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General Overview

In discussing this topic, I have had to think long and consult many books and journals and havefinally decided to approach it in its broadest sense and then narrow it down to the area that ismost relevant to us - on and off the job.

When we mention the word environment, we immediately look around us. Is it clean? e.t.c. I onthe other hand think of the statement, 'our entire existence- how and where we live' because ofthe impact these have on lives within and outside us, our whole being .

So, we will look at the environment, its functionality, and its importance, characteristics and howit affects our lives. In doing this, my objective is that we will appreciate our environmentalresources and understand the complex interrelationship of the systems and see how best tomanage environmental issues, by simply appreciating how we the 'small picture contribute to the'big picture'. 'Daa woo, Dae woo'. Think globally and act locally.

The course is also designed to help you appreciate the importance of environment and otherrelated issues such as sustainable development to your activities at work, and prepare you forthe integration of the Environmental Management System and ISO 14000 programmes which willsoon start in your company.

You will identify your environmental interfaces, your roles and responsibilities as well as the legaand administrate framework surrounding environmental management issues.

Open your mind, ask questions and enjoy the session. I sincerely wish you a nice session and hopeto see you some other times.

Thank you.

'Biyi AdeosunConsultantParadigm Environmental System Consultants


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Introduction to Environment

Environment and Industrialization The Relationship

Following the Second World War, the world experienced what is generally tagged IndustriaRevolution . Energy became the most sought after commodity. The benchmark for determiningthe level of development of a country was how much energy the country could consume asreflected in how many industries it could boast of. This trend became especially notorious in the60s / 70s with the discovery of Crude Oil.

Unknowned to man, in a bid to drive development by consuming energy, he was on a collisioncourse with the environment. To achieve a balance between development throughindustrialization and environmental sustenance, it has become imperative for industries to take acloser look inwards at what they do and how it impacts on the environment.

What is Environment?Simply put, Environment is the circumstance, condition and influence under which a systemexists. However, the word is widely used. Yes sometimes confused and we think of cleanliness.

Cleanliness has to do with habitat. Habitat is a locality, in which a community of plant or animallives and grows.

The surroundings in which an organisation operates including air, water, land, natural resources,flora, fauna, humans and their interrelations.

This is the milieu in which we live. The body or mass of everything that is around us, be itphysical, social, economic or cultural. It all revolves around RESOURCE! It can be simply classifiedas:

Resources (Physical, Functional or Biological))

Users of Resources (Social)

Use of resources (Economic)

It can be further broken down into

A. Physical consisting of:- Air- Water- Soil- Ground water- Temperature- Nuisances - Odour- Radiation

B. Biological consisting of:- Flora (Plants)- Fauna (Animals)

C. Social/Cultural- Population- Culture- Anthropology- Religion- Education

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Often referred to as natural

Often referred to as human environment


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D Economic- Economic- Lifestyle

Environment as a System

All components of the environment work together towards the common goal of maintaining adynamic equilibrium. All things in the environment are in perfect undisturbed state ofequilibrium. Our health and ultimate survival depends on how far this equilibrium is maintained.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESSeveral Industrial accidents have occurred over the years that have focused our attention on theenvironment. Suddenly we came to the realization that if such accidents are frequent andrecurrent, the fragile equilibrium on which our very existence depends will be threatened. Whatare these accidents?

Amoco Cadiz

Soveso

Bhopal

Chenobyl

Exxon Valdez

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR IMPACTS

Human Activity

Over population overcrowding, disease, poverty, poor nutrition

Poor water supply water borne disease

Poor waste disposal diseases

Industrialisation air and water pollution

Industrial Activity Impact

Air pollution global warning and acidification Water pollution fisheries depletion, groundwater

Land pollution surface/groundwater pollution

Waste management contamination, methane explosion

Drought depletion of land and plant

Flooding and Erosion land degradation

Coastal erosion landslide

Deforestation loss of erosion

Global Environmental Issues

Effects of natural and humans activities on the environment are usually felt globally. The globaenvironmental issues include

Climate change

Ozone layer depletion

Deforestation

Biodiversity loss

Use (misuse) of non-renewable resources

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In the past, the environmental cost of doing business was borne by the environment. Then, thecommercial environment was leaky to environmental cost. However, in view of the prevalentglobal environmental issues, natural/social environment is reflecting the environmental cost ofdoing business back to business.

