environmental engineering section
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
1/35
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL
1
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
2/35
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
3/35
Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs generations to meet their own needs
Im lications:Im lications:Im lications:Im lications:
Societal emphasis has to shift from adestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedyof the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons) to one that fosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters long- -------termtermtermtermtermtermtermterm
protection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitants(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!) Two conflicting objectives have to be reconciled
improving quality of life vs. protecting theenvironment 3
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
4/35
Driving forces for sustainability Driving forces for sustainability Health and safety: human and other
organisms Financial: property values, profits, taxes Aesthetics
v c pr e an va ues THE LAW
All the good intentions in the world are notequal to the arm of law
4
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
5/35
What is environmental engineering? What is environmental engineering?
Environmental engineering is theapplication of science and engineeringprinciples to
Protect public health and the health ofother organisms, Preserve or improve the environment
(air, water, and/or land resources), Remediate polluted sites.
5
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
6/35
Scope of environmental engineering Scope of environmental engineering
Pollution ControlPollution Controlidentify sources of pollutants,identify sources of pollutants,understand fate and transport of pollutants, andunderstand fate and transport of pollutants, and
design and engineer solutionsdesign and engineer solutionsEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment
Assess shortAssess short- -term and longterm and long- -term impacts of currentterm impacts of currentan propose pro ec san propose pro ec s
Environmental AuditingEnvironmental AuditingInventory of mass and energy for any facility toInventory of mass and energy for any facility tominimize waste and inefficiencyminimize waste and inefficiency
Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk AssessmentMinimize risks to public health and environmentMinimize risks to public health and environment
Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management
Optimization of systems with due regard to userOptimization of systems with due regard to userexpectationsexpectations6
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
7/35
Evolution of the disciplineEvolution of the discipline
Lothal, Wikipedia 20107
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
8/35
The Law and its courseThe Law and its course
8
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
9/35
More about the law..More about the law..
RegulationsYear ofnotice
Amendment
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 1988Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 1987
Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989Biomedical Waste Handling Rules 1998Flyash Rules 1999Recycled Plastics Usage Rules 1999 2003Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001
9
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
10/35
What is a pollutant or contaminant? What is a pollutant or contaminant?
A pollutant is a chemical species in theA pollutant is a chemical species in theenvironment that causesenvironment that causes undesirableundesirableeffectseffects on the environment or any of itson the environment or any of itscomponents.components.
Undesirable effectsUndesirable effects
Endangers health of human and otherEndangers health of human and otherorganismsorganisms
Endangers safetyEndangers safety Causes financial and aesthetic lossesCauses financial and aesthetic losses
10
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
11/35
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
12/35
y = 2E-07e 0.018xR = 0.985
y = 2E-18e0.03x
R = 0.9951.000E+07
1.000E+08
1.000E+09
1.000E+10
1 9 1 0
1 9 2 0
1 9 3 0
1 9 4 0
1 9 5 0
1 9 6 0
1 9 7 0
1 9 8 0
1 9 9 0
2 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 l o
g P o p u
l a t i o n ,
p e r s o n s
Time, years
Population growth in India
Total Population
Urban population
Expon. (Total Population)
Expon. (Urban population)
12
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
13/35
Resource consumptionResource consumption
13
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
14/35
Power generationPower generation
14
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
15/35
WASTEWASTE
SOLID WASTESOLID WASTEMunicipal SolidMunicipal Solid
Waste (MSW)Waste (MSW)
WASTEWATERWASTEWATER MunicipalMunicipalwastewaterwastewater
AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS IndustrialIndustrial
sourcessourcesAsh from ThermalAsh from Thermal
Power PlantsPower PlantsAgriculturalAgricultural wastewaste
n us r an us r awastewaterwastewater
o or e c eso or e c es Other sourcesOther sources
HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE
15
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
16/35
Waste Management HierarchyWaste Management Hierarchy
16
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
17/35
Integrated Solid Waste ManagementIntegrated Solid Waste Management
17
IntegratedIntegratedSolid WasteSolid Waste
ManagementManagement
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
18/35
Zero PollutionZero Pollution Closed loop systemsClosed loop systems
Waste from one process orWaste from one process orindustry is used in anotherindustry is used in another
same facility or industrial estatesame facility or industrial estate
18
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
19/35
Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing Required by the law [EPA]Required by the law [EPA]
Mass and energy balancesMass and energy balances Complete inventory of mass and energy forComplete inventory of mass and energy for
Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, andHelps detect inefficiencies, losses, andwaste generation pointswaste generation points
Evaluate options for minimizing wasteEvaluate options for minimizing waste Technical, environmental or economicTechnical, environmental or economic
optionsoptions
19
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
20/35
WasteWaste toto energy (WTE) conversionenergy (WTE) conversion
WASTE PROCESSINGFOR ENERGY
CHEMICALPROCESSING
BIOLOGICALPROCESSING
20
COMBUSTION
PYROLYSIS
GASIFICATION
AEROBICCOMPOSTING
ANAEROBICCOMPOSTING
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION[BIOFUELS]
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
21/35
Sources of biofuels are cropslike Sugarcane [Brazil] Cassava, jatropha [India]
BIOFUELSBIOFUELS
http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/
Corn [US]
Waste materials can also beused Wastewater [industrial oragricultural] Solid waste [agricultural] forWTE
21
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
