environmental impact assessmentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · 1.3 major environmental...

E825October 2003

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT

THIRD PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT

PWP III

FINAL REPORT

SANA'A, OCTOBER 2003

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 41.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 41.3 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ISSUES AND MITIGATING MEASURES 51.3.1 HEALTH SUB-PRQJECTS 51.3.2 WATER CATCHMENT RESERVOIR SUB-PROJECTS 61.3.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PRQJECTS 61.3.4 SCHOOLS 71.3.5 PAVEMENT SUB-PROJECTS 81.4 CONCLUSIONS 8

2 INTRODUCTION 9

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 92.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 92.3 REPORT SCOPE 102.4 REPORT STRUCTURE 102.5 PROJECT LOCATION 10

3 INSTITUTIONAL, LEGISLATIVE, POLICY AND FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK 11

3.1 INTRODUCTION 113.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 113.2.1 GoVERNMENIAl, ORGANIZATIONS 1 13.2.2 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 123.2.3 NGOS AND CBOS 123.3 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 133.3.1 GENERAL FRAMEWORK 133.3.2 EA LEGISLATION AND GUIDELINES 133.4 POLICY FRAMEWORK 143.5 FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK 143.6 CONCURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT FRAMEWORK 14

4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION 16

4.1 INTRODUCTION 164.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 164.2.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND NEEDS 164.2.2 DESIGN CRITERIA 174.2.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS 17

5 BASELINE STUDIES AND DATA 19

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

5.1 DEMOGRAPHY 195.1.1 GENDER ISSUES 195.2 PUBLIC HEALTH 205.2.1 EXISTING DATA 205.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITIONS IN YEMEN 225.3.1 EXCRETA AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL 225.3.2 GREY WATER DISPOSAL 235.3.3 REUSE OF DRIED SLUDGE & EFFLUENT 235.3.4 SANITARY PROTECTION OF WELLS AND BOREHOLES 245.3.5 STORM WATER DRAINAGE 24

6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 25

6.1 INTRODUCTION 256.2 PROJECT IMPACTS 256.2.1 HEALTH SUB-PROJECTS 256.2.2 WATER CATCHMENT RESERVOIRS SUB-PROJECTS 276.2.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PROJFC'T'S 296.2.4 SCHOOL SUB-PROJEC'I'S 316.2.5 PAVEMENT SUB-PROJECTS 326.2.6 PUBLIC SAFETY 336.2.7 LESSONS LEARNT' FROM PREVIOUS PWP EXPERIENCE 33

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION PROGRAM 35

7.1 INTRODUCTION 357.1.1 TOR FOR THE WORK OF THE ENVIRONMEN'T'AI, SPECIALIS'I' (ES) 357.1.2 PUBLIC CONSULT'ATION 367.2 RECOMMENDATIONS & MITIGATIONS 367.2.1 HEALTH SUB-PROJECTS 367.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 387.2.3 WAI'ER CATCHMEN'I' RESERVOIR SUB-PROJECTS 397.2.4 ENVIRONMEN'T'AL MANAGEMEN'T PIAN 417.2.5 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PROJECI'S 447.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 467.2.7 SCHOOLS 507.2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PIAN 517.3 CONCLUSION 52

8 MONITORING PLAN 54

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 54APPENDIX A: Principal Environmental Laws Of Yemen And International Treaties Ratified 57APPENDIX B: Global Conventions Protecting Environment Ratified by Yemen 60APPENDIX C: Check lists 61APPENDIX D: TOR for Social Mobilization and Environmental Awareness Specialist 67APPENDIX E: Social Mobilization 70

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

During 1995, the government of Yemen initiated a structural reform program to stabilize theeconomy and stimulate sustainable growth.

To mitigate adverse effects of implementing this program on the most vulnerable population,a social safety net was established with the main objective of poverty alleviation through variousmechanisms targeting the most vulnerable groups. The public works project (PWP) wasestablished in 1996, as one of the main components of the social safety net. The second publicworks project (PWP-3) is an extension of this project, with similar but more sharpeneddevelopment objectives focusing on the creation of jobs and the provision of much neededinfrastructure to improve services and environmental conditions (particularly those affectingwomen and children). The project objectives also include enhancing community involvement insub-projects selection, preparation and implementation and the development of local contractingand consulting firms.

The indicators used to measure performance in attaining these objectives include the numberof:

0 Job person months created

> Infrastructure projects completed

) Women and children who benefit from project created infrastructure

> Contracting and consulting firms employed and supervisors trained

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The PWP-3 consists of about 1000 sub-projects in different sectors. These sub-projects canbe grouped under the following headings: health, water catchment reservoirs, water supply &sanitation, sewerage & treatment facilities, schools, and road pavement. The demand for thesesub-projects comes from the target consumers, being the poor communities. They are identifiedat the community or local government level in co-operation with NGOs, sector ministries, theGovernor's office and the PMU.

The PWP-3 is a multi-sectoral project and is executed under the supervision of a SteeringCommittee.

The PWP-3 is headed by the Steering Committee (SC) and executed by the ProjectManagement Unit (PMU). The SC is composed of six representatives from the government andthree non-government representatives and chaired by the Minister of Planning and Development.The PMU Director serves as the secretariat of the SC.

This report is the formal Environmental Impact Assessment document which will beincluded as part of the project file. It is prepared under the World Bank Guidelines given in theirdocument OD 4.01 for category "B" projects.

The document summarises the environmental impacts and environmental management planfor the different categories of sub-projects of the Third Public Works Project. The process ofsub-project approval automatically drops any sub-project that is suspected to have potentialproblems that can not be resolved on land acquisition, involuntary resettlement, indigenous

4 NIC 2003


people, cultural heritage issues, international waterways or cause social conflicts or high negativeenvironmental impacts. Land acquisition problems are to be resolved by the affectedcommunities, either by changing the sub-project sites or through land purchase. The sub-projectis dropped if the communities fail to resolve the problems related to land ownership. Due to theexperience of the First and Second Public Works Project, the designs have been upgraded andmodified to include most of the mitigation measures.

Due to the nature of the project that maintains the individuality of sub-projectsimplemented in different environmental conditions, it is important to assess the impacts for eachsub-project separately, and accordingly suggest the necessary mitigation measures by consideringlocal environmental conditions and resources.

The project will therefore carry out a screening process to define the environmentallysensitive sub-projects and produce the necessary EMPs for those sub-projects. This will be donethrough contracting a short-term local environmental specialist or a local consulting firm to carryout sub-project individual environmental analyses and produce limited EIA studies as required.

1.3 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ISSUES AND MITIGATING MEASURES

1.3.1 HEALTH SUB-PROJE(CTS

The sub-projects in this sector are expected to have high positive health impacts on thecommunities that they will serve. They will provide the communities with essential healthservices, which are highly needed in remote, difficult to reach and deprived areas.

The main negative impact from these kinds of projects will be the generation of medicalwaste that should be safely disposed off This is a general problem since the safe disposal ofmedical waste is a pending issue in Yemen that still remains to be strictly addressed by therelevant ministries.

A general recommendation for the implementation of health units or centres, therefore, isthat they should be provided with well-designed incinerators. These can be built of local materialsand located within the boundaries of the health facility, with proper orientation to prevailingwinds and to the location of surrounding houses. Also health units should be provided with builtin masonry workbenches finished with tiles to provide an easy-to-clean work surface for the staff.Likewise the unit could be provided with concrete or masonry furniture, including built-inshelves, sideboards or closets as heavy-duty furmiture, which cannot easily be damaged orremoved.

The PWP-3 staff will inform staff of the health facility of appropriate practices for the safedisposal of medical waste suggested by the MoPHP and the WHO. The PWP-3 team shouldprovide the staff of the health facilities with supporting documents, leaflets or posters producedby the Health Education Department of the MoPHP on the safe handling and disposal ofmedical and hazardous waste.

PWP-3 should contact the MoPHP, MoPW and MoWE on the urgent need for training, on anational level, for the staff of health facilities on the safe handling and disposal of medical andhazardous waste. The PWP will provide a list of implemented health facilities to MoPHP toinclude in their training program. PWP can collaborate to the extent possible with these threeministries in the organisation of training workshops on the national or regional levels. Thoseministries should also co-ordinate to provide all health facilities including the implemented or

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future health facilities with coloured containers to help the process of separation of medicalwaste for easy and safe collection and disposal.

In the case of joint implementation of health sub-projects, PWP-3 engineers will holdmeetings with all the concerned or implementing partners to clarify that all parties should carryout the recommended mitigation. It is important to identify the responsibilities of the differentparties for improving the general environmental conditions around the implemented and futurehealth facilities.

A boundary wall will confine health units, and no health unit or extension will be approvedwithout firm guarantees on the staffing and equipping of the proposed facilities.

1.3.2 WAT'ER CATCIHMEN'T RESERVOIR SUB-PROJECTS

In these kinds of sub-projects, it is strongly recommended that after defining the rightcatchment area and the well-protected routes of the feeder channels, that PWP-3 puts thecommunity contribution of the proper building of these channels as a precondition to the start ofthe sub-project.

It is strongly recommended that public collection points should only be provided tocommunities facing water shortages or the communities showing readiness to sustain the sanitaryconditions around public collection points as part of their contribution. Those communities willbe provided with sanitary public collection points with paved collection surfaces, the rightfencing to protect from animals and children and proper drainage of the spilled water to thenearest tree bed or agricultural land. Those communities will also be encouraged to select acaretaker for the public collection point (a female would be ideal), who could be paid a minimumcharge to keep the collection point well maintained and clean. This system should be avoidedespecially in areas epidemic with malaria or rift valley fever, and where the communities areunwilling to look after the place. It is recommended to advise such communities to have theircontribution in the form of supplying piped networks.

Large open reservoirs should be avoided in areas epidemic with vector borne diseases.Project design engineers will consult with local health care officials or malaria experts to discussthe extent of the local malaria problem and inform them of the sub-project. The local healthworkers will then be able to design and implement any necessary mitigating measures.

Initial water quality testing can be beneficial at the design stage of water catchmentstructures. The quality of the water can highly influence the decision on the type and size of theintake and the washing outlet as well as the management of the water use and frequency ofcleaning the tank.

Communities will be advised on the importance of regular water quality testing and shouldbe provided with different options of appropriate technology for the environmental sanitation intheir villages. PWP can associate its work with a local specialised NGO who can carry out thesesoftware activities with the communities in addition to conveying general awareness and healthand hygiene messages and providing training on O&M of the systems.

1.3.3 WA'I'ER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PROJECTl'S

If PWP-3 is completing water supply schemes either on its own or jointly with otherimplementing partners in areas with no environmental sanitation facilities, safe sanitaryconditions should be a pre-condition to project implementation. It is necessary that communitiesof such areas be advised on the appropriate technologies that can be adopted in their areas to

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provide efficient wastewater disposal systems. PWP with implementing partners, if that is thecase, will provide the communities with the appropriate environmental sanitation designs to beused in their areas. If an adequate receiving system does not exist, then the sub-project may domore environmental damage than good. Therefore, if an adequate means of sewage treatmentand/or disposal does not exist, and cannot be agreed upon, the sub-project will not beimplemented. PWP will provide designs on alternative environmental sanitation appropriatetechnologies before the beginning of the projects.

In many of these projects, protection around the source is needed. The well and the pumpengine should be enclosed in the pump house, for protection and safety reasons. PWP-3engineers should advise the pump operators to collect the used oil in barrels instead of spilling itcausing a source of pollution to the well. The changed oil could be sold as fuel in publictraditional baths or in many other ways like applying it as a protective coat to wood.

Piped systems deliver clean and safe water, but the pollution can occur at the household leveldue to wrong practices in storage and handling. If private tanks are placed in the yard without anyprotection to exclude animals and children from getting close to the tank, this will create dirtyand unhygienic conditions around it. Ideally the water should be supplied to the private tank by afixed connection and not by a loose plastic hose, with all kinds of dirt around it.

Health and hygiene awareness is of crucial importance here and PWP-3 will provide therequired health and hygiene messages to such communities either through their own team orthrough facilitators, selected and trained within the community. The facilitators should be femalesince females have better access to the community and households and are generally accepted inYemen as health education workers by both male and female members of the communities.

Sewerage sub-projects have high positive health and environmental impacts. Negativeimpacts are limited to the application of safety measures during the construction phase for boththe pedestrians and the labourers. The PWP-3 form of contract does include all the mitigatingmeasures as obligations on the implementing contractor.

1.3.4 SCHOOLS

Safety measures to protect students from traffic accidents will be considered in the design ifthe school is to be located on a main road. Rails should be fixed along the roadsides extending atleast 10 m on each side beyond the width of the school from both sides. Signposts to informdrivers of a school existence on their way should be fixed on both sides of the road at 1 kmdistance from approaching the end of the school width from the two directions of the traffic.Ramps will be built on the road 50 m from the farthest width ends of the school building tocontrol the speed of passing vehicles. Zebra crossings will be provided for the safe crossing ofstudents. Schools built in hot regions with electricity services provided will have fans installed inthe rooms, and if possible, water coolers will be installed to provide cool drinking water for thestudents.

It is recommended to build toilets whenever possible with new schools or with extensions,especially if the area is served with a water supply and sanitation project.

After the completion of a school with sanitary facilities, the school could be taken as theexample for a safe sanitation system. PWP-3 will arrange with the school management toencourage the students to keep the toilets clean, through holding competitions between classesand offering "Good Conduct" marks or prizes as incentives for the winning class or students.Science and social studies classes can be utilised to convey health and hygiene education messagesand the children can be active advocates carrying those messages to their homes. The health unit

7 nuic 2003


staff and local NGOs can be also approached to play an active role in spreading health messageson safe sanitation and improvement in general health conditions in the community.

1.3.5 PAVEMENT SUB-PROJECTS

Pavement projects will have high positive environmental, health and aesthetic impact.Basically inner cities of old towns will be paved. Thus providing an easy-to-clean, less dustyenvironment for city dwellers and their visitors. No significant negative impact is expected fromthese sub-projects.

1.4 CONCLUSIONS

The sub-projects that will be implemented by PWP-3 are expected to have generally positivehealth and environmental impacts. Negative impacts are found minor when compared to thepositive impacts and these can be easily mitigated by the suggested mitigating measures. Any sub-projects found to have impacts considered to be too negative will be dropped.

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2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

During 1995, the government of Yemen initiated a structural reform program to stabilize theeconomy and stimulate sustainable growth.