Environmental Aspects, Impact and Effects

What is an Environmental Aspect?It is any activity, product or service of an organization that has the potential to interact with theenvironment thus causing a noticeable or measurable change to it.

Types of Environmental Aspects.

Environmental Aspects are Direct or Indirect

Direct Environmental Aspects: These are activities, products or services resulting from facilitiesunder direct control of an organization.

Indirect Environmental Aspects: Activities, products or services resulting from facilities under theinfluence, but not direct control, of an organization.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS E & P ORGANIZATIONSOil Exploration and Production activities life cycle includes:

Geophysical

Seismic

Exploration

Development

Production

Decommissioning

Aspects can be considered as a consequence of:

Normal operating conditions

Abnormal operating conditions Incidents, accidents and potential emergencies

Past, current and planned activities

For oil and gas operations they include the following:

Air emissions- Flaring. Venting and Hydrocarbon Gas leakage

Discharges to water-Aqueous Effluent/Oily Water Discharge

Solid and other wastes-Drilling mud and Chemicals/Hazardous Wastes

Land and groundwater contamination Oil Spillage

Use of natural resources-Land Use and Degradation

Water management Noise and vibration

Effects on ecosystems

Social impacts

Evaluation of Environmental Aspects

The determination of significant environmental aspects is a three step process whereby we;1. Identify the aspect.2. Assess the data available on the environmental impact of the aspect.

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3. Evaluate the significance of the impact from the aspect.The boundaries between the three-step process may become blurred for some aspects,particularly between steps 2 and 3. This is not important. What is important is the ability todemonstrate a clear rationale and logic in determining the significance of an aspect.

Identification of Environmental Aspects

We can identify an aspect through many sources of documentation including:

Environmental Impact Assessment;

Internal and external audit reports; External communications, such as complaints or inquiries;

Internal incident reports and corrective action reports;

Environmental baseline reports;

Environmental Evaluation Report;

Environmental studies associated with Field Development Plans;

Environmental ImpactsEverything we do impact on the environment. From the highly energy intensive industriaactivities like dredging and drilling to the individual and natural impact. The extent of impact orprolong impact that leads to effect is dependent on the level of energy exerted.

Any change to the environment, positive or negative, wholly or partially, resulting from anorganizations activities, products or services. The impact of E & P activities on the environmentcan be:

Temporary or permanent

Acute or Chronic

Short term or Long term

Positive or Negative

Beneficial or Adverse

Significant Aspects

A significant Environmental Aspect is an environmental aspect that has or can have a significantenvironmental impact.

When does it become significant?

When it poses a risk to the environment

There is a law concerning it

Communities are worried about it

Affects reputation

Theres a better technology to do it

There is insufficient information on it

Aspects vs. ImpactsforE & P organizations

Aspects Impacts

Geological surveySeismic - loss of biodiversity

ExplorationWell drilling - air pollutionChemicals - water/ groundwater pollution

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Pipe laying - land pollutionFlaring - thermal pollution

TransportationRefining - socio-economic/health

Decommissioning

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATIONS

In a bid to curb environmental damage, responsible governments around the globe have enacted

laws to restrict or restrain, as applicable, industrial activities from impacting negatively on theenvironment.

In Nigeria, there have been various attempts by the federal government to enact legislations forthe protection of the environment. There have been increasing regulations and legislation on theenvironment. This upsurge was accentuated by the worsening of the environment brought aboutby the oil boom of the 70s and rapid industrial development which accompanied it.

