environmental issues - sustainable architecture

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Environmental

Response

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSES ?

Environmental responses was the relative between natural organisms and

ecology system. So the basic interest of ecologist interact with their environ-mental . Non-living objects normally do not ―interact‖ with others objects.

It will simply acted upon by force of environment .

Organisms cannot totally passive within a chain of events and they still sus-

tain life .

In a sense, life represent reversal.

In the order of universe , everything will balance back in physical and chem-

ical reaction proceed .

Living system + organisms + Respond in various ways

the physical forces of an ever -changing environment and interrelationships

with other living organisms of the world

The organisms can determine what it can do but environment determines

what it actually does and to what degree (Greulach & Adams, 1962).

Organism responses can be described under four different categories:

morphological,

physiological,

behavioural,

community relations.



Morphological

The form that an organism takes—termed its life-form —

encompasses all of the structural aspects that make that species

describable and unique. By morphological adaptations is meant

the structural feature or features (called traits) that allow an or-

ganism to live successfully in its habitat; traits that have evolvedover a (usually long) period of time as a consequence of the pro-

cess of natural selection.

Natural selection can result in Directional Selection or Disrup-

tive selection

Directional Selection is when individuals at one end of the distri-

bution do well and the other doesn‘t. .

Disruptive selection is when there is an intermediate that does not

do as well as the individuals on the other sides of the distribution.

Physiological

Physiology is the study of biochemical functions

of living organisms.

Whereas morphology (discussed above) is essen-

tially about anatomy and structure, physiology is

largely about processes.

However, the two are so interlinked in any organ-

ism that one cannot really be discussed without consideration of the other.

As already noted, physiological processes must proceed the growth of

morphological traits.

And a physiological response, such as an increase in blood pressure, re-

sults from short-term mechanical changes in the anatomy of the heart and

arteries.

Put another way, the shape and structure of a heart is a morphological trait;the pumping of blood—the function of the heart organ—is a physiological

activity.

Muscle contractions are mechanical actions resulting from biochemical

signals and changes. One cannot occur without the other .

Behavioural

Behavioral responses to environmental factors can be observed as movements of

one sort or another.

We say that "behavior" is the way an organism "acts"—what activities it "does".

Complex behaviors controlled by cognitive processes evolved from simple re-

sponse behaviors, the understanding of which provides a basis for understanding

how behavior confers survivability on an organism

Environmental

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Environmental

Response

2 Problem of the environment

Global warming has a great impact on biodiversity distri-

bution and abundance.

Increase of the world temperature in 1 °C

The Responses from the Environment

Iceberg melt

Flooding

Extreme Climate

Tsunami

And etc……...

Processes and patterns of the climate influence behavioral

and physiological response of organisms, their productivi-

ty, relative competitive abilities of species, birth, growth,

and death rates, nutrient cycling, decomposition, net pri-

mary production, and community structure of populations.

Reason

The increase of the CO2 (Carbon dioxide )

Green house gases .



Environmental

response theories

2 Environmental response Theories

1.Bio-mimicry design

2.Bio-Climate design

3.Tropical design

4.Ecology design

5.Sustainable Architecture

6.Green Architecture



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Biomimicry/Biomimetic Architecture

Definition

Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to humanchallenges by emulating nature‘s time-tested patterns and strategies. Biologicalorganisms are the consummate engineers, chemists, and materials scientists of the

planet. They‘ve figured out what works within the same constraints as humans andthey‘ve come up with elegant designs to face the same challenges that we face. So

biomimicry is learning from and emulating nature to solve life‘s pressing chal-lenges, and by emulating we mean emulating form, emulating processes, and emu-

lating natural systems.

Characteristic

Design inspiration by nature organisms for unconventional forms andsymbolism

Able to connect human problem and find solution from the natural en-

vironment

Make design more sustainable and environmental friendly



Biomimicry/Biomimetic Architecture

Advantages

Organisms have evolved to be very efficient in adapting

Organisms are also great with multi-functionality

Sustainable and environmental friendly

Disadvantages

Limitation in scientific understanding

Biological research must be conducted to identify the relevance toa design context

Human design might not achieve the maximum potential

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Case Study 1

Snail biomimetic architecture

How desert snails survive high temperatures: The surface of the shell is

highly reflective, resulting in 95% reflectance within the near infrared,

90% in the visible spectrum (a). While the maximum air temperature

might reach 43 °C (109 °F) ,surface temperatures can reach 65 °C (149 °

F). However, shading and the rough surface of the soil results in a temper-

ature of 60 °C (140 °F) (d). During the heat of the day, the snail retreats

into an upper whorl where the temperature is an even cooler 50 °C

(122

°

F) (b). Heat flows in the direction of lower temperature, result in heat

flow through the shell, with resultant decrease higher in the shell (c).

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Case Study 2

Termite den = Office building

Termite dens look otherworldly, but they are surprisingly comfortable places to live. While the temperature outside swings wildly throughout the

day from lows in the 30s to highs over 100, the inside of a termite den holds steady at a comfortable (to a termite) 87 degrees.

Mick Pearce, architect of Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe, studied the cooling chimneys and tunnels of termite dens. He applied those les-

sons to the 333,000 square-foot Eastgate Centre, which uses 90 percent less energy to heat and cool than traditional buildings. The building has

large chimneys that naturally draw in cool air at night to lower the temperature of the floor slabs, just like termite dens. During the day, these

slabs retain the coolness, greatly reducing the need for supplemental air conditioning.

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Case Study 3

Vertebrae Staircase by Andrew McConnell

Inspired by the spine of a whale, the Vertebrae Staircase is not simply mimicry of organic form but an exploration in shaping structure. Much

of the design work went into refining the single component, or vertebra, that mate with each other creating a unified spine running from floor

plate to floor plate. These interlocking vertebrae create a rigid and self -supporting structure.

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http://www.archdaily.com/tag/staircase/


http://www.archdaily.com/tag/other/






Comment

Biomimetic architecture is not commonly implemented in Malaysia due to some limitation in tech-nology and research. Despite being one of the best innovative design method, it requires deep scien-

tific research on the particular organism in order to achieve the maximum potential of the biomimet-

ic element. Then, those biological researches also lead to huge amount of costs and time yet no

guarantee in the result.