To mitigate adverse effects of implementing this program on the most vulnerable population,a social safety net was established with the main objective of poverty alleviation through variousmechanisms targeting the most vulnerable groups. The public works project was established in1996, as one of the main components of the social safety net. The second Public Works Project(PWP-2) was the extension of the project followed by (PWP-3) as the third phase extension ofthis project, with similar but more sharpened development objectives and indicators.

Objectives:

> Creation of jobs

> Provision of much needed infrastructure to improve services and environmentalconditions (particularly those affecting women and children)

> Enhance community involvement in project selection, preparation and implementation

> Development of local contracting and consulting firms

Indicators used to measure performance in attaining these objectives include the number of:

> Job person months created

> Infrastructure projects completed

> Women and children who benefit from project created infrastructure

> Contracting and consulting firms employed and supervisors trained


The PWP-3 consists of a number of sub-projects in different sectors. These sub-projects canbe grouped under the following headings namely health, water catchment reservoirs, water supply& sanitation, sewerage and treatment facilities, schools, and road pavement. The demand forthese sub-projects comes from the target consumers, being the poor communities. They areidentified at the community or local government level in co-operation with NGOs, sectorministries, the Governor's office and the PMU. Sub-project selection targets deprived areas withhigh poverty rates, thus, almost eighty percent of sub-projects are implemented in rural areas.

The PWP-3 is a multi-sectoral project and is executed under the supervision of a SteeringCommittee. The PWP-3 is headed by the Steering Committee (SC) and executed by the ProjectManagement Unit (PMU). The SC is composed of six representatives from the government andthree non-government representatives and chaired by the Minister of Planning and InternationalCooperation. The PMU Director acts as the secretary of the SC.

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2.3 REPORT SCOPE

This report is the formal Environmental Impact Assessment document is a living documentthat provides guidance to he PWP III staff and clients. It is prepared under the World BankGuidelines given in their document OD 4.01 for category "B" projects. The sub-projects underthis category are not expected to involve major environmental issues such as land acquisition,involuntary resettlement, indigenous people, cultural heritage or international waterways. Theoverall impact of the project is expected to significantly improve environmental conditions atevery phase of the project cycle, such that any adverse impact is outweighed by the immediateimprovements. The project is expected to generate overwhelmingly positive environmental, socialand economic impacts. With its identified mitigation measures, the project is not expected topresent any negative environmental consequences.

This report therefore comprises three basic elements:

; Project description and statement of baseline conditions

> Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

> Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

2.4 REPORT STRUCTURE

The structure of the report reflects the scope of the works undertaken as defined in theprevious paragraph. It contains six further sections as described in the following paragraph.

The institutional, legislative, policy and financial frameworks for the project and theenvironmental sector are summarised in Section 3. Section 4 gives a general description of theprojects including a brief overview of project objectives and need. Existing environmentalconditions including a review of socio-economic conditions are provided in Section 5. Theproject's environmental impacts are described in Section 6. The Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP) and Mitigation Program is given in Section 7, while Section 8 comprises theEnvironmental Monitoring Program.

2.5 PROJECT LOCATION

The sub-projects are located throughout the republic in all Governorates. The project has aProject Management Unit (PMU) located in Sana'a and regional offices in six Governorates. Theregional office in Sana'a is serving Sana'a, Amran, Dhamar and Mahweet. The office in Adencovers the Governorates Aden, Lahj, Abyan and Ad Dhala' while the regional office in Ibb, issupervising the works in Taiz, Al Beida and Ibb. Hadramawt is hosting the office for Hadramawtand Al Mahra, Hajja for Hodeidah, Sa'da and Hajja and finally Marib serves the GovemoratesMarib al Jauf and Shabwa.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT' III

3 INSTITUTIONAL, LEGISLATIVE, POLICY AND FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section provides an outline of the existing framework for the execution ofenvironmental appraisal works in Yemen. The institutional framework section deals with theinstitutional framework for environmental appraisals. Specifically, the identification of agencies,governmental and non-governmental, which have responsibilities relating to the preparation,supervision and management of EIAs. Following are sub-sections that outline the institutional,legislative, policy and financial frameworks.

3.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.2.1 GOVERNMENTAI, ORGANIZATlONS

Before 1995 the primary responsibility for environmental matters in Yemen resided with theState Ministry of Environmental Affairs, although an Environmental Protection Council (EPC)was established in 1990 under Prime Ministerial Decree 94. This council was reformed by thePrime Minister's decree 28 of 1995 (Appendix A). In 2001 the EPC was transformed toEnvironmental Protection Authority (EPA).

The Ministry of Water and Environment was established for the first time in Yemen in 2003.The new ministry is expected to be responsible for all governmental institutions working in thefield of water and environment. The organizational structure and policies for the new ministry arebeing currently formulated.

Notwithstanding the fact that the EPA is established and given the nature of the EIAprocess, it is inevitable during this transitional phase that many of the key environmentalresponsibilities in Yemen still reside under other competent authorities. The situation with regardto water supply & sanitation and public health is perhaps even more complicated as illustrated inthe following list:

Agency Area of responsibility

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Development and management of irrigation activities;agricultural extension (water use, cropping patternsetc.) Regulatory authority for GARWSP (May shift tobe under the new MoWE).

Ministry of Water and Environment Regulatory authority for the NWSA, NWRA, EPA,GARWSP, and other water and environmentinstitutions.

Ministry of Public Health Health care provision, disease prevention andmanagement

Ministry of Local Administration Rural water supply and Sanitation Project (World Bank)and local councils

National Water Resources Authority Development, investigation and monitoring of national(NWRA) water resources

National Water and Sewage Authority Urban water supply and sanitation(NWSA)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN'I' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

Agency Area of responsibility

General Authority for Rural Water Development and maintenance of rural water supply &Supply (GARWSP) sanitation.

Dept. of Environmental Health Monitoring of water quality and other public health(Ministry of Public Works) matters in respect of the existing public health

legislation.

3.2.2 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

The principal governmental structure is supported by a limited number of researchorganisations, primarily at the universities of Sana'a and Aden.

3.2.3 NGOS AND CBOS

There is a large number of Yemeni NGOs that could play a role in the development andimplementation of an environmental sector strategy. A number of these organisations is listedbelow.

NGO Area of Activity

Water and Environmental Sanitation Water supply and environmental sanitation andgroup (WES) extension, health and hygiene awareness through

literacy programmes.

Yemeni Environment Protection Increase awareness of environmental issues, co-Society ordinate with government and NGOs to implement

environmental programmes and to promote sustainabledevelopment practices especially in rural areas.

Association for Environmental Specialised societyCommunicators, Sana'a

Protection of Sana'a Old City Specialised society

Supporters of the Environment Specialised society

Wildlife Protection Society Specialised society

Yemen Ornithological Society Specialised society

Urban Development Society Specialised society

Al Yemen Al Khadra Protection of the rural environment

NGO Network for Women To provide organisational structure for the co-ordination of work on women's issues and to provideinput into development project planning.

Welfare associations CBOs. Welfare organisations have largely replaced localdevelopment associations as the main avenue forsponsoring rural development. Often they reflectexisting social structures and are regularly marked bystrong tribal affiliations.

Social Organisation for Family Provides training and health care to poor women andDevelopment children.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC' ASSESSMENTf PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

NGO Area of Activity

Yemeni Family Care Association Provides maternal and child health services andincreases awareness of family care services.

Yemeni Women's Union To improve the situation of women, economically,socially and culturally and encourage participation indevelopment.

The reality is unfortunately that few of these environmental NGOs can be considered trulyeffective. Neither is there a potential to play an important role in the future for implementing asector strategy. A number of reasons could be mentioned.

Many of the NGOs are in fact quasi government agencies (quangos) and therefore cannotand are not viewed as independent bodies by the population. The 1963 YAR law # 11 stillprovides the legal framework for the establishment, organisation, and registration oforganisations and clubs of a cultural, social and charitable nature.

While the right of citizens to form NGOs is recognised in the constitution of Yemen' thestipulations of law #11 are restrictive in a number of ways. The law clearly provides theopportunity for government interference in NGO activities, but it need not necessarily do so.However, the unevenness and seemingly arbitrary application of laws, either by design oraccident implies that this is not the case. Many agencies function effectively believing that theycan only do so through government patronage, thereby breeding public distrust.

In the year 2001 a new law for NGOs was drafted and approved by the Cabinet and theParliament. The NGO law consolidates the role of NGOs in supporting government policies andin implementing activities with flexibility and community involvement. The PWP can make useof this law by involving NGOs in awareness campaigns and other community based activities.

3.3 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.3.1 GENERAl, 11RAMEWORK

The Environmental Protection Law (EPL), which was enacted in 1995 as law # 26, is nowthe framework environmental legislation for Yemen. In general terms it provides for thecontrolling of actions or activities described as being 'unsafe to the environment'. Next to theEPL an overabundance of other laws and regulations dealing with the environment exist. A list oflaws is provided in Appendix A. Yemen also signed a number of international environmentaltreaties. Global conventions protecting environment ratified by Yemen are included in AppendixB.

3.3.2 EA LEGISLATION ANI) GUIDELIINES

The EPL contains provisions for the enacting of legislation on the requirement for an EIA inproject development. The relevant bylaw has been drafted and approved by the EPC, and wasapproved by the Cabinet under # 148 in the year 2000.

l Articles 5,6,7,14,27,32,34 and 41 of the Amended Constitution of 29 September 1994

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The EPC has released draft standards for wastewater quality and air quality but acomprehensive set of standards is not yet available. In their place intemational standards,primarily those of the World Health Organisation (WHO) are used.

3.4 POLICY FRAMEWORK

The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) has been prepared with the support of theUNDP and World Bank and was published in 1997. The government is currently seeking toupdate the NEAP based on environmental work done in preparation for the Poverty ReductionStrategy Paper (PRSP). Key themes in addressing both poverty and environmental degradation inYemen include water scarcity and population pressure. Attention to these and otherenvironmental factors, including solid waste management and integrated coastal zonemanagement, are key elements of the inter-sectoral approach envisaged for the PWP.

In April 2001, the Ministry of Tourism and Environment was established and shortlythereafter, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was set up as the primary body forenvironmental oversight, from both a protection and regulatory perspectives. The EPA is ayoung institution with basically well-defined goals but immature institutional and governancestructures. In the short-term, as it matures institutionally, the EPA is well placed to play acoordinating role among other government departments on both the national and local levels forensuring the long-term sustainability of economic development activities. In the long-term, EPAis expected to continue with its coordinating role, with the added strength of becoming a bonafide regulatory agency responsible for the oversight and review of environmental impactassessments and the like for all major development activities.

After the formulation on the Ministry of water and Environment in 2003, the role of EPA isseen as an implementing agency in certain fields such as the management of protected areas. Theprotected areas in Yemen are included in Annex B. The EPL # 26 of 1995 is currently beingupdated and new byelaws are formulated to include the required modifications to the EPAmandate. As the EPA is the government body responsible for oversight of EIAs/EMPs, PWP-3shall not utilize the EPA or EPA staff for the preparation or implementation of any EIAs orEMPs prepared for sub-projects.

The PWP-3 would support the government's ongoing policy reforms to alleviate poverty andimprove living conditions in poor areas. This would be achieved by targeting investments to poorcommunities and by emphasising provision of small, cost effective infrastructure services.Information on poverty has been obtained from the Government of Yemen's Yearly StatisticalBook of 1996 (Department of statistics in the Ministry of Planning and Development) and theWorld Bank's 1997 Poverty Assessment for Yemen, to facilitate the identification of povertypockets within Governorates.

3.5 FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK

According to the EPL and the byelaw, each implementing agency is responsible forfinancing the mitigating measures required, as part of the project cost. The PWP-3 project isfinanced by credits from IDA and OPEC Fund for International Development and grants fromthe governments of the United States, the Netherlands, Italy and France.

3.6 CONCURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT FRAMEWORK

Given the nature and the size of the sub-projects, no significant environmental impacts areanticipated. The project has been rated "B" according to Operational Directive 4.01. During sub-project selection and prioritisation, the potential environmental impact will be reviewed and anysub-project with potential adverse environmental effects that cannot readily be remedied will berejected. At the finalization of sub-project design, a brief environmental assessment, including

14 NULC2003


needed remedial actions, will be prepared. At the completion of these sub-projects, a monitoringplan will be prepared to verify that necessary remedial actions have been implemented.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACI' ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

4 PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Throughout the early and mid-1990s, the country went through a series of dislocations anddisturbances that resulted in large budget deficits, high inflation, declining real incomes andwidespread unemployment. In response, the Government has been implementing, since 1995, aneconomy-wide reform program designed to stabilise the economy and stimulate sustainablegrowth. The stabilisation program has been successfuil, with core inflation dropping from about65 percent in 1994 to around 12 percent in 1996 and to only 6 percent in 1997.


The PWP-3 consists of about 1000 sub-projects in different sectors. These sub-projects canbe grouped under the following headings namely health, water catchment reservoirs, water supply& sanitation, sewerage and treatment facilities, schools, and road pavement. The demand forthese sub-projects comes from the target consumers, being the poor communities. They areidentified at the community or local government level in co-operation with NGOs, sectorministries, the Governor's office and the PMU

The PWP-3 is a multi-sectoral project and is executed under the supervision of a SteeringCommittee.

The PWP-3 is headed by the Steering Committee (SC) and executed by the ProjectManagement Unit (PMU). The SC is composed of six representatives from the government andthree non-government representatives and chaired by the Minister of Planning and Development.The PMU Director serves as the secretariat of the SC.

4.2.1 PROJECTI' OBJEC'TIVES AND NEEDS

The PWP-3 supports the policy of the government to alleviate poverty and improve livingconditions in poor areas. The target group is the population of the poor areas. The PWP-3 ismulti-sectoral and deals with general issues of relevance to all sectors, it will focus on:

Creation of jobs. Through the financing of small, labour intensive infrastructure extensionand rehabilitation projects in poor areas, the PWP-3 will create jobs and help to alleviate povertyin target areas.

Support for small-scale contractors and consultants. Private sector participation wouldbe encouraged and initiated through the use of small scale consulting and contracting industries.PWP succeeded in involving small contractors and consultants in the execution of every sub-project and PWP-3 aims to strengthen their capacity by providing the necessary training andworkshops.

Sustainability of sub-projects. The PWP provided physical and social infrastructure andservices aimed at improving the living conditions of the poorest communities. PWP-3 wouldcontinue these activities with added focus on the long-term maintenance and sustainability of theinfrastructure facilities to be built by making sustainability an important criterion for the selectionof sub-projects.