List of Environmental Regulatory Agencies1. Federal Ministry of Environment2. The Department of Petroleum Resources

3. State Environmental Protection Agencies4. Local Government Environmental Protection Agencies5. International Conventions

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF REGULATORY AGENCIES

Federal Ministry of Environment

Specification and enforcement of environmental standards

Regulation of industrial effluent discharges

Review and approval of EIAs submitted

Department of Petroleum Resources

Licensing authority with regards to E & P operations

Responsible for the enforcement of environmental legislation for E & P operations

In pursuance of success in executing their roles and responsibilities, DPR has enacted specificstandards and guidelines for the petroleum industry. These requirements are documented in DPRsEnvironmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry (EGASPIN)

DPRs Specific StandardsProduction

-No discharge to Environment without permission-Set Limits for all Effluent Discharges

-Set Limit for Noise, Heat, Radiation and Smoke for Flare gas.-Noise- 80Db-Heat-6.31kw/m2

- Smoke- 60% light transmission- Monitoring Oily waste- Gaseous emissions- Monitoring of PH, THC & Metal concentration-Monitoring of all recipient environment when waste is discharged.

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Considerations for Regulatory ComplianceThe benefits from complying are the driving force for regulatory compliance. They include:

- Assets integrity- Risk and liabilities reduction- Cost reduction- Improved environmental condition

Other regulatory compliance drivers, mainly internal are:- Company Policy- Company Reputation

- Good Performance- Industry Benchmark

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOOLS

To successfully manage the likely environmental impacts that could arise from our variousaspects, it is necessary that we apply certain principles and procedures, which we shall hithertorefer to as environmental management tools. Interestingly, some of these tools are also includedas requirements by the relevant regulatory agencies for successful operation of the E & P andother industrial concerns.

Basically, for the purpose of this training, three of these tools will be discussed.

Environmental Impact Assessment (E.I.A.)

This is the assessment of likely environmental effect of a proposed project, activity or action onthe natural or human environment. The systemic approach of identifying, describing,management of hazards and effects of operations on the natural and social environment. Thismakes E.I.A. anticipatory and participatory decision-making tools.

Why Environmental impact Assessment?

To identify positive and adverse impact

To determine acceptable level of environmental change

To support public disclosure and engagement process

To meet environmental standards and to minimize adverse effect

To define environmental management objectives

Types of Environmental Assessments

Environmental Impact assessment

Environmental Baseline Studies

Sea Bed Survey

Environmental Evaluation studies/Environmental Audit

Other than for the purpose of complying with regulatory requirements, EPNL has additionareasons for conducting an EIA

World Bank Guideline on EIA

International Union for conservation of nature standards

EPNL corporate policy on protecting people and the environment.

Projects / Activities requiring EIA

All seismic operations

Oil and Gas field developments

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Essential Elements of an EMS1. Demonstrable Management Leadership2. Policy and Strategic Objectives3. Organisation and Responsibilities4. Hazards and Effects Management Process5. Standards, Procedures and Document Control6. Implementation, Monitoring and Corrective Action.7. Training8. Audit

EMS and ISO 14000

ISO stands for Internationale Standard de Organisation

The ISO sets standard for management system in various business disciplines such as quality andenvironment. ISO 14001 establishes the required standard of a management system to ensurecontinuous improvement in environmental performance

ISO 14001 is a system to control and reduce environmental impacts. Organizations with an

existing EMS may seek ISO certification from any of these accredited external agencies KPMG

Lloyd

The certification process itself entails the following- Initial assessment- Final assessment- Issue of certificate- Surveillance contract

It is important to note that ISO certification is not a regulatory requirement, at least not at the

moment. So why bother about ISO, why external certification?1. It serves as a reassurance to stakeholders that you are dedicated to upholding your

environmental policy2. It helps in risk reduction

Other benefits include1. Improvement in environmental performance2. There is enhanced competence development3. Excellence in operations4. Energy consumption reduction5. Stakeholders relationship improvement

6. Cost savings

Summarily, ISO means------- Be aware of environmental aspects of your work- Be in control of your environmental aspects- Be responsible and act wisely- Manage your work to reduce impacts- Improve your performance

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Remember, ISO is a means to an end not an end in itself. Organizations must be seen to producereal performance improvements in aspects that their stakeholders regard as important.

