environmental governance law expert ......environmental governance & law expert questionnaire...
TRANSCRIPT
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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCE&LAWEXPERTQUESTIONNAIRE2019www.worldjusticeproject.org
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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCE&LAWEXPERTQUESTIONNAIRE
TheWorldJusticeProject(WJP)andtheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB)arehonoredtocountonyourexpertiseforthisquestionnaire,whichwillbeansweredbyhighlyqualifiedindividualsintencountriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Thequestionnaireconsistsof43questions,andwilltakeapproximately60minutestocomplete.Yourresponseswillbeaggregatedwiththoseofotherexpertsandusedtoassessthequalityofenvironmentalgovernanceinyourcountry.Theresultswillbepublishedinagraphicalreportco-producedbytheIDBandtheWJP,alongsidethoseofnineothercountriesintheregion.Yourcontributionwillbeacknowledgedinthereportunlessyouchoosetoremainanonymous.Thankyouinadvanceforyourtimeandattention.Withyourparticipation,thisjointendeavorwillcontributetomeasuringthestrengthofenvironmentalgovernanceandtheruleoflaw.INSTRUCTIONSPleaseanswerthefollowing43questionsinthisquestionnaireaccordingtoyourperceptionofhowthelawsareappliedinpracticeinyourcountry.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”Pleaseindicateintheboxbelowwhichcountryyouarerespondingtointhissurvey:
COUNTRY:Whenyouhavecompletedthesurvey,pleasesubmityouranswersbyemailorfaxat:
• Email:[email protected]• Fax:+1(202)747-5816
Ifyouhavecommentsorquestions,pleasecontactTheWorldJusticeProject’s(WJP)researchstaff,atEnvironmentalIndex@worldjusticeproject.org.CONFIDENTIALITYTheWorldJusticeProjectandInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankwillconstructthedatasetandanysubsequentreportsormaterialswithstrictguidelinesinregardtotheconfidentialityofthedatagatheredandtheprivacyoftherespondents.Attheendofthequestionnaire,youwillbegiventhechoiceeithertobe PubliclyAcknowledgedcontributor(meaningyournameandorganizationwillbepublishedintheContributingExpertssectionofthefinalreport),ORyoucanselecttobeanAnonymouscontributor(yournamewillnotbepublishedintheWJPandIDBreport,ontheirwebsites,orinanyrelatedmaterials,andyournameandparticularswillnotbemadeknowninanyway).Inallcases,yourindividualresponseswillremainstrictlyconfidential.Responsesareaggregatedprecedinganystatisticalanalysisorreportingofresultstoensurethatindividualresponsescannotbeascertained.
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Pleaseanswerthe followingquestionsaccordingtoyourperceptionandexperienceofhowthe lawsareappliedinpracticeinyourcountry.PleasemarkyouranswerswithanXintheappropriatebox.
SECTIONIThefollowingquestionsdescribegenerallaws,regulations,procedures,andinstitutionsresponsibleforenvironmentalandresourcegovernance.Pleaseselecttheoptionthatbestrepresentsyourviews.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”
I-A.ENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION&PUBLICPARTICIPATION
1. Howfrequentlywouldyousaythat:
Almostalways
Inmostcases
Insomecases
Almostnever
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Inpractice,thegovernmentprovideseasy-to-understandinformationonenvironmentalissues.
(b)Inpractice,thegovernmentprovidesinformationonenvironmentalissuesinlanguagesspokenbysignificantsegmentsofthepopulation,eveniftheyarenot“official”languages.
(c)Inpractice,nationalregulationsonenvironmentalissuesarepublishedonatimelybasis.
(d)Inpractice,localregulationsonenvironmentalissuesarepublishedonatimelybasis.
(e)Inpractice,localenvironmentalregulationscanbeobtainedatlittlecost,suchasbymail,on-line,orin-person.
(f)Inpractice,nationalenvironmentalregulationscanbeobtainedatlittlecost,suchasbymail,on-line,orin-person.
(g)Inpractice,environmentaladministrativeproceedingsatthelocallevelareconductedwithoutunreasonabledelay.
(h)Inpractice,environmentaladministrativeproceedingsatthenationallevelareconductedwithoutunreasonabledelay.
(i)Inpractice,environmentalregulationsaresufficientlystabletopermitthepublictoascertainwhatconductsarepermittedandprohibited.
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2. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowaccessiblethefollowingenvironmentalinformationisinyourcountry:
Veryaccessible[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscanaccessdetailedfigures,subjecttonarrow
andwelljustifiedexceptionsdefinedbylaw.Thisinformationiseasilyavailableandup-to-
date]
Slightlyaccessible[Citizens,
journalists,andNGOscanaccess
detailedfigures,butthisinformationmaybedifficulttoaccess,incomplete,oroutofdate]
Notaccessibleatall[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscannotaccessdetailedfigures,dueto
secrecy,prohibitivebarriers,orgovernmentinefficiency]
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Realtimeairqualitydataforthecapitalcityofyourcountry
(b)Annualdrinkingwaterqualitydataforthecapitalcityofyourcountry
(c)Dailyairemissionandwastewaterdischargebylarge-scaleindustries
(d)Reportsonthestateoftheenvironmentinyourcountry,includingairandwaterqualitymeasures,pollutionhazards,andnaturalresourcepressures(e.g.deforestationandbiodiversity)
(e)Copiesofadministrativedecisionsmadeatthenationallevelonenvironmentalmattersthatareapplicabletothegeneralpublic
(f)Copiesofadministrativedecisionsmadeatthelocallevelonenvironmentalmattersthatareapplicabletothegeneralpublic
(g)Transcriptsofadministrativeproceedingsonenvironmentalmatters
(h)Emergencyresponseandpreparednessmeasureswhenthereisanenvironmentalortoxicthreat
(i)Other(pleasecomment/specify)1
1 Please specify if there are other relevant ways of obtaining official environmental information that are not considered in this questionnaire.