Community participation. Under the PWP, the commitment and support of thecommunity proved to be important for project success. However, community involvement inproviding services, as well as in operation and maintenance of rehabilitated and new

16 1N6U12003


infrastructure facilities, needs to be developed further. This would be achieved by involving localgovemments and communities in the design and implementation of sub-projects and by givinggreater weight to such participation in the selection of sub-projects.

4.2.2 DESIGN CRITERIA

The sub-projects selection criteria are as follows:

> The labour content should not be lower than 30 %

> The sub-project should be within the approved sector

> The cost should not exceed USD 250,000

>' The sub-project should be sustainable

> The sub-project should improve the socio-economic and environmental conditionsof the beneficiaries

> The community should participate in all stages of the project cycle

4.2.3 PROJEFCT COMPONENTS

The different sub-projects will be realised all over the Republic of Yemen in all Governoratesand contain the following components:

4.2.3.1 Health sub-projects

The health units/centres are newly constructed, upgraded or rehabilitated when oldstructures exists and the construction is of good quality

4.2.3.2 Water catchment reservoir sub-projects

Water harvesting is promoted by means of constructing water catchment reservoirs or weirsin areas where ground water for any reason is not available. The majority is newly constructed butexisting ones can be upgraded, rehabilitated or extended.

4.2.3.3 Water supply and Sanitation sub-proyects

Most efforts in the water supply & sanitation schemes consist of upgrading, replacing orextending one or more components of an existing system.

As in the water supply, the activities of the PWP-3 concerning sewage schemes are mostlyupgrades of existing facilities.

1 7 mu S 2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN I'PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

4.2.3.4 Pavement sub-projects

The project's pavement activities mainly consist of stone paving of old city centres, sidewalksand aisles, stone retaining walls and culverts.

4.2.3.5 Schools sub-projects

This component consists mainly of the construction of new facilities in some cases only forgirls. But an occasional extension or rehabilitation might occur.

1 8 N U92003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IPUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

5 BASELINE STUDIES AND DATA

5.1 DEMOGRAPHY

5.1.1 GENDER ISSUES

At a general level and highly simplistic level, Yemeti society draws clear distinctions between

the responsibilities of men and women:

Women: Are the dominant force in the home, and within the house. They are traditionally

responsible for cleaning the house, preparing the food and educating children. Some of the work,

washing, (cleaning, helping prepare food) may be delegated to the children, primarily daughters.

Women may be also be restricted in their movement, being allowed to leave the house only in the

afternoon and then only to visit relatives or female friends.

Men: Are traditionally expected to represent the family outside the house. He is responsible

for obtaining the family income and usually will do the shopping. In circumstances, where some

conflict in roles may be perceived to apply, such as carrying solid waste to rubbish containers or

collecting water, children are usually delegated the task. Where no conflict is felt to exist, women

will be responsible.

The right of women to work and participate in the development process without hindrance

or discrimination was established in legislation2

in the constitutions of the YAR and the former

PDRY and since unification in the Constitution of the ROY. Despite this it is clear from the

available data (Table 3.1) that women have either been unable, or have not desired, (or both) to

participate fully in the workplace and that there has been little or no change in the last 10 years.

Table 5.1: Economic Participation Rates %: (15 ears and over)

1988 1994 1999

Total Total Total

Males 51.64 54.46 69.9

Females 12.80 14.80 21.8

Both Sexes 34.95 35.11 45.9Source: CSO 2001

Factors that are still perceived to restrict this participation include:

> Society perceives woman's primary role as in the home to the extent that that is where

the woman will inevitable end up. Accordingly, education is not a necessity for women,

many of whom may suffer restricted access to basic education. This is strongly reflected

in the variable literacy rates for men and women and in particular, at later stages, in

access to a scientific and technical education. Laws requiring compulsory universal

2 YAR clause 36: "Every citizen has the right to practice the career he or she chooses within the limits of the law"clause 10 "Yemeni citizens are equal in the right of labour"clause 34 All texts organising the employment of both sexes are applicable to working women without

distinction .PDRY clause 27: "Labour is the right and duty of every capable citizen, corresponding with his or her ability,

qualification and rights wvithout distinction based on age, sex, blood, colour, religion or language"ROY Labour is a right and honour: it is deemed inevitablc in developing the society. Every citizen has

the right to practice the job he chooses for himself wvithin the limits of the law. It is unlawful toimpose through compulsory means jobs on any citizen, except as stated by the law to carry out apublic service wvithout fair wages in return.

19 UUI©2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT' ASSESSMEN'T PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

primary education have been in existence of laws for many years they are rarely if everenforced and in some cases especially in rural areas no girl only facilities are availablebecause of a shortage of female teachers.

> Even when educated initially, strongly perceived pre-eminence of role in the homeassociated with very young first marriage and very high total fertility rates combine toreduce secondary and further education opportunities and limit female skill developmentopportunities.

> Conflict with the traditional view that the man is the income earner, exacerbated byboth, the potential social stigma that may be attached to a man whose wife is either thesole or part income, or the potential competition for some between men and womenjobs.

Surveys undertaken in 1985, 1991, 1994 and more recently in 1999 do indicate positivetrends suggesting for example that the overwhelming majority of urban Heads of Householdapprove of women being allowed to work.

In addition, to the general constraints imposed on participation in-the labour market, womenalso appear to be disadvantaged in that where they do participate they are not fully utilised. Ingeneral terms women tend to be employed in the public sector, often in 'reserved occupations'where they have little opportunity to develop a professional career and or where their potential israrely fully realised.

Women have been successful in the broader development process only in those areas that areculturally allocated to them, maternity care, child nutrition, and illiteracy programmes etc.Nevertheless, the successes in these areas, and especially those promoted and supported by theGeneral Union of Yemeni Women should not be underestimated or undervalued.

In project specific terms the following conclusions are drawn:

> Given that no land acquisition and resettlement is proposed, there will be nocircumstances in which women are deprived of their due compensation rights.

> There will be significant loss of employment and as such no particular disadvantage towomen through employment loss.

> Similarly, women are unlikely to benefit directly from reductions in workload. Thesebenefits are most likely to fall to children who are charged with carrying out mostdomestic duties outside of the home; fetching water, disposing of waste, etc.

The primary area of benefit will be in the reduction of time and other resources spent incrisis management as the family manager; fewer occurrences of disease, fewer sick children,educed health costs and greater productive time with children.

5.2 PUBLIC HEALTH

5.2.1 EXISTING DATA

The past thirty years have brought great improvements in Yemen's health services. Publichealth facilities have expanded rapidly, in both urban and rural areas; private health services havebeen established and are offering a broad range of modern health care; and a growing number ofYemenis are being trained to become physicians, nurses and other health workers. But there are

20 *UL 2003


still major weaknesses in the outreach and quality of health care delivery systems, which areaggravated by population pressure and severe financial limitation.

Among the most pressing issues are shortcomings in the regional coverage and quality ofprimary health care, which caters mainly to the poor and should be the principal agent forpreventive health programs such as immunisation, MCH care, nutrition and health education. Atpresent, about 50 percent of the population live within reach of PHC services. Access is higher inurban areas (85 percent) and lower in rural areas (35 per cent). One of the factors that has led tothis situation is the rugged terrain where people are widely scattered over some 33,000 villagesand towns. Other factors are administrative and management weaknesses, a strong urban bias ofdoctors and paramedics working in the health sector, insufficient community participation and asevere shortage of budgetary funds. But even when PHC facilities are available, their utilisationappears to be very low. To a large extent this is due to the poor quality of services provided.Many units and centres suffer from shortages of staff, especially female health workers, and lackessential equipment and medicines. This damages the credibility of the system and leaves patientswithout proper help and treatment.

Mothers and infants are the most vulnerable population group and are facing severe healthrisks during delivery and in the pre and post-natal periods. In Yemen, these risks translate intohigh morbidity and mortality rates. To deal with these problems, more MCH facilities are neededand their quality would have to be upgraded. MCH services include the immunisation of new-bom children, physical check-ups, safe and aseptic deliveries, pre and post-natal care, andcounselling on nutrition and family planning. Endemic diseases mainly cause morbidity amongolder children and adults. Controlling them requires effective surveillance systems, which canguide national and regional control programs. For better results and sustained impact, theprograms should be supported by health education teaching people to create a better healthenvironment, avoid contamination through unsafe water, and informing them about possiblemethods of treatment.

Modem concepts of health care are fairly new to Yemen, and yet to be fully appreciated bylarge segments of the population. Health education therefore has a crucial role to play inexplaining the benefits of modem health principles and procedures, including a balancednutrition and a safe health environment. Nutrition habits in Yemen are among the worst in theworld. Although food supplies for infants and young children appear to be adequate, the Yemendiet tends to be monotonous. Moreover, traditional habits deprive infants during critical periodsof essential breast milk. The results are anaemia and iodine and vitamin deficiencies, whichinhibit physical growth and development, and weaken resistance to infections and diseases.

There are three major sources from which the health sector in Yemen is financed: thegovernment budget, which covers public health expenditures, payments of patients for privatehealth services, and foreign assistance. Local communities contributed substantially to publichealth facilities in the '70s and '80s. But their role has become marginal after 1986, when thecentral government claimed their main tax income from the Zakat. User co-operative charges forpublic health services are insignificant while private health services are fully paid for by thepatients.

In 1997, the Government allocated about 3.3 percent of total expenditures to the healthsector, having gradually declined from 4.2 percent in 1990. On a per capita basis the 1997expenditures were equivalent to about USD 3.6. The low level of government funding hasseriously undermined the operational effectiveness of the public health sector. Wages and salariesof health personnel are extremely low, forcing many of them to seek supplemental incomesoutside their regular employment and weakening their work motivation. There are pervasiveshortages of medical supplies, and few resources are available for maintaining equipment and

21 1NU1©2003


buildings. The PHC facilities in particular suffer from the budget squeeze; but hospitals are alsoseriously under funded.

Table 5.2 Relation between the environment and infant/child mortality rate (of 1000 births)

Infant Mortality Rate Under Five Mortality Rate

Rural Urban Rural Urban

Drinking Water

Piped 85.5 87.2 119.2 112.1

Well 104.8 98.9 145.5 152.0

Toilet Facility

Flush 72.6 9.4 115.1 96.1

Bucket 97.6 101.8 128.7 127.7

Area around the house

Clean 85.8 71.9 112.3 8.6

Dirty 107.4 97.1 157.2 127.1

Source CS01999

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITIONS IN YEMEN

5.3.1 EXCRET'A AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

Rural Areas: In the rural areas in general, only a small percentage of house holds have someform of latrine, of those few with latrines either inside the house or in a separate building, mostused a pour-flush system, which consists of a squatting pan, usually ceramic, connected to anextemal cesspit. After use, the pan is flushed with water using a hand held small pan or bucket.Other households in hilly areas were seen to pipe the wastewater down the hillside to soak awayin the valley below.

Generally the latrines or cesspits are not emptied when full, they are covered with sand, andthe villagers dig a new pit. Sometimes, irresponsible households were seen to allow thewastewater to continue to overflow on pathways and fields.

Sanitation coverage in some areas is less than 10% and the resulting indiscriminate defecationin the fields nearby communities poses a serious environmental/health issues. Most of theProject villages fall into this low coverage category as they are mainly small with an averagepopulation of less that 3,000. In the project areas visited the soils were mainly homogeneous andthe ground water was at great depth so the likelihood of ground water pollution from onsitesanitation systems is low.

Rural Schools and Clinics: Many rural schools and clinics had no sanitation facilities. Ofthose that did have facilities, these included pit latrines, cesspits and septic tanks; theadministrative personnel maintain these individually, however little attention is given to this issue.This could be improved by making contracts with private individuals to maintain the facilities.

Large Villages and Small Towns: In the more densely populated areas such as largevillages and small towns (3,000 to 10,000 population), also rely on "on-site" disposal throughlatrines and cesspits. Sanitation coverage is higher in these areas, up to 6 0% causing potential

22 NU1C2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJEC' III

surface and groundwater contamination problems. At the Governorate and district level theresponsible body for emptying the cesspits and septic tanks in urban areas is the Municipality,which is under the Ministry of Construction and Urban Planning. A number of the largermunicipalities operate sanitation vacuum tankers. The waste is theoretically disposed of in wastetreatment plants or stabilisation ponds if they exist, or more generally the waste is dumped in avalley or wadi in a non-residential area. Charges are not usually levied, but in some cases, themunicipality is charging for extending the service outside of the town to nearby villages. Theemptying of pit latrines and cesspits in these more densely populated areas can be improved, ifthe responsible and concemrd authority can provide an emptying service using a vacuum tanker.The costs could be covered by user charges.

However a major issue that should be addressed is to how to provide facilities where septicwastes can be emptied and treated.

5.3.2 GREY WATER DISPOSAI,

The majority of village households have no proper means of grey water or sullage disposal. Itis usually piped away from the sink to the outside where it is allowed to soak into the ground, orif no sink exists, the waste is thrown onto the ground. Also, in general, the spillage from publicstand posts or water points is allowed to pond on the ground, forming a stagnant pool whereanimals come to drink churning the area into a mud bath. Increasing water supply service levelsin a village can exacerbate this problem unless the problem is addressed. Householdsconstructing simple sanitary "soak-aways" can easily improve the disposal of grey water at thehousehold level. Similarly, providing a concrete apron around a stand post, with a drain tochannel the wastewater to an animal trough or to an area of vegetation, can improve thesurrounding area.

5.3.3 REUSE OF DRIED SLUDGE & EFFLUENT

Since this project is primarily focusing on rural areas with rather dispersed housing clusters,most of the sanitation installations will be on-site facilities (pit latrines, septic tanks), with on-sitesludge maturing techniques that will not require extensive emptying services. Excreta that hasbeen contained in a pit latrine for two years or more is safe as all pathogens, including worm ova,will have died and is safe to use as a soil conditioner. However, in some cases, where justified bypopulation density and water use, communal septic tanks or sewerage and oxidation ponds maybe built or existing sewerage systems rehabilitated. Before using sludge from these sources as asoil conditioner or fertiliser tests would be required to ensure that there is no health risk. Currentpractice of effluent disposal from treatment plants in some places in Yemen has been to let theeffluent run into open ditches or other natural drains. Farmers have used the effluent forirrigation at their own initiative and without concern about the quality of the water. This is anindication that there is a demand for agricultural reuse of wastewater in some areas due toshortages of water and potential savings in fertiliser and pumping costs. Villagers also expressedinterest in using latrine emptying and septic tank sludge as fertiliser (although this is not acommon practice) because they believe that artificial fertiliser can cause damage to soils andplants and prefer natural fertiliser. A good example is in lbb, where the farmers use dried sludgefrom the treatment plant as fertiliser.