5 BIG ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

We have discussed environmental aspects and analyzed how these impacts on the environment, inthis session we shall x-ray 5 of those environmental issues that are of particular interest to the E& P business as their negative environmental impacts are assuming proportionate level.

The 5 big issues in question are: Air pollution / Flaring; Produced water / Aqueous effluent; Oilspill; Hazardous materials and chemicals and Waste Management

Air Emissions

Air Pollutants are gaseous emissions that can cause undesirable modification of atmosphericconstituent, which may have harmful effects on Flora, Fauna or Materials.

Pollutants from E & P Activities

Hydrocarbons

Methane

Non-methane hydrocarbons

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Nitrogen Oxides

Carbon Oxides (Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide)

Particulate

Impacts of Air Pollutants

Carbon dioxide traps radiation rays in the atmosphere, this heat up the Environment resultinginto Global warming. Other gases like Sulphur dioxide which also have this effect are termedGreen house gases.

Air pollutants can cause negative impacts on Human health. Carbon monoxide reduces theoxygen carrying capacity of blood, impairs mental function and aggravates cardiovascular

disease. A large number of Volatile Organic Carbon compunds are carcinogenic. Sulphur oxides and Nitrogen oxides when oxidized and hydrolyzed results into acid rain.

Sulphur dioxide is known to reduce atmospheric visibility and damages plants.

Climate Change and Global Warming Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun that is normally reflected back into space from the

Earth's surface, thus acting like glass panels, which let light in and keep heat inside. Without greenhouse gases the World would be a lot colder, but recently levels of somegreenhouse gases have begun to increase. The increase of greenhouse gases and globaclimate change are partly associated with each other, which could have detrimental effectssuch as rising sea levels and extinction of species that cannot cope with the change.

Sources of Air Pollution

Drilling Emission Sources

Flaring, well tests, flowbacks

Pits

Controlled Combustion Sources

Pits and Ditches

Equipment Leaks

Floating Roof Tanks (Rim seals and other Fittings)1


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Fugitive Emissions

Tank cleaning

Vapor displaced from Oil tanker vessels

Regulatory Requirements on Air EmissionsDepartment of Petroleum Resources (DPR)

Prescribe Emission Limits that represents the maximum allowable levels of pollutants fromgaseous emission sources.

Part 3, section 3.8.8.1 of the DPR Guidelines and Standards stipulates that Waiver and permit

be obtained for gas flaring and also the payment of fine for flaring Gas. The section furthermandates that only pretreated and clean gas can be flared.

Part3, section 4.4.2, stipulates the development of emission inventory, sampling andlaboratory analysis of ambient air around Flare sites and Production facilities for thefollowing- Particulate, Hydrogen Sulphide, Ozone and Volatile Organic Compounds

Best Practices to Manage Air PollutionGas Flaring/Venting Emission

Gas Recovery Preferable if high value products are obtainable

Liquefied Petroleum Gas obtained by refrigeration is the most common Gas Recovery Product.

Emissions from Pits and Ditches Eliminate pits and ditches and replace with tanks and pipes.

Cover pits and ditches.

Combustion Sources

Optimize Equipment Performance

Reduce excess oxygen

Install Retrofit Controls

Particulate collection from flue gas using:

Electrostatic Precipitator

Produced Water

For as long as oil is produced, water must be produced along with it. The associated water thatcomes with produced crude is referred to as produced water.

Oil and gas reservoirs may contain significant quantities of water, which is separated from thewell stream fluids following extraction volumes tend to increase with reservoir life

The separated produced water is typically discharged overboard following treatment or it is re-injected into the reservoir. Re-injection may reduce environmental impact (depending on wherethe water is re-injected.

Since oil production is a daily event, discharged of produced water into natural water bodiesmust also be a daily occurrence thus making produced water the main source of oily water.

