environmental changes affecting light climate in andean patagonian mountain lakes: implications for...
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AFFECTING
LIGHT CLIMATE IN ANDEAN PATAGONIAN
MOUNTAIN LAKES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE
PLANKTON COMMUNITY
Beatriz Modenutti
E. Balseiro, M. Bastidas Navarro, M.S. Souza,
C. Laspoumaderes, F. Cuassolo
Lab. Limnología. INIBIOMA-CONICET. Universidad Nacional
del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina.
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Andean Lakes from
Chile and Argentina
(Araucanian lakes)
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• Oligotrophic. TP less than 5 µg L-1
• DOC concentration (0.5 mg L-1) • High PAR & UVR transparency (KdPAR: 0.09 m-1 and Kd305: 0.52 m-1) Euphotic zone up to 55 m.
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Field Studies
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Field Experiments
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Laboratory experiments
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Temperature, Light and Clorophyll a profiles
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Stentor araucanus Foissner & Wölfl
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Stentor araucanus
•Mainly inhabits upper epilimnetic levels (Modenutti et al 2005).
•High UVR resistance (Modenutti et al 1998).
•Prey on long bacterial rods (Foissner and Woelf, 1994).
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Photosynthetic efficiency
µmol photons m-2
s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000
ng C
(ng C
hla
)-1 /
mo
l p
ho
tons
m-2
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Stentor araucanus
Ophrydium naumanni
Picocyanobacterias
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Ophrydium naumanni Pejler
• Inhabit mainly the metalimnion and preys on bacteria and picocyanobacteria(Modenutti and Balseiro 2002).
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Photosynthetic efficiency
µmol photons m-2
s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000
ng C
(ng C
hla
)-1 /
mo
l p
ho
tons
m-2
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Stentor araucanus
Ophrydium naumanni
Picocyanobacterias
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Picocyanobacteria in the DCM
Lago Espejo Lago Gutiérrez Lago Moreno
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Photosynthetic efficiency
µmol photons m-2
s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000
ng C
(ng C
hla
)-1 /
mo
l p
ho
tons
m-2
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Stentor araucanus
Ophrydium naumanni
Picocyanobacterias
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Changing scenarios:
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In temperate lakes:
• Wind action is important in determining mixing depth.
• Epilimnion can undergo periods of heating during hot and calm weather and periods of strong mixing by wind.
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Vertical mixing can lead to a shortage of light if planktonic organisms are frequently mixed down to the bottom, whereas stratification enhances light supply by decreasing mixing depth.
Dep
th
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1998-99 2003-04 t d.f. P
Zterm 27.7 ± 0.92 15.8 ± 0.71 9.339 13 P<0.001
Kd PAR 0.141 ± 0.003 0.161 ± 0.002 4.175 13 P=0.001
Kd 305 0.667 ± 0.017 0.772 ± 0.005 4.889 13 P<0.001
Im PAR 199.35 ± 20.68 542.0 ± 48.3 7.380 13 P<0.001
Im 305 0.05 ± 0.01 0.165 ± 0.018 6.152 13 P<0.001
Nutrient variations were statistically not significant (P> 0.05)
Interannual variability in wind speed may produce changes in the summer thermocline depth and consequently in the epilimnetic mean irradiance
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In the water column:
Temperature ºC
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Depth
(m
)
0
10
20
30
40
PAR (µmol m-2
s-1
)
1 10 100 1000
Temperature ºC
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Depth
(m)
0
10
20
30
40
PAR (µmol m-2
s-1
)
1 10 100 1000
305
340
380
PARPAR < 100 µmol Photons m-2
s-1
320
•The shallower thermocline depth implies an increase in light supply favouring Stentor araucanus which has higher critical light level, and higher resistance to UVR.
•The vertical segregation gives Stentor araucanus the advantage of driving light availability for other phototrophs located lower in the water column.
•Ophrydium naumanni has a lower critical light intensity consequently it is a superior light competitor. However, the sharp decrease in Ophrydium PE may result also from the incidence of UVR.
Modenutti et al 2008. Limnology and Oceanoraphy 53: 446-455
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UVR and Bacteria Morphology
• The solar radiation and particularly ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have strong effects on the production, activity, and abundance of bacterioplankton (Helbling et al. 1995; Sommaruga et al. 1997;Tranvik and Bertilsson 2001).
• However, up to now few studies have shown evidence of the effects of UVR on bacterial community composition and morphological distribution.
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-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-3-2
-10
12
3-2
-1
0
1
RD
A A
xis
3
RDA Axis 1RDA A
xis 2
KdPAR
Kd380
Kd305
Kd340Kd320
TP
TPPProk
TN
TDPChl
DOC
Ophry
NF
-2
-1
0
1
2
-10
1
2
3-2
-1
0
12
PC
A A
xis
3
PCA Axis 1PCA Axis 2
A BRivadavia
Gutiérrez
Correntoso
Mascardi Cat
Mascardi Tron
Nahuel Huapi
Espejo
Futalaufquen
The overall bacterial community composition was similar in all lakes and over depth in each lake
50%
10%
1%
Actinobacteria β-Proteobacteria (banda 6) α-Proteobacteria Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) were present in the sampled strata.