The hygienic use of matured latrine contents manure and septic tank sludge as soilconditioner or fertiliser can be introduced into villages through demonstration and educationprograms. Septic tank and oxidation pond sludge need treatment in wastewater treatment plantsor be allowed to "mature" over time in drying beds. However, appropriate guidelines andcontrols are needed for the reuse of treated wastewater. The technical and maintenance

23 NUIC2003


responsibilities for treatment facilities would be under the concerned municipalities. However,PWP at least initially should take responsibility for introducing wastewater and sludge qualitytesting. This would include the adoption of safe effluent quality standards, restriction on cropswhere reuse is allowed so as to exclude vegetables that are eaten raw, control on exposure offarm workers and promotion of hygiene, and monitoring and field surveillance of wastewaterreuse in accordance with WHO standards as discussed below in the mitigation and monitoringplan.

5.3.4 SANITARY PROT'ECTION OF WELLS AND BOREI-IOLES

Buckets and ropes are used to draw water from open wells. The buckets and ropes are oftenlaid on the ground where they can pick up contaminants, which are then introduced back into thewell. Spillage from the buckets is often allowed to pond on the ground. The areas around the wellare not usually fenced, and the wells are left open to the elements. Similarly, the spillage frompublic stand posts or water points is allowed to pond on the ground, forming a stagnant poolwhere animals come to drink churning the area into a mud bath. In general, this can easily beimproved by providing a concrete apron around the well stand post, with a drain to channel thewastewater to an animal trough or to an area of vegetation. In the case of drilled boreholes, it hasbeen found that it is very important to solidly grout between the ground and the borehole liner atthe surface to prevent infiltration of polluted surface and spillage water into the aquifer.

5.3.5 ST'ORM WA'I'ER DRAINAGE

Flooding from storm water was not seen to be a major problem although some villagersreported occasional flooding problems during heavy rains. In some areas where storm waterdrains had been provided, solid wastes were a major contributing factor to the blocking of thesedrains. It has been found in Yemen that solid waste disposal can be greatly improved throughhygiene education and this issue is included in the proposed campaign, which will promoteimproved collection and disposal in waste pits to be dug by the community.

24 MIC 2003


6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The PWP-3 sub-projects can be implemented in any part of Yemen. This section therefore,addresses general environmental impacts per category of sub-projects. At the end of eachcategory, the general environmental impacts for each sub-project type, including the perceivedrisk of each impact, are listed in a summary table. Permanent impacts are expected to result fromactions at the design and operation phases, while temporary impacts will result from actions atthe construction phase.

The end of the section contains a small summary of lessons learnt from previous PWPexperience.

6.2 PROJECT IMPACTS

6.2.1 HEALrT-I SUB-PROJECTS

The sub-projects in this sector are expected to have high positive health impacts on thecommunities they are going to serve. They will provide the communities with essential healthservices, which are highly needed especially in remote, difficult to reach and deprived areas.

The main negative impact that can occur in this sector is the generation of medical waste thatshould be safely disposed off. This will have to be organised together with the ordinary solidwaste disposal. It is important to mention that the safe disposal of medical waste is a pendingissue in Yemen that still awaits to be strictly addressed by the relevant ministries. During theconstruction phase increased levels of noise and vibration might occur and there is a higherpossibility of accidents.

Impact Impactidentification Analysis P

Potential - - ~~~~method method

Impact Area 5 3 Z 9 R x =5 8 D ... +high pove impact~~ ~. ~~% ~~ ~~' (D u3 a) ~G + +moderate positive impact2 0 M 3 3 + low po§tive impact

A2 M - u Oneutral impactfD cu M ~~~~~~~~~~~~- low regative impact

C) . _ _ a l ') --moderate negative impactL 7 _ 90 o --- high negative impact

BIOLOGICAL = ===Flora and fauna _ _ 0

Endangered species _ _ 0 0 0

Sensitive habitats / / 0 0 0

Species of commercial importance = = 0 0 0

COMMUNITYPopulation =/ 0 0 +.+ +

Structure / 0 0 0Employment and Labour market / - - + +

Distribution of income, goods and // 0 + +services

Customs, aspirations and attitudes / / 0 + ++

25 N6c02003


Impact Impact _identification Analysis

Potential method method

Impact Area .X <3ghigh posive impactED 0 'oX R Da D + oepsema

=" _ _D ++ moderate positive impact-. W CD+Ilow posidve impactm (D 0 (D~ <0 neutral impact

w -low niegative impact!~~~. --~~~moderatenregative impact

Ur O. < _~~~~~~~9 --- high negative impact

Resettlement 0 = =

EDUCATIONEnrolment of children ==0 0 +++Women adult education / / 0 0 +++Health awareness 7= = - - = 0 0 +++

HEALTH __X=

The availability of health services _ O +++

Unhygienic toilet Oatrine) _ _ _conditions

Collection, handling and disposal / / O Oof medical wasteLAND RESOURCES _ =_=Topography, soils, floods, _/ / OearthquakesSoil contamination $ / = - -

LAND USE == =Disputes over the use of the / O building siteNOISE _

Increased levels of noise and _ v - Ovibration

SAFETY = = ====More possibility of accidents 7 _ _ -_ - - -

26 11111 2003


6.2.2 WATER C(ATCHMENT RESERVOIRS SUB-PROJECTS

The main impacts of this kind of sub-projects will be positive. The provision of water foragricultural, domestic or drinking purposes has high positive impacts on the general livelihoodconditions of the communities especially of women and children, since they are mainlyresponsible for the fetching of water. The impact can be observed in the increased numbers ofenrolment at schools, especially in the case of girls, and in the women's enrolment in literacyclasses and other social or income generating activities.

The negative impacts can be summarised in the improper implementation of the communitycontribution, spillage at public collection points, vector breeding and the generation of increasedquantities of wastewater in the absence of environmental sanitation facilities. It is important tomention that the low coverage of environmental sanitation facilities especially in rural areas is anational problem in Yemen. Increased dust will appear during excavation and preparing ofdrainage beds and reservoirs. The levels of noise and vibration will increase and there is possibledestruction of water supply pipes, paved roads, cables, existing cesspits, etc. The number ofaccidents will rise.

Another fact that might lead to a negative impact is the selection of the site of the reservoirand catchment area. If the proposed site is in a densely populated area, the people are tempted tothrow their garbage in the feeder channels and wastewater will spill into the reservoir. This is avery unwanted development. Therefore it is advised to keep the reservoirs away from populatedareas, and if this cannot be avoided, awareness programs should stress on the dangers of theseactions. In the worst case the population should be advised not to drink from the water and onlyuse it for domestic use, like washing, laundry and watering animals or crops.

Impact Impact _ nidentification Analysis . E

method Method

Impact Area = 3 1 oi 8 ++ high posive impact

|~~~~C =r- Z 3g91' gDSE 1 .kc~ q ++ moder-ate positve impact

3' C z _ Oneutr-al impact-p 3- Dlownregatve impact

C) ~~~~_&"'-moderatenregatve impact0 2. 90 --- high negative impact

AIR __ _ _ ____

Increased dust during excavation / _0 0and construction

BIOLOGICAL _ = =___

Flora and fauna X- - -

Endangered species _ _ / 0 0 0Sensitive habitats / 7 0 0 0Species of commercial importance __ / 0 0 0

COMMUNITY _ _ _ _ _ X___

Population / = = 0 0 +

Employment and Labour market 0 _ o +++ +

Distribution of income, goods and / / 0 + +servicesCustoms, aspirations and attitudes _ = 0 0 ++

Resettlement / _ - 0 0 +

HEALTH _ = _ = = =_=

The formation of vector breeding 0/ 0 sites

2 7 N KLC 2003


Impact Impact S.identification Analysis > f. I

Potential method Method n

Impact Area |- a |= | | . . . high positive mpact0g - %- 3=l - s ++ moderate positve impact

-. D -L Ci sr . +low positive impact

0 m- z -- hg neutalNeimpact

Dumping of solid waste or wastewater in feeder canals or catchment / / 0 0areaHealth problems due to insufficienttreatment or accidental / / 0 0consumption

LAND RESOURCESTopography, soils, floods, / / O O +earthquakes ___

LAND USE _

Disputes over the use of land for / / O Othe building site

NOISE _ == =

Increased levels of noise and / O Ovibration

SAFETY _ _

More possibility of accidents - 0O

Possible adverse impacts on soil _ / 0 0 Oconditions as a result of storage _ _

WATER & WATERSUPPLY

Groundwater _ = = = _ - 0 0 +

Pollution of water sources _ _ _ 0 0 ++

28 NU1C2003

ENVIRONMENT'AL IMPACT ASSESSMEN'I' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECI' III

6.2.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PROJECTS

The completion of water supply and sewerage schemes has strong positive health andenvironmental impacts.

The main negative impact in the water supply sub-projects is the generation of increasedquantities of wastewater in the absence of environmental sanitation facilities, which is a nationalproblem in Yemen especially in rural areas. During excavation and burial of pipes increased dustmight arise as will the noise and vibration levels increase. Beside the increase of accidents,destruction of water supply pipes, paved roads, cables, existing cesspits, etc. is possible.

Impact Impactidentification Analysis ¢ v. d 5


Impact Area =r a, Z. 3 o o mx '= J 8 - +. highpositiveimpact7r =. r :. CD M CD 2 u --, m ++ moderate positve impact

M m. 0h 3 . oEfI +low positiveimpactm f X ° r X ° 8° U.goE o rneutral impact

C) f D ax m x mD -lownegative impact_ _ °v 0 --- high negative impact

AIR

Designed location of treatmentworks causing occasional offensive / / 0 0 ---

smellsIncreased dust during excavationand burial of pipes and at the / 0 --- 0treatment works site.

BIOLOGICAL _ = ===

Flora and fauna / / - - 0

Endangered species // 0 0 0

Sensitive habitats _ _ 0 0 0

Species of commercial importance _/ - 0 0 0

COMMUNITY .Population _ / 0 0 +

Structure _ _ 0 0 +

Employment and Labour market _ - _ = - 0 +++ ++

Distribution of income, goods and / 0 + +servicesCustoms, aspirations and attitudes _ = 0 0 ++

EDUCATIONEnrolment of children _ _ 0 0 +++Women adult education =/ 0 0 ++ +Health awareness v/ -/ 0 0 +.+

HEALTH _ _

The formation of vector breeding _ _ _0 0sites effluent ponds. ___

Possibility of suffocation orexplosions due to negligence whileopening the septic tanks for / / 0 0cleaning and the release offlammable gases _

Wastewater disposal 7 _ = - / 0 0

29 N LC2003


Impact Impact - oidentification Analysis

Potenti al method methodx z ~ ~ ~ ~ nf, Impact Area 2. _ Z 0 xX ' 5 °CW n. K +++high posive impact

:3. , O < r= X o 3 3 o< . eD ++moderateposdve impact0 M. ID +low poslibve impactM 5 M ~M - Oneutral impact

a, 3 m* - low negative impactC) _ _ X g va e~~n -(- moderate riegative impact

_) Mr o- *D --- high negative impact

Health problems due to direct _ _ _ O Ocontact and handling of effluent.Removal and disposal of waste _ _ _ - Omaterials from pitsHealth problems due to insufficienttreatment or improper effluent / / O Odisposal from septic tanks toagricultural lands.Collection, handling and disposal V -- -

of waste ____O

INFRASTRUCTURESERVICESPossible destruction of watersupply pipes, paved roads, cables, /0 --- 0existing cesspits etc.LAND RESOURCES _==Soil contamination / / 0 0 -

LAND USEDisputes over the use of treated / _ Oeffluent for irrigation.NOISE __ ==Increased levels of noise and _ / _ 0 Ovibration ___

SAFETY _ ==More possibility of accidents -0 = - -

Possible adverse impacts on soilconditions as a result of lower / / 0 0treatment efficiency levels.TRAFFICDisruptions -/ 0 0Local access 70 _ 0WATER _ -= = =_=_Groundwater _0 0 +Disposal of waste and resource use v/ V_ 0 0 ++Wastewater generation / 0 0 -

Wastewater tariffs / 0 0 +Designed locations of points ofdisposal of effluent, sludge dryingbeds or other sludge treatment / / 0 0 ++causing pollution of waterresources.Insufficient treatment capacity for / 0 0the designed treatment works.Pollution of water sources - 0 ++

30 N1C2003


6.2.4 SCHOOL SUB-PROJECTS

Schools are designed to provide education services on the village or district levels and topromote education among male and female students, with special attention to encouraging theenrolment of girls in formal education. Sub-projects under PWP-3 are usually either extensions ofexisting schools or building of new ones.

The main potential adverse health and environmental impacts are expected to occur as aresult of disputed land ownership, or by locating a school on a flood passage route or on a pavedmain road. Land ownership disputes should be settled before any approval of the sub-projectsand new schools should never be constructed near a flood passage route. If a school is to bepositioned in a suspected flood passage route, then all precautions should be taken during thedesign stage to ensure the safety of students while being in the school or while arriving or leavingthe school. Increased dust levels during excavation and preparation of construction sites, as wellas increased levels of noise and vibration and a higher possibility of accidents are also concerns.

Impact Impact identification Analysis | a P

Potential method method JIImpact a IR | .. highpositiveimpact

R Er. ra _ -2 --9 high negI ~++ moderate positive impact

LAND USE; 0 0 0 _ _ = r~~~~~~ _-= = , ,

Disputes over +t lw positive impact

Catnge egorpeies II 0 0. / = =ai0m0

Sensitive=habiaow regative impact

Species~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g CD commercia immpanct / 0

In ~ ~~ -moderate negative impact

0 90. --- highnregative impact

LAND USEDisputes over the use of land for 0 0the building site ___

Endangered species - / 0 0 0Sensitive habitats / / 0 0 0Species of commercialimportance / / 0 0 0

COMMUNITY

Population _ 0 0 +

Structure - 0 +

Employment and Labour market _ - = = - - -= 0 ++ +

Distribution of income, goods and / ,- 0 + +servicesCustoms, aspirations and attitudes / / 0 0 +++

HEALTH _ =_=L

Increased awareness levels / / 0 0 +++

Unhygienic toilet (latrine) / 0 0conditions _______

Waste disposal / / 0 0 -

NOISE _ = ====

Increased levels of noise and V/ V/ 0 - 0vibration

SAFETY = = =___

More possibility of accidents _ - _- ___ - - - _ 0 --- --

3 1 NU1C2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

6.2.5 PAVEMENT SUB-PROJECTS

Increased dust and traffic diversions during the construction phase and preparing of roadbedmight cause temporary inconvenience for the public. The same counts for increased levels ofnoise, vibration and possibility of accidents.