Regulatory Standards for dischargeIn a bid to eliminate the negative impact produced water poses to the marine/aquatic ecosystem,DPR requires that produced water must be treated before disposal

The DPR standardsIn the past

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Oil in water< 10ppm for inland disposal Oil in water< 0ppm for offshore disposal

Current Oil in water- zero discharge inland Oil in water- 10ppm to zero

Potential Effects of Produced waterThe effects from produced water are usually localized ( within 200m of discharge ) but caninclude:

- Bioaccumulation and tainting of fish due to BTEX and PAH compounds- Persistence and accumulation in sediments and seabed communities

Treatment TechniquesThe techniques employed in the treatment of produced water before discharge overboardincludes but not limited to

Gravity separation

Gas separation

Gas flotation

Hydocyclones

Advanced treatment technologies

Oil Spill

An oil spill is simply the loss of oil from its primarycontainment and the subsequent polluting ofthe environment by the escaped oil. The primary containment for oil includes pipelines,flowlines, tanks and separators while the secondary containment include saverpits and bundwall.

Contaminated environmentThe release of oil from its containment leads to environmental pollution. The contaminatedenvironmental media include air, surface water, groundwater and land. The contaminatedresources as a result of the spill will include soil, inland water, farmlands, swamps, mangroves,

fishing grounds, tourist sites, archeological sites and the open seas.

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTSThe release of oil into the environment is regulated by governmental agencies. Thesegovernmental agencies include the Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and the FME.

The regulatory requirements by the agencies include the followings:1. Prevention of oil spill through pipeline corrosion prevention and intelligent pigging.2. Development and documentation of an oil spill response plan and procedures.3. Statutory reporting of oil spill to the DPR and the Federal Ministry of Environment

within 48 hours of incidents.4. Activation of oil spill response planning through trainings and drills.5. Stockpiling of a minimum quantity of oil spill response equipment and materials.6. Restoration of polluted sites, clean-up and remediation.

The Tiered Spill Response and the National Oil Spill Response PlanThe oil industry in Nigeria has developed an industry wide oil spill response plan depending on thesize of the spill and the proximity (location).

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Tier 1: Referred to as a minor spill, this is a spill that is less than 100bbls and occurringwithin the operators premises. The operator using in-house spill responders andresources contains this spill

Tier 2: Referred to as a medium spill, this is a spill that is greater than 100bbls but lessthan 500bbls and occurring within the operators premises but flowing beyond theoperators field. This spill is contained by using industry-wide spill response initiative.The other operators pool resources, human and material to contain the spill.

Tier 3: This is a major spill with the releases of more than 1,000bbls of oil into the

environment. The spill response requires the activation of the National Oil SpilContingency Plan. The operator alerts the relevant regulatory agency and the NationaCommander of the NOSDRA invite international companies like Oil Spill RespondersLimited UK who mobilizes for response immediately.

SOURCES AND CAUSES OF OIL SPILL

Sources of Oil SpillThere are several sources of oil spill pollution. Oil can be spilled during exploration andproduction activities. The sources of oil spill are namely:

Equipment failure Pipeline rupture, Damage to hull, Tank failure, Blow out Tanker accident Fire Leakages

Human errors Failure of operators to follow standard operating procedures (SOP) and

violation,

Wrong attitude Carelessness Ignorance

Intentional discharges- This is often carried out for the purpose of Pressure relief Safety of equipment Safety of people

Operational upset - Start up and shut down procedures

Sabotage- This is a deliberate action that is human induced with the intention of Theft of equipment

Theft of product Compensation claim

Cost of Oil SpillThe cost of an oil spill can be divided into two main headings: Financial cost to the company andeconomic loss to the environment

Financial Cost- Cost of oil lost- Cost of equipment loss or damaged

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- Cost of oil deferred- Cost of clean-up- Cost of compensation- Legal cost- Medical cost- Cost of remediation and replacement of damaged resources

Economic cost- Loss of Revenue to Government- Loss of income - fishermen, farmer, tourism

