Environmental Management Bureau Environmental Management Bureau Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act / Republic Act 9003

Clean Air Act / Republic Act 8749

Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Law / Republic Act 6969

Pollution Control Law / Presidential Decree 984

Environmental Impact Statement System / Presidential Decree 1586

Air QualityAir Quality

What is Air Pollution?

- any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmosphere making air harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health and environment.

What is the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999?

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.

Mobile Sources

• Cars

• Trucks

• Jeepneys

• Buses• Tricycles

• Motorcycles

• Vans

• other Vehicles

Stationary Sources

• Industrial Firms

• Smokestacks of Power Plants

• Hotels

• other Establishments

• Smoking

• Burning of Garbage

• Dust from Construction

• Unpaved Grounds

• emissions other than the two

Area Sources

Common Air Pollutants

• Solids and metals• Sulfur compounds• Nitrogen

compounds • Volatile organic

compounds• Oxygen compounds• Halogen compounds• Radioactive

compounds• Odors

Criteria Pollutants

• Total suspended particulates

• Particulate matter (PM10)

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Ozone (O3)

• Lead (Pb)

National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants

Pollutant Averaging Time Standard (ug/m3)

TSP 24 hr. average 230 1 year 90

PM10 24 hr. average 150 1 year 60

Sulfur dioxide 24 hours 180 1 year 80

Nitrogen dioxide 24 hr. average 150

Photochemical oxidants 1 hour 140 (e.g. ozone) 8 hours 60

Carbon monoxide 1 hour 35 8 hours 10

Lead 3 month 1.5 1 year 1.0

Pollutant Mobile (2000)

Stationary (1997)

TOG 1,358,840 -

VOC - 8

CO 924,426 121

NOx 114,539 1,526

SOx 11,263 14,993

PMex 22,862 1,968

PMtw 5,499 -

PM10 19,561 1,764Estimated Air Pollution Load in Metro

Manila (metric tons)

DENR Memorandum Circular 2002-01(Metro Manila Airshed)

METRO MANILA

Region III Region IV-A National Capital Region

Designated Airsheds

Metro Cebu airshed thru MC 2002-11

Geothermal Airshed thru MC 2002-13

Davao Airshed thru MC 2003-02

BLIST Airshed thru MC 2003-03

Agusan del Norte Airshed thru MC 2003-09

Naga City Airshed thru MC 2003-13

Cagayan de Oro Airshed thru MC 2003-17

Zamboanga Airshed thru MC 2003-20

Metro Manila Polluting Firms

As of 2000,

No. of firms that pollute air only 620 with permit to operate (PTO) 329 without PTO 291

No. of firms that pollute both air/water 402 with PTO for air 222 without PTO for air

180

No. of non-air polluting firms 339

Total number of firms monitored 1361

Source: EMB NCR

1,358,840.41

924,425.92

114,538.51

11,263.3122,862.295,499.2219,560.88

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

Em

issio

n L

oad

(to

ns/y

ear)

TOG CO NOx SOx *Pmex **PMtw PM10Parameters

National Capital Region (NCR) Mobile Source Emission Inventory 2000

(Gas/Diesel All Vehicles Type)

Series1

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Number of Registered Vehicles in the Philippines

Source: LTO

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999

Number of Motor Vehicle Registration in Metro Manila, 1971-2000

Average annual increase, 1971-2000: 5.43% per year

Source: LTO

Testing of Alternative Fuel for Vehicles

• Sulfur content of automotive diesel fuel reduced from 0.20% to 0.05%

• Benzene content of unleaded gasoline reduced from 4% to 2%

Standards for Fuels and Additives, 2003

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000

Erm

i ta

Erm

ita

Erm

ita

Erm

ita

Erm

ita

Qu

iap

oC

ub

ao

Pas

ay

Pas

ayP

asay

Pas

ay

Qu

ezo

n C

ity

Val

enzu

ela

Val

enzu

ela

Val

enzu

ela

Val

enzu

ela

Val

enzu

ela

Val

enzu

ela

Co

ng

ress

ion

al A

ve.

Co

ng

ress

ion

al A

ve.

