Environmental Knowledge for Disaster Risk Management

Challenges in Integrating Geospatial Technologies

P. S. Roy(psr@iirs.gov.in)

Indian Institute of Remote SensingISRO, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India

Dehradun

We Live in Two Environments

Natural Manmade

Self-Regulated Managed

And they are increasingly in conflict..

Major Issues & Challenges

Bio-resources DeforestationLoss of species

Loss of critical habitats

Bio-resources DeforestationLoss of species

Loss of critical habitats

Snow & Glaciers

Melting of Mountain GlacierLoss of Polar Ice cap

Snow & Glaciers

Melting of Mountain GlacierLoss of Polar Ice cap

Ocean

Rise in sea levelDestruction of coral reefs

Ocean Circulation

Ocean

Rise in sea levelDestruction of coral reefs

Ocean Circulation

Climatology

Global warmingExtreme Weather

Climatology

Global warmingExtreme Weather

Atmosphere

Atmospheric loading Loss of ozone layerGreen house effect

Atmosphere

Atmospheric loading Loss of ozone layerGreen house effect

Physical ResourcesLand dynamics

Unequal Water availability Soil degradationBiodiversity loss

Physical ResourcesLand dynamics

Unequal Water availability Soil degradationBiodiversity loss

Ozone Depletion (DU)(1950 : 160 ; 2009 : 110; 2050: 220 )

Deforestation (mha/yr) –

( 1950 : 15 ; 2007 : 13; 2050 : 10 )

Per capita forest present & future (ha)

(1950: 1.13; 2007: 0.62; 2050: 0.35)

Species loss - Present : 40-200 / day; 5-20%; lost during last century

Projected : 2050 : 15-35%;

Global freshwater withdrawalsGlobal freshwater withdrawals

1990 – 3500 km3 ; 2000 – 4430 km3

Agriculture water use : 70%, Expected Agriculture water use : 70%, Expected

rise by 18% by 2050 to maintain rise by 18% by 2050 to maintain

agriculture production ; agriculture production ;

26% global wetland lost26% global wetland lost

Global Mean Temp (oC) (1950 : 13.96 ; 2009: 14.59; 2050:16.30)

CO2 (ppm) (1950 : 29; 2009 : 380; 2050 : 480)

Sea level rise (1950 : 2cm ; 2009 : 9cm; 2050: 16cm )

27 % of coral reef destructed

Average glacier Average glacier Thickness change Thickness change

(cm / yr) (cm / yr) 1990 – 40 ; 2050– 95;

Food SecurityWater Security

Enhanced Natural Disasters

Social & Health Security

Knowledge Building for DisasterRisk Management

FLOOD FLOOD MAPMAP

DROUGHT DROUGHT MAPMAP

DAMAGEDAMAGEMAPMAP

HAZARD HAZARD ZONESZONES

RISKRISKMAPMAP

Data (Observation)for Information

Information for Decision

Decision for Action

Data

Information

[Model]

DSS/SDSS

[AI]

Expert System

[Process]

Measurement, Monitoring, Modeling,Measurement, Monitoring, Modeling,Planning, Decision Making, ManagementPlanning, Decision Making, Management

How Can Geospatial TechnologiesHelp in Knowledge Building?

• EO Systems (spaceborne & airborne)– SENSORS with various SPATIAL, TEMPORAL SCALES, EM REGIONS– GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS from RS

• GIS– Link, view, analyse all geo-linked data

• GPS– LOCATIONS, MOBILE MAPPING

• (INTEGRATION) : Sensor-Web, Web-GIS, Crowdsourcing GI, Mobile Mapping, Spatial/ Non-spatial Databases, AWS, etc.

• APPLICATION : Modelling & Decision Making with knowledge

Regional

LocalEarth ObservationFrom Space

Multi-resolution Capability

(Low Res.)

(High Res.)

EARTH OBSERVATION

FROM SPACE

Time-Series & All-weather Observations

11.04.2008(pre-flood)

20.08.2008(post-flood)

22.08.2008 23.08.2008 24.08.2008 27.08.2008

29.08.2008 03.09.2008 05.09.2008 10.09.2008

High temporal resolutionLarge swath

Medium temporal resolutionLarge swath

Low temporal resolutionLimited swath

Low temporal resolutionVery limited swath

High spatial resolutionLocation specific information

Coarse spatial resolutionRegional level information

Medium spatial resolutionLocal level information

Depends on• Phase of the disaster• Type of the disaster• Extent and severity ….