In general the impact of these projects is highly positive. No significant negative impacts canbe foreseen for these sub-projects, and any construction related impacts will be temporary. Thedesign should include adequate storm drainage.

Impact Impact - o _

identification Analysis ! ¢.


Impact 0 R ++. high positive impact

F 4. ++ moderate positive impactCategories 4 o >0 Q 3. 4. ^ 3 g :: 3 O ni + low positive impactCategories ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- ----~~~~~~~~~~ ;eutral impact

C: * h! BL PZ CL , v) - , negative impactv: g CD --moderate negative impact

--- high negative impact

AIR _

Increased dust and foul odours v _ 0 0during constructionLAND USE === == = =

Disputes over the use of land for 0 onew roadsEndangered species / 0 0 0Sensitive habitats / ' 0 0 0Species of commercial importance / 7 0 0 0

COMMUNITY

Population - - / 0 0 ++Structure / - / 0 0 +

Employment and Labour market -= = = - - 7 0 0 ++

Distribution of income, goods and / o O ±++services ...Customs, aspirations and attitudes 7 0 0 ++

HEALTH = = = =

Increased access / / 0 0 +++

Waste disposal _-- = = = - = / 0 0 ++

NOISEIncreased levels of noise and _ /_ +vibration

WATER _ ____

Flooding by storm water / = = = =

SAFETYMore possibility of accidents -- _ _ =-- - / 0 --- ++

3 2 NULC2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

6.2.6 PUBLIC SAFETY

During the construction phase of all sub-projects, there may be an increased risk of accidentsinvolving local populations, especially children. These may result from one or a combination ofthe following:

> Unauthorised access to a construction site.

> An absence of control over access to construction sites,

> Conflict with construction vehicles,

> Poor site safety,

> Inadequate site management.

By their very nature construction activities generate elevated levels of accident risk. However,three factors suggest that the impacts from these projects may be further increased:

> It is evident that a number of construction sites in Yemen lack proper management andin some cases are clearly dangerous and equally importantly that off site activities, such asconstruction traffic, are as poorly controlled.

> Widespread construction within the urban areas. Extensive linear construction sitesalong urban streets will expose large sections of the population, especially children whouse streets as play areas, to risk.

> The nature of the urban development is such that access routes for construction trafficwill be poor; often comprising relatively narrow streets and lanes with no pedestrianfacilities, blind corners etc.

6.2.7 LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS PWP EXPERIENCE

Based on the experiences of the first two phases of PWP the following could be observed:

1. Women and Children. Aware of the immense need for services benefiting womenand children, the PWP considers this target group the most important to respond to.Moreover, development and poverty alleviation cannot be achieved without takinginto consideration the welfare of women and children. To meet this strategy, schoolsfor girls, viable water sub-projects, as women and children are the main beneficiaries,and health facilities are given the highest priority.

2. Education. From the onset the PWP noticed a trend in the requests from thecommunities of which more than 50 % were in the field of education. Thisphenomenon is explainable. Communities, even those in the most remote areas,have realised the importance of education for both male and female as the crucialcomponent of development and poverty alleviation. Due to the demand drivenapproach, the PWP responded to these needs after analysis of the requests, whichproved an acute shortage in education facilities, in urban, semi-urban, rural andextreme remote locations. In urban neighbourhoods classrooms are characterised byovercrowding. The average number of students per classroom ranges from 80 - 120.In rural areas informal shelters are used, such as under trees, temporary corrugatedsteel structures or small rented or donated houses or mosques. Most students haveto walk several kilometres every day. These situations are not acceptable for girls,thus resulting in high female illiteracy. The PWP interventions are mainly in reducingovercrowded classrooms and replacing existing informal structures. In addition allschools are provided with basic fumiture in the form of combined desks.

33 14LC2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN 1 PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

3. Health. The PWP responds to requests for health facilities, in areas that prove to bein critical need of health services and had plans for long-term sustainability. In theselection phase it should be considered that a newly constructed health facility willbe fully equipped and operated either by the MoPHP, or by an international NGO.

4. Water & Agriculture. The problem of water scarcity in Yemen has led to increasedinvolvement in this sector. Activities undertaken by PWP are contributions to watersupply schemes and the construction of water catchment ponds and weirs. Since thePWP only in labour intensive activities the contribution to water supply schemes islimited to the construction of networks and reservoirs.

5. Sanitation. The intervention of PWP in this sector is limited due to the fact thatmost requests do not comply with the environmental criteria. Only upgrading ofexisting facilities in urban areas can improve the environmental conditions.

6. Roads. The main focus on this sector is stone paving of old neighbourhoods ofurban centres characterised by old and historical significance. Thus making thempotential tourists attractions. To preserve the cultural heritage and enhance thearchitecture of the old buildings, stones are selected that match with thesurroundings. Further PWP undertakes the implementation of rural roads, in co-ordination with the Roads Maintenance Fund, to do the labour intensivecomponents like retaining walls, culverts and storm water drainage.

7. Social security and Vocational Training. Intervention in this important sector in co-ordination with the Ministry of Technical Education and Vocational Training andInternational NGOs who equip, operate and maintain the facilities.

8. Other factors. As in most developing countries, Yemen suffers from severe adverseenvironmental circumstances. Several factors such as high poverty levels, highpopulation densities, lack of basic services like sewerage, migration, depletion ofwater sources etc. have exacerbated the situation.

34 NE6a02003


7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION PROGRAM

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The government of the Republic of Yemen is committed through the components of thisproject, to improve the quality of life of the rural populations. The PWP-3 will achieve thisdevelopment objective through implementation of infrastructure schemes that include: building,rehabilitation and upgrading of health centres and health units, building, rehabilitation andupgrading of schools, community water schemes, rural roads and water catchment reservoirs.

This project has been assigned Environmental Category "B" in accordance with World BankOperational Policy 4.01, "Environmental Assessment". The project is not anticipated to requireany involuntary resettlement or damage to archaeological and/or historical sites. However, theproject is classified into a "B" project due to its potential environmental impacts associated withthe construction of the rural infrastructure sub-projects.

Due to the nature of the project that maintains the individuality of sub-projects implementedin different environmental conditions, it is important to assess the impacts for each sub-projectseparately, and accordingly suggest the necessary mitigation measures by considering localenvironmental conditions and resources.

The project will therefore carry out a screening process to define the environmentallysensitive sub-projects and produce the necessary EMPs for those sub-projects. This will be donethrough contracting a short-term local environmental specialist or a local consulting firm to carryout sub-project individual environmental analyses and produce limited EIA studies as required.

An indicative TOR for this work is as follows:

7.1.1 TOR FOR THIE WORK OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALIST (ES)

The Environmental Specialist is required to carry out the following activities:

1. To conduct desk reviews for the documents of the PWP-3 sub-projects, and to carryout environmental analyses, limited or full EIAs for the environmentally sensitivesub-projects according to policy of the World Bank and the Yemen EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) Policy Document.

2. To conduct office discussions with the concerned engineers of the PWP-3.

3. To establish contact with the local and national EPA officials responsible for EIAoversight as well as other relevant local and national authorities in the concernedgovernmental or non-governmental sectors and to develop joint activities whenrequired.

4. To conduct field visits for selected number of sub-projects accompanied by staffmembers or Regional Officers of the PWP-3, to assess the existing environmentalconditions on site and the potential environmental impacts associated with theproposed sub-project.

5. To provide the results of the Environmental Impact Analysis in the form of anEnvironmental Statement (ES), to be submitted to the decision makers.

35 NEL02003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACI' ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

6. To conduct training workshops for the PWP-3 staff and engineers on EIA and onthe EIA tools developed for the project.

7. To identify the sub-projects that need community mobilization and awarenessprogrammes.

8. To be engaged in the supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the PWP-3 sub-projects.

7.1.2 PUBLIC CONSULTIATION

Although a full consultation process is not required for the Category "B" projects, theGovernment of Yemen has decided to undertake small-scale consultation processes,informational campaigns and training sessions for some of the sub-projects. All of the sub-projects are demand driven based on some form of community participation. Although thenature of these public consultations will ultimately be determined during the project designprocess, general guidelines and suggestions are given under the EMPs of this section. Thisdocument will be disclosed by the World Bank and the PWP-3 and sub-project EIAs/EMPs willbe disclosed locally and nationally by PWP-3.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS & MITIGATIONS

7.2.1 HEALTH SUB-PROJECTS

A general recommendation for the implemented health units/centres is that they should beprovided with well-designed incinerators built of local materials and located within theboundaries of the health facilities, with proper orientation to the prevailing wind and to thelocation of the surrounding houses. For health units, the addition of built-in masonryworkbenches finished with tiles would provide an easy-to-clean work surface for the staff of thehealth unit. Additional built-in concrete shelves, closets or cupboards could also be very practicalfor providing storage space for drugs, syringes, etc. Concrete benches can accommodate patientsin the waiting area. This built in furniture provides an easy-to-clean heavy-duty alternative for thelow quality and often un-hygienic furniture. An additional advantage of built in furniture is, that itis difficult to remove.

The PWP engineers should instruct the staff of the health facilities with the appropriatepractices for the safe disposal of medical waste suggested by the MoPHP and WHO. The PWPengineers should provide the staff of the health facilities with supporting documents, leaflets orposters produced by the Health Education Department of the MoPHP on the safe handling anddisposal of medical and hazardous waste.

PWP should contact the MoPHP, MoPW and MoWE on the urgent need for training, on anational level, for the staff of health facilities on the safe handling and disposal of medical andhazardous waste. PWP can collaborate with these three ministries in the organisation of trainingworkshops on the national or regional levels. Those ministries should also co-ordinate to provideall health facilities including the implemented or future health facilities with coloured containersto help the process of separation of medical waste for easy and safe collection and disposal.

In the case of joint implementation of health sub-projects, PWP engineers should holdmeetings with all the concerned or implementing partners to clarify that all parties should carryout the recommended mitigation. It is important to identify the responsibilities of the differentparties for improving the general environmental conditions around the implemented and futurehealth facilities.

36 "MUI©2003


A boundary wall should confine health units, and no health unit or extension should beapproved without firm guarantees on the staffing and equipping of the proposed facilities.

37 4UIC 2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN'T PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

7.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAI, MANAGEMENT PLAN

| ~~~~HEALT1H SUB-PROJECTSl

Land use Disputes about Discuss the planned The communities PWPdesigned project site site with the Local authorities Environmentalon privately owned communities and PWP-3 design specialistland, or disconcerting landowners to get engineersareas of public, approval or purchasetouristic interest, land, or change thedisturbing wildlife etc. design to communal

owned land or to landwith less expectedconflicts.Consider drop of sub-project if problems arenot resolved.

No staff Non functional health Coordinate with MoPHP PWPfor health facility MoPHP for staff Environmentalfacility before construction specialist

Medical Spreading of diseases Include an incinerator PWP-3 design PWPwaste in the design engineers Environmental

Noise Increased levels of Inform nearby houses. Implementing PWPnoise and vibration Avoid work during contractors Environmental

night hours. specialistSafety More possibility of Protect construction Implementing PWP

accidents site from unauthorized contractors Environmentalpersons. Local authorities with specialistProvide proper support MoPHPfor excavations toprotect against theircollapse.Improve the readinessof health facilities in theregion to deal withemergency cases.Provide workers withprotective clothing.

38 NUI©2003

ENVIRONMENTAL, IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

Archaeo- Damaging important Training will take place PWP supervisors PWP. MOAlogical and/or precious for crew/supervisors,find archaeological finds to spot potential

archaeological finds. Inthe event of a potentialfind, liaise with thearchaeologicaldepartment at MOA ora local university forquick assessment andaction.- 0. _. _ - -

Health Improper medical Instruct staff on the use MoPHP Environmentalwaste disposal can of the incinerator. Specialistcause spreading of EPAdiseases Local NGOs

7.2.3 WATER CATCHMENT RESERVOIR SUB-PROJECT'S

In these kinds of sub-projects, it is strongly recommended that after defining the rightcatchment area and the well-protected routes of the feeder channels, it is necessary that PWP putthe community contribution of the proper building of these channels as a precondition to thestart of the sub-project.

It is strongly recommended that public collection points should only be provided tocommunities facing water shortages or the communities showing readiness to sustain the sanitaryconditions around public collection points as part of their contribution. Those communitiesshould be provided with sanitary public collection points with paved collection surfaces, the rightfencing to protect from animals and children and proper drainage of the spilled water to thenearest tree bed or agricultural land. Those communities should also be encouraged to select acaretaker for the public collection point (a female would be ideal) who could be paid a minimumcharge to keep the collection point well maintained and clean. This system should be avoidedespecially in areas epidemic with malaria or rift valley fever, and where the communities areunwilling to look after the place. It is recommended to advise such communities to have theircontribution in the form of supplying piped networks.

Health and hygiene awareness is of crucial importance here and the PWP team for socialmobilization and environmental awareness should provide the required health and hygienemessages to the communities and train local NGOs to continue giving these messages. TheTOR's for this team can be found in Annex D & E. The team should prepare training manualsand education material for awareness messages for the different types of sub-projects

Large open reservoirs should be avoided in areas epidemic with vector bome diseases Initialwater quality testing can be beneficial at the design stage of water catchment structures. Thequality of the water can highly influence the decision on the type and size of the intake and thewashing outlet as well as the management of the water use and frequency of cleaning the tank.

Communities should be advised on the importance of regular water quality testing andshould be provided with different options of appropriate technology for the environmentalsanitation in their villages. PWP can associate its work with a local specialised NGO who can

39 N UI©2003


carry out these software activities with the communities in addition to conveying generalawareness and health and hygiene messages and providing training on O&M of the systems.

40 NUI©2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS P'ROJECT III

7.2.4 ENVIRONMENI'AL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Health Vector breeding sites Closed conduit outlets PWP-3 design PWPHygienic conditions engineers Environmentalaround public specialistcollection points bypaving at least 1 m2

apron concrete slabunder the water tapswith proper drainageand fencing.Discuss the extent oflocal malaria problemwith local health-careofficials to emphasizeon the importance ofimplementing theirpreventive and curativeplans for vector controland malaria roll back.

Health Dumping of solid Keep the site away PWP-3 design PWPwaste and wastewater from populated areas. engineers Environmentalin the catchment area Fence the feeder canals. specialist

Land use Disputes about Discuss the planned The communities PWPdesigned project site site with communities Local authorities Environmentalon privately owned and landowners to get PWP-3 design specialistland, or disconcerting approval or purchase engineersareas of public, land, or change thetouristic interest, design to communaldisturbing wildlife etc. owned land or to land

with less expectedconflicts.Consider drop of sub-project if problems arenot resolved.

