year thehouse is flooded ones. April was the last time her house wasflooded. The house is flooded at the time the rain stard. Therain was starded from 11:0 to 1:00 at noon the same time floodreached the house. She gets flood because she live close thedam so when water ups o that at reaches to her house.Usually water takes a mounth to leave the house after it hasbeen flooded. The last time her house took a mounth water to



recede after it has been flooded.The reason that cauase her house is flooded when it rainbecause of the dam which contain a lot fo water come to thedam and does not any another way to go. So that increasemore and more until flood occur. She don’t know the causes ofthis problem. She has experiencing flooding for many years.She thinks that if will build professional channel which will takewater away the dam so all water will remove the place

Coping strategies In order to protect her belonging at the time water starts risingshe do as follows: When she see water around her house shestart to take out her things. Even at night she take all things outthe house. They leave the area. They go to their relatives atFuoni another street. It takes 3 hours to reach the place “to hersister”. Al of them they leave the house and stay in the sameplace. They take long time to leave the house because herthings are heavy so should to wait another people for help. Theystay to her sister unill the flooding is over. If she leave for longerperiod no one look the house because water still in the house butat the time she leave the house with her family she close “thedoor with key so no one will inter in the house.If she stay at home not move into someone elses house sheprotect her family will big care because are small and need a lotof care to them. When it starts raining at night, firstly she take allher family out the house. She take all to upper place wherewater will not reached the place then come back to the houseand start to take her things like clothes and furniture and take carand send them to her sister and Fuoni.The damage she face her vessels are broken her furniturebecome useless and also the transport she use to take herfamily also cost her. In this year she didn’t cost any thingbecause she take all her things out the house before the floodreached her house.The damage that suffer the house such that the wall become toodirty so they should colourd (? Illegible) the wall also the cement.In this year she didn’t use any money because she is not the onewho look the house. The owner is far from Zanzibar.They didn’t do any thing to prevent the house because even ifyou build the wall water will inter inside the house include thatthe house is near the dam and also when water become moreand more another water come from under the ground

Health The stagnated water in the are bring malaria the flood didncause any health problem but she still fight with mosquitoes inorder to reduce malaria in her house by using mosquito nets andspray insectsides for example it and rait it. This problem costmore than 30,000 Tsh because the insectisde must alwaysneeded in the house such that daily spray it

Displacement She has been staying in the house it reached 10 years. Her



husband bought the land and then build the house. The landcost 300,000 Tsh. She don’t know the house cost: she don’tknow the person that sold the land.She don’t have another place to to go because it cost a lot ofmoney to buy another land and build the house until reache thereally house. Nothing stop her to leave the house only they don’thave another place.She said will be fine the channel running right near her housebecause not channel affet her only flood affect her a lot with herfamily. She will protect the channel by cleaning it. The channelwill make life better to her.Her house is small so when the wall affected it if possible shouldfind another place to live

Solid Waste She collect wastes together then burn it. The skip is not close toher house so that the produce her way of burn it. She is not useit because she can wast the time to work far and her children arestill yound.If possible the skip must bring, she will use it to dispose herwastes because the waste will take away to the are and will notaffect any one. (Illegible) she burn the waste close to herneighbor so she aft her neighbor health and also herself.The system she use to burn the wastes is good but also bad topeople health. Its good because the waste not becomerandomly to the streets

Other If possible the channel must be very soon when next year it rainmust be ready so in order to avoid the damages

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MPENDAEQNO 1MPE7MUSGPS GPS 0523931 – 9316751Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Fatma Moh’d HajiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment One person

Self employedWorks nearby she lives

Flooding The water are entering inside the house because she livesnearest to bath, and this situation happen during night time alsoit happen in this year (5th May 2010). So due to that she getshuge problems, that is why they would to be assisted

Coping strategies If happened this pooblems if flooding during the night. Sheescape her house with her children only without taking anything



inside the house and she went to her neighbour so as to secureher. After that during morning she goes to her sister at Tomondothere, she Fatma;s house has been destroyed especially its toilet

Health So they claiming that they are indanger to be infected withdifferent diseases such as cholera also this poopactes aredisappear and other problems

Displacement Hence due to this big problem they daved to ask you that if thehelpiness are there should be crevy quickly because they suffera lot for that thing

Solid Waste And their waste materials dumping in that bath or some burningit


None

Area MPENDAEQNO 2MPE7MUSGPS GPS 0523946 – 9316762Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Asha JumaGender FemaleStatus Housewife (divorcee)Household 1 personChildren U18 noneElderly 65 plusnoneEmployment 1 person

Self employedFlooding The water entering inside the house because when the rain

become very high because she does not live near the bath, butthe basth is not far to her house and also this situation of waterto get into the house is happened during night time, the last timeto happen this flood (event) is (5th May 2010) due to this theyget huge problems so they need to be assisted. Het her housewas severely destroyed with the flood, so she is with any thinf,what she need to get assistance

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement So they were happy if you will provide your assistance very

quickly, so you don’t lied to them because already they havebeen kept their expectation to your

Solid Waste And the waste material when they need to dumping, they dig todif up dunssionto put it inside and sometime they burning it, theyhave no specially area to dump it

Other noneARAPQuestions

None

Area MPENDAE



QNO 3MPE7MUSGPS GPS 0523988 – 9316750Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Khadij HassanGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding The flood is happening at once in the year because she live far

with that bath for some how, in this house was destroyed withthis flood especially in the house room.And also in this bath one day the child was died due to the flood,if the water attacks her house they escape her house in any timeif afternoon or night

Coping strategiesNoneHealth NoneDisplacement So they are ready for being assistance and also if you help them

so the will very happy because the we’ve tried in this problembecause it is subjecting them in there house

Solid Waste Also they were blaming that some people tries to dumping thewaste material also in this path. A point from that some people inthis area re throws to burning such waste rising in the surfaceleave may le the pecking other disease such as cholera


None

Area MPENDAEQNO 4MPE7MUSGPS GPS 0523957 – 9316751Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Riziki KhaisGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 1Children U18 0Elderly 65 plus0Employment NoneFlooding Apart from that this situation emerged twice in every year. The

last time which was emerged this situation of flooding it was 5thMay 2010. But there is something else the children died on thatbath lik her daughter died to act 5th May 10 there was a nighttime and they was getting out the house the water coming insidethe house when they out she don’t see her daughter. In themorning sould her behind the house died and up to know she isleave alone there is no one live with her and think her daughter



some time the people when they going to her shop if you told herto give you a soap she will give a pen or something else

Coping strategiesWhen the flood emerged she tries to lift her properties but is notall one some among them. If she lifted her properties she tries tobrings to her daughter at Tomondo. Also when this situationemerged she escape only herself with out to take any thing thisis because she lives alone. She return at evening of another dayso as to take her properties with her children. So during thisexercise some properties she gets and some are disappear dueto the servely destroyed

Health NoneDisplacement So she need to be assisted with your hospitality because she

suffer a lot that why that to be quicklySolid Waste So the waste materials, they tries dumping at the old building

which found around there that building are found nearby thebath, hence the flood made the waste materials to entering in herhouse because of the flood hence it led many problems to themsuch as disease and bad smell


None

Area MPENDAEQNO 1MPE10MATGPS GPS 0524404 9317234Date Mpendae 10 June 2010Name Jokha Othman OmaryGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus1Employment NoneFlooding Mrs Jokha Othman Omary is the house wife of the 5 children.

She live in Zanzibar at Mpendae back to the Sufa PrimarySchool. The Mrs Jokha house has get floods problem. Thatfloods occur 3 times every year. The floods occur 2 times sinceJanuary this year. The last time floods occur on May. The floodsoccur during the rain season. May house get flooded becausethe people build on the water drainage so the water does notpenetrate each other. Also wee are down the slope when therain come the water running down the street and it collects anddams up until it reaches our house. Usually the water take 2 upto 3 days when they get flooded until the water leave the house

Coping strategiesWhen my house flooded I take my belongings to the roof of myhouse. And the rest belongings I take to our neighbour near ourhouse. When the flooded at night I take my children to ourneighbour till the water leave the house. The type of damage



inside my house is we build the wall back to our house which itcost about 400,000 tsh but it did not satisfy to prevent from theflooding. But in the flooded occur during to the rain which are somay people they called “sonami” these days we are staying toour neighbour for 7 days. It was been very high. Not only thatbut also we are get a big damage like: birth certificates, legaltitle, clothes, food stock are destroyed. Our beds creck

Health Besides the flooding stagnated water in the are bring otherproblems to your family such as malaria and cholera. There alsoanother this that has effected the health of many family becauseof flooding is skin disease, fungus

Displacement I have been staying in that house since 30 years ago. Its our ownhouse. I buy the land and I build my own house. We was beenbuy the land to the ecai-branch (is the party). It cost about20,000 tsh since 1975. We do not move to find another pacewhich is the better place because wee do not have money. Ifconstruction build a channel the measure will I take is to blok theentrance to be close to construction in order to make sure thatthe children does not effected. And also to give the informationhe construction when they build a channel. (eg. There are waterpump wire, water pipe line and water tank).

Solid Waste I keep the waste in plastic bags. After that my husband take thewaste to. We do not dispose the waste


1 If the wall fall down its cost about 600,000 tsh2 Yes we have a legal title of the land3 Yes, I have bank account. I have in Baclairs4 Yes I know how to use a check systemYes. I like to have bank account because we have not stability inour country in our houses anything my happen. That why I take itto the bank because of safe

Area MPENDAEQNO 2MPE7MASGPS GPS 0523977 9316752Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Hadija BakariGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold Not statedChildren U18 Not statedElderly 65 plusNot statedEmployment Not statedFlooding Every year flood occur at once. Since January of this year occur

at once.The last time was April of this year of 2010.The house was flooded at day time. Her house is getting floodedbecause it is near the dam so when water collects increase and



increase and dams up so that reached her house.Proparly water take months to leave the house after it has beenflooded. The last time take two weeks water to recede the house.The reason makes flooded every time it rains she thinks that thehouse so close to the dams and also improper building of thehouse."House are so close". She doesn't understand the causes of thisproblem. Beter no flood in the area because where no manyhouses. She has experience flood more than seven years.The contributed to the problem is only to build the channel whichcan take water away the dam. Beacuse nothing is easy andsimple but only channel

Coping strategiesShe prevent her belonging when the water starts rising asfollows: She start to put all her thing ready before flood appear tothe house, when starts to rising she take all her properties awaythe house. When appear at night directly sent to her neighbourwho are far from flood "house is not yet affected with flood" andthose who are not reach water they come clother and help themto remove all things ou. She go to somewhere else.She goes to Tomondo. She takes 3 hours to reach the place it isin another street. Only herself and her family go to Tomondoanother four families go to teh place they now themselves, theplace they go is also far from the place they live.They take 4 hours to reach the place. All of them leave thehouse untill flooding is over. When leave the house for longerperiod they keep other things up the roof but when comebackthey other clothes are affected with coldness of the water inter inthe house. Before leave the house locked it.If she stay in the house, she protect her family by avoiding themto play in the water and always become unfair because of herchildren. If at night she takes her small things and her childrenout and leave the house. She send her children to the closeneighbour is not far a five house from the place at the samestreet.The damages she face are that some other things doesn't seenagain and closes become so dirty and even you can wash thenwill never appear the same than before. Roughly this year cast50,000 to repair the damage will become dirty and this cost her20,00sh to repair the colour of the wall "painting" . This yearrepair only one time. She didn't do anything to prevent floodingbecause can cost a lot of money

Health The stagnated water in the are is just produce a lot ofmosquitoes. In the case of the health affect in her familt is whenchildren use water to wash there body so that affect of their skin.She just stop them but at the time you stop dont play the floodingwater the same time will go through. She cost a lot of money totreat her children



Displacement She has been staying in the house is more than 6 years. This isthe house of her father. Her father bought the land and build thehouse.She don't understand the cost of the he had also the housebuild. she don't understand to whom did her father buy the landand the person gave the land.She can't move to another place because of her life is so poor.Even the channel will take out water but she is not yet thechannel pass through her house because of her children they willplay in the channel which will be another problem. In some howthe channel will make life better because the flooding in be finish.She can't agree anything when the contract of channel affect thepart of the house because the house is not belong to her

Solid Waste She just throw out at any place around her house but has nopermanently place.This is informal site. There were no skip close to her house. Shecan't use it because is far from the place she was. She said hersystem in some how fine to her because help to remove dirty"wastes" inside her house

Other If possible must build the channel as quick as they canARAPQuestions

None

Area MPENDAEQNO 003MPE7MASGPS GPS 0523960 9316708Date Mpendae 7 June 2010Name Zainab SaidGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus2Employment One person has employed by an employer. She don't

understand his income.Employed by an employerHe take one hour to reach the place he work by car

Flooding In order to flood occur every year it depend to the heavy of therain. In this year the house is not floodod since January of 2010.but only water reach to her wall "out side" didn't enter inside herhouse. The last time was 2008 in May was flooded, the houseflooded at night they sleep untill morning and leave the house.Her house is flooded because she live close to an area wherethe water collects and dams up untill it reaches her house.Actually it take two months to water recede the house after it hasbeen flooded. Also the last life take two months to water leavethe house after it has been flooded.Her house is flooded every time it rains she thinks that the water



comes from different places so that come over the dams and hasno another way to pass through hence that before were passingto the road cross to another street but after well arrangement ofthe raod the water no longer move to the normal place i nthedam untill start to affect people settlement.Many years she experiencing flood inorder to solve the problemis only should build the channel which take away to the dam

Coping strategiesShe prevent her belongings by puting a long table then startingto tarrange her thing up the table. Even if at night they do thesame way or put other things at the table and then leave thehouse. The don't have the permanently place to live but only ifthis year flood occur go another street another time to differentstreets.She take one hour on foot. The elders go and children go toanother house but the young should there inorder to be closherto the things which are inside the house. The elders and childrenleave the house untill the flooding is over.Not all house for protection of things inside the house.If she will stay at house,she protect her family by talk to themabout the effect of flooding water like are dirty and producecholera so when they play they will become sick.When rising at night is just sleep i nthe house the next dayleave, the house. For example her husband is too yound inorderto remove the house her son carry their father.The damage that face inside the house is her furniture becomewet and nor more use again and also her clothes diring removalout can uiter water. Such that in this year no flood occur sonothing cost.The damage she suffer outside the house is only the wallbecome dirty and make crakes becourse of flooding water. Thisyear she didnt cost anything. She didnt do anything inorder toprevent flooding

Health NoneDisplacement She has been in this area more than 20 years.

This is her husband house, her husband bought the land but somany years so she didnt remember any cost of the land andbuild and also the one gave the land.She cannt move place because she dont have another houseeven a land. She is ok the channel crossing the house becausewill not affect him such during construction of the channel allequipment are done so no and problem will occurs. The channelwill make her life is better.If the channel affect her wall is only to build the wall because thechannel will help many people not her

Solid Waste She collected wastes i n the bags out side the house she takesthe waste with bicycle from home to the dispose area this is thenormal site.



After two days take the the wastes directly to the skip. Her sontake waste to the special place. The person take only 5 min toget to the disposal site. The government clean the disposal istrue that is the responsibility of the government to clean thewastes.There is a skip close to her and she use it to dispose of herwastes because is among of the cleaness of the street so nolonger see dirty around the street. The system she has is good toher because she avoid the bad smell in the area

Other They face alot of damages of this flood so if possible mustsonstruct so soon inorde during the following rain must be finish

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MPENDAEQNO 4MPE7MASGPS GPS 0523818 9316720Date Mpendae 7th June 2010Name Abdul Kiarhid Ameri IssaGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people has employed

by an employedThey take 2 hours to reach the place they work, they usedaladala

Flooding 2 times flood occur every year. Since January the house isflooded two times. The last time was April the house is flooded atnoun. The house is flooded because he live close to an areawhere water collectes and dams up until it reaches the house.Usually it takes one week the water to recede after it ahs beenflooded. The last time took one week the water to leave thehouse.His house is flooded every time it rains because he is down thepound and water has no way to pass through after have beencollected then affect the house. He has experiencing the floodmore than 15 years. In order to contribute the problem is onlyleave water

Coping strategiesActually he understand the rain seasons so before reached hecollect all things in the house and then send to his brother atFuoni. Is another street. When occur at night and his belongingsare not inside the house only him and his family leave the area.They go to his brother is long distance form the place he live ittakes 2 hours to reach the place. All of them leave the house.They stay there until flood is over. Before leave they locked thedoor.



If the rain occurs at night he carry all her children and put themoutside then after all be over take his car and go directly to hisbrother. His furniture and other assets do not affected becausetime time away before flooding. The wall of the house is floodedand this makes cracks and the toilet is full. Before inter in hishouse must clean the house and spray insecticide. He spentmore than50,000 to repair his house. In this year have repair twotimes. Until now he didn’t do anything the house to preventflooding

Health The stagnated waste in the area mostly bring malaria in thehouse. Nothing else has affected the health of the familybecause of the flooding. He just use mosquito net. The help heneed is possibly the compunity must spray the insecticide overthe house in order to kill all bad insects. He can’t remember

Displacement He has been staying in this house more than 15 years. This ishis own house. He bought the land and build himself. The landcost 500,000sh. He can’t remember the build cost. He boughtthe land from someone else.At this time is difficult to move the place but after two or threeyear comes will leave the place and go to another place. Noproblem that when the channel running close to his house. If thechannel will be in high standard will it will be safe. The channelwill bring life better. If the construction affected the house wouldprefer to be compensated for the wall

Solid Waste HE collect waste in the pound because in the are there is no slabor skip. The system he use is so bad because can produce otherdisease like bad smell but nothing to do


None

Area MEYAQNO 3MEY10KHA - MadrasaGPS GPS 0523830 – 9317367Name Omari Juma SuilemanGender MaleStatus Assistance teacher Qur-an MadrasaHousehold There are about 50-60 students in the MadrasaChildren U18 There are 30 under 18 years oldElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment No one employed teaching in Qur-ani Madrasa is free only

sacrifices to GodIt is just like self employed but there is real payment. Theteachers are given some money for buying maybe soap that’sall.The teachers don’t live far away from the Madrasa

Flooding 1 Omari said “I can’t tell you about this because I haveabout 1 year only.



2 This Madrasa is afe with water, the water is onlyaccumulate outside when there is hig rain and water doesn’tenter inside the Qur-ani Madrasa.3 I have no ideous but I think an hour once after the rainstop and no more running water4 May be because of the rains. This is low land all runningwater stagnates in this area that’s why much water and wastesaccumulate over here.

Coping strategies1 Omari said I have never helped any one when there isover flooding because I have never seen such a problem thisyear.2 None3 The biggest damage is mud and wastes, sometime thestudents come untidy (less hygienic) because of accumulation ofmud.4 None5 None

Health 1 May be malaria ad cholera because there is productionof mosquitoes

Displacement 1 I have staying in this Qur-ani Madrasa since 2009. Thisis not my Madrasa, it is a community Madrasa remember we areMuslims, so all Madrasa are belonged by Muslims2 I can’t say any things because Im not alone in thisMadrasa3 Yes is going to be good4 I’m not responsible to provide the decision because inthe ranking I don’t have any high ranking but according to myideous we would like to be given cash money so as to constructour wall once again

Solid Waste 1 Omari said the students collect the wastes in to thecontainer and take them to the ground. They take them once aday and it takes the person 5 minutes to arrive the place.2 They don’t have any slab or skip. It is just in a groundwhere by there is stagnation of water. Omari said the studentsfind the way difficult to avoid some barriers during the time thatthey take the wastes to the dump. And no body responsible tomove the wastes, only the community who live near by thestagnated water.3 Is not good but what should I do


This Madrasa is know as Madrasat Raudhwat Islam.They don’t have an account buy they have a boxThe box of this Madrasa is:

Madrasat Raudhwat IslamP.O. Box 531MeyaZanzibar



But Patricia said there is a possibility for the channel to avoid thisQur-ani Madrasa and pass quite far from the Madrasa. Thereforethere is a possibility for Madrasa to be affected if the channelpass back of the Madrasa but when the channel pass infront ofthe Madrasa there will no problem to be affected. And theMadrasa will be safe

Area MEYAQNO 4MEY10KHAGPS GPS 0523790 – 9317374Name Mrs Siti Khamis HamadGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 10 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment One person is earn regular income

He is employed by an employerFlooding 1 One time but was not too much. I can’t remember when

but may be during high rain season2 My house was not affected3 Half an hour when the rain stopWe are in low land, water has no way to go except stagnatearound this place

Coping strategies1 It didn’t happen to me but I’m ready to help anyone whowill be affected coz you never know today happen to yourneighbour and you never know on tomorrow who will face thisproblem.2 None3 I think the furniture may be damaged4 You can loose some of your valuable things like TV,radio, money, mobile phone and others.Yes, the time that is raining we try to mine the drainage systemto the stagnated area

Health Yes it is possible to have malaria, cholera and dysenteryDisplacement I have been here for about 10 years now.

I can’t say anything because the owner of the house is myhusband so I can’t tell you anythings.Yes, I think it is going to be well and good. Maybe my life will bebetter but I’m not sure but you never know

Solid Waste 1 I just collect the wastes into the local container sometime I put the wastes into the plastic bags and take them to thestagnated area.2 In this street there is no slab. Only my children take thewastes and through them to the stagnated area. It takes only afive minutes to reach at stagnated area and through it away. Nobody is responsible to move the waste disposal if there is, I havenever seen anyone from the municipal to come and move the



wastes. I think we our selves are responsible, any one among uscan go and burn the wastes. This mean that even I myself whenI have a good time I just go to the stagnated area where there ishigh accumulation of wastes and burn them, that’s all.This is not good system, but I have to do so. No way out

Area MEYAQNO 1MEA7MATGPS GPS 0523855 - 9317321Date Meya 10 June 2010Name Fatma MussaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment There one employed

They work to Chaani and Nungwi its about from home. They aregoing by bus

Flooding The house of Fatma Mussa floods occur three times every yearthat it was been big problem. She said she is the guest of thatplace. She is the house wife of Mr Ally Haji. She is get marriageone year ago. Since that year when Mrs. Fatma Mussa come tolive there the flooded occur two times. They said she was beenapsence when flooding occur for the last time. Because she wasbeen going to Pemba Island in order to visit her Mother. Ourhouse got flooded because of water running down the street pastmy house and it then enters my house. The water does not havethe way to pass through after rain so it causes the water raising.It takes about three up to four days up to the water leave thehouse but also it depend upon the rain stop. My house it floodedevery time it rains because we are in down the slope. Becausewhen the rain did not get the way to pass through after that itraising

Coping strategiesNothing to do if the rain come this time because of poverty.Everything your supourse to use money. But also I build a smallwall that against water floods more than three times. I do nothave exactly approximate how much he spent this year to repairthe damage that was done by the water because like she sayjust she was apsence because my husband he do that repair

Health We are afraid to get a cholera, malaria and also there are somany frogs here enter in our house

Displacement Since January I have been stay in this house. That its our ownhouse. We was been buying the land in order to build this house.I don’t know how much he buy the land and how he use to buildthis house. And I don’t know who he sold for him the land. Notonly that but also from all that problem of floods we do not goanywhere to escape for floods that because of poverty. We are



in hard lye and problems. Only we are fighting for our own foods.Very unfortunately the buy the land here down the slope forchipper price since the past year. Now they do not have anycapability to move to other place or to buy other place which heneed. Because there are big problem here the water rain aremixed with the (sewage) water that because of flood.If there is a project to build channels to take the water away fromthe area so that may house no longer flooded I would not mindhaving a channel running right near my house. Because theproblem here are not channels but the problem is floods anddisease.Not only that but also if your company agreed to build a channeland my house is effected by construction eg the wall of myhouse has to be destroyed and redesigned to make space forthe channel. I need to build other wall for me instead of that wall.If it can possible to build other house for me other place also itwas been better than. I thank our God for get a company like thatwho think about our problems

Solid Waste Not only that but also a solid waste we are putting on a plasticbag and we are going to put on the dampo but there no any onecome in order to collect waste. My self are the household isresponsible for taking the waste thtere. There are no any onecleans this disposal site. ZMC is the responsibility to clean it. Butthey do not do so. There are no skip or slab close to our house. Idon’t know why we don’t have. The way that are now disposingthe waste it is not good because when are droping the waste onthe dampo if I shall burn some of the waste was not burning.Also from the burning it courses air pollution. Some of the wasteremain and when the floods come it took again to our house


None

Area MEYAQNO 2MEA7MATGPS GPS 0523820 – 9317327Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Mwanakombo Mohil AzanGender FemaleStatus Daughter in lawHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment There are 1 employed who is the father of that familyFlooding Mwanakombo is the daughter in law in one family whose are live

in Mea. Mea is the one place which are get floods problem.Floods occur 3 times every year. This house has been floodedtwo times since January this year (2010). The last time our



house flooded at April this year. Our house flood for more than12 hours. My house get flooded because we live to an areawhere the water collects and dams up until it reaches my house.Usually the water take three up to four days to leave the housewhen the rain are stop. This area it floods because the waterrunning from high level going down the slope and that placethere no way to pass through even local channel and also thatplace are the place which are collect solid waste. And alsowithout drop our solid waste our self it took by floods

Coping strategiesNothing to do to protect me belongings when the water startrising. Noting to do if I am at work at night my be I can talk to myneighbours in order to bring my staff to their house. My self I donot go any where. I stay in our house with my father and mother.The damage which are suffer to the structure of the house is tobuild a small wall which it cost about 200,000 tsh cash lastyhear. I thank God this year I do not repair a damage

Health But also we have to be very carefully everytime to protect ourchildren to play on the mud water. Because so many time theyhave got fungus and malaria. That it cost us to go to the hospitalto get a treatment of malaria and fungusevery few days. So weare suppose to prevent for these disease. Because orevention isbetter than cure. We cost about 50,000 every year for thehospital

Displacement I have been staying in this house for 20 years. I born in thathouse. That is my fathers house. He was been buy this housebefore finished to build. I don’t know what does it cost. I don’tknow from whom did he buy the land. I don’t move to somewhere else because we didn’t have anywhere to go. Not onlythat but also we did not have anywhere to go. Not only that butalso we did not have the money for buy somewhere else whichhave not money – we are poor. That is our unfortunate to getthat house. We like to move to better even today if we havecapability. And also if there are a protect to build a channels totake the water away from the area so that our house is no longerflooded I can’t mind having a channel running right near myhouse. And also I shall talk to my household about that channelwhow did it save us from the flooded. And I shall teach themabout the problems with we are get this time for not havechannel. And make sure that for dropping to the channel in orderto make it safe. If they agreed to build a channel through ourstreet and our house effected during construction eg. The wall ofour house to be destroyed and redesign I prefer to build otherwalk. I said I pray for God to keep us for that problem

Solid Waste Not only that but also here other problem which are solid waste.My self i collect waste to the small dustbin and I going to drop itto the dampo near our house. There no have anywhere to dropthe waste. I mean to get somewhere far from our home to drop it.