Low spatial resolutionGlobal level information

Global to Local

Spatial Vs. Temporal Resolutions – Trade-offsSpatial Vs. Temporal Resolutions – Trade-offs

Location Based Services and Mobile GIS

Mobile Mapping – Integration of 4 Technologies•Lightweight hardware•GPS•Telecommunications•GIS

Automatic Weather Stations

• Affordable alternatives to get detailed weather information like rainfall, humidity, temperature, etc.

• Special sensors for measuring soil moisture

• Data transmission through communication satellites

• Consistency in data recording

• Enhanced frequency of coverage

• Coverage of inaccessible areas, all weather and all time operations

Soil

Water Resources

Depth toWater Table

Cadastre

Village Infrastructure

Village boundariesTransport networkSettlementsDrainage systemCanal networkCensus InformationPRA/RRA data

Geo-spatial Analysis Using GIS

IntegratedGeo-spatial Analysis

• SIMPLE QUERY• SPATIAL QUERRYING • SINGLE LAYER OPERATION• MULTIPLE- LAYER OPERATIONS• SPATIAL MODELING• SURFACE ANALYSIS• NETWORK ANALYSIS• POINT PATTERN ANALYSIS• GRID ANALYSIS

Land use

EM Data Server

INPUTS

DecisionOutcome

Decision Maker

Spatial Data

• National Informatics Centre

• Ministry of Industry

• Public Works Department

• Office of Registrar General of India

• Bureau of Economics and statistics

• Central Water Commission

• Indian Meteorological Department

• Ministry of agriculture

• Ministry of Home Affairs

• Ministry of Health

• …….

• Survey of India

• Forest survey of India

• Public Works

Department

• Indian Railways

• Ministry of shipping and

surface transport

• Department of Space

• Land Records

department

• Central Water

Commission

• Ministry of Defense

• Indian Meteorological

Department

• National Hydrographic

Organization

• Ministry of agriculture

• Geological Survey of

India

• Ministry of Home Affairs

……..

Non-Spatial Data

SpatialOutput

StatisticalReport

Expert System

Shell

Output

Decision Analysis

Spatial Analysis

Information system

Other GUI

DSS/SDSS

NDEM

Authorized user community

Request

Response

EM Conceptual FrameworkEM Conceptual Framework

Data server

INPUTS

Database Manag.System

SpatialOutput

StatisticalReport

Multi-criteriaSpatial Modeling

Logicaloperators

EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL

Decision Outcome

SDSS SOFTWARE

DECISION MAKER

Evaluation & validation

Yes

No

Output

Health facility•Hospitals•Diagnostics centers•Medical shops•Doctors/Medical staff information•Blood banks•Eye banks•Surgical instrument shops

Infrastructure•Admin boundary •Roads •Rail and Railway station •Police station •Airports/helipads •Settlement •Drainage/surface water bodies

•DEM •Relief shelter locations •Education centers •Fire stations •Forensic Lab •Mining areas •Industry locations

CensusPopulationDensityIncome leveloccupation

UtilityPower lines pipelines communication network

Non spatial data

IDRN link

Sensitive Areas

Input

Input

Input

Request

Converting Knowledge base into DSS / SDSS

Climate Change Research Initiatives

Mapping Indicators of Climate Change using Space inputs

• Glacial Retreat in Himalaya• Change in Polar Ice Cover • Upward Shift in Timberline &

Vegetation in Alpine zone• Bleaching of Coral Reefs• Desertification• Disasters - Flood, Drought

• GHGs & Other Gases - Variability of atmospheric CO/ CO2/ NO2/ CH4

• Biomass burning/ forest fire• Terrestrial Carbon• Atmospheric Aerosols & Trace gases

• Impact on Food Security• Hydrology • Coastal Zone• Ocean Productivity • Land Surface Changes in Regional Climate

Simulations over India • Role of Indian Ocean in Climate variability

Monitoring the Agents of Climate Change

Modeling the impact of climate change

Wetlands

Geomorphology

Forest & Vegetation Soils

Land Degradation

Land Use /Land Cover

•AWiFS -1 : 250000

• LISS III - 1 : 50000

NR Census Layers * User Projects

National Database to address EnvironmentalIssues & their Web Dissemination

ISRO & Multi-institutional Initiatives

• The interoperability framework for accessing and utilizing sensors and sensor systems in a space-time context via Internet and Web protocols

• A set of web-based services may be used to maintain a registry of available sensors.