- Loss of sensitive biodiversity ecosystem- Loss of life and productivity- Impact on socio-economics- Loss of aesthetic and impact on resource value

FATE AND EFFECT OF OIL SPILLKey ConsiderationsThe considerations for oil spill are based on the properties of oil as a chemical which includes:

a. Toxicityb. Biodegrabilility/Persistencec. Bioaccumulation and tainting

d. Social consideration

Fate of OilThe fate of oil in the environment is the pathway of pollution. It is a factor of both pollutants,the environment and other physical factors such as climate and hydrology. When oil is releasedinto the environment the following process occur

1. Evaporation of light fractions2. Dissolution3. Dispersion on seas4. Spreading on land

5. Emulsification of oil6. Sedimentation7. Absorption and adsorption8. Bio-uptake, biodegradation and bioaccumulation

Impact/Effect of Oil SpillEnvironmental Impact

The environmental impact of oil includes:1. Introduces toxic substance into soil and water environment2. Smothering of bird and mammals.3. Long term effect such as bio-accumulation in the food chain may result4. Water/Groundwater Contamination.

5. Contaminates the plumage of bird.6. Since two third of oxygen supply to the earth is from plants, the spill of oi

could lead to reduction in oxygen generationSocio-economic Impact

1. Loss of revenue/income for fishermen, tourism worker e.t.c.2. Loss of value due to poor aesthetic community.3. Contamination of water bodies renders water non-usable to meet needs.4. Oil spill lead to social unrest and agitation by spill affected communities

Health Impact

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When these substances come in contact with other substances, they give rise to ahighly exothermic reaction, which may be violent.

Examples are: - Fuming acid, potassium chlorate, liquid oxygen etc.

5. Explosive/unstable substancesThese are substances that are dangerously unstable. They react easily andexplosively with other substances e.g. air or water under unfavorably conditions.They should be used in small qualities, and handled with utmost care. Examples areacetylene, acetyl ides, chlorides of aluminum; silicon and titanium, Nitrogen halide,

nitro-compounds, picric acid and pirates, dinitrobenzene and azides esp. silveraside; hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide.

6. Irritant substancesThese are substances that cause an inflammation of the skin or the lung or thealimentary canal. Examples include phenols and potassium dichromate, phosphorusand arsenic compounds, and some fumes.

7. Radioactive substancesRadioactive substances are materials, which emit dangerous particles from theirunstable nuclei. A body that is hit by these particles is said to be irradiated

Radioactive emissions are responsible for a lot of damage to human tissues such asthe blood cells and reproductive organs; and are capable of causing blood and othertissue cancer.

8. Carcinogenic ChemicalsThese are dangerous substances capable of causing somatic cancer in animal tissuesExamples are aflatoxin, nitrosamine aromatic amines etc

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD OF CHEMICALS

The environmental hazards indicate the degree of potential hazard due to1. Toxicity,

2. Biodegradability or3. Bioaccumulation/tainting.

(a) ToxicityToxicity is expressed using standard phrases;

i. Extremely toxic.ii. Highly toxiciii. Moderately toxiciv. Slighty toxicv. Practically non-toxicvi. Insignificantly toxic

(b) Biodegradability:The biodegradability rating reflects the results of standardised tests in which thedegradation of the compound is measured over a period of 28 days and can beclassified into 2 categories;

(i) Not readily biodegradable(ii) Readily biodegradable

For readily biodegradable compounds, which biodegrade aerobically within a fewdays, an additional warning May cause oxygen depletion is added.

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(c) Bioaccumulation/tainting:Bioaccumulation of chemicals involves the uptake by organism at a rate exceedingmetabolic breakdown or excretion. It results in concentrations in the organismexceeding those in the environment and possibly toxic to the organism or itspredators.

Bioaccumulation of chemicals which have an unpleasant flavour, even if only at lowconcentrations, may lead to tainting and spoiling of the taste of organism consumed

by humans.