Health Dumping of solid Emphasize the dangers PWP extension and PWPwaste and wastewater of this attitude during awareness team. Environmentalin the catchment area the awareness sessions Local NGOs specialist

for the beneficiaries.

41 NUI©2003

ENVIRONMEN'I'AL IMPACT' ASSESSMEN'I' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

Air Increased dust during Inform nearby houses. Implementing PWPexcavation and Protect excavation contractors Environmentalpreparing of drainage works with proper Local authorities, the specialistbed. shielding scaffolds. community

Spraying water duringexcavation might

reduce the dust.Workers wearprotective masks


night hours. specialist


archaeological finds. Inthe event of a potentialfind, liaise with thearchaeological

department at MOA ora local university forquick assessment andaction.

Safety More possibility of Protect construction Implementing PWPaccidents site from trespassers. contractors Environmental

Provide proper support Local authorities with specialistfor trench sides to MoPHPavoid collapsing.Improve the readinessof health facilities in theregion to deal withemergency cases.Provide workers withprotective clothing.

Health The formation of Cover the tanks or Local community Environmentalvector breeding sites. avoid malaria-infested Specialist

areas. EPALocal NGOs

Health Dumping of solid Emphasize the dangers PWP extension and PWPwaste and wastewater of this attitude during awareness team. Environmentalin the catchment area the awareness sessions Local NGOs specialist

for the beneficiaries.

42 WU&©2003


CONSULTATION AND TRAINING COMPONENTS

Capacity The possibility of Support training for PWP to contract Environmentalbuilding failure due to low local authority, local specialized local Specialist

capacity in O&M, NGOs and members of consulting firms. EPAadministrative or the community on Local NGOsfinancial management O&M of the system.of the project. Support training on the

administrative andfinancial managementof the project.

43 MUUI2003


7.2.5 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUB-PROJECTS

If PWP is completing water supply schemes either on its own or jointly with otherimplementing partners in areas with no environmental sanitation facilities, safe sanitaryconditions should be a pre-condition to project implementation. It is necessary that communitiesof such areas be advised on the appropriate technologies that can be adopted in their areas toprovide efficient wastewater disposal systems. PWP with implementing partners, if that is thecase, should provide the communities with the appropriate environmental sanitation designs tobe used in their areas. If an adequate receiving system does not exist, then the sub-project may domore environmental damage than good. Therefore, if an adequate means of sewage treatmentand/or disposal does not exist, and cannot be agreed upon, the sub-project will not beimplemented. PWP should provide designs on alternative environmental sanitation appropriatetechnologies before the beginning of the projects.

In many of these projects, protection around the source is needed. The well and the pumpengine should be enclosed in the pump house, for protection and safety reasons. PWP engineersshould advise the pump operators to collect the used oil in barrels instead of spilling it causing asource of pollution to the well. The changed oil could be sold as fuel in public traditional baths orin many other ways like applying it as a protective coat to wood.

Piped systems deliver clean and safe water, but the pollution can occur at the household leveldue to wrong practices in storage and handling. If private tanks are placed in the yard without anyprotection to exclude animals and children from getting close to the tank, this will create dirtyand unhygienic conditions around it. Ideally the water should be supplied to the private tank by afixed connection and not by a loose plastic hose, with all kinds of dirt around it.

Health and hygiene awareness is of crucial importance here and the PWP team for socialmobilization and environmental awareness should provide the required health and hygienemessages to the communities and train local NGOs to continue giving these messages. TheTOR's for this team can be found in Annex D & E. The team should prepare training manualsand education material for awareness messages for the different types of sub-projects

Sewerage sub-projects have high positive health and environmental impacts. Negativeimpacts are limited to the application of safety measures during the construction phase for boththe pedestrians and the labourers. The PWP form of contract does include all the mitigatingmeasures as obligations on the implementing contractor.

The project should have an intensive and vigorous environmental sanitation component toimprove coverage and to address the other important issues of wastewater disposal, solid wastedisposal and storm water drainage. The sanitation component should have two main parts:

i) A sanitation promotion campaign, and

ii) Physical support to the construction of household and community based excretadisposal systems. This should be reinforced by health and hygiene education.

Sanitation promotion campaign. Social Mobilisation Teams should work with villagewater user associations and individuals to promote on-site latrine construction and thedevelopment of village environmental action plans. These village plans would include identifyingenvironmental problem in the village and mobilising local resources to address them e.g.constructing rainwater drainage channels, identifying sites for the disposal of solid wastes anddigging waste pits. In support of the promotion campaign demonstration latrines could beconstructed at strategic locations such as village centres, schools and clinics. Latrine buildertraining courses can be organised and the graduates given certificates of attendance. Also the use

44 NE9c2003


of household soak-aways for sullage (wastewater) disposal should be demonstrated andpromoted. Other components of the promotion campaign will include fencing around andprotecting wells to keep animals from polluting the source, concrete aprons and drainagechannels around public stand posts etc. See Annex E.

Schools, health centres and health units. Wherever possible schools and clinics should beprovided with a good standard of sanitation i.e. a pour flush latrine with facilities for handwashing. This will be a key demonstration strategy in the health & hygiene campaign.

Health and Hygiene Education. A health and hygiene education campaign should bestaged in project villages that will seek to i) impart knowledge and increase awareness of the needto improve hygiene practices, ii) promote good practice of collecting storing and using water, iii)improve hygienic practices for safe excreta disposal, and iv) promoting environmentalimprovements through solid and wastes management and disposal.

Protection of Ground Water Sources. An important issue that should be taken intoaccount is the possible pollution of ground water sources. A number of research studies haveconfirmed that pathogens and other pollutants do not travel far from a pit latrine or septic tankin homogeneous soils particularly as the volumes of water involved are very low. However, therisk of pollution relates to the nature of the soil and the depth of the ground water and each siteshould be assessed before construction to ensure that there is no water pollution potential. Goodcurrent good practice adopted in many countries is that latrines or septic tanks should not belocated within 50 meters of a well or borehole.

Water Quality Monitoring. All PWP offices should coordinate with NWASA or GARWSbranches to improve water quality monitoring. Water quality testing should occur after thedevelopment of a new source and at regular intervals thereafter. In addition testing should occurwhenever a village detect a change in their water quality.

Water Quality Monitoring Parameters: The basic water quality monitoring parameters forraw and treated wastewater or irrigation water include:

- pH and Salinity

- Biological Oxygen Demand

- Chemical Oxygen Demand

- Total Coliforms

Other basic water quality monitoring parameters for drinking water include:

- Taste and colour

- Electrical Conductivity

- pH

- Nitrates

- Hardness

- Faecal Coliforms

The Project as a whole is in essence an environmental improvement initiative. However, inorder to combat any potential negative impacts an environmental mitigation and monitoring planhas been prepared.

45 NUI©2003


7.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Air Designed location of Treatment plant PWP-3 design PWPtreatment plant minimum distance to engineers Environmentalcausing occasional the nearest end of the specialistoffensive smells. city to be not less than

0.5 - 1 km, depending

on the direction ofprevailing wind, andtaking futuredevelopment trendsinto consideration.Length of facultativeoxidation ponds shouldbe in the direction ofthe prevailing wind.

Health Vector breeding sites Hygienic conditions PWP-3 design PWParound public engineers Environmentalcollection points by specialistpaving at least 1 m2

apron concrete slabunder the water tapswith proper drainageand fencing.

Water Designed locations of Minimum distance PWP-3 design PWPtreatment plant, between sources of engineers Environmentalpoints of disposal of pollution and water specialisteffluent, sludge drying sources should not bebeds or other sludge less than 30 m.treatment causingpollution of waterresources.Insufficient treatment Design the sizes and PWP-3 design PWPcapacity for the numbers of treatment engineers Environmentaldesigned treatment ponds based on the specialistponds. following criteria:

- 20 years design

period.- 90% efficiencyremoval of BOD forthe design of treatmentponds.

46 EIC 2003


Land use Disputes about Discuss the planned Local authorities PWPdesigned project site site with landowners to PWP-3 design Environmentalon privately owned get approval or engineers specialistland, or disconcerting purchase land, orareas of public, change the design totouristic interest, communal owned landdisturbing wildlife etc. or to land with less

expected conflicts.Consider drop of sub-project if problems arenot resolved.

Disputes about Discuss the planned Local authorities PWPdesigned route of route with landowners PWP-3 design Environmentalpipes through to get their approval or engineers specialistprivately owned land change the plannedDisputes over the use route to avoid conflicts.of treated effluent for Discuss effluent use,irrigation. potential crops and

disposal of effluent andsludge with landowners downstream ofthe treatment plant

Land Ground water Ground water quality PWP PWPresources pollution from pit testing at source NWASA Environmental

latrines polluting the development and GARWSP specialistunderlying aquifer. regular intervals.

Soil/site inspectionbefore latrineconstruction.Latrines to be morethan 50 m from wells.

- ---Air Increased dust during Inform nearby houses. Implementing PWP

excavation and burial Protect excavation contractors Environmentalof pipes. works with proper Local authorities, the specialist

shielding scaffolds. communitySpraying water duringexcavation mightreduce the dust.Workers wearprotective masks

Health Removal and disposal Take health and safety Implementing PWPof waste material measures when contractors Environmentalfrom (existing) pits demolishing existing specialistCollection , handling cesspits and on theand disposal of solid disposal of sludge andwaste. polluted excavated soil.

Dispose all pollutedwaste and soil to a safelocation.

47 NUL©2003


bm. .i -u ;7

Infra- Possible destruction Avoid causing damages. Implementing PWPstructure of water supply pipes, Take health and safety contractors Environmentalservices paved roads, cables, measures when specialist

existing cesspits, .etc. demolishing existingcesspits and on thedisposal of sludge andpolluted excavated soil.Dispose all pollutedwaste and soil to a safelocation.Repair pavement on thecompletion of theworks


night hours. specialistProvide workers withprotection

Safety More possibility of Protect work zones Implementing PWPaccidents with portable scaffold contractors Environmental

sheets. Local authorities with specialistProvide proper support MoPHPfor trench sides toprotect against theircollapse.Improve the readinessof health facilities in theregion to deal withemergency cases.Provide workers withprotective clothing.

Traffic Disruptions of water Inform the affected Implementing PWPsupply and local houses in advance and contractors Environmentalaccess keep disruptions as specialist

short as possible.Water Pit latrines can pollute Ground water quality PWP Initially PMU

the underlying testing at source Localaquifer. development and Government in

regular intervals. future.Soil/site inspectionbefore latrineconstruction.Latrines to be morethan 50 m from wells.

48 NUI©2003


___________ -- '' I' --


archaeological finds. Inthe event of a potentialfind, liaise with thearchaeologicaldepartment at MOA ora local university forquick assessment andaction.


Improve the readiness Local authorities with specialistof health facilities in the MoPHPregion to deal withemergency cases.Provide workers withprotective clothing.- - k_l~

Health The possible Ensure proper Local Authorities Environmentalformation of vector utilisation or disposal of Local NGOs Specialistbreeding stagnant effluent and sludge. MoPHP EPAeffluent ponds. Take necessary actions MAI Local NGOs

for fighting vectors NWASA(spraying with GARWSPinsecticides, The communityreclamation of stagnantpools, using nets onwindows and beds, etc.)

Health problems due Ensure safe final Local Authorities Environmentalimproper effluent disposal of effluent Local NGOs Specialistdisposal. from treatment ponds MoPHP EPA

or reuse with extreme MAI Local NGOsprecaution to avoid NWASAdirect contact with GARWSPhumans or animals. The communityProvide training forselected members ofthe community onhealth and hygieneeducation

49 N.ic 2003


Land Possible adverse Test the characteristics Local authorities Environmentalresources impacts on soil of sewage and the NWASA Specialist

conditions as a result treated effluent. Land owners, EPAof lower efficiency Consider options for NGOs, local Local NGOslevels of the treatment upgrading the communitiesplant. performance of the

treatment facility.Provide training forlocal NGOs andmembers of thecommunity on O&Mof the system.Discuss the use of theeffluent for irrigatingnon-edible crops (e.g.,gardening nurseries,palm trees, cotton, etc.)

Land use Disputes over the use Discuss effluent use, Local authorities Environmentalof treated effluent for potential crops and PWP-3 design Specialistirrigation. disposal of effluent and engineers EPA

sludge with land Local NGOsowners downstream ofthe treatment plant

Water Ground water Ground water quality NWASA EnvironmentalPollution from Pit testing at source GARWSP Specialistlatrines development and EPA

regular intervals. Local NGOs

CONSULTATION AND TRAINING COMPONENTS

Capacity The possibility of Support training for PWP to contract Environmentalbuilding failure due to low local authority, local specialized local Specialist

capacity in O&M, NGOs and members of consulting firms. EPAadministrative or the community on Local NGOsfinancial management O&M of the system.of the project. Support training on the

administrative andfinancial managementof the project.

7.2.7 SCHOOLS

Safety measures to protect students from traffic accidents should well considered in thedesign if the school is to be located on a main road. Rails should be fixed along the roadsidesextending at least 10 m on each side beyond the width of the school from both sides. Signpoststo inform drivers of a school existence on their way should be fixed on both sides of the road at1 km distance from approaching the end of the school width from the two directions of thetraffic. Ramps should be built on the road 50 m from the farthest width ends of the schoolbuilding to control the speed of passing vehicles. Zebra crossing should be provided for the safecrossing of the students. Schools built in hot regions, with electricity services provided, should

50 MULC2003


have fans installed in the rooms, and if possible, water coolers can be installed to provide cooldrinking water for the students.

It is recommended to build toilets whenever possible with new schools or with extensions,especially if the area is served with a water supply and sanitation project

After the completion of a school with sanitary facilities, the school could be taken as theexample for a safe sanitation system. PWP-3 can arrange with the school management toencourage the students to keep the toilets clean, through holding competitions between classesand offering "Good Conduct" marks or prizes as incentives for the winning class or students.Science and social studies classes can be utilised to convey health and hygiene education messagesand the children can be active advocates carrying those messages to their homes. The health unitstaff and local NGOs can be also approached to play an active role in spreading health messageson safe sanitation and improvement in general health conditions in the community.