Biomimetic architecture is not only limited in term of technology, there is also very less implemen-

tation in term of education. Thus most of the students do not have the chance to carry out any depth

scientific research on biomimicry and lead to the low awareness and application in this field.

At last but not least, profit and construction duration are more concerned rather than the sustainabil-

ity of the building. Thus, most developer prefer traditional construction method instead of putting in

more time and effort to achieve green building by applying biomimicry.

In a nutshell, I would say that biomimetic architecture should be largely implemented or applied in

the future because the natural organisms had survived in this environment for more than thousandsof years and able to adapt due to different biomimetic features.

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d ll p

Ipv qly l

study of relaonship between climate

and living organisms towards

sustainable architecture

form and

fabric of building to match human and climate

factors to opmize climate response

Bioclimatology

relaonship between l and lv

part of bly

bl

bld pp d pp

A

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Seminal glass-box in Internaonal

Style Curtain wall skyscraper,

completely sealed with no

operang windows.

Blue-green glass façade

deteriorated due to harsh

weather condion

Mullions and caps became rusted

Air-condioned oce tower

Restoraon started from 1998

LEVER HOUSE

MODERN APPROACH

MENARA MESINIAGA Subang Jaya, by Ken Yeang

BALANCED APPROACH

IBM building , adapt to the

environment as living being.

North + South facades, curtain wall

glazing is used to maximize

daylighng

East + Weat facades, aluminium nds

and louvers provide sun shading.

Sliding doors allow occupants to

control natural venlaon.

Skycourt, vercal landscaping and

natural venlated core.

Suggested that air-condioner was

not needed.

“Buildings will need to be designed not as

high-energy pollung open systems but as

mimec urban ecosystems that relate their

inputs, outputs and operaons within the

context and carrying capacies of the

ecosystems in the biosphere..."

- By Ken Yeang

New York City , by SOM



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“Climate responsive design of buildings is important not only because

of the comfort and energy saving implicaons for its users, but also because it helps

preserve valuable resources in our planet ”

(La Roche, P.,Ligge, R, 2001)

adopt passive cooling

air-condioner as “soluon” deplete fuel

d vl d

rate of change in level of climate variability

increase, d dp.



comfort and well-being of the occupants

(social & economic)

building lifecycle and its infrastructure

(reduced environmental impacts and cost)

low impact mobility

sustainable materials and water

renewable energy systems

regenerang ecological value

enhanced passive systems through

integraon of microclimate and

acve systems

Ip d

Cd

Op d

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climac zone Environmental

response theories

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lw

lvd

wll

vld

l

dp

Rdd

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trategy

1

2

3

4

5

trategy

Gl pj

(y d pp / p)

- characterisc, form, and interior design are determined by the external

environment

- use of natural resource - The building must maximizing the use of favourable

environmental resources.

Sp l p

- thermal capacity, insulaon, shades, green roof

- reacon of materials during dierent weather condion

Z (Il z l p l, l,

l dp, v, dvy d )

- Climate Zoning: Cool, temperate, hot and humid & hot and arid

- macro-condion, humidity, airow, rainfall and temperature,

Pv k dv l d

p

- Natural resource such as solar radiaon, wind paern and stack venlaon.

1

2

3

4

5

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North-facing rooms

The main living spaces such as living, family and dining

rooms should be north facing where possible.

Condions referring to My-A period:

have good daylight most of the day

have solar gain for most of the day throughout the year

ly lv d

East-facing rooms

suited as kitchen and breakfast areas as they can

benet from early morning solar gain throughout the

year and will be cooler in the late aernoon when

evening meal preparaon takes place.

have good morning light

have solar gain in the morning throughout the year to

provide inial warming

will be cooler in the late aernoon.

k bk West-facing rooms

As west - facing rooms get low -angle, late aernoon sun, they usually require

some shading to prevent overheang and excessive glare, parcularly during

the summer

have good aernoon daylight

can overheat in the late aernoon for much of the year

may require vercal shading to prevent excessive overheang and glare in the

aernoon

provide good direct solar gain for thermal mass heang of living spaces in the evening.

suitable as a living area in households where occupants are away from home during

S

South-facing rooms

The main living spaces such as living, family and dining

rooms should be north facing where possible.

Condions referring to Nvb-Fby period:

have good daylight most of the day

have solar gain for most of the day throughout the year

bd

bd dy yd

ly lv d

N

W

E

hp://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/locaon-orientaon-and -layout/room-layout/



Descripon:

No industrial area in the vicinity. 30minutes away from the city centre so it has low air, noise and trac polluon. Surrounded by hills, parks and tree-lined avenues provide

green spaces. The courtyard concept allows natural venlaon and daylighng to enter the houses. The garden terraces and courtyards provide a visual and physical link to

the interior spaces.

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CASE STUDY

Swy R P, Sl, Mly

City: Sungai Buloh, Selangor

Building type: Row house, two storey

Year of contsrucon: 2003

Architect: Dr. Ar. Tan Loke Mun

Lot size: 240sqm(26 × 95 feet) to 265 sqm (28 × 95 feet)

Built up areas: from 340 sqm to 450 sqm

( Kl Lp, Mly, Rdl )

Malaysia has the same climate throughout the year which is uniform temperatures, dy, l wd d vy ll. Malaysia has an average

temperature of around 26.7ºC. Hence, design aims for this climate are to reduce l p, xz vl d pvd

p , d .



Reference: Hyde. R. Bioclimatic Housing: Innovative Designs For Warm Climates. United Kingdom, Trowbridge: Cromwell Press, 2008. Ebook.

Ml :

Wll reinforced concrete structure with plastered brick inll walls.

R sloped to facilitate water drainage (hardwood mber trusses with clay roong les)

has polished porcelain marble les that provide a cooling eect on the feet.

mber parquetry on family room and bedrooms.

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Bl l: ( Pv d lw y d y )

C-vl and k vl is used by the stairwell.