The standard phrases used for rating are;i. High bioaccumulation potentialii. Moderate bioaccumulation potential.iii. May cause tainting.

ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS.These are measures taken to protect the environmental and are classed as follows:

Prevent and minimise contamination of soil and ground water. Avoid gross contamination of soil and ground water.

Minimise contamination of surface water.

DISPOSAL OPTIONSDisposal options should take into consideration, the following factors;

Physical and chemical properties of the chemical.

Environmental precautions.

Normal practices

Suppliers disposal advice when available

Regulatory requirement

Disposal options arei. Encapsulation with solidifiersii. Dispose of at seaiii. Flush into drain with excess wateriv. Incineratev. Transfer to safe, open, place, burn/evaporatevi. Down hole injectionvii. Dispose of at (controlled) landfill siteviii. Land treatment

ix. Recycle or reuse prior to disposal, neutralisation may be necessary

DISSEMINATIONMSDS data are to be made available in two ways:

i. A set of hard copy laminated information sheets that cover all thosechemicals that are being used at a given location. Maintenance/update of the hardcopy manual is available from the Site Environmental Officer.ii. Density: Concentration of matter, measured by the mass per unit volume.

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Waste Management

An unavoidable material resulting from an activity, which has no immediate economic demandbut must be disposed or an unwanted product, which must be managed from "cradle to grave"

Waste is a material that is unwanted at its present location; that is no longer useful for itsoriginal purpose; that has been disposed, discarded, rejected or any combination thereof.

Why manage waste?

Waste in whatever form it may arise represents an imperfect utilization of raw materials, fueland water, hence financial loss for somebody, which could cause environmental pollution as aresult of its discharged into the environment.

EPNL as a responsible organization has obligation for the management of waste arising from heroperations.

EPNL is required by regulations to minimize the impact of its operation on the environment by

managing all waste arising from her operations before they are discharged into the environment.The Federal Ministry of Environment enforces the Polluters Pay principle by awarding fines andsanctions for violations.

EPNL also has a duty of care to ensure1. Proper Waste management2. Application of Best Available Technology (BAT)3. Responsibility extended to final disposal4. Assess, record, track and report waste

EPNL also have the responsibility of treatment of waste and due-diligence of responsible disposal.

Waste CategoriesWaste can generally be categorized on the bases of their

Physical form: solid, liquid (effluent) or gaseous.

Nature/chemical properties or

Source/origin

Legal definition

On the basis of the properties we have two broad categories namely;

i. Hazardous and

ii. Non-hazardous wastes

Hazardous wastesarematerials with potential to damage man or environment, when improperlyhandled, stored, transported or disposed. Examples of hazardous waste in E & P industry include:

Medical waste

Radioactive waste

Sewage/sludge

Drill cuttings and spent muds

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Medical wastes are referred to as special waste because of their pathogenic properties. Thisspecial kind of waste includes syringe, needles, used cotton wools and buds, drugs, human partssuch as incised skin Examples of hazardous waste in EPNL operations include:

a. Spent Mudb. Incinerated medical ashc. Batteries- Lead and Ni/Cdd. Obsolete chemicale. Organic acid and basesf. Organic solventOily sludge

g. Drill cutting and mudsh. Paintsi. Sewage/sludgej. Thinners

Non hazardous waste are generally classified asIndustrial

1. Light bulbs2. Construction debris3. Furniture4. Bottles

5. Packaging materials6. Plastics

DomesticGarden wasteKitchen waste (food)Metal cansPackaging materialsPlastics

Office1. Glass

2. Kitchen waste (food)3. Packaging materials4. Paper5. Plastic6. Printer toner

Why Classify WasteWastes must be classified because

1. Presenting hazard need to be identified & handled accordingly e.g. medical wastes

2.

Identification allows clear priorities to be set for waste management

3.

Classification is a pre-requisite for segregation

WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.1 Principle of Waste management

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Inventorization:1. Cataloguing of all wastes, types, quantities sources2. Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste problem at hand.

Characterization:1. Checking physico-chemical and toxicological properties.