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3. Assumethatyousubmitarequesttohaveaccesstoinformationheldbythenationalenvironmentalauthority2inyourcountryaboutpollutionlevelsinaparticularriver.Howlikelyisitthat:
Verylikely Likely Unlikely Very
unlikely
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Thegovernmentagencyinchargewillgrantsuchinformation,assumingitisproperlyrequested.
(b)Theinformationprovidediscomplete. (c)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationatareasonablecost.
(d)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationwithinareasonabletimeperiod.
(e)Thegovernmentagencywillgrantsuchinformationtotherequestorwithouthavingtopayabribe.
4. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatements:
Strongly
agree Agree Disagree Stronglydisagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Bylaw,acitizencanpetitionthegovernmenttogainaccesstoaccurateenvironmentalinformationinyourcountry.
(b)Inpractice,acitizencaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationonenvironmentalissuesinyourcountryfromthegovernment.
(c)Bylaw,ifagovernmentagencydeniesacitizen’srequestforenvironmentalinformation,thatcitizenhastherighttochallengethisdecisionbeforeanothergovernmentagencyorajudge.
(d)Inpractice,ifagovernmentagencydeniesacitizen’srequestforenvironmentalinformation,thatcitizencaneffectivelychallengethisdecisionbeforeanothergovernmentagencyorajudge.
(e)Inpractice,acitizencaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationonenvironmentalissues/legislationinyourcountryfromnon-governmentalactors(suchasnewspapers,NGOs,universities,etc.)?
(f)Inpractice,citizenscaneasilyobtainaccurateinformationfromtheprivatesectorabouttheirsustainablepractices.
2Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.
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5. Howoftendoesyournationalenvironmentalauthority3consultthefollowinggroupsinthedevelopmentofplans,programs,andpoliciesrelatingtotheenvironment?
Almostalways
Inmostcases
Insomecases
Almostnever
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Acitizens’advisorycommittee (b)Civilsocietyorganizations (c)Localgovernments (d)State/provincialgovernments (e)Industry/largecorporations (f)Mediumandsmallenterprises (g)Universities (h)Localorfamily-ownedbusinesses (i)Laborunions (j)Farmers/agricultureorganizations (k)Women’sgroupsorassociations (l)Indigenousgroups (m)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
6. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsaboutthenationalenvironmentalauthority4in
yourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Thenationalenvironmentalauthoritygivesinterestedindividualstherighttochallengetheprocedurallegalityofenvironmentaldecisionsiftheyarenotgivenadequateopportunitytoparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-making.
(b)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityprovidestimelyandadvancenoticetothepublicforopenmeetings.
(c)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityconsultswiththepublicontheimpactofproposedprojects,plans,andprogramsthroughopenmeetings,hearings,andpubliccomments.
(d)Thenationalenvironmentalauthorityorganizesopenmeetingsthatareaccessibletoandconductedinthelanguagesofruralpopulations.
(e)Thenationalenvironmentalauthoritymakesthetranscriptsofopenmeetingsandhearingspubliclyavailable.
(f)Transcriptsofopenmeetingsandhearingscanbeeasilyaccessedbybothurbanandruralpopulations.
3Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.4Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.
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7. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminethereasonswhypeopleand/orcivilsocietyorganizationsinyourcountrydonotparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-making.Pleasetellushowimportantarethefollowingfactorsininfluencingpeople’sdecisionsonwhetherornottoparticipateinenvironmentaldecision-makingwhereyoulive?
Very
importantSomewhatimportant
Notveryimportant
Notimportantatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Lackofknowledgeaboutupcomingactionsormeetingschedule
(b)Lackofknowledgeoftheirrighttoparticipation (c)Lackoftechnicalexpertiseoradvicetounderstandtheissuesathandandalternatives
(d)Lackofspokespersonorleadership (e)Opportunitiesforparticipationarenotmeaningful (f)Commentsandfeedbackarenotgenerallyconsideredbytheauthorities
(g)Thevenueandtimingforparticipationisinconvenient
(h)Publicmeetingsarenotheldinthelanguageoftheaffectedcommunities
(i)Fearofreprisalsbypublicofficers(forexample,thepolice,inspectors,orothergovernmentofficials)
(j)Fearofreprisalsbyrepresentativesofprivatecompanies
(k)Fearofreprisalsbygangsorothercriminalorganizations
(l)Fearofreprisalsbyothermembersofthecommunityaffectedbytheprojectorprogram
(m)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
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I-B.INSTITUTIONALMANDATES&CAPACITY
8. Howoftendoesyournationalenvironmentalauthority5undertakethefollowingmeasuresbeforecarryingoutprojectsorprograms?
Almostalways
Inmostcases
Insomecases
Almostnever
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Assesswhetherandtowhatextenttheprojectorprogramwillimpactlivelihoods.