Sl y used for daylighng and hot water system for bathroom.

Wd (average row house frontage is between 6 and 7m) to encourage more cross-venlaon,

daylighng and more comfortable internal spaces.

Il yd and wll produces stack venlaon and daylighitng as well.

d pl pl



- PLEA-NOTE -3-THERMAL-COMFORT

COMFORT

T vbl dp

bdy ( l l ) b pd :

vl

air temperature

air movement

humidity

radiaon

pl

metabolic rate (acvity)

clothing

b

food and drink

acclimazaon

body shape

subcutaneous fat

age and gender

state of health

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T vd ld w d d RH lvl

dd b kp blw 50 p .

VENTILATIONPvd dq vl d w dy, ..

b d k.

T pdd 10.43 kl p dy

(Ozzy d Plv 2000)

MAINTAINING RELATIVE HUMIDITY

VENTILATION Pvd dq vl d w dy,

.. b d k.

T pdd 10.43 kl p dy

(Ozzy d Plv 2000)

INSULATION l wll d vd ld-bd

AVOIDING

vd l dv ld w d b d

(.. p)

d yp l (.. d ly, b, l b, k)

d w pbl (.. wx) vd l yp l

d vp-pbl wll llw xv vp

p bld

CONSIDERING

“strategies for sustainable architecture”

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CLIMATE ZONING HOT HUMID

(TROPICAL)

HOT ARID TEMPERATE

(MODERATE)

COLD

REQUIREMENT HIGH VENTILATION VENTILATION &

EVAPORATIVE

COOLING

HEATING &

MODERATE

VENTILATION

HEATING & LESS

VENTILATION

ANNUAL SOLAR

RADIATION

1500-2100 >1900 1500-1900 <1500

BUILDING LAYOUT OPEN LAYOUT +

COURTYARD

COURTYARD +

FAN

COURTYARD IN

RURAL HOUSING

NO COURTYARD +

SOUTH SLOPING

STANDARD EFFECTIVE

TEMPERATURE (SET) IN

CELCIUS

17.5 - 14.5 22.5 - 25.6 30.0 - 34.5 >37.5

COOL COMFORT WARM & UNCOM-

FORTABLE

VERY HOT

AIR MOVEMENT (M/S)

<0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-1.00 >37.5

UNNOTICED

PLEASANT

AWARENESS OFAIR MOVEMENT

ANNOYINGLYDRAUGHTY

100% 80% BELOW 50%

ABOVE 20%

BELOW 20%

RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONDENSATION

OCCUR

SWEAR PRODUCED,

AIR IS SATURAD

IDEAL EVAPORATE

VIGROUSLY FAT

CLIMATE ZONING CHART

FACTOR OF HUMAN COMFORT

S

U

M

M

A

R

Y



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Tropical Design

Tropical Design is not an established architectur-

al style, but a collective description of architec-

ture and interior design in tropical countries, it is

all about achieving thermal comfort through the

use of passive design elements like sunshades,

overhangs and even shading from large trees to block the sun. It can look very traditional, ultra-

modern or even high-tech.

Characteristics of Tropical Country

Hot

Moist

High animal diversity

High vegetation diversity

Considerations

Using lighter, more reflec-

tive colours (or zinc alum)

on roofs and walls

Use lightweight materials

for the walls and roof

Eg. timber — will not store much heat

and release heat quickly

Use orientation and shading

to eliminate direct sun

Insulate the eastern and

western walls (eg. plant

trees)

Design for Natural Ventilation

Long narrow floor plan

cross ventilation

Maximise the area of windows opening

catch the breeze and can be left open in wet

conditions

ie louvres, casements or awning windows

should be shaded from the sun and protect-

ed from rain.

Orientation catch the breeze

minimise sun on east and west walls

Vegetation

cool the air passing through the house.

Roof space ventilation draws the

heat out (stack ventilation).

High indoor ceiling

— ventilation mesh above

Rise on stilts.

avoid from dangerous wild an-

imal such as snakes and tiger

avoid floor

exposed concrete on ground

outside the house heats the air

Minimise east and west wall surface areas and avoid windows

on east and western walls

Windows should be shaded from the sun and protected from

rain

The building should be engineered to withstand cyclones

Tall trees on north and south shade roof (minimise mid-height

foliage to let breeze through for naturally ventilated houses).

Consider leaving half roof un-shaded if solar panels are to be

used.



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Case Study

Tropical House / Camarim Architects

Architects: Camarim Architects

Project Location: Mundau, State of Ceara, Brazil

Project Architects: Vasco Correia & Patricia Sousa

Site area: 2,400 sqm

Floor Area: 400 sqm

Project Completion: 2008

Wooden Skin (louver)

envelops the gallery

act as railing

provide privacy and view

provide ventilation and shadow

Suspended Roof

shelter the house

collect rain water

Third Floor

3.2m high open able glass panel

Main Material

precast perforated concrete

panels

provide ventilation

wood

Tropical House / Camarim Architects, Brazil (2008)

A holiday house in tropical design.

Design Process



ECOLOGY DESIGN

Ecological design is defined by Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan as "any form

of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating

itself with living processes." Ecological design is an integrative ecologically re-

sponsible design discipline.

For centuries, humans have chosen to force their natural environments to conform to their

wants and desires. This attitude of transformation rather than conformation has led to a host of problems. Buildings and other structures are built without consideration of their environments.

This leads to inefficient energy use, pollution, and water shortages. Ecological design seeks to

conform to the environment and substantially reduce energy consumption. By carefully con-

sidering the impact the natural environment has on a structure, it is possible to utilize the envi-

ronment to improve overall energy consumption and quality of life.

Technology has improved, but energy-efficient

appliances can only do so much. In order to be

truly environmentally sound, a building must in-

corporate ecological design principles from the

ground up. Architects that focus on ecological

design when designing a building will plan to

minimize land use, conserve heat during the win-ter and cool the home during the summer, reduce

pollutants, and use landscaping to blend into the

natural landscape.

CHARACTERISTICS

Land Use

Incorporating a home into the natural flow of the

land has many benefits. Not only is the home aes-

thetically pleasing, it uses less energy to heat and

cool.