Metro Manila location with highest TSP historical levels, 1973-2001Standard: ug/Ncm over 24 hours

TS

P a

vera

ge

Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices

0

0.0050.01

0.0150.02

0.025

0.030.035

0.04

0.0450.05

1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Erm

ita

Erm

ita

Erm

ita

Erm

itaErm

ita

Erm

itaE

rmit

a

Erm

ita

Erm

itaErm

ita

Gra

ce P

ark

Gra

ce P

ark

Gra

ce P

ark

Cu

bao

Cu

bao

Qu

iap

o

Pas

ig

Val

enzu

ela

Man

ila

Mem

ori

al P

ark

Metro Manila location with highest sulfur oxide levels, 1975-2001Standard: 0.030 ppm

Source: NPCC, DENR/ EMB Regional Offices

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila University

Valenzuela

NAMRIA, Fort Bonifacio

Airforce City, CDC

BPI, Los Banos, Laguna

Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite

PUP, Sta. Mesa

Provincial Agrovet, Brgy. Bolboc, Batangas City

Bureau of Correction, Muntinlupa*

Valle Verde, Pasig*

*for installation of equipment

2003 CAA Milestone Outputs

• Developed the Air Quality Framework. Prescribed in the DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-82, it sets emission reduction goals using acceptable standards and control strategies within a specified time.

• Designated airsheds throughout the Philippines. To date, 10 airsheds have been officially designated, including the establishment of respective governing boards.

• Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network. A total of 10 electronic stations are being established to measure both criteria and non-criteria pollutants.

2003 CAA Milestone Outputs

• Conducted emission inventory of stationary, mobile and area sources of pollution. An ongoing activity, both in Metro Manila and other parts of the country through the EMB field offices.

• Set emission standards for motor vehicles. Emission standards of hydrocarbons for motorcycles and tricycles have already been set in DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-25 and emission standards for in-use motor vehicles have been revised and contained in DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-51.

2003 CAA Milestone Outputs

• Conducted emission testing of motor vehicles prior to registration. To augment government efforts, private emission testing centers are established, duly authorized and accredited by the Department of Transportation and Communication and Department of Trade and Industry, respectively.

• Improved fuel quality. Reduced sulfur content in automotive diesel oil from .20% to .05% and lowered benzene and aromatics content in gasoline.

• Expanded promotion of use of alternative cleaner fuels. Efforts are directed on the availability and use of biodiesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas.

2003 CAA Milestone Outputs

• Launched the Smoke-Free EDSA Project. Supported by government agencies, civil society and some local government units in Metro Manila, the project aims to reduce the level of air pollution from particulate matter by 20% at the end of 2003.

• Established an Air Quality Monitoring Board. An air quality monitoring display board is put up along Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City for an intensified public monitoring of air quality in the area. At least 10 more air quality monitoring boards are set to be installed initially all over Metro Manila by next year.

2003 CAA Milestone Outputs

• Released the first National Air Quality Status Report. As provided in the Clean Air Act, the DENR has prepared the 2002 National Air Quality Status Report which summarizes the extent of air pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source. It includes an analysis of the current situation and identifies trends in air pollution. It identifies critical areas, activities or projects which need closer monitoring or regulation.

• Stepped up public information and education.

Next Steps…

• Expand Ambient Air Monitoring Network nationwide

• Designate additional airsheds nationwide• Designate attainment and non-attainment

areas in airsheds• Prepare guidelines for mass emission fees• Designate guidelines on tax incentives to

reduce air pollution from stationary sources

Next Steps…

• Harmonize emission standards for stationary sources with ASEAN standards

• Establish guidelines for emissions averaging and emissions trading

• Operationalize the Air Quality Management Fund

• Expand Air Quality Monitoring Boards

• Continue public information and education

Water QualityWater Quality

Inland Waters

Rivers LakesCoastal watersHousehold water supply

The Philippines Major Rivers

• Cagayan River

• Pampanga River

• Agno River

• Agusan River

• Rio Grande de Mindanao

• Laguna de Bay

• Lanao Lake

• Mainit Lake

• Taal Lake

• Lake Naujan

• Buluan Lake

The Lakes of the Philippines

Critical Urban Regions in terms of water quality and

quantity:

• National Capitol Region (Metro Manila)

• Central Luzon• Southern Tagalog• Central Visayas

Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003

The most common water pollutants in the Philippines

• Oil

• Phosphates

• Nitrates

• Heavy metals

• Plastics

• Human and animal wastes

• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

• Suspended solids

Major Sources of Water Pollutants in the Philippines

• households (domestic sewage)

• commercial establishments

• farms (agricultural run-offs)

• tourism sites

• industries

As of 2000,

No. of water polluting firms 146 with permit to operate (PTO) 58 without PTO 88

No. of firms that pollute both air/water 402 with PTO for air 222 without PTO for air

180 with PTO for water 192 without PTO for water

210

No. of water-polluting firms 548 No. of non-water-polluting firms 813 No. of firms monitored 1361