Because that system its not good we haven’t even skip or slabclose to our house. But also there no anyone come to clean thisdisposal site. Even Zanzibar Municipal Counsil because is theresponsibility of that


None

Area MEYAQNO 3MEA7MATGPS GPS 0523904 – 9317317Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Asha Said AbasiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1Employment There are three people are employer

One people are regular income the work in the bussOther he work at the Airport its about 25 minutes for their home

Flooding Asha Said Abasi is the house mother who live at Mea is the oneof the many streer of Zanzibar which are get floods. The floodsoccur four time every year three times the floods occur sinceJanuary this year (2010). The last time our house get flooded atMay. Our house flood for more than 12 hours. Our house getflooded because we leave to an area when the water collectsand dams up until it reaches our house. Usually the water takeabout three up to four days to leave the house. This area myhouses flooded every time it rains I live to he area where thewater collects and dams up. It mean I live at down slope from theground level. When the rain come the water come to collect by itself running here to the down slope after that the water areraising

Coping strategiesAnd also in order to protect my belongings when the water startraising. And also in order to protect my belongings when thewater start rising I put on the roof of our house. If it can happenwhen I am at work or at night I call my neighbour in order tocome to help me to transfer my children and my belongings tohis house and others to the roof of my house. We leave all ourhouse. After that my husband come to visit in our house duringmid night. And also he talk to other neighbour near our house tocheck for us our house. We leave about three or four days till thewater leave the house (flooding is over). If I stay in my houseand dot move some where else and the rain start at night – Iwake-up for my husband and my children before the waterraising we are put together on the roof belongings. The damageinside my house suffer because of flooding is the brick of our



house cracked that it causes as to buy other 5 packet of cementand sand in order to repair our house. But I do not rememberwhat does he cost. The other damage is our food to be routenthat causes of by water. Other damage is to crack our furnitureduring to bring the roof very quickly. Other damage the toilet arefloods and the toilet water it mixed with the rain water. And also I remember he last year we was get big damage because ourmotorcycle and freeza and foods all these are damage byflooding

Health NoneDisplacement I have been staying in this house 11 years since 1999. Its our

own house. We was been buy the land in order to build hathouse infact that I don’t remember any cost. I don’t rememberfrom whow my husband buy the land. I don’t go anywherebecause I don’t have another place instead of that house. Thatbecause of poverty. If there a project to build channels runningright near my house. It will be good because the problem is not achannel but the problem us water floods. Not only that but alsowhen they have agreed to build a channel through our street andour house affected by the construction eg. He wall to bedestroyed I prefer to be compensated for that wal. None to sayabout what we are talked about

Solid Waste Not only that but also other it causes by solid waste. My self Icollect waste in my house in (plastic bag) and droping to thedampo which is the place near to our house. But there no anyone come to collect the waste from the dampo. ZMC are theresponsibility of that but their do not come to collect the wasteeven one time after three or two months. And also they waywhich are disposing the waste are not good because when thefloods come their come to separates all the waste to our houses


None

Area MEYAQNO 4MEA7MATGPS GPS 0523908 - 9317355Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Amena Moh’d SaidGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 13 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Only 1 person are self employer

He work at Saateni he took about 1:30 hourFlooding Amina Moh’d Said is the house wife of one house at Mea whose

effected by water flooding every year. The floods occur three



times every year. Two times this house been flooded sinceJanuary this year 2010. The last time my house flooded at Maythis year. Our hose flooded because we live close to the areawhere the water collects and dams up until it reaches the house.After reacher the water find the way to pass through which wasbeen pass through our home that is courses. Usually the watertake 1 day for the water leave the house. This area it floodedevery time it rains because we are living near down slope to theground level

Coping strategiesNothing to do when the water start rising. But only 1 put mybelongings on the roof but only we are stay in that house.Because we have not any where to go. And also I put all mychildren to the bads against water rising. The type of damageinside our house is toilet floods, food rotten and cracking of myfurniture that was course from transfer from one place to anotherevery rain season. I don’t know how much my husband use torepair the damage that it courses by water. The type of damageI suffer to structure of the house is I built a small wall front thedoor of my house. That it cost about 50,000 tsh. I repair onlyone time the wall helped because of the water raising

Health NoneDisplacement Its about 20 years I have been staying in that house. Its my own

house, I buy it when it was not finished to build. I buy this houseto Umadi Simai. I don’t move to somewhere else because I dinthave money that it was bee satisfy for me to find another placewhich are going to live.If there a project to build a channel to take the water away fromthe areas so that our house no longer flooded I can mind havinga channel running right near our house on the street. And also ifthey agreed to build a channel through our street and our houseif effected by the construction eg. One of the wall of our househas to be destroyed and redesigned to make space for thechannel I prefer to rebuild to wall of my house. But if it canpossible to move into a new area and a new house it was beenbetter than. Because I dislike this place that because is the downthe slope. The some to say about what we are talking about isplease our friend do very quickly that project in order to save usfrom that problem. We do not enjoy a life that courses by flooded

Solid Waste Not only that but also a solid waste my self collect the waste toplastic bags and burn it. I have sure that when I burn the wastedoes not finished all (are not burning at all). It remain when thefloods comes they took the waste for other time to our house.ZMC are responsibility to clean it. If the ZMC they do not come tocollect the waste there are no any come to collect


None



Area MEYAQNO 1MEA7ASHGPS GPS 0523862 – 9317327Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Nadhifa YussufGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person (husband)

Employed by the governmentStonetown

Flooding Nadhifa’s says that a lot of time floods occur because it dependon rains as we know hat because of problem of global warmingthe seasons destroyed, so any time it rain the flood can occur.Since January 2010 the Nadhifa’s house have been flooded twotimes. Last time her house has been flooded, it was in Mayduring day and not night. The big reason that Nadhifa see it itsbecause of living nearby the pond.And when it rain and flooded it take 2 days for water to recede.The last time Nadhifa;s house flooded and it took 2 days forwater to leave the house. Nadhifa do not know what’s the causebecause she has always experiencing flooding and build a wallto contribute a problems

Coping strategiesWhen the flood occur they took their things to the roof to protectfrom destroying Nadhifa says if its night its so badly compare today. They get a lot of problem in night. The tieves took theirthings. So they live to another place they go to Sogen theneighbourhood street. Only women and children. The men stayto protect the things what is in the roof. They stay in Sogea for 2days until water leave or stay outside. Her furniture and sponges,carpets and other small things like dishes, potes are destroyed.Other thing lost because water take some of the them. AlsoNadhifa’s husband spend a lot of money to build a wall, some ofslope which can help to save the house. Every (illegible) offlooded spend 2 wek for repair. They build a cnop they think itwill help for some extensi. To build a cannop it take 1 weekfurnish

Health Nadhifa’s husband which he stay to protect their things he sufferfor fungus in his legs. Sometimes diarrhoea and malaria. Theygo to Mnoia Mmoja hospital so they get cheap treatment. May be10 thousand.

Displacement They have been there for 20 years now. Its their house for last20 years the land was 3 hundren but the price of build hey do nobecause until now they still build and not yet finishing. Nadhifadon’t know who sold or gave them the land.



Nadhifa’s husband has no ability or money to buy another areato live because his life is so bad. Nadhifa say they are need forthe channels but also they are need for transfer from that pl aceto another because its so terrible there. Nadhifa say they sufferso much in flood here. Nadhifa wanted the project to come soonso as to help them in that problem

Solid Waste Nadhifa is the one who’s responsible for collecting waste in herhouse, it take may be 5 minutes to reach the dump. There’s noslap or skip in their street. The way they use to collect the wasteis no food but they have nothing to do


None

Area MEYAQNO 2MEA7ASHGPS GPS 0523836 – 9317331Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Radhima SimaiGender FemaleStatus Oldest sisterHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1

Self employed15 minutes by bus

Flooding Floods occurs in many times depend on the rains season. SinceJanuary in 2010 he flooding already occur in 2 times. The lasttime it flooded and it was in day on early June. The houseflooded because its near to pond that water collect and dampsup then inter to the house. It takes 2 days for water to fo down.The last time it take also 2 days

Coping strategiesWhen the rain start Radhia and her going sisters and her motherleft the house and only left her father. Radhia;s family go toMelinne which take 30 minutes to reach there. She stay inMelinne for about 4 days to i week. Her father stay, he come atnight to sleep in order to protect some of their thing which left.Radhia’s house lost their domestic things like pots, sponges,their paints destroying, some of the furniture also destroying.Also their house gets faults in walls that cause to dear thatanytime her house can fall down. They use more money butRadhia don’t know how much it cost

Health Besides malaria and cholera, Radhia father suffer from fungusfor about 1 year and the time go hospital to buy medicine andother treatment which also Radhia don’t know how much hisfather cost treatment

Displacement Radhia say before she had born her parents live there now she



was 22 years. Her father bought a land and build a house butRadhia don’t know hwo sold the land and how much it cost forland and build a house.Radhia say her father have no ability to buy another land orhouse to stay. The food only produce by her father’s job and noother money for buying house. Also agree for channel to buildbecause she say it will make her house safe.And if the house is destroying because of channel they can liveto another place so that it can helpt to make the environment ingood looking and safe

Solid Waste They thrown to the dump which take 5 minutes to reach thedump. Radhia is responsible for taking waste there. There’s noperson clean disposal site. And there’s no skip or slab in therearea. Radhia say the way that they use is good because it keeptheir house safe

Other Radhia says some time the channel are build in wrong directionso that it cause more than the first problem because all the waterfollow the direction of channel and if channel build in bad plandestroy their all street. So if the channel build they have to buildin advanced technology to prevent lost of alot of money. Last shegive advice that the project should do it as soon as possible andnot asking the question all the time but there is nothinghappening

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MEYAQNO 3MEA7ASHGPS GPS 0523825 – 9317320Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Bimkubwa Massud JumaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1

Self employedIn Darajani, uses bus for atleast 15 minutes

Flooding The flooding to occur it depends on rains but for January in 2010the flooding has occur in 2 times the last ime also flooding in herhouse was in may. The flooding occur in night. The big reasonsBimkubwa see is because of bad plan of house the house hasbeen build in compacted ways. So it cause the water to go nowhere then outside of her house. It take for about 2 days forwater to go down and its because doesn’t come inside the houseinstead of outside but a lot of water collecting outside

Coping strategiesThey keep their things well if its night their neighbour help them.



And then they go to their relative in Kabuni Komkombe. Theystay there for 3 days and her husband are responsible forprotecting the house and other things left. There are a lot ofthings which can destroyed in her house because other watercome in and destroy in her house because other water come inand destroy her freezer, carpets, sponges and so on. It take forabout 1 week to buy another things. And also their house getsome faults because of power of water outside the house. It takefor about 30 thousand shillings

Health Her husband where is the protector of house get some fungus inhis leg. Some time get problems of malaria, diarrhoea and takefor about 15 thousand shilling to go to hospital

Displacement Bimkubwa live in mea for about 16 years. They buy the halfhouse for about 1 million and 1 week. They buy it to AbdallahMoh’d Amour.Bimkubwa say they have no money to buy another house or landand then to build another house that’s why they staying andsuffer fro that area. Also Bimkubwa agree for channel to buildshe say its a good idea it will keep them in keeping their streetsafe, they will go to (illegible) her place or if its not a big spacethey will stay there because of her husband work

Solid Waste Keep it to the damp areas. Her child are responsible for takingthe waste to damp and its because there are no municipal intheir street. There’s no skip or slab. The way they use to collectwaste is not good as the Bimkubwa say it not safe its dangerousfor the health of her children because there are bad smell andalot of dust.


None

Area MEYAQNO 4MEA7ASHGPS GPS 0523908 – 9317312Date Mea 7 June 2010Name Rukia RamadhanGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding In Rukia’s house floods occur in 3 times. In January 2010

Rukia’s house have got flooded in 2 times. Last time the Rukia’shouse have been flooded in may and it was in day and not night.The Rukia’s house is nearby to the pond that cause the water tocollect and dump up until it reach the house. If it flooded thewater take 1 day to go down because some of them they through



out themselves by using pots. Rukia say they take no plan tocontribute the problem

Coping strategiesAll of them leave the house and go to Rukia’s sister in 6 to 7houses form her house their neighbour help them to keep theirthings out of the house. They stay in sister’s house for about 4days even of the water sometime go down for 1 day. Becauseno one left at house they take all of their things. They have nomany thing because they already destroyed in first flooding andthey have no money to buy some of them.If the flooding occur their so many things destroyed examplesponges, food like rice get water, pots and other domestic things.And outside the house the wall of the house get faults but theyhave no money to rebuild the wall so they stay even if the wall isdangerous for their life

Health NoneDisplacement Rukia have been staying here for at least 20 years. The house

that Rukia stay in the house of his brother. Her brother buy theland and build a house. She don’t know the cost of he house.Rukia say has no ability of building a house to live because thehouse that she stay is the house of her brother and she has noplace to stay.Rukia say everthing will be agreed because the more theystaying here its the more they suffer. So if the channel will buildwill keep them to live in piece and happy away from the water

Solid Waste They keep in bin and take them to pond the Rukia is the one whoresponsible for taking the solid water to the pond. No one isresponsible for cleaning the disposal site because municipalcounsel are not coming. Also there are not skip or slab in thearea

Other Rukia says want help because she suffer so much especiallythat she has no job but she spend alot of money for repair evenfor small repair it a big for her because of her situation

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MEYAQNO 1MEY7EMMGPS GPS 0523854 – 9317323Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Laila Hassan ShabanGender FemaleStatus Eldest daughterHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plus1Employment No oneFlooding In this house floods occur 3 times ever that are spring season,

autum and winter. But in this year from January have



experienced floods 4 times. Floods actually occur at any timeweather day or night and the rain can take 6 hours to stop. Ourhouse get floods because we live very close to an area wherethe water collects and dams up until reaches our house.Usually water takes about 3 days to recede after the house hasbeen flooded but the last time was a bit different cos the last timewhen our house was flooded took 4 days for the water to recede.The main reasons for the occurance of floods in this area is lackof water channel to allow the stagnated water to move and its asloped are where we live that allows water to stay in the streetand cause floods. We have been experienced floods since 2003

Coping strategiesThe way we use to protect our belongings is by keeping then onthe top of the ceiling board or sometimes we arrange a lot ofbricks in a high level the we keep our things on the top of bricks,but some of them are lost and destroyed. When floods occurduring night we just go to our relatives at Bububu and shift ourthings to our neighbours we leave our house and stay thereabout 1 week till the floods are over.The type of damages we suffer because of floods is loss ofproperties such as furnitures etc. Sometime the dangerousinsects can be found eg scorpion and snakes. I can’t rememberhow much we spend during flood damages but much money wespend to renew other things: we have tried the way atleast toprevent our house against floods by putting sand bags near thedoor but still te water inter the house so this didn’t help us toavoid floods

Health The stagnated water brings the health problem such as malariaan her mom got malaria in the few months ago but she attendedto the hospital

Displacement We have been staying in this house for 6 years now and its ourown house cos we bought the land thin we built it but can’tremember how much cos its a long time. We would like to leavethis place but we haven’t the money and we need the channel tobe constructed to help us to avoid floods and if any damage willoccur we’ll have to be paid

Solid Waste We use to collect waste by using a plastic bags then its full I takethem and dump them but not in the slab cost there’s no slabs inour street


None

Area MEYAQNO 2MEY7EMMGPS GPS 0523814 – 9317330Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Nassor Hajji AmeirGender Male



Status HH HeadHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 employed

They distance it from Magomeny to Unguja UkuuFlooding This house experience flood 2 time in every year. In this year

since January have been flooded two times and the rain tookalmost 7 hrs to stop. Floods occur or the water inter my housebecause we live very close to an area where there is a pond.When flooding the water takes 1 week to recede in the house.The best season for the occurance of floods is because there’sno ditch channel in this area, presence of pond that contribute tofloods occurance

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we use to shift our thing to our neighbourswhere the water doesn’t reach or sometimes we keep them onthe (dari). During night when floods occur I shift my family to theneighbours then I myself remain in my house to watch for myother things. Actually when flood occur things must be lost anddamages eg furnitures, freezer etc that cost about 280,000. Wehave tried to build the wall in order to help us and to avoid waterfrom intering in the house but this doesn’t help us anything and itcosts me 100,000 shs to build that wall

Health The stagnated water seriously bring the diseases such asmalaria, stomach fever and bilhazia to children/ in my family mydaughter have been suffered from malaria 2 months ago but wesend her to the public hospitals that costs me about 6,000 totreat her

Displacement We’ve been staying in this house for 8-10 years. This is my ownhouse , coz I bought the land that cost me 2.5 million. We wantto leave from this place but we haven’t money to start new settlecoz now days life is so hard. The idea of construct ditch channelis a good idea and my self have been accepted but if anydamage occur during construction I have to be paid or shifted toanother area safer

Solid Waste We use to keep our waste outside my house coz have no slab ora skip in our area. The system we use is not a good system butwe haven’t another method to do to help us in collecting our solidwaste

Other During construction if damage occur will they pay us or givinganother area to live?

ARAPQuestions

None

Area MEYAQNO 3MEY7EMMGPS GPS 0523919 – 9317348Date Meya 7 June 2010



Name Asha Othman SalumGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 employed

2 self employedWork in Stonetown

Flooding This house gets floods 4 times every year but in this year fromJanuary have been experienced floods two times. When startingraining the rain can take 12 hrs to stop. My house get floodedonly because we live near the pond that when the pond is full itcause to reach in houses. After been flooded in my house thewater takes almost 3 days to recede. The reason why floodsoccur in this area is bad arrangement of houses that the houseare so close to each also there is lack of ditch channel in thisarea and this is a sloped area that allows water to stay at thepalce without moving thats all

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur in this area and the water start rising in myhouse the best solution that can help me to protect mybelongings is just to shift all our belongings to our neighbourswho are not the victims of this disaster, because from where welive have been experienced floods since 2008.When floods occur at night we just stay in the house till morningbecause the level of the water is not very high only about ½meter, then in the morning the process of shifting staffs starts.Actually when when floods occur at night cause a lot of things tobe roaten and loss of propert and my furniture was roat, thatcosts me much money even though I don’t know the amount thatcosts because I’m not the one who bought them, but didn’t cozany damage in my house. We have built the small wall aroundour door that we thought maybe it would help from floods but stillthe water inter the house

Health Health problems occur like malaria and cholera but in my familynot yet experienced such diseases

Displacement We have been staying in this house for 3 years but this is arented house. We want to move to permanent safe area butpoverty hinder us. If their is a project to build channels and toremove the water will good idea but if any damages occur in myhouse during construction they should have to pay me

Solid Waste The way we use to collect our waste is keeping them in theplastic bags and them dumping after the plastic is full. Theresponsibility of collecting the waste and dumping is mine. Weuse to dumping the waste because there’s no slabs or a skip.The system we use for dumping is not good coz when it rains therain separate all the waste to homes and street



Other When will the process of construction start?ARAPQuestions

None

Area MEYAQNO 4MEY7EMMGPS GPS 0523902 – 9317323Date Meya 7 June 2010Name Mwajuma Iddi WaziriGender FemaleStatus Daughter in lawHousehold 12 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 person is employed

Self-employedFlooding Floods occur 2 times every year during spring season and autum

season and the last time when this house was flooded sinceJanuary is 5 times. The rain takes about ½ hour to stop when itstart raining but sometimes it depend how the rain is heavy. Thereason for this area get flooded is because of the rain rains tooheavy and this is a sloped area which allows water to stay andform a pond that resulted to floods when its full. When it floodedwater can take about 3 hour or sometimes the whole day torecede. This area is flooded because there’s no ditch channel toallow water to move

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we use to shift our things to our neighbourswho are not affected by flood but some of them we put on the topof (dari). Many things get damages because of floods egfreezers, clothes, furnitures etc. We tried to build the small wallbut still water inter the house that cost about 200,000 o repairthem and to renew

Health The health problem occur because of stagnated water is malaria,bilhazia, stomach fever and cholera, in my family have beenexperienced malaria and stomach fever, we send them to thehospital that cost only 5000 because its a public hospitail

Displacement We’ve been staying in this house for 30 years now and its ouwown house. We want to move from this place but we havenothing that will help us to start new life or new settlement. Theidea of ditch construction will be a good idea and we accept it butif any damage occur during construction either they should giveus another place to live or pay us for the damages

Solid Waste We use to collect our solid waste to the (jaa) and we give thechildren to send the waste to (jaa) coz have municipal who cleanthe (jaa) and no slab in this area. The way we use is not goodbecause of emission polluted the air when we burn the wost ofthe (jaa) that affect us healthy eg TB

Other They have to construct the ditch as soon as possible



ARAPQuestions

None

Area MEYAQNO 2MEA10MATGPS GPS 0523813 9317372Date Meya 10 June 2010Name Saidi Hamisi OmaryGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

1 self employedHe is a driver he work at michenzani in the tax stand

Flooding Mr Saidi Hamisi is the eldest son who live in Mea in Zanzibarwhich has flooding problem. The floods occur 3 times everyyear. The flooded occur 1 time this year (2010). The last timemy house get flooded on May that year. And also my house getfloods more than 12 hours. Usually the water take 3 days toleave the house this area our house get flooded because most ofthem build in the water drainage. Not only that but also we liveclose to the area where the water collects and dams up until itreaches my house. Another cause is some of the people buildtheir house without plan

Coping strategiesWhen the floods occur and that water start rising in order toprotect my belongings is I put my belonging on the roof.. whenfloods occur and I am at work or at night I come back to ourhouse and I will save it. That because every time I have to comeand go. That because I have transport and I am self employed.Not only that but also when it happen during the night time thefirst thing I do I take only women and children to our neighbour.In fact that when flooded occur it causes a lot of damage like todestroy birth certificates, food stock etc. To west the time inorder to deal with flooding

Health Besides the flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblem to my family such as malaria and cholera other diseaseis skin disease

Displacement We have been staying here since 6 years ago. This is our house.We have been buy the land. He land it cost about 5 million. Afterthat we have build the house. The house it cost about 35 million.This is the are which it flooded ever rain season but we do notmove, go somewhere because we do not have money.If there a project to build a channel to take a water away from thearea it was been good way because we are suffer from floods.And also if the project is start in order to measure will I to makesure that my household is safe is to block the entrance. Not only



but also if they have agreed to build a channel through our streetand my house is affected by the construction eg one of the wallof my house to be destroyed I prefer to compensated for the wall

Solid Waste I collect the waste in the plastic bags. And also I dispose thewaste on the water which is collects and it causes floods. Thereare no responsible in that household for taking the waste there.In fact that there are no any one who cleans the disposal site. Ithink that the way are now disposing of the waste is not goodbecause when we are disposing in the water the waste arereturn and it causes a bad smell and mosquito. When the floodsoccur it take again the waste to our house

Other Please: if the company it start her project it suppose to makesure that there are no damage happen through my house. If itcan happen the have to compensated similar to damage

ARAPQuestions

1 If the wall fall down its cost me about to build 500,000tsh2 Yes we have legal title.3 Yes we have bank account. At BaclairsI like to have bank account because I put my money safe

Area JANGOMBEQNO 2JAN9ASHGPS GPS: 0523253 – 9317449Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Amina Kivatib AmourGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 persons are employed

1 self employed sell chips and 1 person is doctorDoctor take 30 min to go Mnazi Mmoja. Chips seller work two tothree houses from her house

Flooding It depend on rain for flooding to occur. In January 2010 floodingoccur twice. The last time was in March and it happen in night.Amina don’t know why her house get flooded. Usually her housetake 6 days to 1 week for water to recede.

Coping strategiesWhen the water start rising Amina start to collect her thing if sheis at work her children start before their mother. They have nowhere to go because they are near to Kidonge ChekunduSecondary school, so the going there. They stay KidongeChekundu for about 1 week. From Kidonge Chekundu it takeabout 15 houses to Amina’s house. Her husband stay to herhouse to protect some of their things.Amina says her food like rice, flour and other things like pots,carpets, furniture are destroying by flooding also outside of herhouse the wall get crack, her toilet fall down, so it take for about



1 week to repair her house after floodingHealth Amina says that they suffer from malaria so it take for about

5,000 TSH for each one to go to hospitalDisplacement The house that Amina have is her house, she built it 29 years

later, she bought it from Haroub Ali for about 2 million. AlsoAmina has no other house to stay.Also she says she can’t leave that place because it the placethat they get basic necessities and it the good place for businessas her son do

Solid Waste Amina says collects the solid waste to the plastic bad and sendher children to take them to Kidonge Chekundu dump. No one isresponsible for cleaning the disposal site. Also there’s no skip noslab for taking waste. Also Amina says the way is not goodbecause alot of children get disease especially diarhes inKidonge Chekundu dump


None

Area JANGOMBEQNO 3JAN9ASHGPS GPS: 0523229 – 9317459Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Khamis Omar KhamisGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 4 person employed

All are employed themselves1 person is captain he at Stonetown to the boat, 1 person is shopkeeper he work at another street take 20 minutes to reach hiswork, 1 person is plumber he work is different place he has nopermanent place to work. 1 person is business woman, she cookfood and sell outside of her house

Flooding It depend on the rain seasons since January the flooding alreadyoccur twice. Last time was in April, and her house flooded.Usually the water take 3 to 4 days to recede. Khamis think hishouse flooded because his house is near to slope or sometimethink his house is to the lowland areas..Also for recent years from 2008 after Jang’omber built a channelKhamis think it is big problems for this recent years because allthe water collecting to Jang’ombe in order to pass to the pipeand then go to the ocean but the problem the pipe is so narrowand water collecting soo higher so it cause all the water to go totheir place and destroy their house

Coping strategiesWhen water start rising they collect their things other take them



to their neighbour and other keep to the roof. If they at workKhamis say many things float to the water. Khamis say they arenot staying they leave the house, women and children go to theKidonge Chekundu secondary school for charity and men lay tothe roof to protect their things when’s left. From Khamis house toK. Chekundu take for about 15 minutes.Also he says many of his things destroying like food, rice, flour,the paint destroying, some of his furniture rot for water, and otherpots and dishes are stolen by thieves the time when they are notaround. Also his house wall get crack, his toilet broken whichcase bad smell, he also says all of his things take for abour 5week to repair and for last time it was for about 90,000 tsh tobuild a toilet again

Health Besides flooding, Khamis’ house suffer from malaria anddiarrhea. His 1 child suffer from fungus in his legs. Khamis deal10,000 tsh to deal onto hospital issues for his child

Displacement Khamis have 21 years staying in his house, Khamis say its nothis house, its his friend house, he didn’t rent his friend borrowhim, his friend called Omar Khamis Omar. So Khamis says hedon’t know the cost of that house, only he is his friend bought aland and built the house because his friend has another househe dicide to borrow his friend one house.As he already say that he has no ability to buy the house, so heeven do have any house to stay instead of that house of hisfriend.Khamis says he will agree for channel to build in order to live inpeace. And if his house get affect in channel build perfered he’sneed to go somewhere else, he says what he need is to live ingreater palce and not a permanent place

Solid Waste Khamis’ children collect the waste to the plastic bags and thentake them to Kidonge Chekundu dump. It take 2 day for waste todump up and his son is responsible for taking the waste. AlsoKhamis say in his area there’s no skip or slab for taking waste


None

Area JANGOMBEQNO JAN9MATGPS NoneDate Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Safia Hamisi JumaGender FemaleStatus Housewife/SpouseHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed



Formally employedHe work at the municipality its about 30 min by bus

Flooding Mrs Safia Hamisi Juma is the house wife mother who has 8children. She live in Zanzibar at Jang’ombe. Jang’ombe’s streetis the street from the so many sreet in Zanzibar which there apart of this street floods occur. A floods occur 1 day every year.1 floods occur 1 day since January this year. The last day floodoccur in May. But it depend upon the rain. My house get floodedbecause when it rains the water running down the street past myhouse then enters my house. Usually it take about 3 day until thewater to leave the house. This are get flooded because there is alot of waste in the channel so when the water running from theslope and collects to the channel it does not get the way to passthrough so that the water raising and reaches to our house

Coping strategiesThe thing which I do to protect my belongings is when the waterstart raising is I put on the roof my belongings. Not only that but Ialso build a wall infront of my house. But I do not continue tobuild that wall because I was been listen for someone there areconstruction of channel which it will pass through my wall. In factthat there are no type of damage inside my house. Not only thatbut also there are no damage do I suffer to structure of thehouse. Its only that the wall outside its cost me about 150,000tsh

Health NoneDisplacement I staying in that house about 15 years ago. And I build this the

house about 18 years ago. This is my house I have been buy theland. The land it cost me about 300,000 tsh. Very unfortunatelyhow much does this the house cost. Because my children theyhelp me to build that the house. I buy this the land to Juma Said.I permanently here I do not move to a better place that because Idid not have money. If there is a project to build a channel totake the water away from the areas so that is my house nolonger flooded I can mind to have a channel that because theproblem here flooding not a channel. Not only that but also ifthey have agreed to have a channel through our street and myhouse can be affected I prefer to build another wall better by thecompany

Solid Waste We collect the waste on the plastic bags in this household allchildren are responsible for taking the waste there. And also themunicipal to clean the disposal site. There are a skip near myhouse. In fact that the way which are disposing the waste aregood because we put it the waste on the skip. And then themunicipal they come to take the skip and to clean all disposingsite

Other Please help us we have a problemARAPQuestions

1 If one wall fall it’s cost me about 500,000 tsh2 Yes I have a legal title of the land



3 Yes we have a bank account. Baclairs4 No I don’t know how to use the check system but I havemy children, they can teach me.I like to have a bank account that because I can put my moneyfor from the enemies

Area JANGOMBEQNO 6JAN9MATGPS GPS 0522943 9317175Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Nassor Hilali JumaGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 person is employed

1 self employed (computer training)He work at Michunzani it’s about 15 min by bus

Flooding Mr Nassor Hilali is the father of 5 children he live at Jang’ombeinfront of the Mosque. He lives with her mother which are elderlyolder than 65 years. He live in her family house. “We thank ourGod we didn’t get flood in our house” (Mr Nassor said) Even thatyear

Coping strategiesThe problem is not floods in our house but also the problem isflood victim. When the flood occur my neighbour they come toour home in order to stay. I don’t know ho long they shall be heretill the water leave the house. I have to take them because is ourneighbour. Even I want or not I can’t say anything to them

Health Besides the flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblem to my family such as malaria and cholera. Other anystomach fever, fungus and skin disease

Displacement I have been here since 1994. This is my house i can said thatbecause its my fathers house. Say Mr Nassor we contribute allmembers of that family in order to build for our father. First webuy the small hut. It cost about 150,000 tsh since 1993. And ourhouse it cost about 4,500,000tsh since that year. We buy thesehut to Mr Habiby. Not only that but also if there project to build achannel to take a water away from the area. There aresomething to think about before the construction. That infront ofmy house there are pipe of the water tank down the floor andalso electric wire of the water pump which is enter in the watertank. Another thing to worry about is there are water tank downthe floor so we are suppose to be very carefully for digging nearthat water tank. Because soil erosion can happen down the floorit was been big problem to continue with construction