• The same web technology standards for describing the sensors’ outputs, platforms, locations, and control parameters, thus ensuring interoperability..

Some Solutions: Sensor WebSome Solutions: Sensor Web

Past• 2-D flat map displays

– User as observer from 2-D description to 4-D interaction

Future• Effective 3-D visualization

• 4-D incorporation of time: “The time has come for time.”– Via agent-based modeling / cellular automata? Or how?

• agents (e.g. vehicles, fires or people) interacting over time in a raster (cell)-based environment according to established rules

• 5, 6 and 7-D incorporation of touch (pressure, texture, temperature), sound and smell into modeling/simulation environment)

• User as participant – Users (researchers, professionals, the public) interact with the model;– Participatory GIS: the public as the planner.

Move from 2-D description to 4-D interactionMove from 2-D description to 4-D interactionand beyond?and beyond?

Operational Database

Data Cleaning

Data Preparation

Training Set

Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) Process

Data Warehouse

Data Mining

Extracted PatternVerification & Evaluation

Operational Database

Adapting Advanced Methods for Knowledge Adapting Advanced Methods for Knowledge Discovery from large databasesDiscovery from large databases

Data Mining

Artifical Intelligence

Expert System

Distributed Geoprocessing, Spatial Analysisand Modelling

Operational Operational Data-2Data-2

Operational Operational Data-3Data-3

Operational Operational Data-nData-n

Operational Operational Data-1Data-1

Platform Platform Independent Independent

Solution for Geo-Solution for Geo-spatial analysisspatial analysis

Platform Platform Independent Independent

Solution for Geo-Solution for Geo-spatial analysisspatial analysis

User Defined Products

DSS/SDSS DSS/SDSS OutputsOutputs

Outcomes from Outcomes from Expert SystemExpert System

Information Information DisplayDisplay

Geo-visualizationsGeo-visualizations

Many more…

An Example of Drought Assessment and Early Warning SystemAn Example of Drought Assessment and Early Warning System

RS Satellite Systems

NDVI

Soil Moisture measurement

& Changes

Space Based Inputs

Ground Observation

NetworkMeteorological

Data

Receiving Stations

Drought Monitor & Early Warning

System

Real-time data

Real-t ime data

Real time data

Distributed Geoprocessing contd..

Using Crowdsourcing & VGI Technologiesin Disaster Applications

Challenge

• New mechanism for voluntarily producing & disseminating geographic information using ICT/web-based mapping services (Goodchild, 2007).

• Especially useful in disaster/ emergency applications where real-time updated information (in case of a disaster) is required or where spatial information is not adequate.

• Examples – Wikimapia, OpenStreetMap, Google MyMaps, etc.

• Success Stories – Haiti Earthquake of 2010, Wild Fires of Sanata Barbara (USA) in 2007-09, etc.

• Integration of crowdsourced & authoritative data?

• Data quality?

• Credibility of contributor?

Resourcesat – 2 LISS III, LSS IV , AWiFS

Indian EO Missions - The Near Future

RISAT-1C-band SAR

MEGHA-TROPIQUESSAPHIR, SCARAB & MADRAS

INSAT-3DVHRR, Sounder

Geo HR Imager50m resolution

SARALKa band Altimeter

2011-12

2012-16

Resourcesat-3LISS-3 WS

RISAT 3/4LX SAR

Cartosat- 2C/ 2D80 cm res.

ScatsatKu Band Scatterometer

Cartosat- 330 cm res.

Oceansat-3Ku Band

Scatterometer

Resourcesat - 2 RLISS III, LSS IV , AWiFS

GHGSATSpectrometer(being planned)

IMS-ATMBeing Planned

ISTAGMAGIS, MAVELI,

MAPI

Integrate what we know in to a knowledge system

• Represent

• Understand

patterns,

relations,

processes

• Manage

• Communicate

We Need Better Ways to…

On Mission for transferring technology through education, research & capacity building…..

Thank you..