(b)Assesswhetherandtowhattheextenttheprojectorprogramwilldisplaceresidentsordamagehomes.
(c)Evaluatetheimpactoftheprojectorprogramonpublichealth.
(d)Maketheprojectorprogramplansavailabletothepublicwithsufficientadvancenoticepriortoadoption.
(e)Provideunderlyinginformationforandanalysisofalternativestotheprojectorprogram.
(f)Provideanopportunityforpubliccommentontheprojectorprogram.
(g)Maketheofficialresponsetopubliccommentsavailabletothepublic.
(h)Takeintoaccountcommentsandconcernsmadeduringtheconsultationprocess.
(i)Takeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.
9. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythenationalenvironmentalauthority6inyourcountrycarriesoutthefollowingfunctions:
Very
effectivelySomewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Scopingandscreeningforprojects,operations,orotheractionswithsignificantenvironmentalimpacts
(b)Carryingoutevaluationsoftheenvironmentalimpactofprojectsoractions,includingconsiderationoftrade-offsandalternativeactions
(c)Facilitatingpublicparticipationinenvironmentaldecision-making
(d)Producingcomprehensiveexplanationsofagencydecisions,includingresponsetopubliccomment,cost-benefitanalysis,andalternativeactionsnotpursued
(e)Monitoringtheenvironmentalperformanceandcompliancebyoperatorsofactivitiespotentiallyaffectingtheenvironment
5Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.6Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.
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Very
effectivelySomewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(f)Routineinspectionsofpollutionsourcesbyenvironmentalofficials
(g)Citizentiplinesforthepublictoalertofficialstopossibleviolations
(h)Governmentlitigationorotheractionagainstpollutersforviolationsofenvironmentalrequirements
(i)Finesandpenaltiesforviolationsofenvironmentalrequirements
(j)Clean-up,remediation,andrestorationofdamagedsitestotheirearliercondition
(k)Developingemergencyresponseandpreparednessmeasuresforrespondingtoenvironmentalortoxicthreats
(l)Takingactiontoaddresstheenvironmentalimpactsoftransboundarypollution
10. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatements:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthority7inmycountryidentifies,measures,andmonitorsairandwaterquality.
(b)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthoritymakesinformationaboutairandwaterqualityavailabletothepublic.
(c)Thegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthorityhasaspecializedunitthatworkstoaddresspublichealthissuesresultingfrompoorairandwaterquality.
(d)Environmentalinformationprovidedbythegovernmentorrelevantenvironmentalauthorityisbelievedtobecrediblebythegeneralpublic.
(e)Thegovernmentalwaysobeyscourtrulingsonenvironmentaldecisions,evenwhentheydisagreewiththesedecisions.
(f)Reportsissuedbynationalenvironmentalauthoritiesinmycountryaretakenseriouslybyotherauthorities,withnegativefindingsdrawingpromptcorrectiveaction.
7Ifthereisnonationalenvironmentalauthorityinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.
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11. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingmandatesandinteragencycoordinationofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Lawsandregulationsclearlydefinetheauthorityandresponsibilitiesacrossagencies,ministries,andorganizationsresponsibleforenforcingenvironmentalregulations.
(b)Environmentalregulationsarecoherentwithregulationsfortheproductivesector(e.g.agricultureandenergysectors).
(c)Mandatesofenvironmentalinstitutionsarestraightforwardandunambiguous.
(d)Environmentalinstitutionshaveappropriatejurisdictionalboundaries,cleargoals,andsufficientauthoritytoact.
(e)Environmentalinstitutionsdonotsufferfromregulatoryoverlap(duplicatedmandates)orregulatoryunderlap(noinstitutionhasamandatetoact).
(f)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivities,exchangeinformation,andagreecommonpositionswithrelevantnationalagencies,ministries,andorganizationsonmattersofsharedinterest.
(g)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithrelevantstateorprovincial-levelinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.
(h)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithrelevantmunicipal-levelinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.
(i)Nationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivitieswithcustomary/indigenousinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterest.
12. Ifyouselected“disagree”or“stronglydisagree”foranyofthequestionsabove,pleasespecifyorcomment
onwhichlawsorissuesposeaproblemformandatesandinteragencycoordinationinyourcountry:
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13. Pleaseprovideadditionalcommentsontheextenttowhichnationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinatetheiractivities,exchangeinformation,andagreecommonpositionswithrelevantnationalagencies,ministries,andorganizationsonmattersofsharedinterestinyourcountry:
14. Pleaseprovideadditionalcommentsontheextenttowhichnationalenvironmentalinstitutionscoordinate
theiractivitieswithcustomary/indigenousinstitutionsonmattersofsharedinterestinyourcountry:
15. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingfinancialandhumanresourcesforenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionshaveadequatefinancialresourcestoaccomplishtheirmandate.
(b)Environmentalinstitutionshavesufficientstaffwiththeappropriateskillstoaccomplishtheirmandate.