Solid Waste I collect the waste on plastic bags. I dispose the waste atJang’ombe Primary school. This is formal site skip. My children



they dispose the waste from our home. There are no responsiblein this household for taking it there. The Zanzibar Municipalcleans this disposal site. They have responsibility to clean it.Tere are skip there at Jang’ombe school. They way that we aredisposing the waste is good. Because we put on the skip andmunicipal they come to clean

Other If the construction start we have to be truth according to ourpromises

ARAPQuestions

1 If the wall fall down it cost about ....2 Yes, I have title for the land3 No, I have not any bank account. But also I know how touse the check4 I like to have bank accountI like to have bank account because I can put my money safe

Area JANGOMBEQNO 7JAN9MATGPS GPS 0522885 9317191Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Fatma HamisiGender FemaleStatus Housewife/SpouseHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people are employed

2 self employedShe work at Jang’ombe, she is a teacher of Jang’ombe

Flooding Mrs Fatma Hamisi is the mother of 9 children. She live atJang’ombe back to the Al-Rahma hospital. She is a teacher ofJang’ombe primary school. The house of Fatma Hamisi get flood1 time every year. We thank our God since January we didn’t geta flood this year 2010. Our house get flooded we leave the wasteinto the channel where the water collects and pass through. Thewater does not get the way so it raising up to our house. Thisarea is flooded because we are down the slope

Coping strategiesWe protect our belongings when the wawter start raising for takeit to other room in our house to another room which does not getflood. Another way which are do in order to protect ourbelongings is we build a wall infront our house, we put cementinfront our house in order the water to pass very quickly. Webuild a small channel and we coordinate to other big channel.Not only that but also these days the rain is not rains like pastyear ago. But when the rain is become heavy (big) we are cleansthe channel. The type of damage do I suffer because of floodingmay food stock are router, birth certificates of my children aredestroyed etc. And another damage which I suffer to structure ofmy house is the wall is crack, toilet floods, instrc of that I lost my



time without go to my work I suffer for the flood. I didn’t workthese days

Health Besides the flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblems like fungus, stomach pain, red eyes

Displacement I have been here since 1998. It’s about 12 years ago. That is ourhouse. We build that house. The land it cost about 150,000 tshsince 1998. Our house it cost about 40 millions. I forget the manwho sell for me the land. I didn’t go somewhere to live becausewe do not have the money in order to buy somewhere. Thatbecause of poor. If there a project to build channels to take thewater from the area and the channel running right near ourhouse no problem to have a channel near our house but theproblem is it depend upon the constructor is he qualified. And hehave capability for doing well his work. Is the channel take manyyears without cracking is my concern

Solid Waste I put the waste in plastic bags. I dispose the waste to a skip nearto our house. My children take it there. There are no anyresponsible in this household for taking the waste. Any one cando. Instead of that municipal is cleans a disposal site. I thankGod the way are now disposing the waste are good. Becausethe municipal they clean a disposal site and also they do not leftskip for long time

Other I have to say that if the channel are build they have to make surethat the channel will be good and safe. Not only that but alsothey have to make sure that our household is safe duringconstruction of the channel

ARAPQuestions

If the wall fall down its cost me about 600,000 tshYes, I have legal title of the landYes, I have bank account. I know how to use the check systemI would like to have a bank account. That is why I have becauseits help me to put my money safe. And also bank account it helpme to keep my budget

Area JANGOMBEQNO 2JAN9KHAGPS GPS 0522880 – 9317193Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Msuka Sudi Moh’d and his son Hafidh RobertGender FemaleStatus Spouse and eldest sonHousehold 9 persons; 2 are not always thereChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment Two

1 self employed, one employed by an employerIt is 10 km from home to the job. About half an hour for daladalafrom home to work

Flooding Once a year when there is high raining. In my house no water



inter inside. My house is safe but my neighbours are in troubleduring flood. My house doesn’t get flooded it is only runningwater sometime is problem when there is high rain. When therain stop it takes about 30 minutes to be safe.The big problems are as follows:Building without planBuilding in near by stagnation of water.This flood come recently when there are nucleated settlementeater has no way to go that why it is finding low land to stagnate.She said “Yes I do experience with flooded because I’m introuble to help my neighbours to protect them with death duringflood because sometime to night I have to provide my assistanceto them even some time I have to give them money andprotection. The thing which contribute to this problem is onlypoverty and lack of self awareness to the people. In my housethere was no any day that water enter into my house what I knowa flood may happen at any time it is according to the speed ofthe rain. It may occur either night or day. Most of the time I dohelp my neighbours who are affected by flood

Coping strategiesThe big damage when my neighbours need protection, it is realdisturbance and the house become not hygienic since there areso many mud out may come in to the house, some they destroymy furniture because a children is a children sometime they candestroy my radio, bed, pillow and other. I may spend about100,000 tsh of meal especially when there is high rain.No damage from water.Yes, I built these two coconut trees to protect some runningwater to come near by my house and my foundation was a littlebit stronger. These trees helped me, because there is no soilerosion near by my house.

Health Yes stagnated water bring problem to my family because there isa production of mosquitoes and they cause malaria and alsothere are accumulation of mud so it is difficult to pass throughthe place and this is the biggest problem. In my family no bodyhas been affected but you never know. At any time thing maychange. I think it is needed to the expert to come and train usabout the way of avoiding this problem

Displacement Mrs Msua said I have been this house since longe, I don’t knowwhen, and this is my own house. Yes I bought a house, it wasabout 2.5 million, from somebody else, I don’t have certificate forthis house but I have some of documents for this house.I don’t want to move in this place because I like to live here. Hereis good place to work for me because it is near to Stowntown.Mrs Msuka said yes, it is going to be good because the problemof transport will be solved during the rain and also we will be safefrom the disease like malaria, cholera, dysentery, and alsohygienic will be improved at our streets. Only to be close with



engineers if they will be ready to be close with me and also I willconvince my neighbours to provide our assistance for anymeans.No, I don’t want to leave, but I would prefer to be given anotherhouse near by here. I would like to be given another house nearby this place.

Solid Waste Mrs Msuka said that she collects waste into the containers andtake them to the skip. They take waste into the skip in every twoday at once. It takes only twenty minutes to reach at disposalsite. The municipal counsel is responsible to clean the wastedisposal. In my house my children are responsible to take thewaste into the skip.Yes there is a slab close to my house but most of the time theslab is full so the people through it under the slab because theymunicipal staff are delaying to take the waste to its destination.No I don’t think this is good, because as we citizen wee must notbe dispose the waste, the government (municipal council) isresponsible for everythings

Other Yes, where this channel will go, this mean that, when theconstruction achieved, it will be from here till where. “I want toknow” Hafid, Msuka’s son said. And when will you come toconstruct the channel. Then Mrs Msuka and his family said theywill be happy when everythings which we were all talk about willbe implemented soon.

ARAPQuestions

Mrs Msuka is a women who is employed and she belongs ahouse, in this project we only consider her two coconut trees willbe affected during the process of construct the channel there is aless possibility for her house to be affected. So aboutcompensation she needs cash money for her two coconut trees,and the picture shows Mrs Msuka and her three children, two aremen and one is a girl other children are not involved in thepicture because they were not at the time for the interview

Area JANGOMBEQNO 3JAN9KHAGPS GPS 0522891 – 9317195Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Khadija Mbae, Maulid Mbae, Ali MbaeGender Female, female and maleStatus HH headHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plus1Employment three

Self employedIt is about 7-10 km from home

Flooding Two times a year especially when high rain. They said they can’tremember the days that flood occurred what they remember it



was night, it was more than 12 hours.They said their house was not flooded but down side nearbystagnated water was flooded but was not much flooded. Usuallytakes an hours for the water to leave the house. They said theycan’t remember.It is rain cause this problem. This problem happen at recent yearthe only cause is the people build without plan and the watermiss it way to flow so the water find it ways end of the day thewater go form high land and find low land to stagnate.Here there is no anyday flood happen to my house so I can’t tellyou anything about this maybe better ask people who areaffected with this issue. The only problem here for us is runningwater which is real threat the stability of our house so the runningwater is much which are enter into the house

Coping strategiesThey said that we don’t have but what we can do if this happenonly to go to our neighbour for protection our selves and ourvaluable things like TV, radio, iron and anythings which cannotsurvive with water. The running water cause my small plantationto die also the local fence which I build is not strong so sometimeit stays in hard time during raining. I do remember I spent abouttwo hundred thousand shilling to prepare this local fence (gate).It happens every often because my fence is not strong. I hadspent only a time to fix my fence twice and three time I had spenttwenty thousand shilling each time. Yes, I planted some treesclose to my house. I did thins since 2007. Yes, it helped thisplantation and the local fence, because when there is rain nottoo much the running water cannot penetrate inside. It is notmuch money it is just a thousands of shillings

Health Yes, it is a huge problem the stagnated of water in the areabecause my children some time go and play in the stagnatedwater where there is a waste disposal and other rubbish pitwhich threat the health of the children. They ways which theytake is only to protect their children not to go to the stagnated ofwater. Also they said they cannot involve in any deal with healthissue

Displacement We have been staying for 30 years now. No this is not my housethis is a family house. It was a house of my father but now isdead so I know nothing about how he got this land or house. Nowe don’t to move here permanently, we would like to be givenother house at the same place but I only alone whom I talk toyou but I don’t know about my brothers and sisters.Yes I would not mind. I think it is good to have a such projectbecause the project will help us to avoid many problems like:Disturbance from the neighbours who are affected by flood;Transport problem we some circumlocate a long distance to finda better way;Also our children sometime cannot go to school because there is



no safe way to pass through;We shall live without fear from high rainfall.The time that engineers construct the channel I will be close withthem and also I will take care my children and I will provide theinformation to the engineer as much as I can. The channel willmake my life better I think.No I wouldn’t prefer to move permanently out of the house into anew area and new house. I would prefer to be given a housenear this street, but remember I’m not alone belong to thishouse. This is only my decision and not a family decision andthis house is belonged by the family (ownership) members

Solid Waste Khadija with her fellow sisters said they collect the waste to theplastic bags and through it in to the slab, they do once a day andthe children are responsible to take the wastes to the slab. Theslab is at Jang’ombe school it takes them about twenty minutesto reach at the slab by walking on foot. The municipal council isresponsible to take the wastes to its destination but they delay todo so. This lead to accumulation of wastes at the slab and causebad environment.Yes there is a slab close to my hosue but not much close it maytake you twenty minutes to reach at the slab. No, because I don;tlike. Yes, it is good

Other Mrs Khadija said I don’t have anything to tell you except, I wishthis project and those we were discussing about to be wellimplemented. Thank you very much for coming in our street andfind out or crying

ARAPQuestions

This is a family house where by we hope just a part of the house(local fence) to be destroyed during construction

Area JANGOMBEQNO 4JAN9KHAGPS GPS 0522891 – 9317195Date Jang’ombe 9 June 2010Name Khamis Juma Said and Mr Juma SaidiGender MaleStatus Eldest son and HH HeadHousehold 16 personsChildren U18 6Elderly 65 plus3Employment 7 are employed

5 are self employed and 2 are employed by an employerThey are working into different place but approximately about 8-10 km from home

Flooding He said I don’t know. Our house is quite far away from thestagnated water. I don’t mean that it much far but our house is alittle bit in high slope so water cannot penetrate inside the house.It is only water running down is a problem to my wall of myhouse when there is high rainfall. It is half an hour when the rain



stop and the water leave the house after it has been running.It is a rains, the causes of problem is water always flow from highland to low land so we had built our houses in low land area thatwhy water stagnates in this area. What do I think it is recent yearbecause long time there weren’t stagnated of water. Khamisisaid I can’t remember the year”. The thing which contributed isstricken of poverty. Khamis said in his house running water isnot big problem. I can’t answer you Khamis said. It didn’thappen in any day some water to enter inside

Coping strategiesYes, I planted some trees beside our wall of our house and Itried to fix some valley (hole) by putting some waste till the landbecome in a good level. Yes, this helped me well because nowthe tress are strongly uphold the land and the shoot of trees arestrong and robust so now no more fear for the house. It is only atime that I had spent to plant the trees

Health Yes, there are highly possibility of our family to be affected fromdangerous disease like malaria, cholera and death to thechildren. No, I didn’t do anything. No, because I don’t have anytime to deal with

Displacement He said they have been there since when he was young it isnearly about 20 years. Khamis said it is my father’s house hesaid. He doesn’t know if his father bought the land or he boughtthe house he doesn’t know how was the price. He said he cannotdecide because he is not the one who belong the house so hecannot provide decision but he will listen the decision from hisfather.Yes I would not mind because the channel is good since it willhelp us to simplify many things like:Simplifying the way especial narrow path;We shall be safe from dangerous disease like malaria, choleraWe gona have a permanent wayDisturbance problems will be avoided, eg the time of high rainand over flooded the affected people are real troubles becausethey highly need assistance.When the people construct the channel I shall provide a goodcooperation to them. I can’t say anything because the house isnot mine

Solid Waste Yes there is a slab close to my house. No. I don’t like it. Khamissaid he collects waste in containers and take them to the slab, itis a children who is responsible to take the waste to the slab, andit can take 20 minutes from home to the place where there is aslab. The municipal council is responsible to take the wastedisposal to it’s destination

Other I don’t have but I think this project will help us if theimplementation will be achieved. He said he doesn’t have anyquestion

ARAP Mr Juma and his son Khamis their one coconut three will be



Questions affected and other tree which belonged by them may also beaffected but also may be avoided during the construction andalso Khamis belong a small shop which he sells some pity tradelike chips, urojo and other small snacks where by he is ready tobe constructed the new shop which is going to be more modern.So there are two pictures for each 2 pictures for Mr Juma and 2pictures for Khamis as a son of Mr Juma. Mr Juma seems to bea really strong uphold with his religion and Mr Khamis has no anaccount. And he is ready to be given an account but he doesn’tthink if an account number is an important thing, for him nowbecause he has no enough money to keep at the bank

Area JANGOMBEQNO 1JAN9ISHGPS GPS 37M0523116 9317945Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Rehema Khamis AliGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment All are self employment and they work in different areas and she

knows nothing about their worksFlooding In this house it depend on the rain and if it is but most of the year

water enter for 3 to 4 times but in this year water enter or 2periods until know. In this year floods was happen during nightand they left the house to their neighbours houses and the housewas flooded at 4am to 2pm water was out.Her house is flooded becasue she is near the place where ditchwere built and the ditch are not enough because they are toosmall so they allow water to go slowly. Usually her house floodedfor hours

Coping strategiesWhen her house is flooded she is keeping her things in a roofand her other things to her neighbours. In her house all the timethere is someone so most of time the house it is with somebody.They are not living the house during flood because of thieves.Water are affecting many things in her house but most of themwhich are happen when it is raining are walls, toilets, electricshort and sometimes floors. She tried to build a wall on the doorbut water enter the house and she is spending 200,000sh for thehouse and for the small wall she spent 20,000 only

Health In Rehema’s family they are getting a lot of problems thoughwater and most problem the are getting foryas and this happenswhen they are taking water and they are using hands withoutwearing anything and sometimes they are suffering from diorhea.The help what she need it to having the solution of eaterbecause when she is sick she is going to hospital and getting



treatment but that is not a solution. Solution it is to taking care ofthe rain water

Displacement She was staying in this area since 2004 and since that timefloods were occurred and other eyars also the problem wasoccurred. The house she bought to Ameir Hassan Kifich and itwas about 6.5 millions.She don’t have another place to go and she don’t have money tobuy another house but if there is a project of building thechannels and repairing then will be good idea use she don’tknow what she can do but she can allow the construction withoutany problem

Solid Waste She is desposing her waste in a skip and she is no keeping herwaste in her house because the skip it is very close to her just 15foots. She can walk so she is not able to keep the waste in herhouse. The way she is desposing her waste it is not badbecause the repsonable person are taking care of it at a righttime


None

Area JANGOMBEQNO 2JAN9ISHGPS GPS 37M0523141 9317937Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Leylat Khamis HajjiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed \

he is a shop keephe is using 30 min by daladala

Flooding In every rain season in a year this house it is flooded for twiceper a year. But since this year start this house flooded for only 1single period and it was flooded during night and they all left andthe house and went to their neighbours. This house it is floodedbecause water running near her house and the ditch it is toosmall because of the level of water it is very high. So what shethought it is a source of water to enter their houses becausewater only stays for only hours

Coping strategiesMost of the time she is protecting her things by keeping them onthe roof and her other thing she is taking them to the relative inorder to be safe and not being destroyed. Waster cause a lot ofdamage but most of the damages which are caused are wallsare getting cracks, toilet be full of water and sometimes herthings were taken away by water and t repaire the house she



spent about 60,000 and also she built a small wall but it isuseless

Health Stagnated water are bringing a lot of problems but she is fightingagainst it by boiling drinking water and always she is makingsure that before she eat anything she is washing her hand welland start eating and also before she cut the food she is wormingit. So there is not health problem in her family and about malariashe is using mosquito nets

Displacement She was staying in this house since 2005 and it is her husbandshouse and the bought a house and do not remember how muchthey bought it.They don’t have any other permanent area and they can notmove for now because they don’t have cash to go to other areas.If there is a project to build channels more to take water awayfrom the are so the house will be no longer flooded she is waitingfor it and she can not say anything until she saw the actions,because every day questions and no actions

Solid Waste She is collecting her waste by keeping them in a bucket andwhen the bucket is full she is taking to the skip. The responsibleperson whom taking the waste there are children andsomewhere she want her self because the skip it is near thehouse.. The way that they dispose it is not bad but they needmore skips


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 3JAN9ISHGPS GPS 37M0523100 9317926Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Saleh Amuur OthmanGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding This house it is flooded because it is near the ditch and also

water cross in front of the house and usually water staying for 2-3 days in the house but nower days they taking water outside thehouse and also in a year the house it is flooded for a singleperiod per a year. This are it is flooded because they are downthe sloped.

Coping strategiesHe is keeping his things on a rof and his other things to hisrelative. When it is flooded he is taking his children to his brotherthis is because of to be safe and he is taking care of the housebecause this area it is not safe area.



The type of damages that he is suffering from flood are so manybut the most problems which are affecting them are walls gettingcracks and some times fallen down and some time the lost theircloses and al this problems are spent in roughly about150,000sh

Health He is taking care of his health with his family and taking to boilwater and to wash their hand by soap and eating wormed food.And about malaria he bought mosquito nets and he is spreadinginsect killer in the house

Displacement He was in this area since 1969 and it is his own house and theybought this house straight about 300,000sh. We want to movefrom this place but it now they don’t have money to buy a newhouse or land to build a house. They project of a ditchconstruction it is very good idea and the hope will help to avoidthe problem.

Solid Waste He is desposing his waste in a bucket and taking them in a skipand the way that he is desposing his waste it is good because allthe waste are taking it to the right place where the governmentchoose


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 2JAN9LUCGPS GPS 37M0523296 9317408Date Jangombe – 9th June 2010Name Stara Ally AmeirGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

by an employer at townshe takes 3 hours and she use daladala

Flooding Stara was also some of the erson who was together with me andshe told me that every year three times floods occur in her housewas flooded and the last time was in May and the flooding itcame in daytime and even other days at night and this usuallytakes hours to leave the house because when the water enter inthe house it can’t go outside until they use even cups to tae itoutside or basket which help them. And also told me that shethink because her house water running down the street and alsobecause she is near the pond.Stara also continue that usually water take hours to leave thehouse after it has been flooded. And the last time when herhouse flooded it also take hours to the water leave the house.



Also this always been a problem because since the people benear to others also be a big problem because the people has nogood planning of the house and this was start be a problem in1994

Coping strategiesStara told me that she protect her belongings when the waterstarts rising by taking them to the roof (up her house) if she willbe at work she can’t do anything because she is at work and if itwill be at night she will wake up and then collect her things formore keeping. All ladies and children go to their relative but allboys are remain for taking care the house because there is oneroom which the water don’t enter and they will go their relativeuntil the water leave the house and no problem about belongingsbecause there are people who take care of them. And also theremainder who remain in the house they protect themselvesbecause are big and no child remain and if it will be at night shewil take her children to neighbours and then to her relative.She also told me that the type of damage inside her house whichsupper are sponges, clothes, t.v. and this she don’t know howmuch shilling did it cost and about outside she also the wall falldown and this she don’t know how much shillings did she use torepair the damage. About prevent flooding Stara says that shedidn’t done any thing to the house to prevent flooding

Health The flooding cause many health problems some of them malaria,cholera, bilharzias and then skin problem and this because of thedirty water, about to do anything else she didn’t do anything andalso she don’t know how much did her use to deal with thishealth issue

Displacement Stara told me that about 10 years has been in that house andshe didn’t buy the land she just buy the all house but she didn’tknow how much shilling did it cost, also she continue that shecan’t move to other permanently place because her mother toldher to remain there but she also don’t have money that’s whyalso make her to remain there and she is together with us for theproject of build the channel even if it will be near to her house ifalso she don’t care if one side of her house it will be affected

Solid Waste She collect the waste by using plastic bags and herself take itand she is the one who dispose of the waste from her house andin the area no one responsibility about waste product and shethink that is not a good system because they don’t havepermanenty area for waste products


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 003JAN9LUCGPS GPS 37M0523274 9317447Date Jangombe 9th June 2010



Name Ibrahim Hussein SaidGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 11 person employed

He use bicycle and he go only 1 hour to his workFlooding Mr Ibrahim told me that the floods occur every year but it depend

it will be for 5 times or 4 times and another year even 3 times butnot less than that and in this year only one time and this was inApril. Mr Ibrahim told me that his house get flooded because ofwater running down the street past his house and then enter hishouse and also other problem because it is near the pond. Andhe continue that usually flooding take days to the water leave thehouse after it get flooded and the last time the water take days toleave the house. Not only that but also he says that his houseflooded every time it rains because his house is near the pondand the second point because is also in the road of water that’swhy he got flooded every year. Although the pond near hishouse and also this is the always been a problem it starts in1997 because the people have no good planning of the house

Coping strategiesMr Ibrahim also say he protect his belongings when the waterstarts rising by using any substance he can take far from hishouse. If he will be at work the remainder at home they will takecare about the things which are near to them and if it will be atnight he will collect all his things and go with it for his neighbours.They can’t leave the house alone only children are gosomewhere else and this children they to to his relatives andthey will be there until the flooding leave the house and becauseothers are remain no other problem can face them about hisbelonging inside.He says that if he will stay at home and not go somewhere elsehe will take care about his children and then he will take careabout his wife and if possible he will take them to neighbours.The type of damage inside his house which suffer are electricityswitch, beds, clothes, sponges and he don’t know how much didhe spend to repair the damage and about outside is only walls tofall down and also he don’t know how much did he spend torepair the damage.The prevent measure which take this boy is only to build thechannel near his house

Health About health he talk more about that problem because offlooding many diseases enter his area especially malaria,cholera, skin problem and often affected by drinking bad or dirtywater especially children but even if he didn’t cost any money todeal with this health issue



Displacement About 28 years now Mr Ibrahim he has been staying in thathouse and his own house and he buy the land and then build thehouse but he forget how much did he buy the land and also heforget how much did he cost to build the house. Not only that butalso he says that he can’t go anyway because he is near hisparents so he can’t leave them alone because only him whohelps all family so when he will fo other place his parents will bealone and they are old and about the channel he agree with thatand even if it will enter to near wall of his house he don’t care theonly he need to build the channel

Solid Waste He collect waste by using plastic bags in his house and theygoing to put somewhere it is not far his house and this is no oneresponsibility about it everyone it responsibility and no one whochose by government and also no one clean this disposal site.For his side he think that is not a good system because theydon’t have people who can take care about that waste


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 3JAN9EMMGPS GPS 37M0523106 9317936Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Aisha Said MshimbaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 self employment

BusinessFrom Zanzibar to Mainland

Flooding The house experienced flood only once every year. And thisperiod is only during spring season form march to april wjereheavy rain occur. The last time when this house was flooded wasin April this year. The rain takes 1.5 hours to stop, when it startraining. Usually water can stay in the house to long time if wewont remove them can take 4 weeks to recede. The reason forthe area to get flood is because the ditch channel is very smalland very thin. That they don’t allow water to pass frequently andin the ditch channel there a lot of rubbishes that they cause theditch to block hence flood occur

Coping strategiesThe way we use to protect our things from flooding is just to putthem on top of the ceiling board and the rest we just leave thmcos we can’t send them to neighbours cos the whole street isflooded. When flood occur at night we just stay until morningwaiting for the rain to stop. The damage occur because of floods



are lost of things for example cupboards t.v. dvd, radio, furnitureetc that bring a high lost of money to renew them or repair. Thecosts of this reached up to 500,000 every year, we’ve tried tobuild the wall but still the water penetrate through the hole of thewall

Health The problem of health occur because of floods are malaria,cholera, stomach fever, diarrohea, and bilharzias. In my familynot yet experience such diseases

Displacement We’ve been staying in this ohsue for three years and it’s ourhouse cos we bought the land and then we built the house, theland costs 3million to buy my husband told me. We want to movefrom this house but we do not have money to start another newlife. The idea of ditch construction is good cos it will help us toavoid the problem but if any damage will occur duringconstruction I have to be paid or shift to another area.The channels should be constructed to avoid the problem

Solid Waste We use to collect and preserv in the plastic bag then we put inthe slab near our house cos it’s the formal site. The system weuse is not good cos the slab is very near to the ditch channel soall the rubbish when the slab is full they inter into the ditchchannel


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 2JAN9MUSGPS GPS 0523168 – 9317797Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Salama MakameGender UnknownStatus UnknownHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Floods occur two times every year this house has been flood one

time since January this year. The last time house was beenflooded on May the house flood during the daytime. House gotthe flooded because she cloth were the area where the watercollect and dams up until is reach her house. The water take aday to go down after it has been flooded during her houseflooded it take a 24 hours the water to leave the house. Thehosue is flooded every time it rains because the water runningdown the street of this area where the water collect and dams.Of course this has always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising i can took my children and my thingswhich is important to protect against flood. I can stay in the



house, i can go somewhere else, i am going to my neighbour notfar form home in another neighbourhood. They all leave thehouse and wait for the flooding is over and come back. Thedamage inside my house do i suffer because of the flood is mytoilet go down, my chair and other things. Roughly i spent 30,000this year for repair the damage.There is nothing I’m doing to prevent flooding


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Area JANGOMBEQNO 3JAN9MUSGPS GPS 0523245 – 9317659Date Jangombe 9th June 2010Name Mariam IssaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Floods occur two times every year this house has been flood one


Coping strategiesWhen the water rising i can took my children and my thingswhich is important to protect against flood. I can stay in thehouse, i can go somewhere else, i am going to my neighbour notfar form home in another neighbourhood. They all leave thehouse and wait for the flooding is over and come back. Thedamage inside my house do i suffer because of the flood is mytoilet go down, my chair and other things. Roughly i spent 30,000this year for repair the damage

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther NoneARAP None



Questions

Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 4BOO9ASHGPS GPS 0523230 – 9317459Date Botanic Gardens 9 June 2010Name Eliza JohnGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 2 person employed

1 person repair the freezer, V, radio and 1 person is arts.She is a hair maker she work in home

Flooding Many time flooding occur in Botany area. In January the floodingalready occur twice. The last time was in April and it was in night.Eliza says her house get glooded because of channel, peoplekeep wastes to channel which cause water to stop there andcollect together. All chamber of the channel stop receiving waterbecause of solid waste.When the flooding occur it about 1 week for water to recede.Eliza think other problem that cause water to flood in her houseis its because all the water from the Jang’ombe (channel)together and go to the place where the channel is alreadydestroying

Coping strategiesWhen the water start rising they help their neighbour to leave theplace, their neighbour are first flooded then them. So after theirneighbour they take their things to the roof to avoid destroying bywater.Eliza and her child together until her oldest brother leavethe house and left only men to protect the tings to the roof.Because Eliza live close to Jang’ombe secondary schooltheygoing to live there until the water recede. Also sometimegovernment give charity but of not their suffer fro hungerbecause their food not in house with water flooding. Eliza stayJong’ombe for about 1 week.All the time that flooding occur Eliza say all her things inside ofher house destroying the first time cost her 1 million to buy all ofhher things, but for last she spent only 50,000 tsh. Also her wallfalling down, her toilet falling which cost for about 1 ½ week.Eliza prevent her house by built the small wall around her housewhich help her in small rain if its big rain the small wall becomenothing

Health Eliza say malaria is like a breakfast for them but they suffer fromfungus, her uncle take 3 months to get well from fungus.Because her uncle suffer from fungus all over the body itsbecause he was swimming to save their clothes and furniture sowater destroy his body. Also her child have legs fungus, se don’t



know how much she spend for hospital bill because she say shehad been hospital many times

Displacement NoneSolid Waste Eliza staying in Botany for about 14 years, the home that Eliza

stay it is the her mother house, she bought it from someone butshe couldn’t understand how much it cost and who sold it. Elizasays it will be good if they will build the channel so that they willget even the way because there’s no way to pass it take longtime to walk, their victim suffer so much to go to hospital. Alsoshe need even to sell it because its already cost a lot of moneyrepair in different time. Eliza says she has no other place to staythat why agree to suffer in one are which is alot of flooding indifferent time


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 5BOT9MATGPS GPS 0522952 9316708Date Botanic Garden 9 June 2010Name Mkasi Heri VuaiGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 people are employed

1 self employedThey work at Darajani its about 30 minutes by bus

Flooding Ms Mkasi Heri Vuai is the women who live in one street inZanzibar which it called “Botanic Garden”. This is nearly by theKilimani street and for other side Jang’ombe. Botanic gardenthere one place which is the down the floor. When the rain startaccording to the season this place of Botanic garden is getfloods. That it happen when the rain come the water runningdown the street pasts our house then the water collects anddams up until it reaches our house. Usually the water take 6 upto leave the house

Coping strategiesNoneHealth Besides the floods the stagnated water in our area bring other

problems to our family such as malaria and cholera. Thereanother thing which affected the health of our family because offlooding that is skin disease – fungus

Displacement Its about 15 years staying in this house. This is my own house. Ibuy the land and also build my own house. The land it cost about200,000 tsh and the house its cost about 3,500,000 tsh. I cantremember I the land from whom. I permanently here that



because we have not money to buy another good place. If thereis a project to build a channels to take the water away from thearea even the channel pass through near our house could bebetter. If the wall of my house is destroyed no problem is only Ineed to rebuild the wall.