Incorporating Solar Into Overall Design

Ecological design takes advantage of the sun‘s en-

ergy. Even without installing solar panels, the sun‘s

energy can be used to heat the home. By simply,

orienting a building so that the most used rooms

face south, designers can take advantage of the

sun‘s energy to heat a building.

Use of Sustainable Building Materials

Ecological design utilizes sustainable building ma-

terials that minimally affect the environment. Re-used building materials are preferable, but using

sustainable materials such as bamboo rather than

old growth hardwoods is also environmentally friendly.

Incorporating Traditional Regional Design Elements Wind energy zone

Prior to the popularization of HVAC systems, buildings were designed to take ad-

vantage of the sun and wind to heat and cool a home. Ecological design often makes

use of the same design principles that were in use at the turn of 20th century. Many

examples of local ecological design principles can be found by examining older

homes in the region.

Waste Reduction

Using energy efficient appliances can help to reduce a building‘s overall energy con-

sumption. The installation of low flow toilets and showerheads, as well as dual

plumbing, will conserve water.

Landscaping

A building should be aesthetically pleasing. A structure that incorporated ecological

design elements will also attempt to make the surrounding landscaped area conform

to the natural landscape. By incorporating indigenous plants into landscape design,

ecological design professionals reduce the need for expensive and potentially waste-

ful irrigation systems.

DIFFERENCES

Water treatment plant Grimshaw Croton—Inspired by the water lily, this design in New York

State for a water treatment plant by Grimshaw Architects draws lessons from nature. He said the

design‘s concept was influenced by the water lily: ―A water lily catches rainwater as it falls,

filters it for its own use, and returns the excess to the pond below.

These terms, commonly employed in Europe in place of sustainable, put the emphasis upon the biological wellbeing of planet Earth. In architecture eco is used, on the one hand, to signal con-

cern over the impact material extraction and manufacture has upon biodiversity, and on the other,

is employed as a modelling tool on the assumption that human systems should mirror biological

ones. In this context ideas like ‗Cradle to Cradle‘ and ‗biomimicry‘ have migrated into architec-

tural design from the ecological or natural sciences.

One benefit of the term ecological is its quasi-scientific basis. Buildings are systems of re-

source use, recycling and waste. Ecology allows us to understand the complexity of decision

making from a green perspective. The growth in sustainability accounting methods (such as

BREEAM and LEED) owes much to habitat analysis in the natural world.

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2.4 ECOLOGY DESIGN



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2.4 ECOLOGY DESIGN

ECOLOGY DESIGN

CASE STUDY

ECOLOGICAL CHILDREN ACTIVITY AND EDU-

CATION CENTER

Architects: 24H > architecture

Location: Koh Kood Island,

Thailand

The Children Activity and Learning Centre, which will provide visiting children a wide range of

entertaining activities as well as raise the level of ecological awareness with them.

Ecological idea:

1. Use of Sustainable Building Materials

Main materials: Bamboo(exterior)

-Strength and Durability: Bamboo is heartier than oak and stronger than steel. It is flexible and

lightweight, and is water -resistant, minimizing the risk for warping.

-Affordability: It is easily grown and harvested, making it one of the most cost effective con-

struction materials available.

.2. Landscaping

-The site is surrounded by tons of bamboo trees and bamboo (a member of the grass family) re-

generates very quickly. Thus, construction materials are easier to obtained and it helps to pre-

vent future deforestation efforts.

3. Incorporating Traditional Regional Design Elements Wind energy zone

-The design adopts all bioclimatic aspects to suits its humid tropical environment. The open de-

sign with the translucent elevated rooftop and setback floors allow a natural airflow inside and

the use of natural daylight, limiting the building‘s energy consumption.

POSTFOSSIL ECOWOODBOX KINDERGARTEN

Architects: Despang Architekten

Location: 1950s suburban area in the city

of Hannover

The first kindergarten in the city to meet the

rigorous requirements of passive energy

house standards, where the design of the

Ecological idea:

1.Land Use

-The Postfossil Ecowoodbox Kindergarten is located

in a typical 1950s suburban area in the city of Hanno-

ver, and replaces a prefabricated building from 1969.

2. Landscaping

-The new building occupies almost the same footprint

as the previous structure, making use of the natural

shading of mature trees on the site.

3. Incorporating Solar Into Overall Design

-The structure is a light wooden frame clad in prefabri-

cated 40 cm (15.6 in) thick wall panels with pre-

installed and glazed windows. The building facing the south, a curved, fully triple-glazed

facade maximizes solar heat gain.

http://www.24h-architecture.com/


http://www.archdaily.com/tag/thailand/

http://phaidonatlas.com/architect/despang-architekten/247

http://phaidonatlas.com/architect/despang-architekten/247

http://www.archdaily.com/tag/thailand/




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Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable architecture has bring together environment, social and economic issues into

compact known as "Sustainable‖. It is an architecture that seeks to minimize the negative en-

vironmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy,

and development space.

What's the difference between "green," "sustainable" and "energy-efficient?"

Using green building products doesn't necessarily mean that a structure is sustainable or en-

ergy efficient. If it's energy efficient, it's not a given that it is sustainable either. The best ap-

proach to sustainable architecture, which is also environmentally sensitive and reduces ener-

gy use over the life of the building , is to adopt a program designed to meet all objectives.

Why sustainable architecture?