SOURCES

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS INDUSTRIES HOUSEHOLDS TOURISM SITES FARMS

Actual water pollutant sources in the country:

Parameters for measuring Water Quality

• Total phosphorus

• PH

• Dissolved oxygen

• Turbidity

• Total dissolved solids

• Fecal coliform

• Biochemical oxygen demand

• Nitrates

• Temperature

Nearly 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution are

produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15

percent) sectors.Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003

The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health

Inorganic constituents Constituents Maximum Level (mg/L)

Antimony 0.005

Arsenic 0.01

Barium 0.7

Cadmium 0.003

Chromium 0.05

Cyanide 0.07

Fluoride 1

Lead 0.01

Mercury 0.001

Nitrate as NO3 50

Nitrate as NO2 6

Selenium 0.01

Organic constituents (Pesticides)

Constituents Maximum Level (mg/L)

Aldrin and Dieldrin 0.06

Chlordane 0.5

DDT 2

Endrin 0.2

Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide 0.03

Lindane 2

Methoxychlor 20

Petroleum oils and grease nil

Toxyphane 5

2, 4-D 30

2, 3, 5-T 9

The Philippine Drinking Water Standard for Human Health

ClassClass

AA 3 0.5%

A 15122.8%

B 9814.8%

C 19128.9%

D 17 2.6%

Classified 460 69.5%

Unclassified 202 30.5%

Total Rivers 662 100% Reported

National Water Quality Status

• 36 percent of the river sampling points have been classified as public water supply sources

• about 60 percent of the country’s population live along coastal areas and contribute to discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from inland

• preliminary data indicate that up to 58% of groundwater intended for drinking water supplies are contaminated with total Coliform and would need treatment; and

• 31 percent of illnesses for a five-year period was from water-related diseases.Source : Philippines Environment Monitor, 2003

Solid WasteSolid Waste

SOURCESResidential

Household wastes, generated at home

Commercial- Industrial

Includes wastes generated by restaurants, eateries, offices, markets, talipapa, plants, mills and factories

Farm and Agricultural Wastes

Includes animal manure and crop residues

Institutional Wastes

Coming from hospitals, schools, churches and prisons

Miscellaneous and Specialized Wastes

Residues of sewage treatment plants, ash from incinerators and residues from combustion fuels, street sweepings and debris from disasters, demolition and construction rubble

Mining Wastes

Includes slag heaps, coal refuse piles and mine tailings

Hazardous Wastes

Pollutants

• Organic matter

This includes kitchen and garden wastes

• Paper

• Plastics

• Metals

• Medical Wastes

• Toxic and other hazardous wastes

• other Non-biodegradables (e.g.)

• Disposables

• Non-recycables

Waste Generation Estimates, 2000

Location Population Amount

Baguio, Benguet 250,000 0.38

Laoag, Ilocos Norte 94,000 0.5

San Fernando, La Union 102,000 0.35

Santiago, Isabela 110,000 0.5

Olongapo, Zambales 194,000 0.41

San Pablo, Laguna 205,000 0.58

Batangas City, Batangas 245,000 0.41

Cavite City, Cavite 111,042 0.63

Puerto Princesa, Palawan 160,000 0.39

Roxas, Capiz 126,000 0.29

Iloilo City, Iloilo 366,000 0.34

Location Population Amount

Bacolod, Negros Occidental 429,000 0.41

La Carlota, Negros Occidental 56,000 0.5

Silay, Negros Occidental 108,000 0.5

Kabankalan, Negros Occ. 150,000 0.5

Passi, Iloilo 67,000 0.5

Sagay, Negros Occidental 130,000 0.37

Talisay, Negros Occidental 130,000 0.5

Dumaguete, Negros Oriental 106,979 0.48

Lapu-lapu, Cebu 200,000 0.44

Tacloban, Leyte 179,000 0.59

A study of the composition of Metro Manila’s solid waste, 1999

High income

41%

14%12%

17%

4%12%

Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Middle income

57%

11%

13%

5%4%

10% Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Low income

44%

10%16%

8%

5%

17%Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Waste composition in Metro Manila in dry season, by percentage