Solid Waste I collect on the plastic bags. There are nobody responsible fortaking the waste there. ZMC is responsible for cleans thedisposal site. The way that we are disposing of my waste is goodthat because we put it on skip and municipal they come to take ithe are no waste remain


If the wall fall it cost about....I haven’t a legal title of the landI haven’t a bank account4 Yes I like to have. That why I didn’t have moneyI because it was be safe to keep money bankYes I have the people to teach who can I receive money bycheck

Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 1BOT9KHAGPS GPS 0522958 – 9316724Date Botanic Garden 9 June 2010Name Amour Suleiman HamadGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

1 self employedHe work about 1km from home to Madrasa

Flooding The floods occur two times a year but there are sometime nothigh flood it is one day where by the floods were to high andpeople stayed two days without going to Stonetown. His housewas flooded two years ago, it was a day time and the waterstayed for two days. The house was flooded because of runningwater down and because i do live close with drainage which isvery local therefore some time water become up and up, that’swhy much water penetrate inside my house and flowing downthe street. And this mostly happen during spring and in Zanzibarmainly at March.My house get flooded when there is high raining, the waterchannel and the water from the drainage mix together andbecome bigger channel then start to inter into my hose. This wasa huge problem in 2008 where there over flooded where bymany people suffer with this problem and my children could notbe able to go to school at a proper time and also there was no



way to go to town because of over flooding. Many things causesthis problem. Some of the causes of this problem are as follow:Building the house without plan;Mining the people in some of area;Building the house near water source;Build at the place where there is a high land;Deforestation of trees this basing on domestic purpose

Coping strategiesBecause we are Muslim and we do believe the importance ofneighbours when arising this problem we communicate eachother at any time either night or day time and we help each otherby giving an assistance like take care their family and givingthem food. In short we help each other as a brothers.In this situation we cannot leave all, I’m like a head I must stay toprotect my house against thief and other enemy and sometime I with my eldest son can stay in the house by certain period at daytime we can leave all and keep the day closed we come back tothe house when the rain stop and no more water inside, when ithappen the rain is raining many days we can move from theneighbours and find our real blood relative and the house willstay alone but closed and we can go sometime for operation atleast twice a day.It happen sometime flood not to much we can’t leave the houseso I do my level best to make sure that my family are safe bytaking out some water which penetrate into my house and try toconvince my neighbour to help me in taking out all wastedisposal and all water. And when over flooding to night I with myfamily do out to our neighbour suddenly once some waterpenetrate inside the rooms, we run to our neighbours with ourimportant things like TV, radio, camera, mobile phone, money,pillows and other valuable things which can be destroyed bywater. And we can’t go all at the same time we just go out one byone starting with small children to bigger children and a youngman from my neighbourhood join with me to move some ofimportant things in accordance to the invironment and situationof water flowing (how speed is it) and I’m gone stay inside in myhouse a lone bit when situation become terrible I have to followmy family to my neighbour he said.The damage in my house is mainly things which are not resistwith water, things like TV, radio, mobile phone, money, bed. Inmy house by this year I didn’t face such loss but two years ago Ihad spent about 1 million to repair my house and my furniture hesaid. The huge damage which may occur outside is losing mytrees the wall, the frame of my shop was been in hard time, butby this year “I thank my God nothing was broken” he said. Alsohe said that he had spent about 7 hundred thousand shillings torepair his shop 2 years ago. “In this year I didn’t repair anything”he said.



Mr Amour said he built his house by using strong stone with agood cement such that the water cannot destroy his wall of hishouse easily. Also he tried his level best to keep the environmentclean and leave the open space for the running water to flow inits regular way and not to cross other way. This way of buildingmy house by strong stone with quality cement helped me alotbecause when running water flow at my house it doesn’t destroymy wall, but “you never know what happen when over floodinghappen” he said. And also because near by my house their is alocal drainage (channel) so when there is rain, all running waterflow in to the drainage he said “it took me much time to fix yhouse and I had spent about 2 millions to have a strongfoundation during construction of my house”

Health Yes, there are stagnated of water near by my house where thereis a production of mosquitoes which are real danger for thechildren as well adults, since they cause malaria. And also thereare possibility of soil erosion since his water make the land to befeeble and slake end of the day there are possibility of smallchildren to inter into the hole (mine) and die. And there ispossibility of disease like cholera

Displacement I have been staying in this house for 27 years. I want to movebut I’m able to belong other house (poverty). I won’t mind then Iwill be happy, coz will avoid from dangerous disease likecholera, malaria, bilhazia and dysentery. I would like to movepermanently out of the house into a new area

Solid Waste He said “I collect the waste by plastic bags and container andtake them to slab most of the time my children are responsibleand I do sometime by chance. They go twice a week but itdepend on the day and kind of food which we prepare.” Themunicipal counsel is responsible to clean.Yes there is a slab not close to my house but not far from here.Yes I used and I keep on using it. I must use because there is noother place where I can take the waste except at the slab. Is agood system, but I wonder, the staff from the municipal councildelay to remove the wastes, they leave it till they are full andmuch disposal stay out of the slab and this make the destructionof the environment and give bad condition for us.

Other Yes, I have some, I wish your project to be succeed so as toavoid these problems like transport when there is high rain. Andalso it is going to be very good because my students will haveguarantee of learning even there is a rain because sometime Ihave to postpone the class because there is not way of arrivingin to the class. So when this drainage is gona complete I will behappy and my students too.Yes I have my questions are:1 Where this project come from?2 When will you come and construct the channel?



3 Who will involve during construction?4 We saw many people come and question us end of theday nothing is done how about you?5 Who will give us money and how?6 Why you ask me the question about family?7 Don’t you think this is important?8 Where this white people come from?9 Where do you live? (surveyor)10 Do you know this place? (surveyor)Funny gave the following answers as per his notes:1 I will tell you then.2 I’m not sure when but may be next year.3 Company staff and maybe Zanzibaria4 I’m not sure about other people but I like surveyor onlybut I hope may this project may succeed but I don’t have anysure.5 The company, it depend on yourself either cash by handor cash through the account but for more detail you will knowwhen your house will be destroyed during the construction.6 I want to know how many people live in your house andhow their life in general.7 Yes I think it is important to know, so when the companycome to construct maybe may think about your populations8 Some of them from Holand, Mozambique and other Idon’t know but don’t worry I will tell you later on.9 I live at BububuYes I know somehow because near by your house there is myrelative

ARAPQuestions

Mr Amour Suleiman Said he has a bank account but he doesn’tknow if it is still alive or not but he is ready to open an account. InMr Amour house may his house can be broken down duringconstruction

Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 4BOO9ISHGPS GPS 37M0522851 9317144Name Aisha Hassan SleimanGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 1Children U18 NoneElderly 65 plus1Employment 9) She is self employed

she is selling breads at town aroundshe is using 30min. She live herself in the house and she isabove 65 years

Flooding This house it is flooded when it is heavy rain and it is notoccurring every year because it is depend according to the rain



and in this year the house was flooded for a single period and foronly three hours and she left the house to her neighbours thisarea it is flooded because most of water come to their areas andtheir ditch it is too small and sometimes water are not going

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur they use to keep their things on top of theroof to save them because when floods occur the experiencinghigh damages to their things such as furniture, walls, T.V. etc.They haven’t done anything to prevent their house form flood

Health The stagnated water cause health problems eg cholera andmalaria in this area the water are too much polluted for theenvironment

Displacement They have been staying in this area sin 1976 and for those yearsthere were no floods occurring to them .they want to move fromthis area but the problem is money less and nowadays the and itis very expensive to buy. If there will be a project of the ditchchannel will be good and the won’t mind because where they aresure that the construction of ditch will be helped them to avoidthe problem

Solid Waste The place where they are desposing their waste in the bucketafter the bucket is full they are keep them outside and justburning them. It is not good at all


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 004BOO9LUCGPS GPS 37M0522874 9316897Date Botanic – 9th June 2010Name Abdul-Rahman Kombo SeifGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people employed

UnknownThey use daladala for 2 hours

Flooding Mr Abdulrahman told me that in his house every year four timesfloods occur and in this yea only 3 times since January his househas been flooded and the last time was in May and usually ittakes days to the flood to lave the house. His house get floodedevery year because of water running down the street past hishouse and then enters hise house and also because he is nearthe pond. Also this always been a problem since in 1997because of the bad planning of the houses

Coping strategiesHe told me he protect his belongings when the water starts risingby taking them to his neighbor and if he will be at the work he



can’t do anything because he is in the work but if it will be in thenight he will also collect all his things and go with it to hisneighbor. Also he told me that they can’t stay in the house allthey leave the hoiuse and this it depend until the water dry andthen they come back to his house otherwise no things to do.When live for a long time the things will be take all the things thatremain in the house. Not only that but also if he will stay in thehouse and not have somewhere else he will take care about hischildren first and then his wife. He will take them to relatives. Forhis side he didn’t do anything to the house to prevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding no other problem to his family which becomebecause of flooding

Displacement He told me that they live in that house about 14 years now andhe buy the land and then build the house he don’t know howmuch did he use to buy th land and to build the house because itwas long time. Also they don’t move to permanently place whereit’s safe because they don’t have money and that place no oneneed because it is near the pond. Also he think to do with thatproject of building the channel and he agree with that even if hewill enter near his house or he agreed to build a channel throughhis street and even if his house will be affected by an yconstruction

Solid Waste He told me that he use plastic bags to collect waste in his houseand the one who dispose of the waste from his house is onlyhisself and this is not a formal site because no one choosen todeal with that issue all themselves are responsibility and no oneclean this disposal site and he think this is not a good systembecause the waste are so many and no one deal with that everyone have her / his job to do so he need the government tolooking more about that because they get many problem likedisease this is because the many mosquitos are coming from thewaste products


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 4BOR9EMMGPS GPS 37M0522829 9317142Date Botanic Garden - 9th June 2010Name Halima Seif SalehGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 self employment

Tailor



From Botani to MpendaeFlooding Floods occur once in this place every year. They have been

experience of floods only 1 time and the last last time when thishouse get flood was in March this year. The reason for floods isbecause the ditch channel is very small that they can allow thewater to inter the house during it floods. When start raining thewater normally takes about 5 hours to stop. The cos for the floodoccurance in this area are lack of ditch channel and it’s a slopedarea

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we protect our things by sending them to theneighbor. But if when they floods occur a night we just asking fora help then we abandon the house. The type of damage are lossof thing eg furniture etc. I have build a small bridge but doesn’thelp me

Health The health problem occur are diseases e.g. cholera andbilharzias because water is so polluted. But in my family not yetexperience such a disease

Displacement We’re been staying in this hsoue for 11 years now and it’s ourown house. We bought the land then we built the house but I’veforgotten the costs. The idea f ditch construction will be good coswill help to avoid flood to occur every time and we all accept thisidea. But is any construction will damage my house no doubt Imust have to be paid or shifted to another area

Solid Waste The way I use to collect and dispose my waste is in the dustbinthen we send them to the dump when will be full then we burn.We have no skip near the are that’s why we use this goodsystem and safe also


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 4BOT9MUSGPS GPS 37M0522872 9316886Date Botanic Gardens 9th June 2010Name Latifa SinaniGender FemaleStatus UnknownHousehold 10 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Floods occur two times every year this house has been flood one

time since January this year. The last time house was beenflooded on May the house flood during the daytime. House gotthe flooded because she cloth were the area where the watercollect and dams up until is reach her house. The water take aday to go down after it has been flooded during her house



flooded it take a 24 hours the water to leave the house. Thehouse is flooded every time it rains because the water runningdown the street of this area where the water collect and dams.Of course this has always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising i can took my children and my thingswhich is important to protect against flood. I can stay in thehouse, i can go somewhere else, i am going to my neighbour notfar form home in another neighbourhood. They all leave thehouse and wait for the flooding is over and come back. Thedamage inside my house do i suffer because of the flood is mytoilet go down, my chair and other things. Roughly i spent 30,000this year for repair the damage

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther Thank you for what you are doing for usARAPQuestions

None

Area AMANIQNO 5AMA9ASHGPS GPS 0524938 – 9318903Date Amani 9 June 2010Name Asha AhmadaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 person employed

1 person employed by the government, he is a lawyer; 1 personare business woman she sell.Lawyer take 20 minutes to go Stonetown. 1 work outside thehouse

Flooding Asha says every time when it rain the water pass to her housebut its not a flooding. The last time was in May her housesurrounded by water it was in day and sometime night. Ashasays her house surrounding by water because water follow thechannel of river which is behind of her house and come faster soshe think the area is flooded because all the ater want to collectin one area so it follow he channel of river in order to form onedam. Asha think that the government should repair the riverchannel in order to make them take high level of water than thistime

Coping strategiesThey help their neighbour to take their things outside of theirhouse when the water start rising. Because water doesn’tflooded inside the house they don’t live (leave) their house. Theystay home and keep their things well, so that water will not reach



their things. If they are at work or if its nigh water stay outside oftheir house so nothing happen inside of their house, onlyoutside. Because water collecting outside they keep theirchildren inside the house, for that time children are not going toschool or play outside of their house. Asha’s house doesn’tsuffer inside only outside of the house, her house get somecrack to the wall and other section make holes which sometimestay with water. They spend 50,000 tsh to repair their wall andbuilt some cement

Health Asha’s house suffer from malaria because when water collectingtogether it produce alot of mosquito. They go to hospital and gettreatment for about 6,000 tsh for each

Displacement Asha have been staying in her house for about 25 years. Its herhusband’s house, he bought a land and built a house. Asha saysshe don’t remember the cost of her husband’s house. Asha saysthey have no other house to live. Also there is good place for herbusiness.Also says to build a channel is a good idea because it will help todecrease the speed of malaria as we know that malaria kill alotof people especially in her street that there’s alot of collection ofwater. Also says if the channel build and her house destroying,its better for her to go another place so that she can stay in safe

Solid Waste Asha;s child collecting waste in plastic bags, when it dump up,there’s somebody which employing themself to take the wasteand take them to the disposal site. For each plastic bag take forabout 400 tsh.To the Asha’s area there’s no skip or slab and Asha says thatthe way that they use to dispose the waste is food there’s nowaste around there streets so they keep their houses safe


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Area AMANIQNO 5AMA9ISHGPS GPS 37M0524782 9319183Date Amani 9th June 2010Name Asha Ali KomboGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 4 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person

self-employed he is carring wardsFlooding In this house it is flooded when it is raining and it is flooded for a

minitus and in some years her house flooded for 3 times otheryears 4 times. When floods occurred during night and she is



going to her neighbours.Her house it is flooded because of running water which are crossin front of her house and also the area it is flooded because it isdown the slope but her house was flooded after being built abridge

Coping strategiesDuring rainy seasons and if there is a sign that the rain mayraining she is taking her things to a roof in order to protect bywater. In her house most of the time she is in the house. Sowhen rain start and she start to protect her things also when thehouse it is flooded she cannot live the house and no one live thehouse because when they can live, people may come and stolentheir things. She is protecting her family by boiling drinking waterand all the time they are washing their hands by a soap beforethey eat.Water are running very fast and when running they are runningwith a lot of things and the place where they puss it must causesoil erosion. Last year her house was destroyed and wall wasfallen down but until now she didn’t build the wall because shedidn’t have any money

Health About her health and her family she is taking good care to herfamily by boiling drinking water and they are using mosquito netsin order to be prevented by malaria

Displacement Since 2006 she was at this area but for those years they wererenting but last year they bought the house and she knowsnothing about the place and how much her husband bought it.The cannot move to another place because they don’t have nayother place to live. But for project if it will be really and they dorealty need to help them she is ready for anything the first cure ofher house to be not flooded and other things will be followed

Solid Waste She is despose her waste near the river in order to avoid soilerosion because she is very close but the way that she isdespose of it is not good because the environment are not goodand there is no skip in their street.


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Area AMANIQNO 005AMA9LUCGPS GPS 37M0523296 9317408Date Amani – 9th June 2010Name Omary Hamad AllyGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed



self employedHe use dalaldala 30min

Flooding Omary was the last person to interview and have many to sayabout flooding. Omary also he is the one who get flooding everyyear in every year floods occur 4 or 3 times nd in this year only 1time his house flooded since January and this was in April. Andthe water take houses to leave the house and also he thinkbecause the water running down the street past his house andthen enters his house and also because he is near the slope.Also he continue that usually water take hours to leave thehouse after it has been flooded and the last time also take hoursto leave the house. Omary also says that his house is floodedevery time it rains because he build it near the channel also thisalways been a problem and this was started in 1998 because ofthe poor planning the houses

Coping strategiesOmary told me that he protect his belongings when the waterstarts rising by taking them to the room because the water is justenter in the sitting room only and not in the room that’s why ithelp to be there for more taking care about his belonging andalso when the flooding will be big they leave the house but if therain will be not big they just remaining the house and not movesomewhere else. And if the rain will be big they go to hisneighbor for more helping and they will take days to be thereuntil the water leave the house. For his self he told me that thetype of damage inside his house which suffer are not sufferbecause they take them to other room which the water are notallowed to enter for more keeping and about outside the houseare only walls fall down but he don’t know how much did he costto repair the damage and in this year he didn’t repair the damageto his house. About the anything to do to prevent flooding hedidn’t done anything to prevent the problem.

Health Beside the flooding no other problem to his familyDisplacement Omary also says that they live Amani about 23 years now and

that his own house and first he buy the land and then build thehouse but hiself how much he did cost. About permanently movesomewhere where it’s safe he told me he don’t have moneywhich can help him to build another house but later on when hewill get money he will move somewhere where is safe. Aboutproject of building a channel he is agree with tht and he willtogether with us when the job or work start and also he will helpus and also he agree to build a channel though his street andeven if his house will be affected by the construction he don’tcare about it.

Solid Waste Omary told me about collect waste in his house he just takethem and put it near the pond where the water doesn’t enter. ITis not a formal site and on one responsibility every one herself orhimself responsibility about that issue. And for his self he think



that is not a good system because they don’t have permanentlyplace to put their waste every one can put whatever he / sheneed and this cause problem like health problem


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Area AMANIQNO 5AMA9EMMGPS GPS 37M0524782 9319183Date Amani 9th June 2010Name Mussa Mshimba OmarGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 employed

government employmentFrom Amani to Stonetown

Flooding In this area we experience flood only it rains heavily cos waterdoesn’t inter in the house for example in my house water stayoutside. Only they find a way and disappear. The water stayedoutside are so high nearly to inter in the house but then they juststay outside and when the rain stops they rush away. Actuallywe have a ditch channel to allow water to pass through but it’snot enough for us

Coping strategiesThe water doesn’t inter inside my house so Im not the damagedvictim cos al my properties are safe in their possession, only thedamage because of running is outside my house because thewall have been start of be eroded cos the water pass this waynear my house every day that’s all

Health This water they doesn’t cause the disease they are not stagnantthey move form one area to another so no any kind of diseaseshave been experienced because of this water

Displacement We’ve been staying in this house for 20 years now and this is myown house I ought the about about 2 million then I built thishouse. Actually this is not a good place for settlement but I can’tgo anywhere cos this is home and my dady gave me anotherhouse in safe area in this area so I can’t go anywhere else. Theconstruction of the ditch channel is a good idea cos will help usto allow wate not staying or passnear our houses. That willcause damages to our houses but if any damage occur duringconstruction I have to be paid or rebuild the part which isdamaged

Solid Waste We use to collect our solid waste in the dustbeen then after fewdays or a week we keep them to the dump cos we haven’t a skipor slab near our house that’s why we keep them to the dump.



Actually it’s not a good way because the waste we through areso dangerous that they can cause diseases eg cholera but wehaven’t another way to do. If we had a skip near our housewould be better


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Area AMANIQNO 5AMA9MUSGPS GPS 0524909 - 9318885Date Amani 9th June 2010Name Iptisam Moh’dGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Floods occur two times every year this house has been flood one


Coping strategiesWhen the water rising i can took my children and my thingswhich is important to protect against flood. I can stay in thehouse, i can go somewhere else, i am going to my neighbour notfar form home in another neighbourhood. They all leave thehouse and wait for the flooding is over and come back


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Area SHAURIMOYO/CHUMBUNIQNO 001SHA10LUCGPS GPS 0523746 – 9319514Date Shaurimoyo 10 June 2010Name Khadija Maulid MachanoGender FemaleStatus HH Head



Household 7 PersonChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 people are employed

Employed by an employer at town45 minutes they travel to work in the morning

Flooding Khadija told me that every year 2 times occur every year and inthis year also 2 times her house been flooded since January andalso the last time her house was flooded it take 3 hours the waterleave the house and her house flooded during daytime andlasted till the night. Also her house get flooded because of thewater running down the street past her house and then enter herhouse, other problem also because it si near the channel. Shetold me that usually it take 3 days for the water to leave thehouse after it has been flooded. And last time was flooded it takealso 3 days for the water to leave the house. She thinks thatbecause is near the channel that;s why her house is floodedevery time it rains. Also she continue to say that always floodingbeen a problem in that area and this problem started in 1999when the people be a lot in her area and they don’t have goodplanning of the house

Coping strategiesShe protect her belongings when the water starts rising by takingthem to her neighbour for more helping and if she will be at workshe will call her neighbour and tell them to enter her house totake all his things and if it will be at she will also take her thingsand go to her neighbour. Also it is far away it is near to herhouse but they are upside. All are leaving in the house especiallyboys only who are remain. If she will be for a long time noproblem face them because there are other people who remainin her house.She told me that the type of damage inside her house whichsuffer because of flooding are so many but some of them areclothes, sponges, some foods like rice and flour, bodes of herchildren and all this she don’t know how much did she spend torepair the damage and about outside her house a wall fall downand also she don’t know how much did she spend to repair thedamage and in this year she didn’t repair damage to the house.About anything to done to prevent flooding she didn’t doneanything

Health Not only that but also beside the flooding the water in the areabring problem to her family such as malaria, cholera and typhodthere is no anything else that has affect the health of her familybecause of the flooding

Displacement Khadija told me that about 12 year they live Shaurimoyo. Andthat house is own house and first she buy the land and then buildthe house the money which cost to buy the land she don’t knowand also the money which cost to build the house she don’t



know. Khadija also says that she don’t move to permanentlysomewhere where its safe because she don’t have money andalso when she need to sell the house no one need it because itis near the channel. If it will the process of building the channelshe agree with that and even it will build through her street andher house she don’t care the only she need is only to build thechannel

Solid Waste Many things she done to collect waste in her house and she useplastic bags to collect waste in her area and then she sent herchildren to take it to the dump where later on the munispacecome and take them but no one responsibility about the wasteproduct they just responsibility themselves but only munisipaahelp them to take the waste


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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 02SHA10LUCGPS GPS 0523638 – 9319495Date Shaurimoyo 10 June 2010Name Mwanajuma Ngwali AhmedGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

Employed by an employer at town1 hour and she use daladala

Flooding She told me that 2 times floods occur every year and in this yearonly 1 time her house been flooded since January and the lasttime was in April her house was flooded. She says that herhouse floods during daytime for more than 3 hours and the lasttime when her house was flooded it also take 3 hours to thewater leave the house. Also she continue to say that becauseshe is near the channel and also because the water runningdown the street past her house and then enters her houseusually it take 3 days for the water to leave the house after it hasbeen flooded and the last time it take 2 days to the water leavethe house. She think that because she is near the channel tat’swhy her house is flooded every time it rains. Not only that butalso says that this always been a problem because every yearthere house flooded and this started to be a problem in 1997.She didn’t done anything to the house to prevent flooding

Coping strategiesShe protect her belongings when the water starts rising by takingcare about them and if it will be at night he will go to anotherroom which the water does not enter. Yes they staying the house



because the water enter in the sitting room only and other roombut there is one room which the water does not enter. The typeof damage inside her house suffer because of the flooding aresome food like rice, flour, electricity switch, clothes and only50,000 tsh did it cost to repair the damage and about outsideonly wall fall down because of many water and she use 68,000tsh to repair the wall

Health Beside the flooding no other problem to her familyDisplacement They live Shaurimoyo about 35 years now and that house is own

house and she buy the land and then build the house the landcost 30,000 tsh and about the money which she use to build thehouse she don’t know because it was long time and this landwas given from the government.They also don’t move to permanently place where its safebecause it expensive to the land in other place because now it isvery expensive to buy the land. And because Mwanajuma hasbusiness also she can’t go any other place and also her motherand father (parents) are older. About the issue of project sheagree with that and she need to build the channel even it will benear her house she don’t care she will be okay also she agree tobuild a channel through her street and her house even willaffected by the construction

Solid Waste She collect waste in her house by using plastic bags and shetake it far her home and the one who take it are children and theone who responsibility about are themselves no one choosen tobe responsibility about the issue of waste and for her side shethink that is not a good system they need to get the one who cantake care about that problem and also some times this causedisease like cholera because they don’t have a permanentlyplace to put their rubbish or waste

Other Mwanajuma says that she need when the channel build sheneed also to build the bridge which can they are children walkfrom one side to another side

ARAPQuestions

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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 1SHA10ASHGPS GPS 0523792 - 9319496Date Shaurimoyo 10 June 2010Name Farida AmeGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1Employment 7 person employed

Them all employ themselves



They all work in Mason (the build houses) in different placesFlooding Every year flooding occur 4 times in Farida’s house. Since

January the flooding occur twice, the last time was in May,Farida says the house get flood because its near to the riverchannel, so all river channel so it cause the river channel to haveo much water and cause their home to flood. Always Faridahome take 2 to 3 days for water to recede, the last time watertake 2 day to recede and also says its always their problem sincethey live in that house

Coping strategiesThey start to help their neighbour to plan their things to the roof.If they are at work their neighbour help them to keep their thingsout of their house. But they are not leaving their home, but thelast time to flood they live their house and go to their neighbouruntil the water recede. Its not so far its the same neighbourhoodfor 6 to 7 houses. Only women and children are left the housebecause men are left to protect their things, they leave theirhome for 2 days after water go down they come back to cleantheir home.Farida say in 2009 their TV, freezer and other clothes were rotbecause of water. And outside their house the wall get somecrack which cost them more than 1 lak (week) to repair theirhouse

Health Children suffer from fungus to the legs and others get eche, alsobecause of water produce a lot of mosquito they suffer frommalaria which cot 9,000 tsh for each

Displacement Farida has now 5 years time in that house, and its not her houseshe only rent, and it cost 10,000 tsh for each room and she rent2 rooms. So she don’t know how much the hosue cost. Only sheknow is that house was built 15 years ago.Also Farida has no other house to go because in other street torent is so expensive it take 20,000 tsh for one room in onemonth. Also Farida think the owner of the house will agree to goor channel to build because it cost him alot when it flooded

Solid Waste Farida say they take their solid waste to the river channelbecause there’s no slab or skip to keep wastes also no one isresponsible for cleaning the river channel.Also she says the way that they use to dispose waste is not goodbecause it destroy the environmental situation and cause a lot ofproblems


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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 2SHA10ASHGPS GPS 0523787 - 9319494Date Shaurimoyo 10 June 2010Name Salum Kibwana



Gender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person

Self employedHe is a fisherman he work in Maruhubi, which take 45 minutesby bicycle

Flooding It depend on rain season, since January the house flooded 2times. The last time was in May and it flooded in day times. AlsoSalum said that his home is near to river channel that’s why itflooded. And usually take 2 days for water to recede

Coping strategiesSalum said he take his children out of his house he send them tohis neighbours they also stay to their neighbours they stay therefor about 3 days. Salum said his things like furniture, carpet,clothes are destroying. It takes for about 1 week to repair or tobuy others. Also his house had a 4 room but now it have 2 room,the 2 room already broken and he had no money to rebuild itagain

Health Nothing happen to them except his children get some fungus intheir legs

Displacement Salum has 23 years in his hosue. Its his own house, he buy theland and built it, he don’t remember the cost of his house. AlsoSalum said he has no other house to stay he said he has nomoney to buy another house

Solid Waste They throw them to the river channel, because there’s no skip orslab and no one is responsible for dispose the site


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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 1CHU10MUSGPS GPS 37M0523827 9319517Date Shaurimoyo/Chumbuni 10th June 2010Name Mwajuma MussaGender FemaleStatus UnknownHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Flood occur 1 time every year this ohsue has been flood two

time since January this year the last time was been flooded onmay the house flood during the day time. The house got floodbecause she live near the pond the water take a day to go downafter it has been flooded. During her house flooded it a day the



water to leave the house. This house is flooded any day whenthe rains come down is follow the street and then it collect anddam

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can took my things which are not heavyand because I am alone that’s why. I can stay in the house, I amgoing somewhere else I’m going to my neighbor, not far formhome it is another neighboiurhood.She live the hsoue and wait for the flooding is over and comeback and to took my other things she live the house during theflood until flood I’m for longer periods nothing I can do my houseand my belongs inside.The damage inside my house do I suffer because of the floodedis crack there are inside my house. All the things is important forme, if they don’t important for my why I buy them.Roughly I spent 20,000 this year because other things mybrother do them . in this year I’ve prepare the house two times.There is nothing I’ve been doing to prevent flooding

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste Collect them and then to that dam. My child who’s in charge of

thisOther NoneARAPQuestions

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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 2SHA10MUSGPS GPS 37M0523791 9319551Date Shaurimoyo 10th June 2010Name Lusna AliGender FemaleStatus UnknownHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding In my house I for the flood at many time because in a year all

year the rain come that’s why. In this year since January I got itin may the house flood during the day time.The water take a day to go down after it has been flooded.During her house flood it 24 hours the water leave the house.The house is flooded every time it rains because the watercollect and dams of course always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can took my children I am goingsomewhere else I’m going to my neighbor, not far form home it isanother neighbourhood. The damage inside my house do I sufferbecause of flood is a crack and other side which is going down Iwill took my things which are important.