Rapid Industrialisation

Global warming

Pollution

Soil Degradation

Ozone layer depletion



Benefits of sustainable architecture

- Protect Ecosystem

- Improve Air and water quality

- Reduce waste

- Waste reduction

- Reduce Emissions

- Conserve water

- Conserve natural resources

- Temperature control

- Improve occupants comfort and health

- Minimizes strain on local infrastruc-

ture

- Create an aesthetically pleasing envi-

ronment- Increases occupants overall morale

- Improves worker productivity

- Optimizes the life cycle of the building

- Improve occupants attendance and produc-

tivity



Sustainable architecture - Design Checklist

Reuse or rehabilitation of exist building

Effects on micro-climates

Consideration when select the development site with care

– Select sites with public transport facilities

– Select sites with existing or potential links for pedestrians and cyclists

– Select sites with low ecological value

– Select sites, the development of which would benefit the community

Ways to minimize impact of development

– Protect local natural habitats

– Enhance existing and introduce new planting

– Enhance potential for pedestrians and cyclists

– Include food production opportunities where possible

Reduce energy load

Use of renewable energy sources

- e.g. timber from managed forests, rape oil

Use of natural ventilation and natural lighting

- e.g. wind, sun, ground heat

Increase energy efficiency

- Use energy-efficient equipment

- Provide heating and cooling through energy-efficient mechanical

appliances.

- Use energy-efficient lights and appliances

- Set energy design targets and monitor building performance

Natural ventilation with water cooling

- located in the Murray River valley, lies on 36° latitude

summer the average high temperature is 30°C and the average low night temperature is 14°C

- orientated east–west, maximizing northern heat gains in winter

rely on thermal mass, natural ventilation and night-time cooling

- Roof overhangs and corrugated metal window shields shade windows from the summer sun

- Insulation within ceiling

- Roof -mounted solar hot water panels circulate water through concrete slabs to provide space heating in

winter as well as cooling, by dissipating the heat to the clear skies at night, in summer

1. SITE 2. Energy

Thurgoona Campus

Charles Sturt University, Albury, Victoria,Australia

Client: Charles Sturt University

Architect: Marci Webster -Mannison

Engineers: Advanced Environmental Con-

Case study: Thurgoona Campus

Environmental

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Sustainable architecture should be designed in a way that the building itself can minimize the use of water, and

reduce the amount of black water, grey water, and rain water discharged to a mains sewer system.

Minimizing the need for water

- Use composting toilets

- Select plants with low watering requirements

- Encourage the use of showers instead of baths

Use water efficiently- Install water -saving spray or automatic taps on basins and showers.

- Install low or dual flush WCs

- Retrofit existing appliances, e.g. upgrade existing WCs with an effi-

cient flus mechanism or a ―hippo‖ (Heavy duty plastic container that

displaces water) in the cistern, upgrade taps.

- Install irrigation systems , grouping plants by their water requirements

- Install water meters

- Educate users and adopt a water–conscious approach.

Recycle used water

- Install grey water collection

systems from basins, showers

and baths to flush WCs or water

gardens.

Recycle rainwater

- Install a butt to collect rainwater

for gardening

- Install a rainwater recycling

system.

Reduce the use of mains drains

- Install on-site waste water treat-

ment systems

- Install a Sustainable Urban Drainage System ( SUD) (e.g. water -absorbent landscaping )

Diagram2. Rainwater harvesng system

Water Efficient Equipment

Dual flush WCs

Low flush WCsLow flush WCs have smaller cisterns than standard ones, using lesser water.

Vacuum toilets

Vacuum toilets operate with air rather than water can achieve big water sav-

ings. They need electricity to run, therefore, the energy use has to be

weighed against the water savings.

Waterless toilets

Such as composting toilets, with or without electrical drying, use no or mini-

mal water, and can save up to 40 percent of domestic water use.

Urine separating toilet

Can have as low water use as

low and dual flush WCs.

Diagram1. Toilet dam and displacement bag

Diagram3. Dual ush WCs Diagram4. Urine Separang toilet

3. Water

Toilet



Urinals

Urinals should be fitted with a person detector that activates the water flush , or with an integrated sensor to acti-

vate the flush . Compared to urinal systems that flush six times per hour, savings or over 30,000 litres per year per

urinal can be achieved during unoccupied weekends.

I-litre urinals can save more than 65 per cent of water compared to normal urinals.

Waterless urinals do not need to be flushed with water. A barrier and seal , which can be made of a number of

materials let urine through , but stop smells coming out . There is less salt build-up and less need for maintenance.

Water saving can be as high as 236,000 litres per urinal per year.

Taps Aerated taps

Available for basins and shower, mix water with air, providing a normal water volume without using as much wa-

ter as non-aerated taps. Aerated shower heads can use 9 liters instead of usual 20 liters per minute. Aerated basin

taps use 3.6 liters instead of 20 liters per minute. Spray inserts operate in a simi-

lar way.

Flow regulators

Limit the amount of water coming out of a tap. The water flow can be set as required.

Automatic basin taps

Equipped with infrared sensor identifies a hand under tap. They will automatically turn off after a set time.

Diagram5. Aerated tap and normal tap

Landscaping

Drought-tolerant species

For example cactus, succulents and eucalyptus reduce watering needs. If a lawn is needed, select a grass species that re-quires less watering.

Grass that require less watering: Zoysia grass, Bermuda grass, St Augustine grass, Buffalo grass, Bahia grass, Fescues,

etc.

Automatic irrigation

Moisture sensors optimizes the use of water by irrigating only when required.

Hydro zoning

Grouping plants according to their watering needs improves watering efficiencies

Mulching

Use of recycled and renewable materials

Conservation of natural materials

Low embodied energy materials

No ozone-depleting chemicals

No volatile organic compound materials

Consideration of materials choosing:

– the extraction and transport of clay to the brickwork

– the manufacture and transport of ancillary materials

– the extraction and distribution of natural gas for the brick kiln

– the mining and transport of fuels for the generation of electricity for use

in the factory

– the production and transport of raw materials for the packaging

– the manufacturing and transport of packaging materials for the brick

– the manufacturing of the brick in the brickwork

– the transport of the bricks to the building site

– the extraction of the sand and production of cement for the mortar

– the building of the brick wall

– the maintenance of the wall, such as painting or repointing

Digram6. Self -closing tap

4. Material



Consider health and safety on the building site.

Physical comfort levels

– Consider the indoor temperature relative to outside temperatures.

– Consider relative humidity levels and their impact on temperature.

– Provide ample natural light and good quality lighting without glare.

– Ensure sound separation between buildings and to the outside and within

buildings.

– Design environmental systems that enable the users to control their envi-

ronment.