Restaurant

57%

13%

12%

5%6% 7% Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

other Shops

28%

26%16%1%

5%

24%Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Institution

21%

44%

15%

2%5%13%

Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Market

63%15%

12%4%1% 5%

Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

Street sweeping

10%9%

9%

45%

1%

26%

Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

River

8% 1%

67%

11%1% 12%

Kitchen Waste

Paper

Plastic

Grass and Wood

Metal

Others

actual expenditures

434.30

296.90234.90

405.90303.70

136.5073.40

0 100 200 300 400 500

1994

1996

1998

2000

MMDA Expenditures (in million pesos) for solid wastes

Average composition of solid wastes in the Philippines, % by weight

33.5

12.911.5

11

10.2

9.84.1 3.3 1.9 1.8

yard and field waste fines and inert

wood food waste

paper and cardboard plastic and petroleum products

textiles metals

glass leather and rubber

City budgets allocated for Solid Waste Management, 2001

City Per Capita Allocation

Dagupan 87.17

Antipolo 148.66

Iloilo 12.50

Tagaytay 151.51

Samal Island 85.39

Dipolog 60.69

San Fernando,La Union 162.97

Marikina 192.55

Valenzuela 76.84

Muntinlupa 250.45

Roxas 23.21

% of total (peso 2001 Budget) 4.1

11.6

7

1.2

3.47

10.8

3.9

9.81.4

2.1Dagupan AntipoloIloilo TagaytaySamal Island DipologSan Fernando, La Union MarikinaValenzuela MuntinlupaRoxas

Region Open Dumpsite

Controlled Dumpsite

Proposed Controlled Dumpsite

Proposed Sanitary Landfill

NCR 18 6 - 20

Region 1 28 2 32 1

Region 2 51 2 8 1

Region 3 88 7 8 15

Region 4A 88 27 5 3

Region 4B 23 4 11 10

Region 5 48 3 4 5

Region 6 37 1 6 7

Region 7 109 10 1 10

Region 8 31 1 8 2

Region 9 32 - - 2

Region 10 25 - -  

Region 11 28 - 2 2

CARAGA 66 - 11 1

CAR 38 - - 1TOTAL 721 63 111 84

Waste Disposal Facilities in the Philippines, as of December 2002

Toxic and Hazardous

Wastes

Toxic and Hazardous

Wastes

Hazardous Waste generation by HW type, tons/ year

Type of waste Amount generated

Alkali wastes 545,631

Oil 491,623

Inorganic chemical wastes 335,014

Acid wastes 177,127

Plating waste 174,945

Reactive organic wastes 169,721

Organic chemicals 155,201

Putrescible organic wastes 140,489

Miscellaneous wastes 53,869

Organic solvents 49,265

Containers 37,036

Textile 851

National Total 2,410,281 tons/year

Major Sources

Distribution of HW generators by industrial category

Industrial category Amount generated

Manufacturing 1,356,435

Elect., gas and water supply 684,678

Public admin. and defense 159,765

Wholesale trade 138,653

Agricultural industries 34,028

Mining 26,582

Construction 7,925

Financial services 1,597

Transportation services 618

National Total 2,410,281 tons/year

Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)

Region Amount generated

NCR 828,883

Southern Tagalog 642,985

Central Visayas 210,789

Central Luzon 195,014

Western Visayas 97,393

Southern Mindanao 71,994

Bicol 57,656

Central Mindanao 52,288

Region Amount generated

Ilocos 50,959

Northern Mindanao 43,653

CAR 38,051

Cagayan Valley 31,282

Western Mindanao 30,142

CARAGA 29,405

Eastern Visayas 25,556

ARMM 4,231

National Total 2,410,281 tons/year

Region % share

NCR 34.4

Southern Tagalog 26.7

Central Visayas 8.7

Central Luzon 8.1

Western Visayas 4.0

Southern Mindanao 3.0

Bicol 2.4

Central Mindanao 2.2

Region % share

Ilocos 2.1

Northern Mindanao 1.8

CAR 1.6

Cagayan Valley 1.3

Western Mindanao 1.3

CARAGA 1.2

Eastern Visayas 1.1

ARMM 0.2

Regional distribution of HW generators (tons/ year)

National Total 100.0 %

% share NCR

Southern Tagalog

Central Visayas

Central Luzon

Western Visayas

NCR Southern Tagalog Central VisayasCentral Luzon Western Visayas Southern MindanaoBicol Central Mindanao IlocosNorthern Mindanao CAR Cagayan ValleyWestern Mindanao CARAGA Eastern VisayasARMM

Treatment Method Amount Treated

% share

Recycle 627,203 26.0

Storage 373,973 15.5Unclassified treatment 359,914 14.9

Disposal 340,918 14.1

Lagoon 275,447 11.4

Chemical treatment 263,258 10.9

Off-site treatment 67,025 2.8

Export 38,502 1.6

Incineration 29,321 1.2

Biological treatment 22,331 0.9

Oil separator 12,343 0.5

Effluent 45 0.0

TOTAL 2,410,280 100.0

Estimated Hazardous Wastes by Treatment Method (tons/year)