There is nothing I can do to prevent the floodHealth NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste I collect them and drop them to the dams until the water can for

pick themOther NoneARAPQuestions

None

Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 1 CHU10EMMGPS GPS 37M0523725 9319818Date Chumbuni (Shaurimoyo) 10th June 2010Name Asha Abdalla KhamisGender FemaleStatus Eldest daughterHousehold 15 personsChildren U18 8Elderly 65 plus1Employment 3 self employed

CarpentersTravel from chumbuni to darajani

Flooding This house experience flood 2 times every year either day ornight during rain season i.e. spring season and from March toMay and September to Novemeber. This house has beenflooded 3 times in this year that was in April. That it started frommorning and ended of afternoon. Usually water ercede after therain stop because when the rain stop the level of water in theriver also decreases so then the water in the street goes straightto the river that can take 3-4 hours to recede.The occurance of the flood is caused por technology of ditchconstruction this is a sloped area, also the blockage of the ditchchannel that cuase the increasing of level of water

Coping strategiesWhen flood occur we use to shift out things to the neighboursand of them we put them on the top of ceiling board in order tosave them. But we don’t leave the house we just staying insidewhen floods occur only children are shifted to the neighbours butadult we remain home to make sure everything ok. We tried tobuild the small wall near and around the door, we have built asmall fence but doesn’t help us anymore because still the waterinter the house. This system cost us about 80,000

Health The problem of health occur like stomach fever, diarrhea, choleretc and in our we have experience choler because ourgrandfather died from cholera but it’s long time ago about 10years ago. But these days not yet experience such diseases

Displacement We’ve been staying in this house for almost 35-40 years. And it’sour own house because we bought the land the we built thehouse but I don’t know how the land costs. We have planned to



find another place to live but I don’t know what is going on withmy family about this issues. If there will be a project of ditchchannel construction will be cool because we hope will help toovercome this problem of flood so we accept it. But if anydamage occur during construction we’ve to be paid or givenanother area to live

Solid Waste We use to collect our waste in the bucket then after the bucket isfull I just take them to the outside and dump them in the riverbecause we haven’t a slab or skip in our street. This is not agood system because we pollute the source of water by dumpingin the river that cause environmental pollution


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Area SHAURIMOYOQNO 02CHU10EMMGPS GPS 37M0523706Date Chumbuni (Shaurimoyo) 10th June 2010Name Kombo Abudu MachanoGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 employed

policeTravel from Chumbuni to Darajani

Flooding This house experience flood two times every year. During Springand Autumn i.e. from March – Ma and Sept-Nov the flood canoccur any time whether day or night. The rain can take 5 hoursto stop if it’s heavy. The last time we experience flood sinceJanuary 2010 was in May where it rains a lot. The floodoccurance is caused by lack of ditch channel and where we liveis a sloped area so the water from up the hill come this way toour area we live that the reason. Usually water takes about 3-4hours to recede in the street

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur either day or night I shift my family to ourrelatives at Mendae about properties we shift them to neighbourswhere are not affected by water. The damage always occurwhen floods occur eg loss of properties eg furnitures etc wherecosts about 200,000sh to buy new or replace an other. ActuallyI’ve tried to build some wall and small fence back to my housebut still water enter the house

Health The health problem occur is diseases such as malaria, stomachfever, cholera and bilharzias but I thanks God because in myfamily not yet experience these diseases so no is affected in myfamily



Displacement We’ve been staying in this hosue for almost 10 years it’s our ownhouse my husband bought the land and built the house here. Idon’t know from whom did he but and how it costs. The projectwill be well because will help us avoid the floods in the area sowe need the project and we accept it. But if any construction willdamage to my house we just have to be paid for the damage

Solid Waste The system we use to collect our waste is just putting in thebucket then after one week we give to our children and dumpingin the river because no other way to do except this way.Although it’s not good system because we lead to the blockageof river bed and other environmental pollution. There is no slabor skip in this area


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 003KWA10LUCGPS GPS 0524606 – 9319281Date Kwamptipura 10 June 2010Name Maryamu Moh’d MussaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 6Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

Self employedHe use 1 hour travel to work in the morning

Flooding Maryamu told me that 3 times floods occur every year and 2times her house flooded sin January in thi year the last timewhen her house was flooded is was in April her house floodduring daytime and this take 12 hours to leave the house. Herhouse get flooded because it is near the channel and because ofwater running down the street past her house and then entersher house. Usually it take 2days for the water leave the houseand the last time when her house was flooded it take 2 days toleave the house. This always been a problem because everyyear this problem face there are area and this was started in1996 because of the channel to be broken

Coping strategiesShe collect her belongings when the water starts rising by takingcare and put in good place in her house because she don’t goanywhere and if she will to work she will call her children and tellthem to becare about her belongings and put it in good placeand if it will be at night she will wake up and take her belongingsabout her children also she will take care about them and becareful about all in the house.The type of damage inside her house which suffer because of



flooding are clothes, beds, sponges, all of this cost 300,000 tshin this year and she spend that money to repair the damage andabout outside the wall fall down and she spent 600,000 tsh torepair the damage and in this year she didn’t repair the damageto the house. Also she continue that she didn’t done anything tothe house to prevent flooding

Health Beside the flooding no other problem to his familyDisplacement Maryamu told me that about 12 years has been live in that house

and that is nown house she buy the land and then build thehouse. The land she buy 80,000 tsh and then 3,000,000 tsh tobuild the house. Maryamu also told me that she don’t movepermanently somewhere where its safe because she don’t havemoney and also to buy the land is expansive in this year and inZanzibar she don’t have any relative who can help her. She alsosays that she think to do with that project for building the channeland also she agreed to build a channel through her street even itwill be near her house

Solid Waste She use plastic bags to collect waste in her house and she senther children to take to the dump and then manispaa come andtake it there is no responsibility only themselves areresponsibility and she tink is not a good system because theydon’t have permanently place and also Maryamu says that theyneed to get another place because the place where they areputting they are waste is not good


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 004KWA10LUCGPS GPS 0524626 – 9319296Date Kwamptipura 10 June 2010Name Jamila Omary Moh’dGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person employed

Self employed55 minutes he travel to work in the morning

Flooding Every year she told me 3 times floods occur in her house andalso 3 times in this year since January and tha last time was inMay and her house flood during daytime for more than 7 hours.He house get flooded because of water running down the streetpast her house and then enters her house usually water take 2days to leave the house after it has been flooded and the lasttime her house flooded it take 1 hour the water to leave the



house. Se think that because she is near the channel thhat’s whyher house is flooded every time it rains and this always been aproblem because also they are house are didn’t be well inplanning and started in 1998 to be a problem

Coping strategiesJamila says that she protect her belongings when the waterstarts rising by taking them to the room because the water enterthe sitting room only and not is the rooms and if she will at workshe will call her husband for taking care about the things whichare in the sitting room also if it will be at night she will wake upand take all her things which are in the sitting room. No oneleaving in the house they just live there because the waterdoesn’t enter in the rooms is just enter in the sittings room.Also Jamila told me that she protect her family by taking herchildren in the rooms and only other remain for cleaning thehouse where the water ender. About the type of damage insideher house which suffer because of the floodings are onlyelectricity swith because they can’t take electricity switch and putin the room so this suffer and about outside not things brokenthey take about her walls so it didn’t even broken. She didn’tdone anything to the house to prevent flooding

Health Jamila told me that beside the flooding no other problem to herfamily because it doesn’t affect any one to her family.

Displacement Jamila told me that they live in Kwamtipure about 12 years nowand that her own house she buy the land and then build thehouse. The land cost 3,000,000 tsh to buy and also the housecost 7,000,000 tsh to build and the one who give that land 8years ago his deaths. She also says that they don’t move topermanently place where its safe because it expansive to get theland and then build the house. And also because Jamila has awork there at Kwamtipura even if the flooding occur every year.About the project she think to do with that project but she didn’tlike someone to take their half its land because the land now it isexpansive so she can give you without paying the money

Solid Waste She also says that she collect waste in her house by usingplastic bags and then send her children to the skip this is aformal site and the responsibility about this issue are choosen bythe government who come every week to take the waste towhere it need to be. so for her side she thinks that is a goodsystem because the government choosen the people who cantake care about that issue of waste


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 3KWA10ASHGPS GPS 0524597 - 9319311Date Kwamtipura 10 June 2010



Name Boda KhamisGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus2Employment NoneFlooding It depend on rain season. Since January the flooding occur

twice. The last time was in April. The house of Boda flooded inday but sometime in night. Boda think her house get floodedbecause of living near the river channel. The last time the watertake 2 days to recede after it has been flooded but usually take 1day

Coping strategiesBoda take her grandchild to her neighbour when the water startrising, she also said she leave her home and also go to herneighbour which is 2 to 3 house from her house. Boda saidbecause she is so older with her husband they cannot stay indangerous area so when it start to rain they all leave the house.Because of her older she couldn’t know all things which isdestroying by water all she know is her house get some crackbecause of water forces and also it go down and decrease thelength of is metre

Health Boda said her grandchild get fungus because of bad water, andalso said they suffer from diarrhoea so they go hospital andspend more than 6,000 tsh

Displacement Boda live in Kwamtipure for about 15 years she bought thehouse by herself it was the someone house so she couldn’t buildit. She also don’t know the cost of her house or who gave her thehouse

Solid Waste Boda said they have been throw the waste to the water channelbut now they collect it in plastic bad and take them to Sheha’shouse. In Sheha’s house there’s slab which take the solid wastein every day


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 4KWA10ASHGPS GPS : 0524579 - 9319300Date Kwamtipura 10 June 2010Name Bichum DadiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 employed



Self employed – sell clothes in StonetownHe use his bicycle to sell his clothes in different places

Flooding 3 times floods occur every year in Bichumm’s streets. SinceJanuary the flood already occurtwice, the last time was in Apriland it was flooded in day time. Bichum have get flooded becauseshe live in area where water collects and dam up until it reachesher house, also because its near to the river channel. Usually ittake to 2 days, but the last time took 1 day

Coping strategiesThey take their child inside the house. Also they are not leavingtheir house they talk to their child not to inter in river channelbecause they will get problems. Also they get problems on thecarpet, powerts get wet so it take for about 15,000 tsh. Alsooutside of their home they walls get crack, but they couldn’trepair hem and their toilet fell down. But she don’t know the cost

Health Her children suffer from malaria, all of them get fungus. They usekerosene to treat the fungus. Also her last child get diarrhoea butshe don’t know the cost of hospital

Displacement For about 15 years Bichum live Kwamtipure its her own house,she built it by her own money. Bichum bought a land and built it.She don’t remember the cost of her land. Bichum says it thegood way to build the channel because it will keep theenvironment clean. Also she is need to live another place it herhouse until get effect in order to get permanent place to live

Solid Waste They collect the waste and take them to Sheha’s house, theSheha;s has slab to keep the waste and then municipal councildispose them. Bichum think the way they use to collect waste isgood because it cleand and keep the environment safe


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 03KWA10 EMMGPS GPS 0524421 – 9319592Date Kwamiipura 10th June 2010Name Khadija Haji SalumGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 self employment

Self employedTravel from Mtipura to M/kwerekwe

Flooding Flood occur in the street during rain season from March-Aprilevery year but in my house we don’t experience floods inside thehouse because don’tinter the house. When it rain the water arejust passing near the house but the don’t inter so we remain



safely but some of our neighbours experience flood in this area.Usually when it rain water takes 3 hours to recede after beenflooded in the street but in my ohsue hey never inter the house.We don’t the exactly reason for some house why theyexperience flooding

Coping strategiesNoneHealth The health problem in the street occur because of water eg

choler and malaria but my family didn’t experience thesediseases because of water only some reasons caused diseaseto my family but not because of water

Displacement We’re been staying for 6 years in this house its our own housenot for rented because we bought the house straight but I don’tknow how much did it cost cos my husband is one who bought it.The ditch channel we hope that will help to avoid the flood in thisarea. So we accept it even if I’m not the victim of flood in myfamily

Solid Waste We use to collect our waste in the dust been then when it’s full Igive to my daughter and send the, to dumping near the street.It’s not a good way for dumping the way like this because lead tothe outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and stomach feverthat is very danger to our family but we haven’t another way todo because there is no ditch channel to dump our rubbishes


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 04KWA10 EMMGPS GPS 37M0524417 9319566Date Kwamipura 10th June 2010Name Mtumwa Ramadhani ShuariGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 12 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 8 employed

5 self employment (carpenter and business) 3 governmentemployment (tourist company)Travel from Kwamtipura to Darajani

Flooding This house experience flood 3 times every year. During springautumn and winter seasons from March-May and Sept-Nov. Inthis year the time last we experience flood was in March wherethe rains was so heavy. The rain normally takes about 3-6 hoursto stop when it strt raining bit the last time took only 2 hours tostop. When it rains the water can take almost 4 days to recedewhen it’s flooded. Seriously it don’t know the main reason thatcos flood to occur may be lack of ditch channel



Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we use to shift our things to our neighbourswhoa re not affected by water. When it occur at night we justremain in the house till morning then our things we put on the topof the cupboards where water doesn’t reach. The damage occurare simple damages eg loss of small things, carpet and otherassets. We’ve tried to build the small wall around the door ithelped a bit still water inter the house this wall cost me about50,000sh to build

Health In our family not yet experience diseases but in the area thediseases are available eg cholera and malaria

Displacement We have been staying int his house for almost 7 years and webought this house straight for about 25,000,000sh so its our ownhouse. We want to move from this place but now we don’t havemoney to buy new house or land for building a house. Theproject of ditch construction is a good idea and we hope will helpto avoid the problem of flood in this area. But for any damage wehave to be paid.We just need and ask for a ditch channel as soon as possible

Solid Waste We preserve our solid waste in the bucket then after 1 weekwhen it’s full we just buried them outside the back of the house.This is a not a good system for collecting waste but we don’thave a slab near the house of street for keeping our waste


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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 3KWA10MUSGPS GPS 37M0524501 9319277Date Kwamtipura 10th June 2010Name Faida JumaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Flood occur one time every year this house has been flood one

time since January this year the time time house has beenflooded was april. The house flood during the day time. Housegot flooded because she were the area where water collect anddams up until it reach the house.The water take a few hours to go down after it has been flooded.During her house flooded it take 2 hours the water to leave thehouse, this house is flooded every time it rains because thewater running down the street of this area where the watercollect and dams of course this has always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can took my thing which is semple to



pick them up to protect against flood. I can stay in the house Ican go somewhere else I am going to my neighbor not far fromhome it is another neighbourhood.The all live the hsoue and went for the flooding is over and cameback she live the house during the flood until the flood over I amfar longer periods nothing I can do my house and my belong areinside. The damage inside my house do I suffer because of theflooding are the foor up tonow is not open I don’t know why, mythings which are important I took them,Roughly I am spent 10,000 this year to do repairs the damagethat was done by the water. There is nothing I am doing toprevent flooding.

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste We collect them and put them in the riverOther Thank you helping us with thisARAPQuestions

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Area KWAMTIPURAQNO 4KWA10MUSGPS GPS 37M524515 9319293Date Kwamtipura 10th June 2010Name Sada AssimGender FemaleStatus UnknownHousehold 4 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment UnknownFlooding Flood occur two times every year this house has flooded one

time since January the house flooded during the day time. Housefor flooded because she close the area where the water collectand dams up until it reach the house. This house flooded sincemay of course this has always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising I can took my children and my things awayto my neighbor. Not far from home is another neighbourhood.The damage that inside my house do I suffer because of wateror flooded is be cracks my wall.The all live the house and wait for the main flooding is over andcome back she live the house during the day time. There isnothing I am doing to prevent flooding

Health NoneDisplacement NoneSolid Waste We collect waste and put them to the side I mean other place not

thereOther NoneARAP None



Questions

Area MAGOGONIQNO 001MAG9LUCGPS GPS 37M0525927 9317912Date Magogoni 9th June 2010Name Latifa Said KomboGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding Latifa was the first person to interview and she has many things

to tlak about flooding. Latifa told me that four times her housefloods occur every year and in this year her house didn’t beenflooded because she control her walls and make it to be tallwhich help her and also water don’t enter in the house.She told me that the last year when the flooded near to her orwhen her house was flooded she told me that because of thewter running down the street and past her house and thenenters. Usually the last year in her house she told me that thewater take days to laeve the house and the last time when hehouse was flooded it take hours to leave the house. Not only thatbut also she think because she is near the pond that is a bigproblem and this always been a problem in her area. Becauseevery year when the rain is big it is a problem

Coping strategiesShe told me that in this year she protect her belongings by takingit in the room because the water didn’t enter there is only enter inthe sitting room and not enter to the room so that it help her andalso she don’t have work but when will be at night she will alsocollect them to her room. And also she told me that she don’t goanywhere because the water don’t enter in there is just the sittingroom. Also because she is in her house she protect her family bytake care about children and make them not use bad waterbecause it can affect his health which can cause problem.The damage inside her house which suffer are electricity switch,sponges and other which are clothes, t.v. and this it can’t repairbecause it can’t take water with like t.v. the type of damageoutside her house is only walls to fall down and she didn’t knowhow much shillings did her use to repair the damage. And in thisyear she didn’t repair damage to her house. And he continue thatshe didn’t do anything to prevent damage to her house.

Health Beside the flooding the stagnated water in the area bring otherproblem to her family because the children got a problem of skilland this make them to take to the hospital and she know howmuch she cost to deal with this problem of health

Displacement Latifa says many things about her house she told me that she is



there for 17 year now and that is own house and she didn’t buy aland but she buy a house and the money for buying that houseshe don’t know. She also told me that she don’t permanentlymove to somewhere where it’s safe because she don’t havemoney and there no one need because her house is near thepound where the water enter.But because of that she agree with our project and the need achannel to build in the area and even if it will through he houseand even if it will affect her construction but she need to build thechannel which can help them to away from flooding

Solid Waste Latifa says that she collect waste in her house by putting in theplastic bags and then she her children to dig the holl and thenput it there no on responsibility about that problem in that areathey just themselves responsibility about it and she think that isnot a good system because they don’t have a specially place toput their waste


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Area MAGOGONIQNO 1MAG9EMMGPS GPS 37M0525893 9318218Date Magogoni – 9th June 2010Name Fatuman Ally OmariGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 self employment

peasant / farmerTravel from Magogoni to Fuoni

Flooding This house experience flood only once every year the last timeand when this house get flooded was in February but the floodwas not serious affected. This area it doesn’t experience floodvery much as there no pond near us only some few housesexperience flood in this area. When it flooded in the street watertakes only few minutes to recede, about 45min

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur we don’t move our things cos the water donot enter ther house when it’s flooding they only pass outsideonly few houses the water inter the house but my house doesn’taffected with floods so my things remain safety cos no damageis occur to my house

Health No health problem in our house caused by water or floodDisplacement We have been staying here for 5 years in this house and it’s our

own house not for rent. My husband is the one who bought theland so don’t know exactly the cost. The idea of ditch channel



construction will be very good and we hope will help to avoid thefloods to the area which they get flood

Solid Waste The way we use to collect our waste is just keeping them in thebucket abd wghen it’s full I give my daughter and send the wasteto the dump near the street. It’s not good system cos the wasteare not together in the position hence they cause the street to bedirty


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Area MAGOGONIQNO 1MAG9ASHGPS GPS 37M0525926 9317881Date Magogoni 9th June 2010Name Rahima HusseinGender FemaleStatus Oldest sisterHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 9Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1) 1 person employed

2) Self-employed – her father work in forodhan he sell foodlike chips, chickens and so onIt take about 30 min by bus and 10 minutes by foot (2 legs of onejourney)

Flooding Every year flooding occur in 3-4 times. Since January theflooding have been occur in 2 times the last time was in may. Itwas flooded in day. The house have get flooded because waterrunning down the street past their house and it then inter to herhouse. When the water flooded it take up to 3 days for water togo down. The last time it flooded take 3 days for water to godown. She don’t know what other things cause their house toflood

Coping strategiesWhen water start rising because she the oldest sister she takethe youngest sister inside the house to protect from dirty waterand stay in thei house they are not go anywhere. If the water isserious it destroy their furniture clothers others clothes get dirtywater and then rot. But the serious affect is in outside of theirhouse because their wall get crack, her toilet wall fall downbecause of force of water. When they are not home water stayoutside and when come back and open the door some of thewater come in but they throw it out by using pots

Health Beside the flooding the water bring other problems like funfus forchildren. And malaria for all of them. Don’t know the cost ofmedicine for her youngest sister because she was not the onewho bring them to hospital

Displacement They have been staying in Magogow for about 20 years her



father bought a land and built the house, she don’t know the costof her fathers house. They have another house in another islandPemba but her father prefer to live here than Pemba because ofhis business sin Forodhan if he will stay in Pemba no income willcome to him and he has 9 children.She agree with the project and say that if her house will destroythey are need to build it again and if it’s a large effect also needto go to another place but it must be near to stone town so thather father can get his work early

Solid Waste They collect the waste to the plastic bag and then take them thedisposal site no one is responsible for cleaning the disposal sitealso no skip or slab in the area


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Area MAGOGONIQNO 1MAG9MUSGPS GPS 37M0525932 9317891Date Magogoni 9th June 2010Name UnknownGender UnkownStatus UnknownHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding Floods occur two times every year this house has been flood one

time since January this year. The last time house was beenflooded one time since January the house flood during the nighttime. House got the flooded because she cloth were the areawhere the water collect and dams up until is reach her house.The water take a day to go down after it has been flooded duringhouse flooded it take a 3 hours the water to leave the house. Thehouse is flooded every time it rains because the water runningdown the street of this area where the water collect and dams.Of course this has always been a problem

Coping strategiesWhen the water rising i can took my children and my thingswhich is important to protect against flood. I can stay in thehouse, i can go somewhere else, i am going to my neighbour notfar form home in another neighbourhood. They all leave thehouse and wait for the flooding is over and come back. Thedamage inside my house do I suffer because of the flood iselectronic things and furtniture. Roughly i spent 5000 this yearfor repair the damage.There is nothing i am doing to prevent flooding. Beside theflooding there is no problems of health to my family

Health None



Displacement NoneSolid Waste I collect waste in the house by pick up from the water and aside

im put the waste in the dustben and dispose the dam. Housewifecleans the disposal site of course their is the responsibility toclean it


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Area NYEREREQNO 1NYE8ISHGPS GPS 0524535 – 9317685Date Nyerere 8 June 2010Name Sada Ali HajiGender FemaleStatus DaughterHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 is employed

Self employedAt home

Flooding In Sada’s family area among the people who are affecting onflood. Their house its flooded twice per every in rainy season butunfortunately in this year since January their house flooded twicewhile still having another season which it is on the way.Normally water stays for only 1 dday but this is because whenrain stop they are taking to take water from inside to outside.Their house its flooded in a two ways, the first way its because ofthe running water down the street past throw the house and thesecond way its the way like a spring water come from underground to the house.Their area its flooded its because they are down the land thanother so this let water move down street because water alwaysfind the slope and up down and they are down the slope

Coping strategiesSada told me that when rain start they are taking their things tothe roof and keeping them till rain stop. If the house start toflooding at night they are not going any where but they arestarting to get out and staying till rain stop but if they are on workthey are not living the house empty if must have some one andstaying in the house and when its flooded she is inform other forthe situation.In most cases their house get damage and different type ofdamages but for inside damages. They are broken their kitchentools such as plates, cups etc this is happen always when theyare collecting their things their corboard, beds, and sometimeschool things such as books.Also for the outside problem or damages which happens to the



house are the house get cracks, toilet be full of water andsometimes its burst, the house become small of you want to(illegible) or up outside you have band. While it was a big housein generally they spend 200,000 in this year to repair the house.Sada’ family they try to build small walls at the door in order tostop water to enter in the house but unfortunately water enter inthe house and the small wall (illegible)(illegible) because waterfrom outside enter in the house and other water enter by underground such as the spring

Health Stagnated water brings a lot of problem but in this family they arestart to protect them selves by drinking boiled water and all thetime they are washing their hands by a soap that they are notsuffering from cholera and malaria but they only get fungus fromwater

Displacement Since 2002 they start to live an Nyerere and it is their heritagehouse and it is from their mother but unfortunately their fatherwasn’t told them about the land and how much he spend to builda house he bought from whom but she guess it is about 2 millionbut for those year.But know they decided to build another house at Magogoni inorder to go living from flooding problem because each year theyare losing their thing and they always built some house eachyear they need to be in a better place. If there is the program ofbuilding the channels in order to take water away and they donot suffer anymore from flooding they are ready and not to passon the street or next to her house and even near or down thehouse she is ready but what she need to be paid if they aregoing to be given land or a house she is ready for that

Solid Waste They also collecting their waste in the bucket and it is full theyjust send children and paying them and the children they knowwhere they are going to keep the waste but for her she don’tknow about anything. But she said that it is not a good waybecause they can go them selves because it is very far fromwhere they live and they don’t have slabs in the street


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Area NYEREREQNO 2NYE8ISHGPS GPS 0524529 – 9317683Date Nyerere 8 June 2010Name Rukia Nassar Moh’dGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 4 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNone



Employment 2 people are employedSelf employedThey all work at Mwanakerekwe they have hey shop they areshopkeepers and they are using 20 min on foot

Flooding In this family they are the among of the families which areaffecting by flood. This house its flooded twice per a year duringthe rainy season and in this year since January their houseflooded for only one period and they do really thank God till knowbecause this year it greatly different from other year.In normally water staying for only one day but they are takingwater outside when rain stop and they still being in the housebecause they can not go any lower and the level of the water it islow. So when rain stop they get inside. Their house its flooded itis because the live close to an area where the water collects anddams up until reach her house. But usually water stay for a daybut sometimes it depends to the rain if it is very heavy it is about2 to 3 days. This are its flooded because they are living at downareas that other so this let water more down and enters theirhouses be fill of water and at the streets

Coping strategiesShe is protecting her things from water by keeping them in theroof and her other things she is kept them in a roof because shenot using them most of the time so she left them in a roof for along time and she use some of the thing wants she need shewent to take them. When her house its flooded she is not goinganywhere she is staying in the house or outside the house untilrain stop and she is starting to take water outside and cleaningthe house. Also she told me that when water into the house theylost their thing and others were destroyed by water such asclothes, kitchen things, cracks on the wall, toilet be full of watersometimes electric short etc. All these damages they sufferbecause of water and this most of the time when in house beingflooded during night. For all damages from the house they get soher husband suppors to repair them and some time the newone’s and he spend a lot of money more than 200,000 tsh.In order to be protected and water to be not enter in the housethey thought to build a small wall which can not allow water toenter in the house but unfortunately the become useless duringheavy rain and allow water to get inside the house and for thissmall wall they spent 50,000 tsh only

Health NoneDisplacement She is living at Nyerere since 2009 but its not her own house it is

belonging to her uncle. She is just given to stay with her familyand she knows nothing about the cost and he bought to whombut in that area a land may cost like 2 millions.She cannot go to another area because she don’t have a landand her husband also is able to stay there and she don’t knowwhen she will live unsafe place to a safe one.