(c)Staffofenvironmentalinstitutionshavethenecessarytrainingandincentivestoeffectivelyimplementtheinstitution’smandate.
(d)Staffofenvironmentalinstitutionsreceiveadequatecompensation.
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16. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingevidence-baseddecision-makingbyenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsusehigh-qualitydatatounderstandandaddressthemostcrucialenvironmentalrisksandchallenges.
(b)Environmentalinstitutionsusehigh-qualitydatatodeterminewhethertheregulatedcommunityisincompliancewithenvironmentallawsandpolicies.
(c)Environmentalinstitutionsusemetricstoshowprogress.
17. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingcompliance
andenforcementpracticesofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsenforceenvironmentallawsandinvestigateviolationseffectively.
(b)Environmentalinstitutionsenforceenvironmentallawsandinvestigateviolationsconsistentlyandevenly.
(c)Environmentalinstitutionseffectivelypunishnoncompliancewithenvironmentallaws.
(d)Environmentalinstitutionspublicizeclearandfocusedinspectionandenforcementpolicies.
(e)Environmentalinstitutionsusetechnologyandinnovativemethodsofcomplianceandenforcement.
(f)Environmentalagenciesencourageenvironmentalcomplianceauditsbytheregulatedcommunity.
18. Pleasecommentontheextenttowhichyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingtransparency
andaccountabilityofenvironmentalinstitutionsinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Environmentalinstitutionsactivelypromoteacultureoftransparencyandintegrity.
(b)Environmentalinstitutionspublicize,adhereto,andenforcestandardsforethicalconduct.
(c)Environmentalinstitutionseffectivelyfightcorruptionwhenitappears.
(d)Whistleblowersreportingenvironmentalviolations,misconduct,andcorruptionareeffectivelyprotected.
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I-C.ACCESSTOJUSTICE
19. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminethereasonswhypeopleinyourcountrydonotusecourtstoseekredressforissuesrelatedtotheenvironmentornaturalresources.Pleasetellushowimportantarethefollowingfactorsininfluencingpeople’sdecisionsonwhetherornottogotocourttoresolveanenvironmentaldisputeinthecitywhereyoulive?
Very
importantSomewhatimportant
Notveryimportant
Notimportantatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Courtfees(filingfees)aretoohigh (b)Attorneyfeesaretoohigh,orarenotreimbursable (c)Lackofpro-bono(free-of-charge)legalaid (d)Lackofparalegalsorlegalclinics (e)Languagebarriers(translatorsunavailable) (f)Physicallocationofcourthouses(courtsaretoofaraway)
(g)Durationofcases(theytaketoomuchtime) (h)Biasagainstmarginalizedpeople(discriminationbasedonsocialoreconomicstatus)
(i)Proceduresaretoocumbersomeandcomplex (j)Corruptionofjudgesandjudicialofficers (k)Fearoftakingactionduetointimidationorviolentretaliation
(l)Lackofpublicinformationaboutcourtprocedures (m)Lackofawarenessofpossiblecausesofaction (n)Limitedavailableremediesorlackofawarenessofavailableremedies
(o)Inefficientenforcementmechanisms(judgmentsaredifficulttoenforceinpractice)
(p)Insufficientevidencetoprovedirectdamage/legalstanding
20. Inpractice,howlongwouldittakeonaveragetoobtainadecision,orajudgment–startingfromthe
momentthecaseisfiledtothemomentadecisionoragreementisreached–ifaplaintiffinacasepertainingtotheenvironmentornaturalresourcesusesthefollowingmechanisms8?
Between1monthand1year
Between1and3years
Between3and5years
Between5and10years
Morethan10years
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Civilcourtlawsuit (b)Criminalcourtlawsuit (c)Alternativedisputeresolutionmechanism(suchasmediation,arbitration,orconciliation)
(d)Administrativebody (e)Ombudsmanfocusedonenvironmentalissues (f)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
8Ifthesemechanismsdonotexistinyourcountry,whenansweringthisquestionpleaseconsidertherelevantlocallevelgovernmentagencythatismostlikelytoberesponsibleforcarryingoutthosefunctionsinstead.
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21. Inpractice,afteradecisionoragreementisreachedinacasepertainingtotheenvironmentornaturalresources,howlongwouldittakeonaveragetobeginenforcementofthedecision,andfortheplaintifftobegintoreceivecompensationorotherapplicableremediesiftheplaintiffuseseachofthefollowingmechanisms?
Less
than1month
Between1monthand1year
Between1and3years
between3and5years
Morethan5years
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Civilcourtlawsuit (b)Criminalcourtlawsuit (c)Alternativedisputeresolutionmechanism(suchasmediation,arbitration,orconciliation)
(d)Administrativebody (e)Ombudsmanfocusedonenvironmentalissues (f)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
22. Thefollowingquestionaimstoexaminetheremediesavailabletoplaintiffsincasespertainingtothe
environment.Towhatextentdoyouagreethat: Strongly
agree Agree Disagree Stronglydisagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Bylaw,compensation(monetarypaymentsforlossesordamages)isavailableasaremedy.
(b)Inpractice,compensation(monetarypaymentsforlossesordamages)isavailableasaremedy.