Keeping the living environment pollution-free

– Avoid building boards and other materials containing formaldehyde.

– Use low VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints and finishes or avoid

the use of finishes.

– Avoid materials, such as carpets, that encourage dust mites.

– Consider treating timber only if necessary and using the least toxic treat-

ments possible.

– Ventilate spaces sufficiently to avoid a build-up of indoor air pollutants.

Independence and identity

– Create environments that help disadvantaged individuals to be and feel in-

dependent.

– Design buildings that demonstrate consideration of all users and their par-

ticular requirements.

– Ensure building users are able to personalize and demonstrate ownership of

their building.

– Create environments that enable individuals to grow old comfortably and

without disruption.

Diagram8. Sources of indoor pollutants

Reduce require of water

Reduce require of energy

Reduce require of toxic chemical

Reduce require of life-cycle costs

Diagram7. Low VOC paints

Restorative environments

– Consider including peaceful and restful spaces that help reju-

venate and calm individuals.

– Provide opportunities to enjoy nature.

5. Indoor Environmental Quality

6. Operational and maintenance



Case study 1 – City of Melbourne Council House Two (CH2) Office Building.

Diagram9. Day mode Diagram10. Night mode Diagram11. Winter mode

Council House Two, (CH2), a 135,000 square foot project of the City of Melbourne, which houses

several of its agencies, was completed in August 2006. Its architect, Mick Pearce of DesignInc, de-

scribes it as harvesting wind, rain, daylight, and night air much like a living organism. Like a living

organism, CH2 interacts with environment to meet its needs. CH2 uses conventional and non-

conventional ways of creating energy, water, cooling to use on site. It makes the buildings a very

sustainable one. It has four different modes to suit with different situation, namely day mode, night

mode, winter mode, and summer operational mode.



CH2 building has on-site black water and gray water capture and treatment systems , a strategy known as sew-

er mining. Sewer mining system can treats up to 100,000 litres of wastewater per day, and provide class A wa-

ter that supplies 100 percent of CH2 ‗s non drinking water for toilet flushing , cooling and irrigation. Not onlythat, surplus water is transported off site for use of other buildings, fountains ,street cleaning and irrigation . In

addition , when the fire sprinkler system is tested, the water is captured , recirculated and reused. Rainwater is

harvested for use in irrigation , toilet flushing , and cooling towers. Planters have a soil medium that stores wa-

ter until the soil needs more moisture.

Daylight harvesting

Light shelves on north - facing windows help harvest light and control glare. Glare is al-

so controlled using planters on balconies ( which also act as sun shades ) and internal

blinds . Angled vertical louvers ( really functioning as shutters – a tropical climate con-

trol strategy ) , made from recycled timber , respond to sun angles with preprogrammed

seasonally appropriate set times. The louvers are powered by photovoltaic ( PVs) and

hydraulically operated with bio based oil .

Lower floors receive less daylight than upper floors so windows on the north and south

facades are larger on the lower floors than the upper ones. This allows the total amount of

glass to be minimized, reducing energy loss , while maintaining desirable natural light

levels.

Diagram12. CH2 Approaches to Sustainable architecture

Diagram13. Angled vercal louvers

Diagram14 Deal with sunlight

Water Conservation



Indoor Environment Systems

Much of CH2‘s indoor environment control system is expressed on the exterior of the building. The verti-

cal timber louvers, water -shower towers , and wind turbines are highly visible . Supply air ducts are lo-

cated in the south façade and exhaust shafts on the north façade. Displacement – air ventilation replaces

used air regularly. Indoor planting is healthy and abundant, averaging one plant per worker,. Interior fin-

ishes were selected for their low- emitting properties. Regular air quality testing is conducted to monitor

indoor pollutants.

Cooling

Exposed concrete ceilings absorb heat through their thermal mass during the day. Chilled ceilings con-taining circulated chilled water transfer heat at night and transport it to a phase change material stored in

a series of basement tanks ( in this case , frozen stainless steel balls containing a salt solution make the

entire system a giant thermal storage battery ). Heat is then removed at night through evaporative-cooling

Heating

Heating is accomplished through an underfloor

hydronic system ( radiant floor ) , and the build-

ing also uses radiators and perimeter floor vents

and a raised access floor on a basement level.

Energy Generation

A gas-fired micro turbine cogeneration plant meets 30 per cent of the building‘s needs. Waste heat from the plant heats water for the building‘s occupants. Twenty -three solar panels on the roof

produce about 3.5 kilowatts of electricity, which is enough to power the vertical timber shutters. Six roof -

mounted wind turbines generate power and also create an exhaust – air system. The el-evators have regenerative braking. Domestic hot water is heated via solar hot-water panels that address 60 percent of the building‘s needs, supplemented by a boiler.

Low energy computing

Low energy lighting

Electricity from co –generation

Heat from co-generation

Heat recovery

Diagram15. Cooling tower Diagram16. How Cooling tower works

Diagram17. Ceiling energy transfer

Diagram18. Passive heang and cooling

Solar hot water

Solar photovoltaic cells

Wind turbines

Shower towers



Commercial building Residential building

SITE PLANNING ANDMANAGEMENT

Reuse or rehabilitation

With public transport facilities

Protect local natural habitats

New planting

Food production opportunities

MATERIALS AND RE-SOURCES

Recycle and reuse materials

Natural materials

Low embodied energy materials

No ozone-depleting materials

No volatile organic compound materials

Transportation of materials

Order adequate amount of materials

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Renewable energy sources

Natural ventilation

Natural lighting

Energy-

efficient equipment

WATER EFFICIENCY

Use water efficient household products

Grey water collection system

Rainwater harvesting system

On-site waste water treatment system

Sustainable urban drainage system

INDOOR ENVIRON-MENTAL QUALITY

Temperature

Humidity

Lighting

Soundproof

Non formaldehyde materials

Low VOC finishes

Controllable environment

OPERATIONAL ANDMAINTENANCE

Reduce require of water

Reduce require of energy

Reduce require of toxic chemical

Reduce require of life-cycle costs

SITE PLANNINGAND

MANAGEMENT

Reducing transport impacts (locating building sitenear to public transport points )