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Esp
ejo
50
%
Esp
ejo
10
%
Esp
ejo
1
%
Corr
en
toso
50
%
Corr
en
toso
10
%
Corr
en
toso
1
%
Nah
ue
l H
ua
pi 5
0%
Nah
ue
l H
ua
pi 1
0%
Nah
ue
l H
ua
pi
1%
Nah
ue
l H
ua
pi 0
.1%
Gutie
rre
z 5
0%
Gutie
rre
z 1
0%
Gutie
rre
z
1%
Ma
sc.
Cat
50
%
Ma
sc.
Cat
10
%
Ma
sc.
Cat
1
%
Ma
sc.
Tro
50
%
Ma
sc.
Tro
10
%
Ma
sc.
Tro
1
%
Riv
ad
avia
50
%
Riv
ad
avia
1
0%
Riv
ad
avia
1
%
Fu
tala
ufq
ue
n 5
0%
Fu
tala
ufq
ue
n 1
0%
Fu
tala
ufq
ue
n
1%
10
3 F
ilam
en
ts m
L-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
% F
uctio
na
l mo
rph
olo
gie
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
% F
uctio
na
l m
orp
ho
logie
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
A
C
B
Depth (% surface PAR)
50 10 1
Fila
me
nt le
ngth
(m
)
10
12
14
16
18D
Morphology
Corno et al. 2009. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 1098-1112.
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305 nm
W cm-2
nm-1
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
% F
ilam
ents
0
20
40
60320 nm
W cm-2
nm-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
% F
ilam
ents
0
20
40
60
340 nm
W cm-2
nm-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
% F
ilam
ents
0
20
40
60380 nm
W cm-2
nm-1
0 5 10 15 20 25
% F
ilam
ents
0
20
40
60
R2=0.52
R2=0.49 R
2=0.46
R2=0.56 Radiación UV (µW cm
-2 nm
-1)
10-1 100 101 102 103
Pro
fun
did
ad
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Radiación Fotosintéticamente Activa (PAR 400-700 nm)
µmol fotones m-2
s-1
100 101 102 103 104
305 nm
320 nm
340 nm
380 nm
PAR
•The relative proportion of filaments to total bacterial biovolume was higher in the upper layers, which have higher UVR intensities (305–340 nm). •We obtained a direct relationship between mean UVR in the epilimnion and filamentation. • Filament mean length in the upper layers was also significantly greater than at deeper levels.
Corno et al. 2009. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 1098-1112.
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Laboratory experiments:
PAR UVR
Modenutti et al 2010. Photochemistry and Photobiology 86: 871–881
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Epilimnetic levels of UVR induce filamentation and that this response is not a feature of a particular cluster. However, β-Proteobacteria exhibited a high relative importance in filament formation while Actinobacteria were almost absent among filaments.
Modenutti et al 2010. Photochemistry and Photobiology 86: 871–881
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•The biovolume of bacteria that became inedible (cells > 7 μm) increase significantly in the epilimnion. •In the epilimnion nanoflagellates and ciliates encounter prey assemblage composed by a large extent of inedible cells. Thus, bacterivory would be reduced with a consequent decrease in epilimnetic trophic energy transfer.
Consequences in the C transfer within the microbial loop
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Climate change
Masiokas et al (2008) indicated a significant warming and decreasing
precipitation
•Glacier recession •Changes in light climate in lakes
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1942 2009
BLACK GLACIER
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LAGO MASCARDI
•Gradient of turbidity in Tronador Arm
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PAR (µmol Photon m-2
s-1
)
10-1 100 101 102 103
Depth
(m
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
The effect of the glacial clay decreases with the distance from the river mouth, and consequently the lake turns more transparent from P1 to P7 with a monotonically decrease in Kd values
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DCM increase in depth and magnitude along the gradient from P1 to P7.
Magnitude of DCM (concentration of Chla) has a negative relationship with Total Suspended Solids.
Chla (µg L-1
)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Depth
(m
)0
10
20
30
40
50
P4P5P6
P1P2P3
P7
STS (mg L-1
)
0.1 1 10
DC
M (
Chla
µg L
-1)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
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Distance from source (km)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
TS
S (
mg L
-1)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Pic
y (1
03 c
ell m
L-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TSS (mg L-1
)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
PIC
Y (
10
3 c
el m
L-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
Picocyanobacteria were very sensitive to changes in light climate
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•Climate change (warming, wind, precipitations) caused changes in lake light supply. •Microbial food web was observe to be very sensitive to changes in light supply. •These changes may occur in scenarios were anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen or increase in phosphorus by dust was not recorded. •This situation is of particular importance for lacustrine food webs.
Conclusions
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Thank you
C O N I C E T