7.2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENI' PLAN

S(;t1( )O1 S

Land use Disputes about Discuss the planned Local authorities PWPdesigned project site site with landowners to PWP-3 design Environmentalon privately owned get approval or engineers specialistland, or disconcerting purchase land, orareas of public, change the design totouristic interest, communal owned landdisturbing wildlife etc. or to land with less

expected conflicts.


night hours. specialistArchaeo- Damaging important Training will take place PWP supervisors PWP. MOAlogical and/or precious for crew/supervisors,find archaeological finds to spot potential

archaeological finds. Inthe event of a potentialfind, liaise with thearchaeologicaldepartment at MOA ora local university forquick assessment andaction.

51 NUI02003



Provide proper support Local authorities with specialistfor trench sides to MoPHPprotect against theircollapse.Improve the readinessof health facilities in theregion to deal withemergency cases.Provide workers withprotective clothing.

7.3 CONCLUSION

One of the overall goals of the project is to significantly improve the environmentalconditions in rural areas and thereby improve the health and quality of life for the ruralinhabitants. This will mainly be achieved by improving drinking water quality and quantity and byreducing indiscriminate defecation and isolating human excreta from the general environment.Water quality and quantity will be improved through the construction and rehabilitation of waterschemes and by introducing water quality testing. Excreta disposal will mainly be improvedthrough the promotion of a program of latrine building. In addition, by providing a supportinghealth and hygiene education campaign, hygienic behaviour will be improved, which will ensurethe maximum, benefits from the investment will be obtained. The environmental reviewconcludes that the project will generate very positive environmental impacts.

Moreover, with the proposed mitigation measures, the project does not present anysignificant environmental risks.

Costs and Responsibilities: The cost for these environmental mitigation and monitoringmeasures has been included in the project cost. PWP staff would be responsible for the initialimplementation of the mitigation initiative i.e. testing and monitoring. Subsequently, theresponsibility for regular monitoring may fall upon the local govemment i.e. the Governorateunder the provisions of the new Local Government legislation. The responsibility andsupervision for emptying of pit latrines or septic tanks, as well as removal and treatment ofsludge will be at the Governorate or district level, even if the actual job is carried out by a privateentrepreneur. Should the PWP work in a small town in which there is a need to empty cess pitsand septic tanks, it would be conditional that the local authority provide a suitable vacuum truck(approx. $35,000) or contract a private sector service provider.

The main mitigation costs to be borne by PWP, other than the ones already included in theproject design and in contract conditions, are in the field of capacity building and education forPWP staff, contractors, NGOs and beneficiaries. Other costs could be for the production oftraining manuals and awareness materials.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENI' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

Capacity building courses Cost (USD)

3-day training on EIA for PWP staff and contractors (once a year) 3500/training

2-day training workshops on environmental awareness for NGOs and 2500/yearsub-projects beneficiaries where needed (per diems and transport).

Production of environmental awareness materials (brochures, posters, 5000fliers, etc.)

Environmental awareness campaigns carried out by local NGOs 5000

Training on water sampling and testing carried out by a specialized 3000institution.

5 3 N U6I2003

ENVIRONMENI'AL IMPACT ASSESSMENI' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

8 MONITORING PLAN

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Phase When What Who How

_ I~~~~monthly Health and safety measures.: Environmental Site inspection

* protective clothes Specialist; checklists and

* site protection Local NGOs; photos.

* disposal of hazardous Loa Atries.mae.l PWP engineers.materials

* readiness of heath facilitiesfor emergencies

O * normal working hours (notmore than 8 hours /day)

0zz monthly Noise and dust levels Site inspectionO * ear protection and dust masks checklists and

for workers photos.* no work at night time* spray water

monthly Traffic diversion and work Site inspectionprogress in stretches. checklists and

photos.

S Semi-annually Performance of health facility Environmental Visual inspection0 (for one year General hygiene conditions Specialist Interviews with2 t > after the start Safe disposal of medical waste Local Authorities staff and

of operation) MoPHP, EPA, communityLocal NGOs members

z The communityPWP

54 NES02003


Phase When What Who How! Semi-annually Water quality tests for: Environmental Laboratory tests> (for one year * EC Specialist results

after the start * PH Local Authorities WHO standardsof operation) * Conductivity NWASA, GARWS, for drinking and

* Hardness EPA, Local NGOs irrigation waterThe community

* Total Coliform

Inspection of feeder canals Visual inspectionx One year Check planting trees along the Environmental Visual inspectionU after the start routes Specialist at the routes

of operation Local AuthoritiesLocal NGOsThe community

One year Hygiene check for sanitation Environmental Visual inspectionc after the start facilities Specialist- of operation Local Authorities

Co Local NGOsThe community

55 NU502003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT' III

Phase When What Who How

Semi-annually Proper operation of the Environmental Monitoring(for one year network. Specialist checklistsafter the start Local Authoritiesof operation) Efficiency of treatment ponds. NWASA, Visual inspection

GARWS at the schemeEffluent quality tests for: EPA, routes and at

* BOD Local NGOs manholes.* PH The community

.Conductivity PWP Samples* Faeucal t Colifons MAI collected from* Faecal Coliforms outlet of

Reuse of effluent and types of treatment works.irrngated crops.

PY Focus groups

Health and safety of workers communities toand farmers. evaluate the

m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~effectiveness ofCapacity building programmes. eecti of

health and

Training of members of hygieneawareness

o. community or local NGOs on amaignshealth & hygiene awareness .pv

Checks oncoursewarequalities forcapacity buildingprograms(Administrative,financial andO&M)

Interviews withawareness teams

56 * uL2003

ENVIRONMENT'AL IMPACT ASSESSMENTr PUBLIC WORKS PROJECI' III

APPENDIX A: Principal Environmental Laws Of Yemen And International Treaties Ratified

No: Topic Date of Issue Remarks.3

Environmental Laws

I Law No: (8) of 1970 regarding regional waters and continental extension of the 09/02/1970 YARDemocratic Republic of Yemen

2 Law No: (14) of 1970 regarding hunting wild animals 25/12/1972

3 Law No: (2) of 1972 regarding amendment Law No (8) of 1970. 03/01/1972

4 Health Standards for prevention of Contagious Diseases Law. 02/07/1972

5 Law No: (5) of 1973 regarding mines and quarries. 04/08/1973

6 Law No.(23) of 1974 regarding animal wealth 27/07/1974

7 Law No: (1) of 1975 regarding wood wealth and greening 05/01/1975

8 Law No: (54) of 1975 regarding ratification of agreement on prohibition of use, 25/12/1975production and storing of bacteriological and toxic weapons.

9 Law No: (13) of 1976 regarding the establishment of the National Environmental 29/06/1976Council

10 Law No: (13) of 1976 regarding the organization of some issues in the Marine Law 1972 YAR

I I Law No: (47) of 1976 regarding the organization of the C;eneral Ports and Marine 1976 YARAffairs Authority

12 Law No: (76) of 1976 regarding ratification of conversation on restraining the spread 20/05/1976 YARof Nuclear Weapons

13 Law No: (45) of 1977 regarding the regional sea, the purely economic area, the 17/12/1977 YARcontinental extension and other marine areas.

14 Law No: (72) of 1977 regarding ratification of the agreement on prohibition of use of 16/06/1977 YARtechnologies that have adverse impact on the environment for military or otherpurpose.

15 Command Council Decree in the Law No: (40) of 1977 regarding the prohibition of 1977 YARhunting gazelles.

16 Command Council Decree in the Law No: (45) of 1977 regarding the establishment, 1977 YARformation and competence of the Authority.

17 Command Council Decree in the Law No: (88) of 1977 regarding preservation of 1977 YARanimal wealth

18 Command Council Decree in the Law No: (108) of 1977 regarding slaughter of 1977 YARanimals and inspection of mutton.

19 Law No: (5) of 1979 regarding ratification of the convention on restraining the spread 29/04/1979 YARof Nuclear weapons.

20 Law No: (6) 1979 regarding ratification of the convention on prohibition of Nuclear 29/04/1979 YARweapons and other destruction weapons on Seas, oceans and underground.

21 Law No: (7) 1979 regarding ratification of the agreement on prohibition of use, 29/04/1979 YARproduction and storing of bacteriological and Toxic weapons.

22 Law No: (24) of 1979 regarding fishing, exploiting and protection of marine creatures. 22/10/1979 YAR

23 LAW No: (6) 1980 regarding protection of marine environment from pollution 18/09/1980 YAR

24 Law No: (34) of 1981 regarding protection and exploiting tourist areas and beaches 14/11/1981 YAR

25 Law No: (40) of 1981 regarding agriculture quarantine 28/11/1981 YAR

I YAR - issued in the previous Northem Sector

5 7 02003



26 Law No: (913) of 1982 regarding the organization of prevention and control of fire 06/06/1982 YAR

27 Law No: (49) of 1982 regarding ratification of the agreement on preserving the 29/08/1982 YARenvironment of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden

28 Law No: (8) of 1984 regarding the National Environmental Protection Council 05/02/1984 YAR

29 Law No: (7) of 1984 regarding agriculture quarantine 1985 YAR

30 Law No: (10) of 1989 regarding marine law 16/08/1988 YAR

31 Law No: (10) regarding municipalities 1989 YAR

32 Protection of the Environmental law No (26) all articles but esp. Articles 35 -43 1995

33 Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution Articles 12,16,20,24,33,35,38 1993and 40

34 The territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the 1991continental shelf Law No. (37)

35 No (42) Regulation of Fishing and the of exploitation of marine resources and their 1991protection Articles 23, 25, 29, and 32

36 Civil Aviation Law No (12) 1993

37 Investment Law No (22) amendments law no 14 of 1995 Investment Law Article 47 1995Amendment Law Article 34 and 45

38 Manrtime Law No (15) Article 350, 351, 352, 353, 424, 425 and 426 1995

39 Civil Aviation Law No (12) 1993

40 Urban Planning Law No (20) Articles 3, 45, 55, 58 1995

41 Food control and regulation of its No (38) circulation Articles 7, 10, 11, 12, 19 and 20 1992

42 No (145) Prime Minister's resolution concerning the bylaw of rules and conditions of 1995contracting to implement cleansing

43 Taking over ownership for the public interest law No. (25) Articles 1, 2,14 1992

44 Labour law No (5) Articles 113, 114,115,122, and 127 1995

45 Local administration Law No (52) (new law is in preparation) Article 34, paragraph 199115, article 40, paragraph 4 article 49

46 Customs Law No. (14) Articles 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30 and 186-220 1990

47 Weights and Measures of Transport Trucks Law No (23) Articles 3 and 10 1994

48 Practising of Health Professions Law No. (32) Articles 3, 16, 17 and 21 1992

49 Tourism Law No (22) Articles 4 and 7 1994

50 Archaeology Law No. (21) Articles 7, 8,11,12,13,14,16,19 and 25 1994

51 No (145) Chairman of the Cabinet Decree concerning the bylaw of the rules and 1995conditions of contracting to implement Cleansing.

Environmental Decrees

1 Republic Decree in the Law (50) of 1991 regarding mines and quarries 13/04/1991 YAR

2 Republic Decree in the Law No: (37) of 1991 regarding the sea, the adjacent area, the 13/04/1991 YAReconomic area and the continental extension

3 Repubhc Decree in the Lawv (42) of 1991 regarding fishing, exploiting and protecting 13/04/1991 YARmarine creatures.

4 Republic Decree in the Law No: (38) of 1992 regarding monitoring of foodstuff and 1992organizing their handhng

58 *ULC2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN'T PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III


5 Republic Decree in the Law No: (11) of 1983 regarding the protection of marine 1993environment from pollution.

6 Republic Decree in the Law No: (15) of 1994 regarding marine law 13/10/1994

7 Council of Ministers Decree No: (13) of 1985 regarding the re-formation of the 01/08/1985 YARNational Environmental Protection Council

8 Republic Decree No: (7) of 1987 regarding the formation and competence of EPC. 1987 YAR

9 Prime Ministers Decree No: (94) of 1990 regarding formation of El'C and 24/12/1990 YARidentification of its competence.

10 Prime Minister Decree No: (34) of 1992 regarding EPC organizing regulation 04/03/1992 YAR

11 Prime Minister's Decree No: (I) of 1993 regarding the regulation of National 18/01/1993Population Council

12 Prime Minister's Decree No: (2) of 1993 regarding the regulation of the population 18/01/1993General Secretariat

13 Republic Decree No: (53) of 1993 regarding the establishment of General 30/04/1993Slaughterhouse and meat market corporation.

14 Prime Minister's Decree No: (24) of 1994 regarding regulation of Hygiene and 19/04/1994environmental health violations and the penalties therefore.

15 Cabinet Decree No: (26) conceming the adoption of the E-IA report for the projects. 1995

Draft Laws: Not Yet Approved

> Bylaw on the protection of the environment from oil> Protection and regulation of animal husbandry Law

> Local Government Law> Law of the Municipality> Law of the five year plan> Forest Law> Water Law (expected to be issued this year): Articles 54-62> Bylaw concerning the licensing conditions, fines and sanctions of fishing> Public Health Law> Building Law> Cost recovery Law> BylaNv concerning the establishment of environment units

5 9 02003


APPENDIX B: Global Conventions Protecting Environment Ratified by Yemen

Major International Conventions Date of

Framework Convention on Climate Change (New York, 1992) 03/12/1995

Convention of Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) 03/12/1995

Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1992(Basel, 1989)

Protocol on Substance that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal, 1987) 2000

Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 1985) 03/12/1995

Protocol concerning Regional Co-operation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden Environment 20/08/1985

Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (PERS GA) aeddah, 20/08/19851982)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982) (UNCLOS) 10/12/1982

Agreement on Banning the use of 'T'echnologies that change the environment for Military purpose and 05/10/1978for any other aggression (Geneva, 1977)

Protocol on Interference on High Seas in case of Marine pollution with substances other than Oil 30/03/1983(London), 1973

Convention on the prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (London, 06/03/1979etc. 1972)

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and stockpiling of Bacteriological) and 01.06.1979T'oxin Weapons, and on their destruction (London, etc., 1972)

Convention Concerning the Protection of World Culture and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972) 07.01.1981

Agreement of Civil Responsibility of Marine Transport of Nuclear Materials (Brussels, 1971) 04.06.1979

Convention on Intervention on Hligh Seas in case of Catastrophes of Oil Pollution (Brussels, 1969) . 04.06.1979

Agreement on Civil Responsibility concerning Damage from Oil Pollution (Brussels, 1969) Amended 04.06.1979(London 1981)

Agreement for combating Desert Locust (FAO, Rome, 1965) 20.03.1969

T'reaty Banning Nuclear Weapon 'l'ests in he Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Underwater (1963) 01.06.1979

Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1960) 1969

Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1954) 06.06.1969

Global Conventions Protecting the Environment Not Ratified by Yemen

> Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wadi Animals (Bonn, 1979)> Protocol Relating to the Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (London, 1978).