(c)Bylaw,restitution(forfeitingunlawfullyobtainedprofitsorgains)isavailableasaremedy.
(d)Inpractice,restitution(forfeitingunlawfullyobtainedprofitsorgains)isavailableasaremedy.
(e)Bylaw,restorationoftheenvironmentisavailableasaremedy.
(f)Inpractice,restorationoftheenvironmentisavailableasaremedy.
(g)Bylaw,interimrelief,suchasacourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontotemporarilystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.
(h)Inpractice,interimrelief,suchasacourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontotemporarilystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.
(i)Bylaw,finalinjunctiverelief,acourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontopermanentlystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.
(j)Inpractice,finalinjunctiverelief,acourtorder,injunction,interdict,orothergovernmentactiontopermanentlystopharmfulactivities,isavailableasaremedy.
(k)Remediesincasesrelatingtotheenvironmentareprovidedpromptly.
(l)Availableremediesincasesrelatingtotheenvironmentareadequateandeffective.
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23. Basedonyourexperienceduringthepast5years,forcasespertainingtotheenvironmentornatural
resourcesinwhichthegovernmenthadaninterest(asalitigantorthirdparty),andwhichweredecidedbyacourt,whatpercentage(%)ofcasesreflectedthefollowingoutcomes:
100% 75% 50% 25% 5% 0%
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Thegovernmentexercisedundueinfluenceinattempttoaffecttheoutcomeofthecase.
(b)Thefinaldecisionreflectedthejudge’shonestevaluationoftheavailableevidenceandapplicablelaw.
(c)Thefinaldecisionwasinfluencedbyunduepressurefromoneoftheparties,orwasinfluencedbycorruption.
24. Pleasecommentonthreatsagainstenvironmentaldefendersinyourcountry:
Verylikely Likely Unlikely Very
unlikely
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbypublicofficers(forexample,thepolice,inspectors,orothergovernmentofficials)?
(b)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbyrepresentativesofprivatecompanies?
(c)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbygangsorothercriminalorganizations?
(d)Howlikelyareenvironmentaldefenderstobethreatened,attacked,orpunishedbymembersofthecommunityaffectedbytheprojectorprogram?
(e)Howlikelyisitthatpublic,non-violentdemonstrationsrelatedtotheenvironmentornaturalresourceswillresultinviolenceorretaliation?
(f)Howlikelyislawenforcementtoinvestigateviolenceagainstenvironmentaldefenders?
(g)Howlikelyaretheauthoritiestoprosecuteandpunishperpetratorsofviolenceagainstenvironmentaldefenders?
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SECTIONIIThefollowingquestionsdescribelaws,regulations,procedures,andinstitutionspertainingtospecificenvironmentaltopics.Pleaseselecttheoptionthatbestrepresentsyourviews.Forquestionsthatdonotapplytoyourcountry,pleaseselect“Don’tKnow/NotApplicable.”
II-A.GENERAL
25. Onascalefrom1to10,pleasetellushowserious(with10meaningveryserious,and1meaningnotserious)thefollowingenvironmentalissuesareinyourcountry:
10Seriousproblem
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1Notaseriousproblem
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Airpollutionorpoorairquality (b)Waterpollutionorpoorwaterquality(surfacewater)
(c)Marinenutrientorchemicalpollution (d)Land/soilpollution (e)ClimateChange (f)Deforestation (g)Endangermentoflandanimals,flora,orfauna (h)Endangermentofmarineanimals,flora,orfauna
26. Thefollowingquestionaimsatgaugingtheextenttowhichparticularactivitiesorindustriesimpactthe
environmentinyourcountry.Onascaleof1to10,pleasetellushowmuchthefollowingactivitiesorindustriesimpacttheenvironment(with10meaningaseriousimpactand1meaninglittleimpact)inyourcountry:
10Seriousproblem
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1Notaseriousproblem
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Agriculturalpractices(i.e.useofchemicalsandfertilizers)
(b)Livestockfarming (c)Electricityproduction (d)Extractionandmining (e)Industrialactivities (f)Overfishingorillegalfishing (g)Tourism (h)Transportation(byroad,railway,water,orair) (i)Urbanization (j)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
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II-B.AIRQUALITY&CLIMATE
27. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowenvironmentalauthoritiesimplementthefollowingapproachestomitigate,reduce,orpreventairpollution:
Veryeffective[Environmentalauthoritieshaveastrongmandateto
implementthisapproach.Thismandateresultsinconcreteaction]
Slightlyeffective[Environmental
authoritieshaveapartialorunclearmandateonimplementingthis
approach.Theymaytakesomeaction,butarelimitedintheir
effectiveness.Theymaybesloworunwillingtotakeonpowerfulcorporations]
Noteffectiveatall
[Environmentalauthoritieshaveno
mandatetoimplementthisapproach.Noconcreteactionistakento
implementthismeasure.]