22/35
Plug flow anaerobic digesterPlug flow anaerobic digester - - USUS
22
http://web2.msue.msu.edu/manure/FinalAnearobicDigestionFactsheet.pdf
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
23/35
Bhadreswar Biogas
plant, Bhadreswar, West Bengal
23
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
24/35
24
Bhadreswar Biogas plant, Bhadreshwar, West Bengal
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
25/35
Exposure assessment:Exposure assessment:Fate and transport of pollutants in the environmentFate and transport of pollutants in the environment
Pollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into different
environmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartments Soil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, Water Pollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed by
different rocessesdifferent rocessesdifferent rocessesdifferent rocesses
25
Transport processesTransport processesTransport processesTransport processes Physical processes:Physical processes:Physical processes:Physical processes:
convection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilization
Transformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processes Chemical processes:Chemical processes:Chemical processes:Chemical processes:
adsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysis
Biological processes:Biological processes:Biological processes:Biological processes: pollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food formicrobes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;transformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processes
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
26/35
SedimentSediment- -water contaminationwater contamination
exposure pathwaysexposure pathways
FoodFoodFoodFood Air Air Air Air
WaterWaterWaterWaterBioconcentrationBioconcentrationBioconcentrationBioconcentrationin flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and fauna
26
Heavy metalcontainingore tailings
WaterWaterWaterWater
Contaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment
SoilSoilSoilSoil
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
27/35
Ground waterGround water- -soil contaminationsoil contamination exposure pathwaysexposure pathways
LeakingLeakingLeakingLeakingUndergroundUndergroundUndergroundUndergroundStora e TankStora e TankStora e TankStora e Tank
VolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilization
InhalationInhalationInhalationInhalation
27
(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)
Ground water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water Contamination
ngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate water
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
28/35
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
29/35
Calculating nonCalculating non- -cancer riskcancer risk
Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)==== Average daily dose Average daily dose Average daily dose Average daily dose
Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (RfDRfDRfDRfD)))) If hazard quotient is
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
30/35
Bioconcentration factorsBioconcentration factors
30
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
31/35
Risk characterization:Risk characterization:
Overall cancer risk due to As in waterOverall cancer risk due to As in waterWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with
arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?
Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Concentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kg
If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for
31
,,,,CDI =CDI =CDI =CDI = 0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd
Cancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SF
= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1111
x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10----3333
mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10----3333 or approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand people
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
32/35
ForForForFor aaaa populationpopulationpopulationpopulation of of of of 60606060 millionmillionmillionmillion peoplepeoplepeoplepeople thatthatthatthat areareareare livinglivinglivingliving inininin As As As Asaffectedaffectedaffectedaffected areasareasareasareas; ;;; wewewewe assumeassumeassumeassume
half half half half thethethethe populationpopulationpopulationpopulation eatseatseatseats fishfishfishfish regularly,regularly,regularly,regularly, i iii....eeee....,,,, 30303030 millionmillionmillionmillion Annual Annual Annual Annual cancercancercancercancer riskriskriskrisk isisisis ==== 3333 xxxx 10101010 7777 xxxx 1111....925925925925 xxxx 10101010 ----3333 xxxx 1111////70707070
825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year Adding Adding Adding Adding cancercancercancercancer risksrisksrisksrisks fromfromfromfrom twotwotwotwo pathwayspathwayspathwayspathways
Risk characterizationRisk characterization
32
IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion of of of of waterwaterwaterwater 4286428642864286 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion of of of of fishfishfishfish 825825825825 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearTotalTotalTotalTotal cancerscancerscancerscancers eacheacheacheach yearyearyearyear thatthatthatthat cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo As As As As
5111511151115111 cancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearsThis This This This is is is is an an an an example example example example of of of of how how how how to to to to calculate calculate calculate calculate overall overall overall overall risk,risk,risk,risk, and and and and is is is is not not not not
a aa a complete complete complete complete characterization characterization characterization characterization of of of of risks risks risks risks due due due due to to to to As As As As
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
33/35
Calculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated water Cost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victims
Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects tobe included)be included)be included)be included) Calculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove As
Cost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLs
RiskRisk managementmanagement
33
TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology- ---based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined Weigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all options DecideDecideDecideDecide
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
34/35
Environmental Risk ManagementEnvironmental Risk Management
o n c e n
t r a t i o n
l e v e
l
34
Cost of cleanup
C o n
t a m
i n a n
t c
o r r i s
k
Detection limit
Acceptable risk level
-
8/8/2019 Environmental Engineering Section
35/35
Civilization began with the felling of the Civilization began with the felling of the
first tree and will end before the fall of first tree and will end before the fall of the last one the last one
THANK YOU THANK YOU
35