(MARPOI.)> Convention on 'l'rade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington, DC, 1973) (commonly known as CITFS)> Convention on Wetlands of Intemational Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971)> Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon 'I'ests and other Weapons of ''otal Destruction on the bottom of the Sea Oceans, and

Underground (L,ondon, Moscow, Washington, 1971)

List of announced and suggested Environmentally Protected Areas in Ycmen

Protected Area StatusOtma Protected Area (Dhamar Govemorate) AnnouncedSogotra Island Protected Area (Hadramawt Govemorate) AnnouncedJamal Bura'a Protected Area (AlHodeida Govemorate) Suggested-Management Plan under studyHawf Protected Area (AlMahara Govemorate) Suggested-Management Plan under studyBalhaf Sector - Beer Ali - Coastal Burum (Shabwa and Hadramawt Suggested-Management Plan under studyGovemorates)Sharma Sector - Coastal Gathmoon (Hadramawt Govemorate) Suggested-Management Plan under study

6 0 1N&CI2003


APPENDIX C: Check lists

1- EIA Screening Checklist for Health Units/Centres

Project nam e : ............................................................................................

Project ID :..........................................................................................

Aspects of Checklist questions Yes No Additional dataEIA Will the new health unit: needed

1. be an extension of an existing one El OI OU

2. raise land ownership problems O L cl

o 3. be close to a market place or a heavily crowded area (attach copy Oof sketch of proposed location)

4. be run by sufficiently qualified personnel g L L

5. affect water sources 0 OL

6. affect sites of historical or cultural importance L O O

7. affect agricultural land L O O

a 8. affect the life of surrounding human settlements O j O

9. affect the life of plants or animals of special importance D O [

O 10. be a source of hazardous solid, liquid or gaseous waste (e.g. z Oinfected syringes or bandages, expired medicines, chemicals,gases, etc.)

11. during construction, present a significant pollution hazard to El O Oworkers and local communities

12. once operational, present a significant pollution risk to potable L El Lwater supplies

13. not disturb the social structure of the surroundings El L L

14. be likely to require mitigating measures that result in the project L L Lbeing financially or socially unacceptable

15. require safety instructions with regards to the disposal of L L Lhazardous waste

I recommend that the subproject will have no significant adverseenvironmental impacts. LI recommend that the subproject may have significant adverseenvironmental impacts and requires further analysis

All the required mitigating measures have been included withinthe design and contract conditions for the construction and LI

u operation phases.Name and signature of PWP engineer date

Name and signature of environmental specialist date

6 1 102003


2- EIA Screening Checklist for Schools

Project Name . .......................................................................................Project ID .........................

Aspects of Checklist questions Yes No Additional dataEIA Wili the new school building: needed

1. be an extension of an existing one

2. raise land ownership problems O O z,L 3. be close to a main road (attach copy of map of proposed location) z i z

4. be close to a flood passage

5. improve the health and education conditions for the students 0 j O

6. enhance the female enrollment in the school 0 0 0

7. affect water sources [ z O

8. affect sites of historical or cultural importance 0 O O

9. affect the life of surrounding human settlements O i El

10. affect agricultural land or the life of plants or animals of special Dimportance

11. require the building of toilets O z O

12. be the source of unpleasant odors, disease transmission due to the O iiOimproper use or disposal of wastewater from toilets

13. during construction, present a significant pollution hazard to D j zworkers and local communities

14. once operational, present a significant pollution risk to potable g i iwater supplies

15. not disturb the social structure of the surroundings 0 El O

16. be likely to require mitigating measures that result in the project jbeing financially or socially unacceptable

I recommend that the subproject will have no significant adverseenvironmental impacts. [LI recommend that the subproject may have significant adverse

X environmental impacts and requires further analysis.All the required mitigating measures have been included withinthe design and the contract conditions for the construction and L

u operation phase.Name and signature of PWI' engineer date


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENI' PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

3- EIA Screening Checklist for Rural Water and Sanitation Projects

Project N am e ...................................................................................................Project ID ...................................................................................................

Aspects Checklist questions Yes No Additionalof EIA Will the project: data needed

1. Be an extension of an existing one o o o

2. Raise land ownership problems o o ofi c,, 3. Require the acquisition or conversion of significant areas of land o o o° {3 4. Result in significant quantities of eroded material, effluent or solid wastes o o o

5. Flood or affect otherwise areas which support conservation worthy o o oterrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, flora or fauna

6. Flood or affect otherwise areas which will effect the livelihoods of local o o opeople (e.g. affect local industry, agriculture, livestock or fish stocks

7. Involve siting sanitation treatment facilities close to human settlements o o o

o 8. Affect water sources o C]

9. Affect sites of historical or cultural importance o o C

u 10. Cause the spread of diseases due to lack of sanitation services, the creation C o o9 of stagnant water pools, pollution caused by the delivery system.

11. Cause a noticeable permanent or seasonal reduction in the volume of o oground or surface water supply

12. Present a significant pollution risk through liquid, solid or gaseous wastes o o Cto humans, sources of water extraction, conservation worthy aquatic

c) ecosystems and species, or commercial fish stocks13. Change the local hydrology of surface water-bodies, such that o o o

conversation-worthy or commercially significant fish stocks are affected14. Induce secondary development, e.g. along access roads, or in the form of o o o

entrepreneurial services for construction and operational activities15. Be likely to require mitigating measures that result in the project being o o o

. e financially or socially unacceptable

I recommend that the subproject will have no significant adverseenvironmental impacts.I recommend that the subproject may have significant adverse oenvironmental impacts and requires further analysis.All the required mitigating measures have been included within the odesign and the contract conditions for the construction and operation

u phase.Name and signature of PWP engineer date


63 f02003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN I'PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT' III

3- EIA Screening Checklist for Reservoir Projects

Project N am e ...................................................................................................Project ID ...................................................................................................

Aspects Checklist questions Yes No Additionalof EIA Will the project: data needed

1. Be an extension of an existing one o o ol

2. Raise land ownership problems ol El El3. Require the acquisition or conversion of significant areas of land o E E

o g 4. Result in significant quantities of eroded material El El El

5. Flood or affect otherwise areas which support conservation worthy El E Eterrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, flora or fauna

6. Flood or affect otherwise areas which will effect the livelihoods of local E E Epeople (e.g. affect local industry, agriculture, livestock or fish stocks)

7. Involve the passage of feeder canals close to human settlements El E El

8. Affect water sources E E El

9. Affect sites of historical or cultural importance E El El

X4 10. Cause the spread of diseases due to pollution of the catchment area El El El

11. Cause a noticeable permanent or seasonal reduction in the volume of E l E

m~ ground or surface water supply

12. Present a significant health risk through the use of water for drinking E El E13. Present a significant health risk due to vector breeding E E E

| t 14. Induce secondary development, e.g. in the form of entrepreneurial E E E- services for construction and operational activities

15. Be likely to require mitigating measures that result in the project being El El Efinancially or socially unacceptable

I recommend that the subproject will have no significant adverse Elenvironmental impacts.I recommend that the subproject may have significant adverse oenvironmental impacts and requires further analysis.All the required mitigating measures have been included within the Eldesign and the contract conditions for the construction and operation

U phase.Name and signature of PWP engineer Date

Name and signature of environmental specialist Date

64 U14C2003


4- Inspection checklist: construction phase

1. General

> Are required regulations generally being met and maintained?

> Are construction personnel, equipment and materials operating only within the defined workarea?

> Are garbage and other wastes regularly collected from the work area and disposed ofproperly?

> Are vehicles using the approved access routes to the proposed alignment?

> Are all necessary utilities approvals, diversion plans and traffic management plans in place?

2. Access Roads

> Are access roads properly demarcated?

> Are access roads properly located?

> Are access points to public rights of way appropriately controlled?

> Does run off from access roads show evidence of hydrocarbon spillage?

> Is run off from access roads causing stagnant water ponds elsewhere?

3. Camps

> Are camps located correctly?

> Are camps secure?

> Are all fuel stores etc. placed on appropriately sized hard stands?

> Are fuelling and maintenance of equipment conducted at defined sites?

> Are proper records being kept of the volume of waste being generated?

> Are HAZOPS procedures in place and is staff aware of procedures?

> Is equipment washing procedures being observed?

4. Spoil Heaps, Aggregates etc.

> Are spoil heaps of an appropriate size?

> Are materials separated correctly?

> Is there evidence of excessive wind blowing off material?

> Is there evidence of turbid waters running off heaps?

5. Trench Works

> Are trench sides properly buttressed?

> Are access points to trenches appropriate?

> Is cut material placed away from sides of trench?

> Is topsoil being salvaged and placed as specified in contract specifications?

> Are men in trenches properly equipped and protected?

> Is excavated material placed in discrete piles?

65 O2003

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMEN T PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT III

6. Backfill

> Are soil and topsoil properly replaced without mixing?

> Is backfill appropriately compressed?

7. Processing Sites

; Are sites correctly located to minimise adverse atmospheric and noise pollution effects?

> Are sites secure?

> Are all fuel stores etc. placed on appropriately sized hard stands?

> Are fuelling and maintenance of equipment conducted at defined sites?

> Are HAZOPS procedures in place and is staff aware of procedures?

> Are equipment washing procedures being observed?

> Is there evidence of excessive wind blowing off material?

> Is there evidence of turbid waters running off heaps?

> Are materials stored appropriately, (e.g. Bitumen)?

8. Clean-up

> Is the final clean up appropriately timed?

> Has all man-made debris been removed?

> Have all trenches been restored to as close as practicable to original configurations?

> Has access to all areas been restored?

66 2


APPENDIX D: TOR for Social Mobilization and Environmental Awareness Specialist

PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT PWP-3

Background:

One of the main objectives of the Public Works Project is to improve access to basicinfrastructure services, environmental conditions and sustainability of development projects. Toachieve this, the PWP has embedded in its procedures social mobilization and environmentalawareness.

Social Mobilization is an important step in achieving sustainable development especially whenresources are scarce.

It has been proved that development projects can fail drastically if communities are not involvedin the decision process; it is the corner stone for the success of implementation and sustainability ofprojects.

In this respect communities can play an important role in sustaining the project bothoperationally and environmentally. They can mobilize resources for operation and maintenance, andif environmental awareness is raised in a proper manner, they can maintain sound environmentalconditions.

In the case of small development projects where local communities are the direct beneficiaries theneed for their involvement is even more critical.

Thus community involvement is one of the development objectives of the World Bank andinternational donors.

Objective:* Social Mobilization to ensure that communities are fully aware of the environmental

consequences of implementing the specific project in addition to operation & maintenanceaspects.

* Ensure that implemented projects improve the environmental conditions of the communities andare sustainable.

* Improve environmental awareness among all stakeholders, especially local communities.

Responsibilities:The specialist's responsibilities will be two-fold:

1. Social Mobilization:

1.1 Establishing procedures and Data base

Establishing and improving procedures/methodologies and a database for ensuring in-depthSocial Mobilization and contribution in the Public Works Project so as to achieve sustainability.

The procedures should include:

Supervising the establishment of beneficiary committees and election of their members beforecommencing implementation.

6 7 02003


Responsibilities will include but not be limited to:

o Ensure sustainability of completed projects, operationally and environmentally,

o Collect or make available contributions,

o Be present during site handing over,

o Coordinate with concerned agencies if special designs are needed e.g. water, sanitation etc.,

o Be familiar and consent to designs,

o Follow-up with concerned agencies for operation, and

o Ensure operation and maintenance of completed facilities.

Local Councils should be part of the committee and act as facilitator.

Coordination with each community, to ensure that it is well represented and involved in allphases of the project cycle as follows:

o In identifying and prioritising needs. All sub-projects selected, should satisfy the needs andpriorities expressed by the communities.

o In preparation and designing, contribute to the design to the most possible extent.Communities should be fully aware of the detailed design through discussions and theirconsent should be taken. This is of particular importance in water and sanitation projects.

O Implementation by involving the community in site selection, handing over of site, andinformal supervision.

o Operation and Maintenance. The most important role of the communities is in ensuring thesustainability of the sub-projects. This should be achieved through the elected committee, bycoordination with the relevant agencies and / or operating and maintaining themselves.

o The beneficiary committee should be fully trained in all aspects of 0 & M, with emphasis onthe financial, technical and environmental aspects.

Monitoring their performance during and after implementation for a period of not less than oneyear after Final Handing over of the Projects.

1.2 Mobilising Community Contributions in cash and / or in kind.

As one of the PWP's main selection criteria which is also a Rejection Criteria, communitycontributions i.e. sub-projects with a contribution of less than 5% of the cost are rejected; thespecialist will assist sub-area managers in:

o Identify best type of contribution -cash or material;

o If cash -determine amounts, methodology for collection

o If material quantities required, to be in accordance with specifications,

6 8 1U1c2003


o All contributions should be available before process of tendering,

2. Environmental Awareness:

2.1 Screen environmentally sensitive projects

o Ensure that sanitation measures have been taken before implementing a water supply project.

O Standardize mitigation to the most possible extent (due to the repetitive nature of projects) tobe included in designs

o Ensure screening checklists are done. For projects that need further analysis, coordinate andprovide necessary information to environmental consultant to undertake EIA's.

O Ensure all mitigation measures are taken into account during the relevant phases.

O Monitor the EMP and follow- up PWP's responsibilities if any.

O Monitor environmental conditions of completed projects especially water and sanitation andsuggest any actions that may be required to improve conditions.

2.2 Training Program / Awareness for Local Communities:

o Prepare an Environmental Awareness training program and training manuals for PWPprojects (in particular Water Supply and Sanitation). The awareness should include informingthe communities of all environmental factors affecting them due to project implementation.

O Direct supervision of team (which will include female trainers) to train communities on allaspects of environmental issues.

o Prepare and supervise training program for operation and maintenance of water andsanitation projects implemented by the PWP including financial and technical aspects.

O Prepare environmental awareness materials containing messages appropriate for differenttypes of projects.

o Conduct training for local communities and NGOs using specially prepared training manualsand materials to carry out environmental campaigns.

o Monitor the environmental campaigns carried out by local NGOs by following theperformance of previously prepared indicators.

3. Reporting:

o All of the above procedures will be reported in an appropriate reporting format per project.

O Quarterly progress reports will be submitted

o All activities on site will be in coordination with the sub-area managers.

6 9 02003


APPENDIX E: Social Mobilization

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