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Developmentofanemissionsinventory (b)Vehicleinspectionprograms (c)Vehicleanti-idlingtechnologies (d)Measurestoincreaseenergyefficiency (e)Programstoincreasetheuseofrenewableenergy
(f)Measurestoreducethesulfurcontentoffuels (g)Programstophaseouttheuseofleadingasoline
(h)Deforestationpreventionprograms (i)Regulationstoreducerelianceonfossilfuelsforenergygeneration
(j)Measurestoreduceozone-depletingsubstances
(k)Programstoincreasetheuseofcleancookstoves
(l)Effortstoreducegreenhousegasemissionormitigateclimatechange
(m)Effortstoadapttoclimatechangeimpacts (n)Capsonspecificpollutants–suchasheavymetals,pesticides,volatileorganiccompounds,etc.–fromkeysourcesinordertomeetambientairqualitystandards
(o)Economicincentivesordisincentives,suchaspollutiontaxesorcap-and-tradeprograms
(p)Workoroperationalpracticerequirements (q)Bansonproductsoractivitiesthatpollute (r)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
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II-C.EXTRACTION&MINING
28. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowpermittingforminingandextractionworksinyourcountry(pleasechooseonlyonesingleanswer):
(a)Thereisacompetitiveandtransparentbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperations,whichmandatescomprehensiveenvironmentalreviewsatseveralstagesoftheprocess.
(b)Thereisaformalbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperations,butitisflawed.Leasesareawardedwithoutcompetitiveandtransparentbidding,orthroughineffectivebiddingprocesses,leavingopenthepossibilityofcorruption.
(c)Thereisnoformalbiddingleaseprogramforminingandextractionoperationsoritissuperficialandineffective.Mostleasesareawardedtofirmswhichofferbribes;tofirmsownedbypoliticalsupporters;ortofirmsinwhicharelevantgovernmentofficerhasafinancialstake.
(d)Don’tknow/NotApplicable.
29. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatements:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Thereisalicensingprocessthatallminingandextractionoperationsmustfollowbeforecommencingwork.
(b)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithenvironmentalimpactassessmentregulations.
(c)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithwastedisposalregulations.
(d)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithwaterqualityregulations.
(e)Miningandextractioncompaniescomplywithairqualityregulations.
(f)Miningandextractioncompaniesadequatelyrestorethedamagedsurfaceofabandonedminingareasand,wherepossible,re-establishnear-naturalconditions.
(g)Miningandextractioncompaniesfairlycompensateaffectedcommunitiesforlossesordamagesresultingfromminingoperations.
(h)Miningandextractioncompaniespayfairmarketvalueforpubliclyownedmineralsfoundonpubliclyownedlands.
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30. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowenvironmentalauthoritiesrespondtothefollowingviolations:
Veryeffective[Environmentalauthoritiesareeffectiveininvestigatingviolations.
Negativefindingsdrawprompt
correctiveaction]
Slightlyeffective[Environmental
authoritiesmightstartinvestigationsinto
violations,butarelimitedintheireffectivenesstoimplementsanctionsorcorrectiveactions.Theymaybesloworunwillingtotakeonpowerfulcorporations]
Noteffectiveatall
[Environmentalauthoritiesdonoteffectivelyinvestigateviolations]
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Miningorextractionthatresultsindegradationofareasofspecialbiological,scientific,historic,aestheticorwildernesssignificance.
(b)Mining,extraction,orprospectinginnationalparks,burialsites,orlandtrusts.
(c)Miningorextractiononprimefarmland. (d)Miningorextractioninvulnerableareas(suchassteepslopes).
(e)Exportingpreciousmineralssuchasgoldanddiamondswithoutpayingrequiredroyalties.
31. Howfrequentlywouldyousaythat:
Almostalways
Inmostcases
Insomecases
Almostnever
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Inpractice,thegovernmentdisclosesinformationaboutoperations,revenues,licensingandcontractsforminingandextractionoperations.
(b)Inpractice,thegovernmentpublishesenvironmentalimpactreportspriortoconsultationsandbeforetheawardofanymineralrights.
(c)Inpractice,officialswhomanagetheextractivesector,orwhoworkforstate-ownedcompaniesornaturalresourcefunds,disclosetheirfinancialinterestsintheoil,gasorminingsector.
(d)Inpractice,state-ownedcompaniesdiscloseauditsanddataonproductionandrevenues.
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II-D.WATERQUALITY&RESOURCES
32. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingwatergovernance–includingwatersupply,wateruse,andwaterprotection–inyourcountry:
Strongly
agree Agree Disagree Stronglydisagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaslegalstructuresthatdefinethenation’sapproachtowatergovernance.
(b)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationsandtechnicalstandardspertainingtowaterqualityfordomesticandindustrialoragricultureuse.
(c)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationsandtechnicalstandardspertainingtowaterqualityfordomesticandindustrialoragricultureuse.
(d)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitytoaddresscompetingwaterusesandensureitsavailability.
(e)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationstoaddresspublichealthconcernsandestablishstandardsfordeterminingwhetherwaterissafeforhumanconsumption.
(f)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationstoaddresspublichealthconcernsandenforcesstandardstoensurethatwaterissafeforhumanconsumption.
(g)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaswaterresourceandqualitylawsandregulationsfordevelopingwaterqualitystandardsfortheecosystemhealthconcerns.
(h)Inmycountry,thegovernmenthaswaterresourceandqualitylawsandregulationsforenforcingwaterqualitystandardsfortheecosystemhealthconcerns.