In harmony with nature

Minimize disturb to existing ecology

ENERGYEFFICIENCY

Use energy efficient products

Optimize energy usage

Use energy efficient electrical product

Design the building in a way to optimize overallenergy usage

Use renewable energy

MATERIALS AND

RESOURCES

Use materials that gone through life cycleassessment

Use durable material

WATER

EFFICIENCY

Use water efficient toilet /taps

Install rain water harvesting system

Collect and utilize grey water

INDOORENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY

Temperature

Humidity

Lighting

Sound proof

Non formaldehyde materials

Low VOC finishes

Controllable environment

OPERATIONALAND

MAINTENANCE

Building maintenance



References 1. CH2 Council House How It Works . (2015) (1st ed., pp. 2 - 12). Melbourne. Retrieved from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/CH2/aboutch2/Documents/

CH2_How_It_Works.pdf

2. Joo-Hwa, B., & Boon-Lay, O. (2006). Tropical Sustainable Architecture (1st ed., pp. 15 - 57). UK: Elsevier Ltd.

3. Sassi, P. (2006). Stratergies for sustainable architecture (1st ed., pp. 11-253). USA: Taylor & Francis.

4. Wbdg.org,. (2015). Sustainable | Whole Building Design Guide. Retrieved 16 January 2015, from http://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.php

Sustainable architecture is a design method that can reduce damage to

environment. Malaysia is a country that rich of sunlight and rainwater .

Thus, buildings in Malaysia should be built as sustainable building to

fully use the existing renewable resources and save the energy usage at

the same time. By following the 6 principles for sustainable architecture, buildings will be made as an environment friendly organism which mini-

mize impacts but maximize functions.

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: NIGERIA

The climate is influenced by rain- bearing south

-west monsoon wind from the ocean and

dry north-west wind from Sahara Desert

From April to October is the rainy season with rainfall about 1524mm per year

Temperature varies from 28oC to 31oC

Relative humidity is about 80%

High pitched hipped roof with a slope of 20o to 35o to withstand the heavy rainfall

The roof is covered by the corrugated iron roofing sheets which have poor thermal

properties

It has overhang about 50cm to 1m to block the sun radiation

Adobe mud brick is used as the construction material as it has a good insulation to the

heat

The windows and occasionally doors

are shielded from the weather

conditions by the hoods.

The entrance of the building is

well protected from the rain and

sun.

The entrance area will be shielded

by the veranda‘s slab.

Besides, the entrance is deeply re-

cessed.

As a result, it created a deeply

shadowed area.

The frontage of the house becomesocial purpose and for daily recre-

ation.

Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based

on local needs, construction materials and reflecting local

traditions. It always influenced by a great range of different

aspects of human behavior and environment which leading

to different building forms for almost every different

context. Local climate is the most significance influence.



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16th

-17th

Schemac drawings of the tradional urban Brazilian vernacular

Due to the colonizaon, Brazil is

linked with Portuguese-imported

models of urban 16th

century

houses. The windows and doors

use symmetrical arrangement of

arched openings of almost stand-

ardized 1m width. Triple arched

arrangement is favored among

locals. Since the ceilings are high,

openings are stretched longer

thus reveal high-narrow open-

ings. With me, variaons of

simple design evolved.

House built in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the 1950s.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: BRAZIL

Yanomami tribe architecture

of nave americans from

Brazil & Venezuela

A typical jungle hut in Brazil-

ian Amazonia, made of

straw and supported slt.

House built in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in the 1950s

Hot humid, dry humid across the country

most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April)

south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rain-

fall generally more than 2,000 mm

Temperatures in the cies of Belo Horizonte and Brasília are moderate,

usually between 15 and 30 °C

Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with

average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27 °C

The cies of São Paulo, Curiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre have a

subtropical climate similar to that of southern United States, and tempera-

tures can fall below freezing in winter



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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: THAILAND

Hot and humid, with small seasonal changes throughout the year.

Hot summer months from March to June – high sun angle, high tem-

perature, and moderate south wind

Rainy season from July to October – lower temperature, high humidi-

ty

The rainy season is dominated by the southwest monsoon; the rainfall

in most Thailand is at its heaviest. Sometimes will lead to flood.

Central Thailand has been flooded almost every year for centuries.

Winter month from November to February – lowest sun angle, moder-

ate temperature

Average temperature for a year range from 21°C to 35°C

relative humidity varies from 45 to 95%

The natural material used as construction materials allow the building to cool down faster.

Natural materials such as grass, thatch, and straw have been used for roofs, which consider as the

best insulation at that time.

The steep pitch roof – to drain off the heavy rain.

The high roof with vents in the gable will help in ventilate the interior part of the building.

The small side roof or the overhang is design to protect the walls and window from rain and solar

radiation.

Raised above flood waters, Thai houses are cool downstairs with the strong afternoon sun while

the upstairs will be cool at night.

The elevated floor also use for day time activities – people experienced

a cool surface temperature at ground level.

The elevated floor also protected from the pests and preys.

The elevated floor prevents the wood structure of the house from direct-

ly contact with the dampness floor.

The use of bamboo as their floor provides gap which are good for venti-

lation as it allow the wind that pass through the elevated floor cool the

interior of the building.

Heavy material such as brick masonry and concrete are not used as they

absorb heat, will cause the house to get too warm. Therefore, light

material like wood will be suitable.

Houses are randomly arranged. There is no clear geometric lay out and



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Large roof eaves for eecve

sunshading

Venlated roof space helps to

cool the house

Aap roong of low thermal ca-

pacity

Venlaon through roof joint

Slted house catches winds ofhigh velocity

Fully operable windows allow

venlaon at body level

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: INDONESIA

Building orientaon is facing north-south due to inuences by Hindu

cosmology

Deects the dominant orientaon of the Sun

Curving and narrow paths between houses provide trac lane for air

ow and occupants

Lightweight construcon using low thermal capacity materials keep

house cool

Open interior spaces with minimal parons allow good venlaon

Rumah BATAK TOBA Rumah TONGKONAN

i l d b d l d h h h



A special study to be made on Malay Houses and how the design response to the

environment with focus on natural ventilation.