What she need its development and to be safe but she can nottalk about anything about the house but she need a channelsand even can pass to the street its not bad because they mustpass to the street but to brake a wall or a house she can’t sayanything because it is not her house and she believe her willnever refuse it.

Solid Waste All waste they are collecting in the bucket and when it is full shesent the children to the dump area and go to left them. The dumpit is very far from where they live because near her house theseis not skip. The way that she is disposing her waste it is not goodbecause she is sending the children and she don’t know if theygo to the right place and some times they are regussing and sheis able to pay some to other people


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Area NYEREREQNO 3NYE8ISHGPS GPS 0524531 – 9317669Date Nyerere 8 June 2010Name Arafa Azani HamadiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 3 people are employed

1 self employed and 2 formally employed1 person self employed selling kerosene at home. One is amechanic and he is using 30 min by daladala. The last one he isa watchmen and he is using 40 min by daladala

Flooding Mrs Arafa she is suffering from flood when it is raining she don’tknow how many times but she told me more than 5 times this isbecause she is living very very close to the place where waterare collecting because when she open the door the first thingshe see is water but when her house its flooded it is not takingalot of time because she is taking water outside and when rainstop.When rain stop she is taking all water outside but she is not abeto use her toilet because it is full of water and also on the streetwater stay and all her house its surrounded by water. This areaits flooded because its a down area and she also say thisproblem was for a long time

Coping strategiesShe is protecting her thing by keeping them in a roof becausewater never reach their and she is not living the house becausewhen she left she will lose all her things because when its rainthieves they are doing their work and when she in back she will



found they help her to take her things. She is getting a lot ofdamages in her house this is because of water. One day herhouse was fallen down an half of it and her door also wasbroken, and other part of a house was having a lot of cracks, hercarpet was destroyed by water and a toilet was broken by thepressure of water but know she decided to build again the walland she is also want to go to upper stage because her house itssmall if she want to enter in a room she must band and she istaking her wast and others from her neighbours and keeping theroom and soil because water sometimes enter in her house likea spring so he stoping it because when it is raining she mustkeep another flow and till know she spent about 1.5 milliosshillings and she is till going on building her house

Health She is taking cure about her health and her family and she isboiling drinking water and they are washing their hand when theyneed to anything and also for the toilet she is going to ask a helpto her neighbour. And also about malaria most of the time she isusing mosquito nets

Displacement She is at Nyerere since 1984 and it is her own house and shebought to a person called Mnogo and she don’t remember howmuch she bought it and how much she spend to build the house.She decided to live the place and she found another land butunfortunately the place where she bought the government toldthem to stop beause they are under electrical line and it is notsafe for them. She need the construction to go on with actionand even if you can take her land she is ready for that and shecan not refuse anything. What she need it to helping ditchbecause she don’t need floods

Solid Waste All her waste she is keeping them inside her house because isfighting against water which enter to her house like a spring butfor the solid ones she is sent the childrens to the dumped areasand she is taking care of her waste and their is no slabs near herhouse and even in the street but there is a place which they arekeeping their waste


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Area NYEREREQNO 4NYE8ISHGPS GPS 37M0524494 9317668Date Nyerere 8th June 2010Name Mafunda Juma AaruniGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 10 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNone



Employment 2 are self-emplyedThey are working at the market

Flooding When it is rain water enter in the house her house it is floodedanytime and they are not living the house because they don’thave any other place to go and when house start flooding fduringnight they are not living the house and they just staying in thehouse until the rain stop.The house is getting flood this is because she is near the placewhere water are collecting and dams up until reaches to herhouse. Usually water staying for only when it is raining this isbecause when rain stops they start to take water outside thehouse and cleaning the house.The area it is flooded because it is a down area and it is theplace where water are collecting from different areas and joiningthere

Coping strategiesOnce it is raining the are starting to collect their things andkeeping them in the roof. In the house they are not living all oftheir to work so all the time in the house there is someone andwhen it happens at night they are staying in the house andwaiting for the results. And all when it is flooded they are notliving the house.Inside of the house their house it is flooded and it is affectingonly the flow because the are taking all their things up and ahouse it is affecting by getting cracks and since times wall abreak and she is able to repair her again in order to keep it in agood condition. Roughly she spent about 400,000sh.Also she built a small wall round her house in order to stop waterto enter in her house but it is useless water it is a lot but a wall itis little and spent about 60,000 to build it

Health Stagnated water in her house are just affecting them by gettingfonyes but for other problem they are safe and they are takingcare about their health by boiling water and also washing theirhands ands toping her children fo out side till water drying nearher house

Displacement Since 1988 they were at this place and it is her own house andshe bought a land to somebody but she can’t remember hername and also she can not remember how much she spent tobuilt the house because so many years pass ago.She can not go to another area because she don’t have anotherland and she can not built another house because she is here fora long time now and she will start a new life btu also because ofher work she is self employed and some times she use to sellthing at her house.If there is a program of building a ditch she will be ready for theditch because she don’t need floods and she don’t want to go toanother area because she likes her place.If this will be agreed and having a ditch in the street she can not



stop but if her wall will be taken or broken what she need her tobe built again but for the house it is another case when the timereach she will know what to say but not now

Solid Waste She is collecting her waste in a plastic bag and going to keepthem to them dumped areas it is very far and she don’t like tosend her children but it is because when children reach they areplaying on the waste


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Area NYEREREQNO 5NYE8ISHGPS GPS 37M0524482 9317644Date Nyerere 8th June 2010Name Pili Sharifu HamadiGender FemaleStatus SpouseHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Self employmentFlooding When it is raining this house it is flooded and she don’t know

how many times her house flooded in a year but since Januaryher house flooded for 3 periods some times her house floodedduring night and day time but what she is doing she is taking herchildren to her neighbours.Her house it is flooded because she is very close to the palcewhere water are collect. Also usually water are staying in herhouse hours only but sometimes when rain stop she taking wateraway and cleaning the house. She don’t know since when thisproblem start but this was not happen for before and she don’tknow why

Coping strategiesShe is protecting her things from water by keeping them in aroof. Most of the time in the house during rain season they arenot living the house along. When the house it is flooded they onlytake the children away to their relatives.In most cases her house it is affected and most of the thingswhich are affected in the house are walls getting cracks bedswere destroyed by water and also the flow. All of the damagesdone by the water they must repair and they spent about200,000 to repair the house

Health In many years they couldn’t suffer from anything which isaccording to stagnated water and until now they are taking careby boiling drinking water and after water goes out they clean thehouse by dital

Displacement Since 1986 she was in this place but for those year water werenot many and they were not getting floods but since the



construction of the road and other houses water were getting inher house. It is their own house but she don’t know how much itwas cost them.They want to move but the problem is for a cash they don’t havemoney to build another house and they don’t have a land.If there is a project of building a channel she will be happybecause she don’t want to live the place and if the wall or one ofthe room if it will be affected by the construction she will notmove but for the whole house it is another thing and she can nottalk about it because it its the job of the head of the house

Solid Waste In the house they are collecting their waste in a bucket and whenit is full she is burning them and she is the responsible person ofthe waste. In their street there is no slabs so the place whereother people go to dispose their waste it is not good at all


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Area JITINIQNO 1JIT8EMMGPS GPS 0523924 – 9318156Date Jitini 08/06/2010Name Hamida Abdalla MwitaGender FemaleStatus Eldest daughterHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 employed (doctors)

Employed by employerDistance from Jitini to Mnazimmoja

Flooding Floods occur 2 times in every year in this house and almostoccur during spring and autam from March-May and September– November. When it rain the rain takes 7 hrs to stop. The lasttime we experienced floods in the in this year since January wasin March. The water inter our house when the pond is full cozwe live near the pond. When it flooded water takes abought 3weeks to recede. And the last time when it flooded was in 2010where water took 1 week to recede

Coping strategiesWe use the protect our ghing by shifting to our neighbors. Thenwe abandon the house and go to our relative to Mpendae. Whenfloods occur many things are damage for example toilets,funitures etc that are so expensive to renew them and to repair.I didn’t calculate how much we spent to these damages. Wehave tried to put the blocks around our door to avoid water butstill the water inter the house

Health The stagnated water brings a lot of problem for example theoutbreak of diseases like bilharzias and cholera but in family not



yet experienced this diseasesDisplacement We’ve been stayin in this house for 10 years. And this is our

own house coz we bought the land to someone and built thehouse but I don’t know the costs of the land.We would like to leave this place and go somewhere else butmoney is a great problem. The idea of ditch construction will begood because will help us to avoid the floods in this area but ifany construction until damage my house I should have to be paidfor that damage

Solid Waste The way we collect our waste is preserving them in the bucketthen after one week we send all the waste to the dump becausethis place have no slabs in the street. It’s not a good system theway we use but we don’t have the better way to do


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Area JITINIQNO 2JIT8EMMGPS GPS 0523907 - 9318149Date Jitini 08/06/2010Name Farida Hassad HajjiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 self employed (peasant) farmerFlooding This house experience floods 2 times every year. But almost

during rain season from March to June. This house has beenflooded for 5 times so the rain can start anytime weather day ornight. The reason for getting flood in the area is badarrangement of houses, and the rain rains so heavely that cozthe water to inter in the house. When it raining the rain takes 7hrs to stop. Usually when floods occur takes 4 weeks for thewater to recede. This area get floods because we live close tothe pond, so when the pond is full we experience floods in ourhouses

Coping strategiesDuring floods when water inter our house we just shift our thingsto the neighbours in order to save them and some of them weput in on top of the ceiling borard to protect them from floods.When floods occur a lot of damage occurs for example loss ofthings eg clothes, funitures etc. That cost a lot of money torenew, repair or buy them. Actually I can’t remember how muchdid I spend to that damages. The method we use in order toprevent water to inter the house is by building a small wallaround the door but unfortunately this method didn’t help usanything coz the water still inter the house



Health The stagnated water brings a lof of health problem such ascholera and bilharzias and 2007-2008 3 children died because ofsuch diseases. But in my family not yet experience thisdiseases.

Displacement We’ve been staying for 33 years in this house. Also this is ourown house we bought a land then we built our house in this area.About the cost of the land I don’t know coz my husband is theone who bought the land. We wanna move to another area butwe can coz we have no capital to buy a land and to build anotherhouse coz nowadays things are very expensive. If there is aproject to construct channels and take the water away from thearea, I think this will be the best solution to avoid floods in thisarea but if any damage occur to my house during constructionthey should have to give me another place to go or rebuild myhouse for that damages

Solid Waste The method we use to collect our solid waste is just keepingthem in the backet and when its full give to my daughter andsend to through them to the dump, beoz we have no skip or slabnear to us in this area. This system I use to collect solid waste isnot good but I haven’t another way which is better than this I use


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Area JITINIQNO 3JIT8EMMGPS GPS 0523908 - 9318182Date Jitini 08/06/2010Name Afua Hamadi MakunguGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 employed (municipal council)

from Jitini to MaisaraFlooding This house is flooded twice a year every spring seasons and

auta from March-May and September to November. But the lasttime when was flooded was in May 2010. When it start rainingthe rain takes 2 hours to stop, the reason for the floods and thewater occurance is because the place where we live is a veryclose to the pond. Usually when it flooded water takes 1 week torecede after being flooded. The reason for flood occurance inthis area it’s because bad arrangement of houses and lack ofditch channel in the street coz we have suffering from thisproblem from this problem for 8 years now

Coping strategiesWe’ve tried to build the small wall near the door but still the waterinter the house. It costs me much money to build the wall about



50,000. When floods occur we protect our things by shifting ourthings to the neighbours till the water dry then we come back. Ifthe floods occur at night we shift our belongings to our relativesto at Bububu until the floods is over.The damages are so serious when floods occur e.g. funitures t.v.etc

Health The stagnated water brings health problem e.g. malaria,bilharzias and malaria that is very dangerous to our life. In myfamily last year we had experience bilharzias we send the childto the hospital for treatment that cost me about 20,000

Displacement We’ve been stayin in this house for 7 years now. And this is ourown house coz we bought the land to someone but actuallycosts about 2 ½ million Tsh. We want to move to permanentarea but we don’t have money to start for new life but if we’ll getthose needs wil be cool.The idea of building the channel is not bad it’s a good idea andwe accept it but if any damage occur during construction theyhave to pay or given another area to live

Solid Waste The way we use to collect our waste is to keep all the solid wastein the plastic bag the we burn them or buried because there’s noskip or slabs in this area that will help us to keep our solid waste.The system we use it’s not good coz lead to air pollution whenburning and soil pollution. But we can’t change this way coz wehaven’t another way except this way

Other We need them to come and build this channelARAPQuestions

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Area JITINIQNO 4JIT8EMMGPS GPS 0523999 – 9318073Date Jitini 08/06/2010Name Siti Ali MohdGender FemaleStatus GrandmotherHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding This house get floods 3 times every year mostly is during spring,

autumn, and winter. This house is flooded only it rains and inthis year from January this house got flooded twice. When itrains the rain can take 5 hrs with out stoping then the 6 hrs therain stops, and can flood can occur anytime either day or night.When floods occur the water can take almost 2 weeks to recede,but the last time when my house was flooded it took only 7 daysfor the water to recede. The reason for floods in this area isbecause of lack of ditch channel



Coping strategiesWe’ve been stayin’ in this house for 10 years now, but everyyear floods affect us. When floods occur we use to shift ourthings to neighbor where water doesn’t stay then when floods isover we return our things at home. When floods occur at nightwe just shift whole family to the neighbours and in the morningwe go to our relative at Michenzani. The damage we getbecause of flood is linkage of the roof, loos of properties such asmatrase, funiture etc.But we haven’t do anything that will help us to avoid the water tointer in the house coz it cots much money to build the small wallnear the door

Health The stagnated water bring health problem for example. Malariabilharzia, stomach fever and cholera. That is very dangerous toour life but thanks God coz we haven’t experience thosediseases in my family

Displacement In this house we’ve been staying for 10 years. And it’s our wonhouse coz we bought the land then we built this house but I can’tremember how much did it costs the land. Would like to move toanother permanently places but the problem is money and land.If there is a project to build the ditch channel when the ditch passnear my house will be fine but for any damage duringconstruction they should have to pay me.

Solid Waste We use to collect our waste in the plastic bag then after 2 weeksthe plastic will be full then we send them to the dump. This is nota good system of collecting our waste but we haven’t any way todo coz in this area there’s no slabs


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Area JITINIQNO 5JIT8EMMGPS GPS 0524120 – 938067Date Jitini 08/06/2010Name Mwanali Vuai KhatibuGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plus1Employment NoneFlooding This house experience flood 2 times every that is during spring

seasons and autumn from March-May and September –November. The last time in this year when occur floods was inApril where we experience flood 3 times. When the rain startsraining takes 10 hours to stop in spring season. Usual the watertakes 6 days to recede and the last time water took 2 weeks torecede after being flooded. This area get flooded coz of bad



arrangement of houses and we leave near the pond coz it’s asloped area

Coping strategiesWhen is flooded I protect my things by sending to my relativewho are not far from us. We stay there until the flood is over.When floods occur many things are lost for example furnitures tvetc. also the breakage of the wall because of water. We’ve triedto build the wall and fence in order to help us and to avoid frominter in the house but this method didn’t help us anything coz stillthe water inter the house

Health Beside floods, the stagnated water brings diseas such as choleraand malaria on of my daughter have experience malaria, wesend her to the hospital for treatment that cost me about 15,000

Displacement In this house we’ve been living for 15 years and it’s our ownhouse not for rent. Coz my husband bought the land and builtthis house. I don’t know how much did the land costs coz myhusband was the one who bought it. We want to move toanother area but we haven’t money to do such thing. I think theproject will be fine of construction ditch channel but if anydamage occur during construction should have to pay me thatdamages or given another area to live

Solid Waste We use to collect our qaste in the big bucket then after 3 weekswhen its full we send it to the dump to keep the wastes and theone who clean the disposal is my son. We use this method it itsour daily system because we’ve no a slab in our street. This isnot a good system but we have nothing to do


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Area JITINIQNO 1JIT8ASHGPS GPS 0523922 - 9318125Date Jitini 8 June 2010Name Taifa AliGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 person

all are self employedI take 20 mintues, I work at home. I take 20 minutes to go toshell to sell the oil and other one work at home she cook smallthings like badia and kachori

Flooding For flooding to occur it depend on the rain but may be 5 times.Since January 3 times her house have been flooded. The lasttime was in May for about 2 week later. And it was in night. BiTaifa think her house flooded because she near by to the pond.



So water collects and dams up until it reaches her house and ittake for about 2 weeks for water to go down. Also because ofbad plan of the house cause the water to collect together

Coping strategiesWhen the water start rising the they take their things to theirrelative in Jitini, its about 15 house from her house. And waterflooded they go to Jitini these do there relative for about 3 weeks

Health Bi Tiafi say her children suffer from malaria and cholera and theyuse money for about 10,000 shillings after each one

Displacement Taifa live Jitini for about 40 years, because she live jitini sinceshe was a child for about 7 years. She don’t know the cost ofthe house because it was her fathers house and he is alreadydeed. And she couldn’t ask how much it cost for house to build.Only know that he bought a land. Also Taifa say if the projectwill come true it will be good because it will stop them from sufferbecause she suffer so much since she was a child what stoppingher leave that place is she has no other place to stay only thathouse which was inheret from her parents

Solid Waste They take wastes to the dump where is near to the pond.Theres no person cleans disposal site. Also theres no skip orslab in these area. For Taifa the way she use to dispose thewaste is not good because the waste destroy the environment

Other Bi Taifa says the company should help them from build thechannel because they have no money on work so that they canget money to buil their own channel or to pay for municipalcouncil to keep their area safe from solid waste

ARAPQuestions

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Area JITINIQNO 2JIT8ASHGPS GPS 0523932 – 9318157Date Jitini 8 June 2010Name Mwaka DarweshGender FemaleStatus Oldest sisterHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding Many times flooding occur in Mwaka’s house, this year also

flooding in May and it was in night and some time day. Mwakasee that they live near to the pond, and also bad planning ofbuild the house. And it take for about 3 days for water to godown.Also Mwaka see that there’s no good direction of water when itrain water collecting in different place

Coping strategiesWhen the water start rising they keep their things to the roof, butthey are not leaving their house, they stay in their house. Mwaka



and her young sister stay inside the house because they fear ofgoing outside they may get problem like fungus or water cantake them to pond and lost their life.Also they lost their things like furniture, carpets, pots and clothesget wet and rot.Also there house fault the wall, one period these wall fall downand they spend 1 to 1 ½ week to rebuild their wall.Mwaka’s house build a small wall to prevent the water to come inher house. Sometime to build the small wall is nothing becausewater come in high force and destroy all the wall but Mwakadon’t know the cost of small wall

Health The Mwaka’s youngest sister suffer for Malawa, and her motherget diarrhea which spend about 1 to 2 thousand to go to hospital

Displacement Before Mwaka born the house was built, her father buy the landand now Mwaka has 20 yrs old. But she didn’t know the cost oftheir house.Mwaka say it’s a good project it will help them to avoid problemlike disease and also if water collect she lost go to school for fearif she pass through the water she can get fungus. She also saycan go to another place or staying there is depend on the affectof the house

Solid Waste They collect the waste to the bin and then take to the dump area.Mwaka’s responsible for taking the waste to the dump. There’sno person responsible for cleaning the disposal site. Also there’sno skip or slab in there area.Mwaka say that the way that they now disposing the waste is notgood because it dangerous for her health and its bcause thedump area is so dirty


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Area JITINIQNO 3JIT8ASHGPS GPS 0524438 – 9317925Date Jitini 8 June 2010Name Najma SheheGender FemaleStatus Oldest sisterHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person earn a regular income

1self employer1 hour by foot he work in market Darajani sell second handclothes

Flooding It depend on the rain so she don’t know how many time: sinceJanuary flooded occur twice the last time was in May and her



house flooded in night. Najma’s house take about 2 to 3 weekfor water to recede.Najma think her house every time get flooded because of thesmall hole that her neighbours dig because of disposing thewaste. So when it rain the collecting in holes and flooding herhouse. Also she say they recycle the rice bag and keep sand forbarrier between water and her house even if sometime it doesn’thelp

Coping strategiesNajma say they start keep their things on the roof to avoiddestroying when the water start rising. Also they stay in theirhouse, they didn’t ever go anywhere because the water only takeon top of ankle.Ahymasay’s her young sisters stay in home theydon’t go anywhere no school no madrasa until the water godown for about 2 weeks. Also says only her carpets, pots andfreezer get problem because they get dirty and freezer doesn’twork again. She don’t remember the cost but for last time herfather bought a freezer for about 120,000 shillings. And herhouse get a lot of cracks because water has high force but untilnow her father doesn’t repair because he says that he has nomoney

Health Besides malaria and cholera najima say her young sister sufferfrom fungus in their legs. It take for about 5,000 for each one togo to hospital

Displacement Najima live in Jitima for about 20 years, it’s their home her fatherbought the land and built the house. She don’t know the cost oftheir house.Only she say that it is a good plan because it will keep people tosave their money for food and other fees for school and notalways to hospital or buy domestic things.Also says that her father always talking that they are need to goanywhere in order to live in peace because they already sufferso much since 1990 up to now

Solid Waste Najima collect the waste by plastic bag and dispose to the pondit take for about 9 minute from home o the pond. There’s no skipon slab and no one is responsible for disposing the site


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Area JITINIQNO 4JIT8ASHGPS GPS 0524414 – 9317892Date Jitini 8 June 2010Name Asha Omar SalumGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 4 personsChildren U18 2



Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

employedFuoni, it take about 45 minute by bicycle

Flooding Many time flooding occur depend on the rains seasons. In 2010the Asha’s house have been flooded. The last time was in earlyMay and it was in day and it take 4 weeks for water to go down.The last time it take for about 3 weeks

Coping strategiesAsha says if the rain starts rising they take their things to theirneighbours. And then all of them go to stay to Sheha’s houseuntil the water go down. Asha’s house all flooded until to thewindow. So for water to go down it take long time. All the thingsare taken by her neighbor so no one stay at home. But herhouse get problem it go down, the toilet is full of water, the wallget crack. Inside the house hes a lot of faults, the cement aredestroying. They spend more than 30 thousand to repair theirhouses. But they have no money to build even a small wall

Health Asha says they are not suffer because they live there houseinspite of her husband get diarrhea, and use herbal medicine

Displacement Asha’s husband live in Jithini for about 40 years. He inherit itfrom his father who bought the land and built it. So asha’shusband don’t remember the cost of its house.Asha says they her husband has no able to buy another housebecause sometime even the repair is hard for them how canthem buy another house.Also they say that they are need for every thing, also Asha saysher husband can help to dig the channel

Solid Waste They collecting their waste in plastic bags and then take them tothe pond. Asha’s husband are responsible for ddispite thewaste. Also there is no skip nor slab nor any body who’sresponsible for disposal of wastes.The way they is good because she says help to dump up thepond so that the water will go to somewhere else


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Area JITINIQNO 5JIT8ASHGPS GPS 0524115 – 9318066Date Jitini 8 June 2010Name Kazoja Chum MakameGender FemaleStatus GrandmotherHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 person



self employed: he work in market sell spices45 minutes from home go by foot (walk)

Flooding The house of bi Kazoja get many time since January the Kazijoshouse have been flooded 2 times. The last time was early Juneit flooded in day and sometime in night.The Kazija’s house flooded because her house is the way ofwater, all water pass through her house, if the rain stop also theall water go to the pond and other neighbour’s house, so it stayfor about 5 to 6 horus

Coping strategiesKazija take some stone and keep beside to her house in order toprevent water not ot destroy her house, also she built a smallwall which also help to avoid water. Kazija stay in her house shedon’t go anywhere. Kazija protect her family by telling them notto go to toilet, they all go to their neighbour’s toilet because hertoilet destroying.Nothing destroying in her furniture or domestic things only herhouse get problem in 2008 her wall fell down and she spend 1week to rebuilt the wall again. The last time in this 2010 she buy1 cap of stone which she keep the stone outside the house tostop distruction of water which take about 65 thousands

Health Kazija say water that collecting to the pond produce a lot ofmosquito so get malaria and other problem cause by mosquitolike small scar of mosquito bite

Displacement Kazija has no job nor money to buy another house or buyanother land to like. She say to buy the house is so expensiveKazija says it will be better if the project will build the channelbecause it will keep, they already suffer so much. Also s\aysthey are read to go somewhere else if their place will bedestroying r wanted to build a channel

Solid Waste They take waste to the pond after the plastic bag dump up.Kazija’s grandchild are responsible to dispose the waste. InKaizja’s street there’s no person responsible for desporse thewaste only anybody do it by himself or herself.Also there’s no skip or slab. The way that Kazija dispose is notgood because she say some time her grandchild get diarrheafrom the pond when he go to dispose the waste. She spend10000 thousand


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 001BOT052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Fahmi Jemahid HilaliGender MaleStatus HH Head



Household 4 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed

Self employed, carpenterFlooding In each year Mr Fahmi’s house [is] flooded but in some of the

years his house flooded twice per a year but in this year sinceJanuary his house flooded for two time and it is just one seasonsbecause most rain season are April and December

Coping strategiesDuring flood times he is able to live the house with his family fortwo to three weeks and sometimes the go to their otherrelavtives and sometimes to their neighbours because theycannot stay in the house also all the street are full of water noone can walk just can swim in order to get the way.Sometimes when floods appear during night time they just leftand live [leave] everything in the house they just have their livesonly. But if its flooded during daytime they tried to take theirthings out but some times they cannot get all the things becauseother were taken by water and others were broken such asfurniture, kitchen things etc.He don’t know exactly how much does he spent to repair thehouse because he is not repair the whole of the house for asometime just he repairing slowly slowly because he don’t haveenough cash to repair the house.This place is flooded because the wayt which is allowed water togo. It is too small and allowed water to go slowly while theamount of water is to higher that’s why floods are appear in theirhouses.God still watch them they are not suffer from any problem likeothers because they are taking care and when its flooded theirchildren were taken by their other relatives until the area beingdrying.If this program of building the ditches in order to be out of floodsin his house will be will be among of his house which should beaffected by the construction he is ready for anything that couldbe decided when the time reached.


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 002BOT052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Subira Issa Juma



Gender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plus1Employment NoneFlooding She is not having rain season but once the rain come her house

get floods and the range of the water it depend according to therain if it is not heavy water reach near the window but when it isheavy she could seen the house just eater are around.She is able to live the house until water get down but for only 2to 3 days because their is a ditch but its too thin and allow waterto go slowly and that why flood appear in their street and she lostthe house and to ask a help to her neighbours

Coping strategiesAlso she is not protecting anything because her relative are notnear with her and most of the time when it is flooded she is doneat home so she just take the childes and run away and left thehouse and go to their neighbours.Most of the time her house get damage walls are falling downand some time she is not find anything and she is just get helpfrom other people and get things from the authorities (?) . She don’t know how much does she spend to repair her housebecause sometimes she was not repairing the house until sheget some money she repairing the house

Health The stragnated water in the area brings other problems to thefamily but in this family they were not suffer from any diseasebecause they were taking a lot of care and because they areliving the place until the place get drainage.No one needs trouble so if their is a program of building a ditchshe is ready for everything and willing can be of him to receivethe help because this problem its for a long time and he will behappy

Displacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther NoneARAPQuestions

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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 003BOT052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Apolonia Joseph VictorGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plus1



Employment 1 person is self employedFlooding This lady experience flood twice every year during spring and

winter seasons and the floods occur only when it rains. In thisyear the family experience flood once from April-May and is thelast time to experience flood in this year.The rain can take 2 days without stopping and the level of wateris about 1.5m but they don;t enter the house. When floods occurthe street also is flooded and takes 1-2 weeks for the water torecede

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur they just shift things to the neighbours toprotect their things but not all of the things just some of them,and during the night they just pack thins to the other side of theirhouse and the water can reach onl the back side of their house.There some little damages occur because of flood for examplethe toilet fall down when it rains but inside its safe. Haven’t doanything to prevent flooding as water stays outside the houseand never enters the house so they don’t affect

Health The health problem is not common as they use to boil the waterbefore drinking and the water are not stagnant

Displacement The lady have been staying there for 21 years and it’s not arented house and have no plan to abandon this area as shelacks money and land for new settlement. The lady said no doubtif the ditch channel pass near her house and it’s a good idea aswill help overcome the problem. But if damages occur to herhouse during construction have to be paid or given anotherpermanent area to live in.