(i)Thegovernmentinmycountryhasanagencyorbureauthatidentifies,measures,andmonitorsthetypesofpollutantsfoundinthenation’swatersources.
(j)Thegovernment’smethodofwaterqualityregulationisdrivenbysourcesofthevarioustypesofpollutantsfoundinthenation’swatersources.
(k)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatdevelopsregulationstoaddresstransboundarywaterpollution.
(l)Inmycountry,thereisagovernmentalagencyorentitythatenforcesregulationstoaddresstransboundarywaterpollution.
(m)Other(pleasecomment/specify).
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33. Pleaseanswer:
Verylikely Likely Unlikely Very
unlikely
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Inpractice,howlikelyarecompaniestobeheldliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters?
(b)Inpractice,howlikelyaremunicipalitiestobeheldliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters?
(c)Whenholdingpotentiallyresponsiblepartiesliableforwaterpollution,toxicspills,anddischargesofpollutantstowaters,howlikelyisitthatliabilityandpenaltieswillbeassignedbasedontheseverityofthepollutionortoxicspill?
34. Onascalefrom1to10(with10meaningaveryseriousproblem,and1meaningnotaseriousproblem),
pleasetellushowseriousthefollowingproblemsareintheagriculturalindustryintheareawhereyoulive:
10Seriousproblem
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1Notaseriousproblem
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Lackofregulations,suchasquotas,outliningreasonableandacceptablewaterusageforagriculturalpurposes
(b)Lackoflicensingrequirementsforwateruse (c)Lackoflegislationthatlimitsorcapscontaminantsinfertilizers,pesticides,etc.
(d)Lackoflegislationandpoliciestoreducetheexcessiveuseoffertilizers
(e)Lackoflawstoaddressstormwaterrunofffromagriculturalsources
(f)Lackoflawstoaddressstormwaterrunofffromnon-agriculturalsources,suchasstreets,buildingroofs,andotherimpervioussurfaces
(g)Lackofgovernmentregulationstoaddressandmitigatenegativeconsequencesthatnutrientpollutionmighthaveonwaterquality
(h)Lackofthegovernmentenforcementofregulationsonnutrientpollutiontomanagewaterquality
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35. Pleasechoosethestatementthatisclosesttoyourviewsonhowaccessiblethefollowinginformationisinyourcountry:
Veryaccessible[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscanaccessdetailedfigures,subjecttonarrowandwelljustifiedexceptionsdefinedbylaw.Thisinformationiseasily
availableanduptodate]
Slightlyaccessible[Citizens,
journalists,andNGOscanaccess
detailedfigures,butthisinformationmaybedifficulttoaccess,incomplete,oroutofdate]
Notaccessibleatall[Citizens,journalists,andNGOscannotaccessdetailedfigures,dueto
secrecy,prohibitivebarriers,orgovernmentinefficiency]
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblesurfaceandgroundwaterwithdrawals
(b)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblewaterusagefordomestic,agricultural,andindustrialactivities
(c)Nationalorlocallawsandregulationsoutliningpermissiblewaterimpoundments(suchasdamsorreservoirs)
(d)Waterqualitylawstandardsforabodyofwaterthatcapsthequantityofpointsourceandnon-pointsourcecontaminantsinthatareatoprotectagainstpollution
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II-E.WASTEMANAGEMENT
36. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsregardingthemanagementofwaste-bothsolidandhazardousmaterials-inyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/NotApplicable
(a)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydefinecriteriaandlimitsonthepresenceofcontaminantsubstancesinair,soil,andwater.
(b)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydefinethetypeanddegreeofcontaminationthattriggersanobligationtoreturnasitetoacleancondition.
(c)Mycountry’slawsandregulationsclearlydelineateliabilityforharmfromwastedisposalanddumping.
(d)Sitecleanupinmycountryisdrivenbyriskassessment,takingintoaccountthefutureuseoftheland.
(e)Environmentalauthoritieschargedwithoverseeingthecleanupofwastesitesinmycountryhaveaccesstosufficientfinancialandtechnicalresources.
(f)Environmentalauthoritieschargedwithoverseeingthecleanupofwastesitesinmycountryarecompetentandhavesufficientscientificandengineeringknowledge.
(g)Regulationofthehandling,treatment,anddisposalofhazardouswasteiseffectivelyenforcedinmycountry.
(h)Regulationofthehandling,treatment,anddisposalofnon-hazardouswasteiseffectivelyenforcedinmycountry.
37. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingwastemanagementmeasuresareimplementedor
enforcedinyourcountry:
Veryeffectively
Somewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Proceduresforidentifying,mapping,andprioritizingcontaminatedareas
(b)Proceduresfordisposingofwasteinanenvironmentallysoundmanner
(c)Cleanuporrestorationatsiteswhereoilorhazardouswastehasbeendumped
(d)Restrictionsontheproductionanduseofinorganicandorganichazardoussubstances(suchasmetals,dioxinsandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls)
(e)Systemsfordisposingofproductswithahighpotentialtopollute(suchaspesticides,batteries,packaging,tiresandelectronicproducts)
(f)Recyclingregulationtopreventandreducewastedisposal
(g)Regulationofwastedisposallocationsandlicensureofwastedisposalactions
(h)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
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38. Onascalefrom1to10(with10meaningaveryseriousproblem,and1meaningnotaseriousproblem),pleasetellushowseriousarethefollowingobstaclestoeffectivewastemanagementandsitecleanupinyourcountry:
10Seriousproblem
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1Notaseriousproblem
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable
(a)Lackofnationalplansformanagingthedisposalofwaste
(b)Poorenforcementofdomesticsitecleanupandcontaminationregulations
(c)Poorenforcementoftransboundarywastecontaminationregulations
(d)Corporateveilsthatlimitcompanies’responsibilityforcleanupofcontamination,effectivelypassingcleanupcostsontothepublic
(e)Polluterssellingcontaminatedlandcheaplytoavoidcleanupliability
(f)Privatelandownersknowinglypermittingcontaminationbyotheractors
(g)Landtransactionsdocumentsdonotdisclosepriorwastedisposalorcontaminationontheland
(h)Inadequatesystems(infrastructureorlaws)formanagingthefinaldisposalofurbanwaste
(i)Inadequatesystem(infrastructureorlaws)forrecyclingorreusingurbanwaste.
(j)Lackofregulationsbanningtheuseofsingle-useofplastics
(k)Other(pleasecomment/specify)
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II-F.BIODIVERSITY
39. Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementspertainingtobiodiversityandprotectedspeciesinyourcountry:
Stronglyagree Agree Disagree Strongly
disagree
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Theenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinmycountrypromulgatesguidelinesforthesustainableuseandharvestofeconomicallyvaluablespecies.
(b)Theenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinmycountryhasidentifiedcomponentsofbiodiversitywarrantingconservationandactivitiesthataffectthem.
(c)Thelistingofaspeciesasendangeredorpotentiallyendangeredtriggersmeasurestoprotectthatspecies.
(d)Thelistingofprotectedareasorparticularhabitattypestriggersmeasurestoprotectthatareaorhabitat.
(e)Thereareclearrequirementsandspecificationsforissuingpermitsforthetradeoflistedspeciesinmycountry.
(f)Economicincentives–suchaspaymentforecosystemservicessystemsandmitigationbanking–areusedtoprotectbiodiversityinmycountry.
(g)Nationalconservationplansandbiodiversityconsiderationsarewellintegratedintootherareasofnationalpolicyanddecision-makinginmycountry.
40. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelytheenvironmentaland/orwildlifeauthorityinyourcountryperforms
thefollowingfunctions:
Very
effectivelySomewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Monitoringchangesinthecomponentsofbiodiversityoractivitiesthataffectthem
(b)Listingspeciescurrentlythreatenedwithextinction (c)Listingspeciesthatwillbethreatenedwithextinctionifnotcloselymonitoredandcontrolled
(d)Designatingspecificprotectedareasorhabitattypes (e)Enforcingsustainableuseandharvestlevelsofeconomicallyvaluablespecies
(f)Regulatingthetradeoflistedspecies,oritemsderivedfromthosespecies
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II-G.FORESTRY
41. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingforestmanagementmeasuresareimplementedorenforcedinyourcountry:
Very
effectivelySomewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Measuresforconservingforests’biologicaldiversity (b)Measuresformaintainingtheproductivefunctions(woodandnon-wood)offorestecosystems
(c)Measuresformaintainingforestecosystems’healthandvitality
(d)Measuresforconservingandmaintainingforests’soilandwaterresources
(e)Measurestomaintainandenhanceforests’contributiontoglobalcarboncycles
(f)Measurestoensurethesustainableuseofforestsforsocio-economicfunctions(suchasemployment,recreationandtourism,orotherculturaluses)
42. Whatpercentage(%)oftheforestsinyourcountryareunderaforestcertificationprogram–suchasPEFC
–toensureresponsibleandsustainablewoodandpaperpurchasingpolicies?
100% 75% 50% 25% 10% 0% Don’tknow/NotApplicable
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II-H.OCEANS,SEAS&MARINERESOURCES
43. Pleasecommentonhoweffectivelythefollowingmeasuresforconservingoceans,seas,andmarineresourcesareimplementedinyourcountry:
Very
effectivelySomewhateffectively
Notveryeffectively
Noteffectivelyatall
Don’tKnow/Not
Applicable(a)Measurestoreducemarinenutrientpollutionfromland-basedactivitiesandrunoff
(b)Measurestopreventmarinelitter,inparticularfromplastic
(c)Measurestoprotectandstrengthentheresilienceofcoastalecosystems
(d)Measurestoeffectivelymanagemarineprotectedareas
(e)Measurestominimizeandaddresstheimpactsofoceanacidification
(f)Regulatingharvestingoverfishing,illegalfishing,andotherdestructivefishingpractices
(g)Implementingscience-basedplansforrestoringfishstocks
(h)Eliminatingsubsidiesthatcontributetooverfishingorillegal,unreported,orunregulatedfishing.
(i)Measurestoincreasescientificknowledge,developresearchcapacity,andadoptmarinetechnologythatbenefitsoceanhealth
(j)Providingartisanalfishersaccesstomarineresourcesandmarkets
(k)Coordinatingwithothercountriestomanagesharedprotectedmarineareas
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