1.1 Characteristic

Roof

Ventilated roof space helps to cool the

house.

Large roof eaves for effective sun shading

and natural ventilation.

There is 4 type of roof shape used in tradi-

tional Malay house.

The most common roof used is Bumbung

panjang, a long gable roof.

a) Simple gable roof, supported by kingposts.

b) Simple funnel shape, use of ventilation

grilles at its gable ends (tebar layar)

and the use of ventilation joints allow good

ventilation of the roof, space which cools

the house effectively.

Big Open Interior Space

Open interior spaces with minimal partitions

allow good ventilation in the house.

Window design

Fully open able win-

dows allow ventilation

at body level.

Material Used

Attap Roof (a thatch made from nipah and other palm trees found in the local

natural vegetation) or low thermal capacity gives good ventilation against heat.

Wood carve

Wood carved panel in Malay house not only for the

purpose of decoration but also act as ventilation devices.

For example,

A) Lubang angin which is wind holes locate at the higher

level of partition.

B)

Kepala pintu which means door head or timber panel above

door.

C) Kepala tingkap which is window head, timber panel above

window.

Stilted Footing Design

Stilted house catches winds of higher velocity.

Make use of land that might be not suitable for

housing.

Prevent dampness of the wood.

Cool air flow through the space between wooden

floor planks.

Plan Layout of Traditional Malay house

Low window located at serambi guntung allow for

ventilation and good views.

Selang is a path way use to link kitchen and rumah

ibu (core of the house) where it also allowing good

Wooden wall

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1.1.1 Wood Benefits

1.Thermal Change in size and volume (temperature changes). Expansion causes decrease in the strength of materials.

2. Acoustic Properties Good for sound isolation and sound absorption. Prevents echo and noise by absorbing sound (concert halls)

3. Electrical Properties Good in electrical insulator

4. Mechanical Properties High strength

5. Aesthetic Properties As a decorative material

6. Oxidation Properties Wood will not rust like metal

7. Working Properties Easy to repair and maintain

1.1.2 Three main issues of wooden

construction

1. Water damage

Wood is naturally a very porous material.

It has lots of tiny holes, so, in the presence of water it can suck of water like a sponge. The moisture can cause the wood to swell.

This cycle of expanding and shrinking can weaken the wood and cause it to crack.

2. Household pests

Unwanted invaders into your home like termites and rodents can destroy your wood.

Termites feed on wood and sometimes it‘s hard to know that they are there until it‘s too late.

Mice can gnaw on and claw at wood surfaces.

3. Mold and mildew

Mold will grow almost anywhere, if enough moisture, enough food (wood, concrete, other

organic matter), enough air and moderate temperatures are present.

This can lead to serious respiratory prob-

lems, especially in children, asthmatics orfrail individuals.

1.1.3. Minimizing the Problems of Wood:

Careful selection of wood

Drying

Remedial treatment

Coating

Treating with wood preservatives

1.2 Construction Detail

Use local materials. (Wood ,Bamboo & Atap)

Timber used as main structure. (Beam & Column)

Bamboo used as wall and thatched roof.

Post and lintel structures in construction.

Construction details showing enhanced ventilation of

the roof space

Air which has passed through a double roof space

should not be allowed to enter the living zone (e.g.

discharged towards a verandah), as this air will be

much hotter than the normal outdoor air.

Placement of ceiling horizontally or along the roof slope

1.3 Comparison between Traditional Malay House and Modern

House

Traditional Malay House Modern House Comment

Building

Material

Lightweight Construction (Release

heat easier)

-Wood

-Attap

-Bamboo

High thermal capacity Construction

(Store heat easier)

-Brick tiles

-Concrete

Attap doesn‘t

survive as long as

roof tiles and need

to change

regularly.

Layout Randomly arranged Rigid patterns Not workable in

city area because

this will occupy alot of land space.

Ventilation

of Roof

Space

Ventilated by the provision of venti-

lation joints and panel in the roof

construction.

Ridge roof ventilation, air enter the

attic and flow out through exhaust

vents.

Modern roof

ventilation have

cooperate with

other material such

as baffles to

enhance the

ventilation effect.

2 Akmani Legian / TWS Partners Located at Legian Kuta Badung Bali Indonesia

Cross Ventilation Elongated open plan More complicated space Partition could



1.4 Application : Readapt of Malay house on ventilation into modern building

1. The Deck House by Choo Gim Wah Architect-Pahang Malaysia.

Tall ceiling height

Aluminum louver located at the highest part

of the building allow stack ventilation, where hot air

could escape from there.

Fully open able windows, allow ventilation at body level.

Large roof eaves for sun shading.

Timber is used as the oor nish of the living

2. Akmani Legian / TWS Partners-Located at Legian, Kuta, Badung, Bali, Indonesia

Rustic wood is used to act as a threshold.

Kerawang bricks are local material and ventilation brick, where is used in the building.

Create an open space and allow for wind and natural light to pass through.

3. MEGTW Building-Locate at Putrajaya

Plenty window is built around the building.

Punch hole and eggs-Crete type of window is used, to act

as a solar shading device.

Atrium is located at the center of the building and void up

to 5th level.

The atrium design with solar chimney where allow stack effect to occur.

Hot air is flow out the building through the air vent in solar chimney.

These have readapt the stack effect occurs in Malay house.

Conclusion

There is pro and cons in Malay house design.

Might not suitable for nowadays house design due to global warming and economic issue.

Some of the characteristic have to readapt with modern design to get optimum ventilation

Cross Ventilation Elongated open plan

Minimal interior partition

More complicated space Partition could

block the in-

coming wind. For

modern house plan

privacy is more

concern. Different

space to fulfil dif-

ferent need of the

occupant.

Wind velocity

Gradient

High wind velocity at higher

level

Low wind velocity

Orientation East-west Jigsaw puzzle Building orientation

could affect the sun

and wind receive by

building.

But due to cost and

time, nowadays de-

veloper are not con-

cern about the building orientation.