Segregation:1. Selective separation of wastes.2. Makes for optimisation of recovery of waste streams.

Minimisation:

The 6Rs of Waste Management

Refuse - reject waste or change lifestyle like product take back scheme e.g. drums andcement bags

Reduce - generate less waste through more efficient practices - horizontal wellsRe-use - reuse materials in their original form - drilling mudRecycle - convert waste back into a usable form - lead acid batteries

Recover - extract material or energy from waste for other uses compostRender harmless before disposalTreatment/Disposal:

Render harmless e.g. Physical/Biological treatment before disposal

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Waste Treatment

In order to minimize the environmental impact of waste discharged, waste must be treatedappropriately before disposal. The waste must be treated to regulatory limits e.g. producedwater must be treated to 0.1 mg/liter and sewage treated to 20 mg/l BOD before discharge.

There are various method of waste treatment disposal. They are generally classified as either

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Thermal treatment

The type of waste, the form and chemical nature of the waste determine the choice of thetreatment method. Some waste can be compacted, some can be shredded, some can bebiodegraded while some are inert while some can be diluted or nuetralised before disposal suchas acids

Waste Disposal

There are various method of waste treatment disposal.

Surface discharge

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Bio-treatment-Landfarming/Landspreading

Thermal treatment-Incineration

Solidification, Encapsulation

Landfilling

Waste Tracking, Monitoring, Reporting and Recording

In EPNL there are standard procedure for the monitoring, reporting and recording of waste. Due-diligence requires that wastes be monitored to the final point of disposal.

You are required to fill waste consignment note

BENEFITS OF GOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT

It is important to practice good waste management. Managing waste appropriately gives bothshort and long term benefits.

These benefits includes:

It reduces legal liabilities and environmental risk

It promotes good health

It protects and preserves the environment

It reduced cost of the long term

It is a good win-win as good waste management can be profitable e.g. paper recycling

It enhances good housekeeping

ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Enjoy this piecePatrick settled down to have his breakfast, it was a continental breakfast. Included in his meawere bacon, toast bread, sausage rolls, puck, beverage (Milo) and water. As he inserted hiscutlery into the bacon and was about to cut, a cock crowed outside. He paused with the cutleryhanging over the bacon. Seconds later, he again attempted to cut the bacon and again there wasthe cockcrow. This time he paused a little longer while pondering. Seeing no connection betweenhis attempt at eating his meal and the cock crow he dismissed the event as a mere coincidence.So, for the third time he went after his bacon and for the third time the cock crowed. This time,he not only paused but dropped his cutlery completely, as he soliloquized, could their be aconnection? Suddenly, the nickel dropped. It finally dawned on him that the cock was probably

complaining about the bacon since it, it was, that met with the hen, which resulted in the eggthat was used to make the bacon.

Upon coming to this realization, Patrick leaned back on his seat and reflected on the event.Within him he thought, why should the cock complain, afterall, all it did was make acontribution to my meal whereas the pig made a commitment since he had to die for me tohave the puck.

More often than not, we are content with just making contributions when what is required fromus is commitment. Commitment does not necessarily mean dying. For the environment, what

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commitment means for you could simply be change of mindset, changing the way you dothings, avoiding eating our tomorrow with today. It is on this premise that the concept ofsustainable development was born.

What is Sustainable Development (SD)?According to the Brundtland Commission, Sustainable Development is-----

Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the futuregenerations to meet their own needs,

The Sustainable Development Concept is built and balanced on the tripod of: Economic prosperity

Effective environmental management

Social responsibility

For organizations to be seen as practicing sustainable development, they must uphold theseprinciples

Respect and safeguard people

Engage and work with stakeholders

Minimise impact on the environment

Use resources efficiently

Maximise profit

Maximise benefits to the community

Benefit of SD in the business

Increased satisfaction of the workforce

Stakeholder approval of our processs

Better conflict resolutions

Visible trust and confidence between the all

Enhanced reputation

environmental awareness h

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