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 004BOT052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Abdul Mohammed SalumGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 persons are employed as government employeesFlooding This house have experienced floods one every year but this year

not yet experienced floods. The floods can occur every timeeither day or night. But the last time they experience floods wasthe last year, 2009. During heavy rain the rain can take about 7hours to stop.The level of water usually reached when their house was flood



was 2-3 m but this last time it only reached 0.5-1m. During floodsthe water can take 2-3 weeks to recede after flooded. But thelast time their house flooded took only 3 days for the water torecede.Normally when their home is flooded the streets are also floodedbut can take almost 3-4 days for the street to get dry dependingon how heavy the rain was.This area is flooded every time because lack of ditch channels toallow the water to pass through, also this is a sloped area wherethey live

Coping strategiesWhen the spring season occur they move their things to theirrelatives in order to protect this properties against flooding and ifit happens at night or at work he just ask permission and turnback home to save the remain things and shift them to therelatives but it’s not very far. We stay there to our relatives for 3-4 days or until the flood stops

Health The stagnated water causes many problems such as malaria,typhoid and cholera as the water is so dirty. But not experiencedsuch diseases in her family

Displacement This family has been staying here for 12 years and it’s not arented house. They want to shift to a permanent area but theylack funds and land for new settlements. There is no problem ifthe ditch channel will pass near his house but for any damagesduring construction should be paid, repair or given another areato settle.


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Area BOTANIC GARDENSQNO 005BOT052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Rajab Haji RajabGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding This family experience flood 2-3 times i.e. during spring season

and winter season, March-May and September-November.Floods only occur when it rains. In this year experience floodonce in April. During spring it rains heavily and can take 12 hoursto stop.The level of water is about 2-3m when it flooded but in 2009 therain covered almost the whole house. Usually the water takes



about 2-3 days until they leave the house but last time it tookonly a day to get receded.When floods occur the streets are flooded and can take 1-2 daysit depends on the rain how heavy it was.The reason of this area got floods it is because of the ditchchannels which are blocked and small. I have experienced floods15 years till now, we are victims of floods. The only solution is toconstruc another ditch channels and this will be the solution tothe problem

Coping strategiesJust shifting my properties to my neighbours. During night weshift out family to neighbours but it’s not very far from where welive. Then my family can take almost 7 days then we come backhome when the rain stops.The damage of floods are just loss of things such as furniture likeTV, radios and so on, the fall of walls. The cost is too muchbecause every year experience I can’t calculate the amount ofmoney it’s too much. Not yet done anything to prevent floodsbecause the water can’t be prevented

Health The floods cause many health problems such as malaria, typhoidand cholera. I have experienced malaria and choler then webring the victims to hospital then they cost me much money totreat them

Displacement I have been staying for 23 years and this is my own house I’venot rented. I want to move from this place but poverty is a bigproblem. The construction of ditch channels will help us but ifany construction damage a part of our house just need to bepaid, given another area for settlement or rebuild the affectedareas

Solid Waste NoneOther The aid should not go direct to government but themself should

come to construct the ditchARAPQuestions

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Area KARAKANAQNO 001KAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Juma Afadhali BakariGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 10 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1Employment The household head is employed as a doctor and his wife is a

housewifeFlooding He receiving floods twice per a year and since this year floods

occurred only one time. In April and December floods occurred



because rainy season started in this months and much of waterwere staying on the streets.The level of its depend according to the rain if it will be heavyrain water through the windows but if it is low water are about 2to 3 meters. But in this year water was about 2 meters. We thehouse its flooded they left the house for two weeks normally butwhen it will be heavy rain they left the house for 3 to 4 weeks

Coping strategiesMost of the time Mr Juma when its flooded he is going to theirrelative and staying there until water goes out but he going withclothes only because the place where he is going it is too farfrom town and he was not able to carry thing he just left the thinginside house.This place it affected by floods because there is not goodarrangement of the house and other people they built their houseat the way that water was pass and other they are under theslope so they are being affected by the water. Most of the timehe is getting damage because water moving in a higher speedand they are taking some time a piece of land and the walls werefalling down and other walls get cracks. Unfortunately he don’tknow exactly how much does he spent to repair his house but heis using a lot of money.During flood as he said he is living the house land he is goingvery far from the compound so he is not suffer from any diseasebecause during floods he left the place.If there is any help he said that he is ready for anything he don’tmind about the ditch because they are going to help them andthey will never suffer again


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Area KARAKANAQNO 002KAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ali Said SleimanGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment household head is a carpenterFlooding In every season of a year water enter in his house and he is

suppose to left his house and go to ask help for their fellows inever rain season of April and December. He is suppose to live



the place for two to three weeks. Because the house beingflooded and water get inside and reach near the roof andsometimes reach at the near the window when it is not heavyrain.Also water stay in the house for two to three weeks because ofwater in the streets also flooded and take the same time at hisplace but from other place are more than that

Coping strategiesMr Ali said he tried a lot to run away the floods but water stillreach because he built another floor but water get their he isknow just look the water and just live (leave) the house for eaterto stay until they drained. Also he said that this place water arestaying because he is down the slope and he cannot do anythingnow and this all happened because he don’t have another landto go and to build a new house for his family.He is always spent the money for the same house by repairing itand find new solution on hoe to go away from flood butunfortunately water enter under his house and started as aspring [illegible] when rain stop he is able to build again hishouse

Health God helping them most of the time he is not getting any healthproblems with his family. And he is still prevent his family byswallowing medicines in order to not suffer

Displacement About the ditch what he said he is happy for this program and heis not have any problem until know about the program but heneed its all things should be done


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Area KARAKANAQNO 002KAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ameir Chumu HajiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding The family experience flooding 3 times per years and normally

occur during winter, spring and sometimes even if rains littlefloods occur in this area. In this year 3 -4 times have beenexperienced flood, this happening from March-May. Floods occuranytime whether day or night. When it rains the rain can take 10hours to stop.The level of water reached about 6m when his house flooded,



the highest level that it reached this year was 7m. Usually thewater takes 2 months to recede in his house after being flooded.But the last time it took 4 weeks to recede.When his house is flooded the whole street is also flooded andthe street gets dry after 3-7 days for those who are living on thehills but for those who are living down the slope water takesabout 2 weeks to recede.This area gets flooded when it rains because there is no ditchchannel for the water to pass, bad arrangement of constructionof houses and this place is extremely sloped area

Coping strategies In short the man hasn’t done anything to protect things againstfloods. When floods occur at night they just abandon the houseand shift the whole family to their neighbours but their manremain in the street to watch the house.When floods occur the damages are very worse eg loss ofproperties such as furniture and many things are lost in thehouse. And in 2006 the house destroyed the wall. That has costaround 15,000 to repair the wall and things lost cost about150,000 every rain season.Haven’t done anything to the house to prevent flooding becausethe level of water is too high even if build the wall

Health The problem health occur in the area are malaria, bilharzias. Butin their family haven’t experienced this problem

Displacement This family have been staying for 17 years and it’s his ownhouse. They want to abandon this place and go to thepermanent safe area but poverty is a great obstacle. It will be agood idea to have ditch channel near the house or area ingeneral, but if the damages occur to his house duringconstruction have to replace the place or any other measuresshould be taken

Solid Waste NoneOther The plan of construction of ditch channel shouldn’t give to the

government to deal instead the company itself should have cometo construct

ARAPQuestions

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Area KARAKANAQNO 003KAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Rehema Kondo JumaGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed as a teacher



Flooding The floods occur 3 times in this house but during rainy season(winter, spring) and it rains from March-April and September toNovember. This family experience floods only when it rains andthe last time she experienced floods was May 2010. The floodscan occur any time, day or night, and the rain takes half andhouse to stop but the water is full.The level of water is about 1m then the last time in May whenfloods occurred reached the same level, 1m. Usually the watertakes 1 week to recede and leave the house after it’s beenflooded. But the last time when it flooded we use to remove thewater outside then they get dry.When her house got flooded the same part of the street also getflood, but not the whole street and the water takes 10 days torecede if the rain will stop, but if not the water will never recede.The roots of floods are bad construction of houses and lack ofditch channel, so the best way to eradicate this problem is theconstruction of ditch channel because she has experiencedfloods for 15 years now

Coping strategiesThe method she used to protect things from floods is to packthem on the higher places eg cupboard or ceiling boards etc. Ifthe floods occur during the night they just stay in the house untilmorning then they put their things on the cupboard as the watercan never reach there.The damages occurs when flooded are loss of properties egfurniture, tv, radio etc and affect the house a bit, but that didn’tcost much money to replace little things and repair some parts ofthe damages. But this year didn’t experience damages.This family haven’t taken any method to prevent their house fromflood because it is very expensive to build the small wall near thehouse

Health Health problems occur in the area during flood are typhoid andmalaria but in her family no one experience such diseases

Displacement This lady has been staying in this house for 25 years and it’s herhouse. The lady has an idea of moving to another safe area butpoverty and lack of plot of land is a great problem. Will be a goodidea of construction ditch channel near her house and she thinkwill protect them from flooding. If the construction affect somepart of her house like the fall she has to be paid for the damagesor shift to another place

Solid Waste NoneOther They just have to construct the ditch channel to protect or reduce

floodsARAPQuestions

None

Area KARAKANAQNO 004KAR052010GPS 0



Date May 2010Name Fatma Haji AllyGender FemaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding The family have experienced floods 3 times every year and they

normally occur during spring winter and autumn season andsometimes floods occur only it rains. Since January in this year,floods occurred 2 times and the last time her house was floodedwas in April 2010. When floods occur they can occur at anytime,day or night.The level of water during floods is very high, usually 6-7m andthe highest level that water reached in this year was 6m. Usuallythe water takes 2-4 weeks to recede in the house and the lasttime when her house was flooded it took 1 month and 4 days torecede.When floods occur in her house the whole street is flooded andthe street recedes after 3-6 days. The area experiences floodsonly it rains because there is no ditch channel for water to passthrough and it a sloped area

Coping strategiesThis family has nothing to do to protect their things when floodsoccur and during night they just leave the house and shift herfamily to relatives who are not affected by floods, but it’s very farfrom where they live.The types of damages they suffer of floods are loss of things egfurniture, radios etc. That costs about 100,000shs to replace newthings.On her side the lady hasn’t done anything to the house toprevent flooding as it costs money and the level of water is toohigh, so even if build a wall water will pass

Health The stagnated water in the area brings problems like malaria,cholera and typhoid as the water is so dirty and polluted. But inher family not yet experience such problem

Displacement The woman has been staying in this house for 20 years and it’sher own house. The lady wants to move to another safer areabut she lacks money and plot of land. If there is a project to buildchannels will be goods because it will help to overcome theproblem in the area. But if any damage occurs duringconstruction she has to be paid or rebuild the affected part eg awall


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 001MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Nasra MuhammedGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 person is employed and he takes 2 hours to reach his place of

workFlooding Really every year flood must occur. Normally occur in March.

She experience flooding when it rains. Since January of this year2010 appear 5 times one day at night and other days during daytime.Actually water reach at the window. This year also water thesame place. The last time water rise before 5cm reach o thewindow. Usually it takes a month to recede the house. The lasttime it takes two days to leave the house. When the house isflooded also the streets is flooded. She takes two days beforeget out into the street after experienced flooding.The area is flooded every it rains because at the time people putimpurities (dirty) in the way where water was pass so that waterno longer move to another place such that remain at that placebecome large and large until cause flood. This problemexperienced many years now. The problem will contributed bybuild the channel which may takes water away from the area

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising she protect things up the ceiling. Whenhappen at night will safe her family and rest remain in the houseand go somewhere else. She goes to her parents because she ismarried. Is far from where she live. She stay longer until theflooding is over.The damage she suffer during flooding as follows: her things arebroken and the situation of go and come back she become tired.She use a lot of money to repair her things that affected withflood.She didn’t do anything to prevent flood because anything can dothe water inter in the house

Health The stagnated water in the area does bring any problem to herfamily

Displacement She has been staying in this house 1 year, she is renting thishouse. She will move in this area, but her house is not yet finish


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 002MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ali Sleiman MrishGender MaleStatus GrandsonHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus2Employment Ali is a footballer and he is still a single. He is living with his

grandmother and his grandfather in their houseFlooding Since 1974 they were staying at Magomeni place but since that

time their was no floods but now their house is flooded twice pera year and in April and December this are the seasons whichhave heavy rain. According to floods the normally range of thewater usually its about 3 meters but in 3004 the rain was heavytain and the whole house was full of water but water took 1 weekto get out of the house but normally water takes only 3 days. Notonly their house but also the streets also are flooded but in thestreet water stay for 2 weeks because of the people throw waterfrom their houses to the streets.Mr Ali said that this problem it is not because they are down atslope but he thought that this happened because their is no goodarrangement of the houses people they were just built thehouses without plans. So no plans and most of the house werebuilt at the places which water make the way. The way of watertheir is a house and water were started to stay and having noway to go so that why this problem starts

Coping strategiesWhen the house its flooded Mr Ali takes his things and put themto the roof and then they left the house because they cannot stayin the house. They left the house for two to four days and go tothe other relative ot at the same area but out of Magomeni for ahelp. Automatically anything which move when sand (?) theslope go faster so also water do the same. So water move fasterand some time might carry a stone and other thing.Some times knock the wall of the house and may cause a lot ofdamage such as crack falling dow (?) the down. So Mr Ali beforego back to the house and repair it again for the damage but hedon’t know exactly how much he spent for the damage. Also hecouldn’t protect his house from floods because water mustsurrounded his house.Also Mr Ali said that water comes from different places and as inour country other people they couldn’t built professional toilets.When its rain the toilets also be full of water and all water joinedwith other water.

Health So according to the health problem he get many effect but most



are fungus, diarrhoea, bilharzias, etcDisplacement Mr Ail said that he is not going to refuse anything because he

don’t need floods he don’t need trouble of living the house andgetting damages and also live at a place which don’t have piece.So he is ready for anything if the ditch pass in the street or evenunder his house


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Area MAGOMENIQNO 003MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Asia HamisGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 6Elderly 65 plus2Employment 4 people have employed themself. Among of them first person

takes 3 hour from home to work. Second person takes 30 min toreach the place he work. Third person take one hour and fourthperson takes 20 min

Flooding Every year floods occur. Actually flood occur in March becauseis the season which it rains heavily. She experience floodingevery time when it rains. Since January of 2010 floods occur 3times. The last month flood occur, appear at daytime.Usually water reach at the top of the house. This year waterreached at the window. The last time water reach before thewindow.Actually flood takes month to recede the house after had beenflooded. Last time takes two week water to leave the house.Really that when the house is flooded also the street is flooded.She take 2 days before she can get out into the street afterexperienced flooding. She things that when it rains so all watercombine at that place. This problem causes hence that the areais down the slope. She has experience this problem for a longtime now. This problem will contributed when the channel willbuild

Coping strategiesBefore the water starts rising the takes all things away fromhome to another place. When it happen at night she save onlyher family and leave other things inside the house and gosomewhere else. The place is far from where she live. She livethe house longer until the flooding is over. The damage shesuffer is her furniture and other things destroyed with water. Forexample clothes. She prevent the house from flood. She cost



more than 1,000,000 tshHealth The stagnated water in the area bring disease and bad smell of

the area. If possible the channel should construct as soon inorder to avoid this problems. She cost a lot of money to spendher children to the hospital

Displacement She has been staying in this house more than 7 years now it isher own house. The life is so difficult and also the house is nearto the place they work


None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 004MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Twahir Said AllyGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 6Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding This family has experienced floods twice every year but this year

only once. During spring season (March-May) floods occur. InJanuary this year have experience floods twice. The last timefloods occur in their house was in May 2010. The floods canoccur anytime, either day or night depends with the rain ad takesalmost 5 hours and more without stopping.The level of the water when their house is flooded is about 4-5msometimes, depending on how heavy the rain is. But the timewhen their house got flooded the level of the water was about3m. Usually the water takes about 3 days to leave the houseafter been flooded.When their house is flooded, the streets are also flooded andcan take up to 7 days to get dry.The problem of floods in this area when it rains is lack of ditchchannel also it’s the sloped area that’s why floods occur and theyhave been the victim of the problem for almost 10 years. Thisproblem should be solved by constructing the ditch channelaround the street

Coping strategiesThe method they use to prevent and protect their things againstfloods is they just built the chambers on top of the ceiling board,so when the floods occur they pack things on the chamber of theceiling board, then they shift to their neighbours and stay therefor 4-5 days when it stops flooding.The damage of the flood are loss of property eg furniture etc, fall



of walls, loss of clothes etc. Actually when the floods occur, costsmuch money about 100,000shs to buy new things. The familyhave tried to build the small wall but still the water enters thehouse. This wall costs 15,000shs

Health The stagnated water in the area brings health problems likemalaria etc. But no have affected with any water borne diseasesin their family

Displacement Their family have been staying in this area for 25 years and it’stheir own house. They would like to move to a permanently safearea but poverty is a problem and lack of plot of land. When theconstructions damage their house they would have to be shiftedto another area or rebuild the affected part

Solid Waste NoneOther If this project will be true, no doubt and if possible the project

should start as fast as possibleARAPQuestions

None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 005MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Massoud Dollar HassanGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 7 PersonsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 persons are employed as government employeesFlooding This family experiences floods 2 times every year during winter

seasons from September – November and in spring from March– May. The floods sometimes occur during night and sometimesduring day and can take 2-3 days the rain to stop.The level of the water usually reaches 2.5m and takes 1-2 daysto recede. The last time when floods occur in their house was inApril 2010and level of water wasn’t very high, about 1m that tookonly 2 days to recede.Exactly when their house is flooded the street is also flooded andcan take a day to get dry.This area use to flood every time it rains because there are noditch channels and this is a sloped area so the water doesn’tmove but they stay together and forms and pond. This familyhave been the victim of floods for 15+ years and the onlysolution to overcome the problem is to construct the ditchchannel.

Coping strategiesDuring rain they use to protect their things on the top of theceiling board. If the man is at work he just ask the permissionand go back at home to save the remains things but when it



rains at night they use to shift their family to their relatives whoare not far from when they live but the man remains to the housein order to protect things not lost. His family stay there 2 daysand then turning back home.During and after the flood occur, the damages normal occur areloss of property eg furniture. Then costs about 25,000 shs to buynew things. The family tried to build a small wall around the doorbut the level of water is too high so the water help nothing. Butthis measures cost 50,000shs

Health The stagnant water causes many health problems eg bilharzias,malaria, but fortunately my family no one got diseases this time

Displacement This family has been staying here for 15 years, this is their ownhouse. The family can’t move to permanent area because ofpoverty and lack of land, also because of work. If the ditchchannel passes near their house they don’t mind, but if anydamage occur because of constructing he has to be paid. Eventhough the ditch will help a lot of the majority


None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 006MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Idrisa Mudu SimaiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employedFlooding This family has experience floods two times every year during

spring seasons from March to May. They last time theyexperienced flood was the previous month when it rainedheavily during April. Then sometimes it rains frequently withoutstopping for 5-7 hours. The floods can happen anytime itdepends with the rain, sometimes day and sometimes night. Thelevel of the water in to their house is about 3m then the next dayduring morning the use to remove the water in the house. Thesource of the problem of flood is lack of ditch channel to allowthe water the pass through so they cause water to be stagnant

Coping strategiesWhen the floods occur they just shift some of their things to theneighbours and some they pack on the ceiling boards. Then theyshift the whole family to their relative who is not far from wherethey live. There can take 4-5 days when the flood is over thenthey turn back home. The family wants to move but the



difficulties is finding another place for settlement because theylack funds and a plot of land. But if would get these needs, wouldmove to another permanent safe area. When floods occur itcosts me a lot. Because previous time i spent about 100,000shsto buy news things eg furniture, pots, thermos flask, buckets etcthe only solution is the construction of ditch channels that thewater couldn’t stay in the street

Health The stagnated water can lead to the outbreak of diseases suchas malaria, cholera etc but their family no on affected from thesediseases

Displacement When the ditch pass near their house it will be very good but ifthe construction affects a part of their house they have to be paidfor the damages. This house is their own house and have beenliving in this area for 15-20 years

Solid Waste NoneOther Just giving thanks for the company’s plan but they’ve to be

honest with their promisesARAPQuestions

None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 007MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Kai Khatib HajiGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employedFlooding The family suffer from floods twice per year, when their house

flooded he is living with his family. This problem mostlyhappened April and December and the get floods during day andnight time. Also always water reached at the window but thisyear water level was low but near the window. Usually the waterstays for 5-6 days and during flooded time they left the houseand go to their relatives but last time his house was flooded foronly 3 days. When the house is flooded so are the streets andthere is no way to walk past except to walk in the water andwater were staying for 7 weeks to be drained. This problem ismostly happen at Mwanakwerekwe because there is a channelwhich takes water from different places and all water is comingto us but there is no channel to allow water to go

Coping strategiesMr Kai protects his things keeping them near the roof to be notaffected. When their house is flooded they just leave the housefor another 1km from where they are staying. Also when thehouse is flooded he lost his things and others were broken and



when he comes back he must build again the walls and otherwalls sometimes were getting cracks. This year he spent300,000shs to repair his house and to buy other things. He alsoprevents floods by building a small wall but unfortunately watergot inside and his properties were affected and it doesn’t work.He thanks God that his family wa snot affected by any diseasebecause they were taking care for the whole rainy season. Hehas lived there since 1972 and it is his own houses. He cannotleave because he doesn’t have land and another house and alsobecause of the fairmurs(illegible) of the place

Health NoneDisplacement If his house is affected by the construction a little he will just stay,

but if the whole house he will ask to be found a place to goSolid Waste NoneOther He doesn’t mind about the ditch because he doesn’t want to

suffer from floods again and then him and his family will be safeARAPQuestions

None

Area MAGOMENIQNO 008MAG052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Mussa Nassur AliGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employedFlooding Always each year must flood occur during March when it rains

heavily. This year of 2010 since January only flooded one time.The last month flood appear at day time. Actually reach at thetop of the door and this year water reach at the same place. Atthe last time reach at window. 2-3 days takes water to recede thehouses. The last time the water takes 2 days to leave house.Hence the house is flooded also all street is flooded. He takes 2days before he get out into the street after experience flood. Hethink that ‘after people built shop along the road because thatplace where water was stay. But after built the place the area ofwater is destroyed, that’s why occurs in that place and causeflood. After people destroyed the place water stay he experienceflood. The contributed of this dangerous problem is only to findthe way which will remove matter that place

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising take all things and put at the ceiling ofthe house. When happen at night, leave the house and gosomewhere else. The place is far away from home. They staylonger until the flooding is over. The problem cause the following



damage destroy the furniture and other small things, also thetoilet. This spent a lot of money to repair all things havedestroyed. He didn’t do anything to prevent his house with flood

Health The stagnated water in the area bring bad smell and mudDisplacement He has ben staying here for 20 years now his own house. He

has no enough money to buy another house and also hischildren is near the house. If the process affected the house hewill move permanently out if will get house or land, if not will stayin same place


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Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 001BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Khamis Juma KomboGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment The household head is self employed as a fishermanFlooding April and December this months are in rain season in each year

but this season cause natural hazard such as floods. Floodswere affect things but sometimes cause death to living things. InZanzibar their are many places which are flooded such asMpendae (Binti Amrani). In this area I met a women calledNadhifa Yussuf Omar and she told me that.Flood its a big problem in her area and she is among of thepeople who are affected with floods. Her house is flooded twiceper a year and mostly in April and December but in this year tillnow her house flooded only one time and she is waiting forDecember.Also she told me that aout the level of the water which enter inher house its about 3 to 5 meters this too bad. That is whenthere is no heavy rain but when their is heavy he cannot see herhouse. Also all the streets are flooded and water are stayed for2 to 3 weeks

Coping strategiesAlso she told me that this problem caused because she is hiringat down areas and water are not getting the way to go and theyare staying and caused floods. When its flooded during daytimeshe will take her things away but during night she will just saveher life and her children’s life when water goes out she will takewhat remains.Miss Nadhifa in our talking she told me that when her house



flooded things were broken such as plates, cups alsoeverywhere we broken other things were taken by water andsometimes the house affected wall are fallen down andsometimes get cracks. Also she didn’t do anything because herhouse be full of water and if she can do anything will be useless

Health Fortunately God help her family from diseases no one get illbecause she is protecting her family by keeping her children toher sisters house but at home she remain with her husband andcleaning the house until be clean and she return the children athome.

Displacement NoneSolid Waste NoneOther She was very happy when I told my aim that I want to her for my

interview and she is ready for anything which will going to betaken if a ditch even will be under the house

ARAPQuestions

None

Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 002BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Mohd Sarai AliGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 12 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment The household head is self employedFlooding In Mr Mohd’s house floods occur twice per year and normally

floods occurred in April and December. In his family they aresuffer from floods for a long time and they are still stay at thesame place but because they don’t have another place to gobecause they were from rural areas and the are not urban areasbecause of their business but unfortunately they got a bad place.They like to stay at Binti Amrani because they are near at theroad. They get water and also electricity. Also they do really likeBinti Amrani area but unfortunately some they become unhappyduring rainy season because their house and streets wereflooded.Not only that but their houses but also they get a lot of damage.They lost their things such as cups, plates, clothes, etc, alsosometimes their things are broken when they are removing themto the house but other things are taken by water

Coping strategiesAlso when the house flooded they should leave the house untilwater goes out because they level of the water its about 2meters that is normal range but sometime its increase. But inthis year (2010) water was increased and it was inside night



when they got up to found that water have already reach thewindow and they try to open the door but unfortunately they failto open. They were only shout got a help and their (illegible).They heard them and they were able to break the door in orderto get out to save their lives.All in all they get a lot of damages. Sometimes the walls getcrack, and falling down and sometimes walls were bende sothey thought that they are not going to be safe so before theycome back to the house they should repair the house androughly they spent 300,00 tsh to repair the house

Health Mr. Mohd;s family they do really thanks God because since rainstarted they are not getting serious health problems but they saynormally such as malaria because of the stormed watermosquito’s they laying their eggs

Displacement Also he do really like to be in a safe place so he said that havinga ditch near his house, in front the house or even under thehouse he will not mind about it. Because the problem it is in hisstreet so ditch must be build in the streets so he is ready for that


None

Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 003BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Hadia SeleimanGender FemaleStatus HosewifeHousehold 5 personsChildren U18 2Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment NoneFlooding Normally every year flood occur. Actually occurs in March, April

and May. The flood experience at the time it rain heavily. SinceJanuary of this year of 2010 occurs at once. The last monthflood occur during daytime.Usually water reach at the top of the door. In this year waterreached at the window. At the last time reached at the door.It takes three months to recede the house. The last time takestwo weeks to leave the house. When the house is flooded alsothe street is flooded. She takes two days before she get out intothe street after experience flooding.She doesn’t understand why flood occur when it rains. For longtime she experience flood at least 16 years and this contributedwhen the channel is build

Coping strategiesWhen water start rising she takes her things send to her



neighbour. This problem happens at night she just save thefamily and go somewhere else. She goes to her neighbour andlives there until water is over “flood”. The flood produce manydamages include part of the wall is fallen down and furniture alsobroken

Health Until now the stagnated water doesn’t bring any problemDisplacement She has been staying in that house more than 16 years. She live

in her own house. She will not move the place because she don’thave any money to buy somewhere else. If the house destroyedduring running of the channel will look the place is safe will leavethe area to the new area or is not will build the house and live thesame place


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Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 004BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Raya HamadiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment Three people employ themselves. Two of them takes twenty

days from home to the place they work (fishermen), whileanother takes only one hour

Flooding Every year flood occur 2 times. This mostly occurs in March,April and May. She experiences flooding every time it rains. Thisyear since January the flood occur at once. Two weeks ago thehouse was flooded. The house flooded during daytime.Usually water reach at the window. This year water reach on thefoot. When the house is flooded the last time reached at theangle.Usually water can take three months to recede the house. Thelast time water take one weeks to leave the house. When thehouse is flooded also the street is flooded. When the flood beforereach the house start to remove things. She thinks that only Godhas bless to occur flood

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising, she remove all her needs into herrelatives. When happening at night, she only move the housewith her family to somewhere else. She directly goes to herrelatives is so far from where she live. She stay long until theflooding is over.She prejor a lot of damage. Firstly she is unhappy to move each



year to another place (She is not free). Her furnitures destroyedwith water also wall and toilet becomes dirty. She spent a lot ofmoney to repair toilet, colour for wall and furniture.She prevent the house with flood by build wall in order water donot enter inside the house. The wall cost more than 3,000,00 tshto buy cement, stones and soil

Health The stagnated waters in the area produce many disease likemalaria

Displacement She has been staying since 1996 in her own house. She can’tmove to anywhere because has no money to build anotherhouse

Solid Waste NoneOther If the channel destroyed the house will depend how it cost and

then will stay or move the streetARAPQuestions

None

Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 005BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ally Abeid ChumuGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 2 persons are employedFlooding This house has experienced flooding twice but this year not yet

experienced floods. The floods occur during the night or daytime. But mostly they occur during spring seasons from March-May. But the last time they experienced floods was in 2008where the flood was so heavy.The level of water when flooded is reaching up to 2-3m andusually takes 2 months to recede. The last time their houseflooded it also took 2 months to get dry. The reason of the floods,when it rains water stays and forms a pond, also there’s no ditchchannels for water to pass through

Coping strategiesThe way they use to protect their things against floods is justshifting the important things and send to the neighbours orsometimes they rent a house to pack their things and shift hisfamily to the rented house and stay there for 2 months until theflood is over.The family gets damages of floods, for example loss of propertyeg furniture and many things. That costs money, about 150,000.This family haven’t done anything in order to prevent floodingbecause the level can destroy everything eg a small wall can bedestroyed by water quickly, also that needs money to build



Health Stagnant water can cause disease, eg cholera, malaria, typhoidetc but in this family, no one has experienced these.

Displacement This family has been staying here for 10 years. The family wantto move to a permanent safe area but lack of money

Solid Waste NoneOther They are sure that the project will help people who are affected

by floods. But if the construction of the ditch channel affects thewall it doesn’t matter

ARAPQuestions

None

Area BINTI AMRANIQNO 006BAR052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Subira Juma HamadGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 9 personsChildren U18 7Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employedFlooding This family experienced floods once only in this year. But

experience flood during spring time in April and the last time theyexperienced floods was in April this year, but the water didn;tenter the house. The level of the water wasn’t very high, just 1mand took only 4 days to dry. This family is not affected by theflood as it didn’t enter their house. Usually the water takes 5-7days to get dry. When the floods occur the street also gets floodsand takes a week for the water to get dry. The area gets floodswhen it rains because it’s a sloped area and lack of ditchchannel, also bad arrangement of houses in the area causedflood and the stagnation of the water. But I’ve experienced onlyonce in this year because it’s my first time to settle in the area

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur I just shift with my family, rented anotherhouse then stay there for almost 3 weeks, but since I’ve been inthis area, never experienced floods at night. Actually when thefloods occur, no damages occur in my house because they juststay outside and not enter the house, so they haven’t done anymethod to prevent water

Health The stagnant water cause health problem eg malaria, bilharziasand one of her children suffered from malaria and cost her about5000shs to send the child to hospital.

Displacement This family have been staying here for about 1 year because itisn’t their house, they are just renting. And this family cannotmove to a permanent safe area because they lack capital andpiece of land



Solid Waste NoneOther When the construction affected their house they have to rebuild

because it’s not my house. But she thinks the project will helpthe citizen to prevent and overcome the problem. If the companywill seriously construct ditch channels that will be a goodbecause will be help us a lot.

ARAPQuestions

None

Area SEBLENIQNO 001SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ibrahim AbdallahGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 NoneElderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employed, working with selling things about 5km

from the houseFlooding In this family the floods occur several times during the spring

season from March to May. The last month, in April, during thespring season floods occurred three times in this house. SinceJanuary this year, there have been no floods. The last worstflood occurred was in 2002. The floods occur at any time, day ornight as it depends on when in rains. And sometimes, it rainsheavily which can take 2 to 3 days for the rain to stop.When the rain is too heavy, the level of the water usually risesabout two metres but this year they have yet no experienced thefloods.When the rains is heavy, the water can stay up to2 weeks toleave the house, but when the house gets floods it took oneweek for the water to dry. The cause of the flood in this area isbecause of the lack of ditches or channels but also due to beinga slopped area, so the water stops here.When the floods occur at night, “I just ask for help from myneighbours then I shift all my things to my neighbourgh orrelatives”. So the solution is just the government shouldcooperate with the citizens to make sure that the problems areover

Coping strategiesThe best solution of protecting their things is just shifting to theneighbours who are not affected and when they shift to theirrelatives they leave their house for over 3 weeks until the rainstops and the area gets dry. The damages we got because ofthe flooding are the loss of properties such as furnituresetc...This costs my family a lot of money. Around 150,000 shswas spent to buy new things last year.



In order to prevent the flooding they have built a wall that canhelp not to allow the water to enter the house. This cost about50,000shs to build the wall but it helped them a lot

Health The stagnated water causes the problems of malaria and deathto children who enter the pond. But when someone falls ill theyjust bring that person to the hospital. But that doesn’t cost a lot,jut 5000Shs

Displacement This is their own house so they can’t move from this place to gosomewhere else. Also they don’t have the money to go to apermanent safe area. When the construction of the ditch channelaffects their wall or house they have to be paid or given anotherpermanent safe place. But surely the ditch channel will help thisarea


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Area SEBLENIQNO 002SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Mohid SalumGender MaleStatus Eldest sonHousehold 4 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is employed. Not government employedFlooding This family experienced floods once every year except this year.

Most occur during the spring and rainy season which go fromMarch to May. Always this family experienced floods during theheavy rain. The last time when this family experienced the floodswas last year. Sometimes the floods occur during the day andsometimes during the night. Sometimes it starts to rain anddoesn’t stop for almost three days during the spring season, sowhen flood occurs in covered all over the house.Usually the level of the water is too high, about 4 to 5 metresduring the floods period but the last time their house flooded ittook 1 month for the water to leave the house.The water however sometimes takes less to recede dependingon how heavy the rains are.When their house is flooded, all streets are also flooded but nottoo much because some of the steets are far away from thepond so it takes only 2 to 3 weeks for the water to dry.The source of the floods in this area is because the area theylive is a sloped area and there is a bad arrangement of housesand lack of ditch



Coping strategiesThe family has been affected with floods for 10 years with theexception of this year. The best method to solve the problem isto construct the ditch channel on a street.IN order to protect their possessions before flooding they shifttheir things to their neighbours and relatives and when the floodstarts it can take up to one month until the rain stops and theycan come home. During the night time they try to shift things totheir relatives or neighbours so that then can save some of theirbelongings.The type of damages that occur because of the flooding in thisfamily is loss of belonging and the falling of the walls. Thisdoesn’t cost much because their things are not too expensive.This family have tried to build the wall in order to prevent thefloods but the problem still occurs

Health The stagnated water causes diseases such as Bilhazia, cholera,typhoid because the water is so disrty. In this family they havebeen suffering from typhoid but they just send the ill people tothe hospital for medical treatment. The only cost is of transport.

Displacement The family has been staying in this area for six years and its theirown house. They can’t move from this place because of povertyand lack of land but if they got those things they would move toanother place permanently. If the ditch construction occurred intheir house they would need to ger paid for damages or shiftedto another place

Solid Waste NoneOther They would like construction to start this yearARAPQuestions

None

Area SEBLENIQNO 003SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Asina KhgamisiGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employedFlooding The woman experienced floods once a year except this year.

During spring floods normally occur or heavy rain. This period isfrom March to May. El nino happened in 1998 and destroyedmany things. The last time when this house got floods it was lastyear when it rained heavily for three days without stopping.Usually the level of water depends on how heavily it rains. If it isvery heavy, the water can reach about 3 to 4 metres but it if itrains normally the level of water is about 1 metre.



During the floods when their house is flooded the water takesone month to leave the house and when it rains heavily thestreets also get flooded and it can take up to 3 months for thestreets to be dry.The main reason for the floods in this area is because they live ina slopped area and there is no ditch so when it rains, the watercollects in this area and stays here for a long time withoutmoving...hence the floods

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur in their house they shift their belongings tothe neighbours and their family is shifted to their relatives. Ittakes almost 3 to 4 weeks until the floods are over and theycome home. The place where they go is not very far from therethey live.The type of damages they suffer because of the floods is loss ofbelongings because sometimes thieves pretend they are givinghelp to the affected but instead they steal the belongings. Thatcosts a bit, but I am not sure how much, but i need to replacewith new things.The family hasn’t done anything to the house to prevent theflooding because they don’t have money

Health During and after the floods the stagnated water leads break outsof waterborne diseases e.g. bilhazia, typoid, cholera, etc butexcept malaria. One of their children has been suffering fromcholera last year. That doesn’t cost much because they takethem to the hospital it costs them about 7000shs

Displacement The family has been staying in the house of 7 years bu theycannt move to a permanently safe area because of lack ofmoney and land. But if they would get money and a plot of landthey would move to a permantely safe area.During the ditch channel construction that will go through thestreets, if they house is affected they only need to get paid forthe damage they will rebuild the house or go somewhere else


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Area SEBLENIQNO 004SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Mtumwa ShaabanGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self employed



Flooding The lady has experienced floods once but not every time it rains.She experiences floods mainly during the spring season andheavy rain season. Since January this year she has onlyexperience floods once in April. They experienced floods duringthe day but fortunately the water did not enter the house.The level of water usually reaches when her house is floodeddepends on how heavy the rain is. If it is too heavy it covers thewhole house. Normally the water reach up to 1/2 metres. Lasttime it rained it only reached 1 metre. During the flood seasonthe water takes about one month to leave the house but last timeit took 2/3 weeks to recede from the house.When floods occur in the house they also cover some parts ofthe street and these can take up to one month to get dry.The floods occur in this area because the ditch channel isblocked so they don’t allow the water to go through instead theymake the water stagnant and when it rains heavily the level ofwater rises and it floods

Coping strategiesWhen the water starts to rise , if its during the day, they justarrange a high level of bricks in the house that the water cantreach and they just put all their belonging there. But if it happensat night they just try to save the little things and get out of thehouse to save themselves. Many belonging have been lostbecause of the floods, such as furniture, radio, tv, clothes, etc.Also when floods occur at night we just phone our relative osneighbours to helped us. Then in the morning we shift to anotherplace (may daughters pplace in Nyarugusu) and leave the housefor about one month until the house gets dry and the flood isover.When the floods occur they’ve suffered a lot of damages. E.g.the flood has damaged their belongings such as tables, chairs,mattress, radio, tv, etc. So they have spent a lot of money toreplace these things. But this last time it didn’t effect thebelonging in their house so it just affected the things outside.They tried to build the small wall around the floor but the waterstill gets in the house. But it cost them about 70,000 shs to buildthe small wall around the door

Health Exactly the stagnated water in the area brings diseases forinstance her husband has fungus in his feet. But he didn’t go tothe hospital. He just used the local medicine. No one hassuffered from malaria or cholera in their house

Displacement They have been staying in this house for 15 years and its theirown house. Their family would like to move to a safer area butthe problem is the lack of money and lack of plot of land to builda new house. But if they got the money and a plot of land theywould move quickly.They will not mind having a ditch channel near their house butthey should be paid for all damages that could occur during the



construction of the ditchSolid Waste NoneOther NoneARAPQuestions

None

Area SEBLENIQNO 005SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Khadija KhamiuGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 5Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person (husband)Flooding The lady has experienced floods 7 times, once every year except

2009 and 2010. And it occurred one time per year during the rainseason from March to May. However this year she still has notexperienced any flooding. The floods can sometimes occuroutside the rainy season, but normally it is during that time.During the floods, the level of water is high. About 1.5 to 2metres high, but when it rains heavily it cover the whole house.However no fooding this year.Usually the water takes about 3 months (weeks) to leave thehouse, but last time it took 2 months (weeks?). When floodsoccur in the house, streets are also flooded so when streetsflood it takes 3 months (weeks?) to dry.This area is flooded every time it rains because there is no ditchso the best solution to solve this problem is to build a ditch in thisarea

Coping strategiesWhen floods occur, the only solution is to save the belongings sowe shift the belonging to the neighbours who are not affected.Then the whole family moves to their relatives but it is not faraway from the house. They usually stay with their relatives forone month until the floods stop.Actual many types of damage occur in this house because offlood such as loss of belonging, like furniture, clothes etc and thefalling of walls. This damage costs a lot of money but she doesn’tknow how much, only that they need to buy new things.Until now they didn’t do anything to the house to prevent theflooding because even if they build the wall, it would bedestroyed because the speed of the water is very high/strongand the level is also very high.

Health The stagnated water leads to outbreak of diseases such ascholera and malaria. But when their family suffers from thesediseases they just send them to the hospital for treatment which



costs them about 5000shsDisplacement This family has been staying in this house for 10 years and they

thought about moving but the lack of money hindered this move.Building a ditch is a good idea and they accept it but if the ditchaffects their house they will have to rebuild the affected place ormove permanently to a new area

Solid Waste NoneOther They just want to truth. They want to see the promises we talkedARAPQuestions

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Area SEBLENIQNO 006SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Nassur Omar KhamisGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employed (electrician). His wife is not employed.

She is just a housewifeFlooding Mr. Nassur’s family is among one of the houses which are

affected by the floods every year. Each year his family sufferfrom the floods in one period per year and mostly during the rainin April. Since January his house was flooded for only one periodand the last tie it was flooded was in April this year. Floodshappened during the day but they continued because the rain didnot stop.The water normally reached near the window but this year hethanks god that the water only reached near his door. But in2004 he will never forger because his whole house was underthe water..he couldn’t see it.He also said that the water levels depend on how much it rainsbut normally they water stays for two to three weeks, but thisyear he wasn’t much affected by the floods because the wateronly reached near his door. Not only his house gets flooded, butalso the streets. He is not sure how long it takes for the streets tobe dry.He thinks he gets flooded because water from higher areas iscoming down to lower areas in when it reaches these areas itdoesn’t’ have a place to go and because there is no way thatallow the water to leave. So his house gets flooded.Usually Mr. Nassur protects his things by removing them whenthe water starts to rise. However for the last two years, the floodhappened in the night and he had to leave with his family and goto his parents house which is in the same street but higher. They



normally leave the house until the flooding is overCoping strategiesMr. Nassur said he gets a lot of damage from the water as

sometimes, the pressure of the water breaks the wall and alsowhen the leave, they sometimes break their belongings byaccident, or they are stolen or even taken by the water.Mr. Nassur said he wasn’t sure how much he spends every yearto repair the damage the water has done or/and to replace thefurniture he lost, He also hasn’t done anything to protect thehouse itself and he says he can’t do anything

Health With regards to diseases, Mr. Nassur said his family suffersmostly from malaria because mosquitoes increase during thattime and they use mosquito nets. Mr. Nassur thanks god for notsuffering from any other diseases

Displacement Mr. Nassur said he has lived in this house since he was born andhe inherited the house and so it belongs to him. He cannot movefrom this place to another safe area because he does not haveany money to buy a plot. Mr Nassur’s says that if the ditch is builthe will be happy and he will allow it, and pray to god for it to bedone. He is also very happy about the project and he will bepraying for the project.


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Area SEBLENIQNO 007SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Mashaka Abdallah MuhdGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 person is self-employed (carpenter).Flooding Every year he suffers from the floods and normally twice pr year

mostly in April and December. He gets flooded every time itrains. Since January his house has only been floded once. Mostof the time when his house his flodded they leave the house andgo to their neighbours house where they stay until the watercomes down. But sometimes the floods occur at night and theyhave to leave the house and go to their driends.The water levels usually reach the window, but because this yearthe rains were not very heavy, it didn’t reach the window. Whenhis house is flooded so are the streets. The time it takes for thestreets to dry up depends on how much it has rained. If it hasrained a lot, it can take up to 2 months to dry, if it has rained a



normal amount, it takes 2/3 weeks.He believes that he suffers from the floods because he livesdown the slope and so the water comes and there is no place forit to go so it starts to flood

Coping strategies In order to be safe, and to protect his things, he leaves them inthe neighbours house during the floods. Unfortunatelysometimes this things get broken or taken by the water andsometimes people pretend they want to help to steal your things.Every year he goes back to his house and he needs to repairthe damage the water has done. He doens’t know how much hehas spent on repairing his house, but this year he knows hespent 90,000 shs replacing furniture and fixing the house.He says he cannot prevent the damage from the water becausehe is down the slope and all the water comes to his house fromdifferent places

Health He says he nor his family has not been affected from anydiseases because he is taking care and using mosquito nets. Sohis family is safe from health problems

Displacement He says he has been living there since 1990 and he owns hishouse and doesn’t move because first he doesn’t have anymoney and secondly because he also cultivates bananas.If his house gets destroyed by the construction, if it doesn’t takethe whole house he will not leave the area because he likes tolive in Sebleni


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Area SEBLENIQNO 008SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Shaibu Feruzi SalminGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 6 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 Government employed – Municipal council (takes one hour to

get to work)Flooding His house gets flooded every year, once a year, normally in

April. The levels of the water reach around 2 to 3 meters, nearthe window. In 2004 the water reached the ceiling of the house.When the house gets flooded they leave the house for 1 to 2months. But most of the time, his house does not get flooded.Water only surrounds the house and reaches the door, but all thestreets get flooded.



When this problem happens during the night, he leaves thehouse and goes to his friend’s house with his family and comesback in the morning to get his belongings. However, most of thetimes, his things get broken when carried, destroyed by thewater or carried by the water and stolen.He doesn’t remember how much he has spent in repairing thehouse or buying new things, but this year he has spent about100,000 shs repairing the house and buying things.

Coping strategiesWhen he is at work and the floods come, he just leaves his workand goes and helps his family. They take their belonging andleave them at friends house. Then they leave teh house until thewater is gone. He tried building a wall to prevent the watercoming inside the house, but finally the water won and he lostand he had to leave the house. Fortunately for a short time

Health He thanks god that his family and not even his young childsuffers from any diseases as he is taking good care of them andprotecting them

Displacement He has been living there since 1999 and he owns his house. Hesays he does not want to leave Sebleni because he worksnearby and he is also cultivating bananas out of his house.

Solid Waste NoneOther He is very happy about the project and hopes that it will be well

done so that they no longer suffer in the next yearsARAPQuestions

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Area SEBLENIQNO 009SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Omar Nassur Moh’DGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 (him – soldier, working 30 minutes from his house

His wife is a doctor working one hours from his houseFlooding His house gets flooded every year, once a year, normally in

April. The levels of the water reach around 2 to 3 meters, nearthe window. In 2004 the water reached the ceiling of the house.This year however the water did not reach the window.When the house gets flooded they leave the house for 4 to 5months (weeks) during the floods and the water still says in thestreets for two to three months and sometimes even more.He believes his house gets flooded because they live down theslope and water comes from many streets and flows down towhere they are and cannot go anywhere else so it floods



Coping strategiesHe says he cannot even try to prevent the floods because hishouse is very near the place where the water stays and floods,just 10 feet

Health Fortunately they do not suffer from any diseases caused by thewater because they really do try and give their children aneducation about the dirty water and they don’t even get near thewater. They try and take care of themselves

Displacement He doesn’t know exactly for how long he has been living inSebleni but he is there for a long time and he has one house. Hedoesn’t have any idea where he would go or how to find anotherland. This is because he is very poor and why he is cultivatingand he and his wife are near the place they are working

Solid Waste NoneOther He agrees that the channels are a good idea. Even if it passes

by his houseARAPQuestions

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Area SEBLENIQNO 010SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Khadija MuhammedGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 11 personsChildren U18 6Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 (self employed, lives one hour from place of work)Flooding There are so many times flood appear every year. Normally

flood occurs in March. She experience flooding every time itrains. Since January of this year 2010 only one time floor occurin her house. This month “May” also her house was flooded.That day the rain start from morning so that even the flood in herhouse start very early at day time. For other years the floodreached at the top of the house. But in this year reached just onthe legs. Other years water reached three months to recede thehouse after it has been flooded. Last time her house was floodedand took one week water to leave the house.When her house is flooded also the streets are flooded. Shetakes two or three hours before she can get out into street aftershe experienced flooding. According to her, she thinks that “Notany rain water cause flood but water come from different area.The causes of this when other channel contain much water thanit is amount “water are at the top of the channel” so that thewater start to find the way of passing that why comes at thisdirection. For many years now she experiencing flooding. Thisproblem can be contributed by build the channel.



Coping strategiesWhen the water starts rising she takes all things into her relative.When happen at night they live everything inside the house andmove go somewhere else. She goes to her daughter at anotherstreet. It is far from where she lives. She has the house forseveral weeks until the flooding is over. She cannot stay at homewhen the water enter inside the house when appear at night theytake transport directly to her daughter.The following damages occurs to her, such as broken furnitureand other things even toilet. She spent a lot of money for thefurniture. During the time it rains she had to repair all damage tothe house. She didn;t do anything to prevent flooding

Health The stagnated water in the area until now does not bring anyproblem to her house

Displacement She has staying in this house is more than 17 years. She is herown house. She can’t move to somewhere because she doesnot has another place, also because of work her son will be farwhen go somewhere else. She doesn’t mind when the channelrunning near her house. She will protech the channel until shewill be sure that is safe. This channel when will build will makeher life better. If the channel affected her by construction she willmove is will be another new house when no house will rebuildthe wall


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Area SEBLENIQNO 011SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Asha Nyaumbia MwanjiraGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 3 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plusNoneEmployment 1 (self employed, lives one hour from place of work)Flooding Every year the flood occur. Normally occur in March. She

experience flooding when it rains heavily. From this year 2010 noflood in my house. In 2005 the house face the flood. That yearthe flood at day time. At that time the water reach up the door.This year no level of water reached in her house. At that time thewater take two weeks to leave the house. When this house isflooded the streets also flooded. They took one hour before sheget out into the street after experience flooding. She thinks that“because the water has no way to pass through that why isflooded every time it rains. This causes for improper building the



house. It is true that this always been a problem in 2005 she hasstart experience flooding

Coping strategiesWhen the water starts rising she shift her things and keep to herdaughter. If happen at night will live all things and leave theplace. She go to somewhere else. The place is far from whereshe is living. She leave the house for several weeks until theflooding is over. When the flood occurs any time leave with allfamily.The damages she suffer are as known: Her furniture is destroyedwith water and other small things like plastic bowls. For this yearshe spent a lot of money to repair the furniture. She put stoneswith sand in order to prevent flooding. For one year know shetakes this measure. This helps when water comes do not reachnear her house. That why this year she didn’t face flood. Thiscost a lot of money.The stagnated water in the area bring malaria because containmany mosquitoes. If there is net to prevent mosquito for avoidmalaria is food to help this net. A lot of money she use to dealswith this health issues.She has been staying in this house since 1995. This is her ownhouse. She cannot move the place to somewhere because shehas no money to build another house

Health NoneDisplacement There is no problem if the channel will pass near her house.

When the channel will not produce any problem for example soilerosion she will safe. It is true that such a channel will make herlife better.During construction of the channel and her house is destroyed ifthere is another place will shift the place to new house but toplace she will rebuild the wall. She will be so happy when thisproject reached at the point


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Area SEBLENIQNO 012SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Rehema Ali KidamaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 7 personsChildren U18 1Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 (self employed)Flooding Every year the floods occur. The flood normally occur at March.



This family face flood every time it rains. From this year of 2010flood occur in this house. The flood occur during the afternoon.The water usually reached at the window. In this year waterreached at the 4th block. The last time the water rise to the roof.The water take more than two months to recede from the house.For this last time took two weeks to recede from the house. Istrue that when her house id flooded the street are also flooded.She take one hour before she can get out into the street aftershe experience flooding.The house is flooded every time it rains because her house isdown the slope area. This causes through poor knowledge onhow could build the house in good order. This always been aproblem. Since she starts to live in this area, she experiencingflooding. Only way to contribute this problem is to remove waterthis place.

Coping strategiesAt the time water starts rising, she carry small things like clothes,but heavy properties live in the house. It happen at night she justmove the area with her family and live all things in the house andgo somewhere else. Is so far from the place she live. She leavethe house as long as the flooding is over. She is not able to stayin the house when the water his his house. When start raining atnight she move the same night to her relatives.The following damages face this madam. Firstly she becometired to move with thing today here tomorrow there. Secondly,her foot make fungus when dirty water reach on her feets.Thirdly her toilet consists of water all dirty comes outside. Shespent a lot of money in this year. For example, she bought newfurniture, dishes and repair her toilet. This damage cost when itrain heavily until cause flood. She didn’t take anything in order toprevent her house with flooding.

Health The stagnated water in the area this bring mosquitoes, whichcause malaria only. In order to attend this problem only send theperson “sick people” to the hospital for further treatment. Fromthis health problem she need help by send her net for preventmosquitoes during night.She has been staying in this house more than 20 years in herown house. She cannot move this permanently place becauseshe is poor

Displacement If the channel running right near her house she will never mind.The house will safe when the channel will not cause erosions. Itis true that such a channel will make my life better. She is readyfor this project to be practise. And is there is the place willprepare for her, she is ready to move permanently out of thehouse into new area. If no place and this house destroyed willrebuild the wall away from channel. If possible this project startas soon as they could

Solid Waste None




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Area SEBLENIQNO 013SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Makame Jabu AmeriGender MaleStatus HH HeadHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 4Elderly 65 plus1Employment 1 (self employed – tailor. Works in his own house)Flooding Every year flood occur to them. Always occur in March because

is the season the rain it rains. He experience flooding every timeit rains. This year of 2010 last month flooding occur. This lastmonth the flood at evening.The water reach at the window but one year reached at the topof the house. This year his house was flood the water reached atthe window. Usually it takes 3 months the water recede thehouse after has been floods. The last time it took one week thewater to leave the house because was not much rain.When his house is flooded also the streets are flooded. Morethan ten days the man took his things before he can get out intothe street after experience flooding. His house is flooded everytime it rains because his house is down the slope. So all watercomes from different placed reached at that place. This problemcauses due to that is more down than other upper places. Thisproblem occur according to the nature of the land. For so manyyear he start experiencing flooding. This problem can contributedby removal all water away from this place.

Coping strategiesWhen water starts rising in his house he take his things and goaway from his house. When this problem happen at night allpeople in the house live the place. The go to their relatives. It isso far from the place he live. He leave the house for severalweeks until the flooding is over. Water is dangerous for live ofpeople when come over them when start all leave the house,even at night.The following damage this man facing known as the food isdifficult to get and his thing become water and other broken. Hespend more than 20,000 tsh to repair the damage that causewith water. For more than three times the man repair the houseand another things that was broken. He just put the soil in orderto prevent the water to reach at his house. He takes thesemeasures since he experience the flood. This helped that waterbe difficult to reach his home but what the water increases more



and more enter in his house. This cost him more than 10,000 thsHealth The stagnated water in the area bring the problem to this family

such as malaria. Also he has affected the health problem of hisfamily because of the flooding. He sent to the hospital when sickperson any person in his house. He need money in order to getdeal with the health problem. It cost a lot of money

Displacement He has been staying in this house more than 15 years and it ishis own house. He cannot move this place permanentlybecause he has no other place to live. “He is so poor”.If the channel will pass through his house he has no problem.Because when the channel build will help his so much, such thatwill make his life better all problem will finish. He is crade (?) tomove his permanently out of the house or in a new housebecause this problem not only affects him but so many people. Ifthere is possible this problem should build as quickly as they canbecause is dangerous to our future generation


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Area SEBLENIQNO 014SEB052010GPS 0Date May 2010Name Ashura HijjaGender FemaleStatus HousewifeHousehold 8 personsChildren U18 3Elderly 65 plus1Employment 2. One works from home, the other nearly an hour awayFlooding For each year the flood occur, normally in March. She

experience flooding every time when it rains. This year of 2010last month the house was flooded (April). The house flood duringday time at the time was raining. The water reached the window,The level of water reached at this year 1cm before the window.Usually the water take 1-2month to recede the house. The lasttime took 1 month to leave the house. When the house is floodedalso the streets are flooded. They took 3 hours to get out into thestreet before the flooding facing her house.The area is flooded every time because her house down theslope area. This problem causes for the improper arrangementof the house. This also caused from head of the streets. Theyare just allow people to build the house without look the way ofwater to pass through. For many years now she experiencingflooding since she was married. This problem can be contributedwhen the government will build the channel.



Coping strategiesWhen the water starts rising she take away all things into theirrelatives. If at night she move all things in the house and go theirrelatives when flood reached we go somewhere else to anotherhouse. They leave the house for longer until the flooding is over.She didn’t stay even a single day in the house when it flooded.When it starts raining at night before reach in the house herfamily leave the space.She suffer the following damage because of the flooding firstlyher furniture becomes wet and the clothes. Secondly the toiletwhen the water enter the stool become out. She spent a lot ofmoney to repair the toilet, furniture, even the colour for the wall.She didn’t do anything to the house to prevent flooding.

Health No the stagnated water in the area doesn’t bring any problems toher family

Displacement She has been staying in this house more than 19 years now.She is the owner of the house. She cannot move to some wherebecause of her cultivation activities she practising in the area. Ifthe channel running right near her house is ok: she not mindbecause she want only the problem be away from the place shelive. If possible will get another house will move the house ifthere is no another house will compensate that wall and stay thesame place


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Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. Thandanani Park Matuka Close Midrand South Africa T: [+27] (11) 254 4800

environmental and social services project (zusp), zanzibar...aquatic ecosystems zanzibar urban...

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