ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS MANAGEMENT: TRENDS

AND POLICIESAND POLICIES

Dr. Kazi F. JalalDr. Kazi F. Jalal FacultyFaculty

Harvard Extension SchoolHarvard Extension School

ENVR: E115ENVR: E115 Lec 5-09Lec 5-09

Outline of Lecture #5

a. Global Milestones in Environmental Management

b. Development and Environment Trendsc. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)d. Sustainable Development Policye. Sectoral Policies on Environment

-Water-Energy-Forestry

f. Institutional Framework

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a. GLOBAL MILESTONESa. GLOBAL MILESTONES

GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• The Concept of Environment Emerging1960s1960s

• United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)

• United Nations Environment Program (1975)

• National environmental committees/agencies/ministries

• Environment legislation & standards

1970s1970s

• UNEP’s first high-level meeting (1982)

• World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED) (1984-87)

• Bruntland Commission report, “Our Common Future” is released introducing the concept of sustainable development (1987)

• Issue of “environment” brought to political agenda and expanded to include more than pollution and conservation issues

1980s1980s

GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1990s1990s • 1991 Children’s Summit• United Nations conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (1992)• WCED Report approved and Agenda 21 adopted• Population summit (1992, Cairo)• Social Summit (1995, Copenhagen) • Women’s Summit (1995, Beijing)• World Trade Organization established (1995)• Human Settlement, HABITAT (1996, Istanbul) • World Food Summit (1996, Rome)• “Rio + 5” conference convened to review the progress of implementing UNCED• Environment situation continues to worsen in most developing countries• Environmental policies and legislation are revisited to address more complex issues

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GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• Millennium Summit (2000, New York)Millennium Summit (2000, New York)

• World Food Summit (2001, Rome)World Food Summit (2001, Rome)

• International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn)International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn)

• Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Monterrey, Mexico)Monterrey, Mexico)

• World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002, World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002, Johannesburg, South Africa)Johannesburg, South Africa)

• World Summit on Climate Change, (2009, NY)World Summit on Climate Change, (2009, NY)

• World Future Energy Summit (2010, Abu Dhabi)World Future Energy Summit (2010, Abu Dhabi)

worldfutureenergysummit.comworldfutureenergysummit.com

2000s2000s

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b. DEVELOPMENT AND b. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TRENDSENVIRONMENT TRENDS

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World GDP Growth

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Access to Water in the Third World

Source: World Bank, WHO, Gleck, AnnanSource: World Bank, WHO, Gleck, Annan

Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit.Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit.

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Tuberculosis in the US

Source: Lomborg, 2001Source: Lomborg, 2001

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Infectious Disease Death Rates

Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)

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Infant Mortality

Source: UNDPSource: UNDP

Per 1000 live birthsPer 1000 live births

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Better Lives-Past 30 Years

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c.Millennium Development Goals1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote gender equality & empower 4. Reduce child mortality5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & others7. Ensure env. sustainability8. Develop global partnership

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Development GoalsPOVERTYGoal: The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries

should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

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Development GoalsENVIRONMENTGoal: The proportion of the population without access to an improved water

source should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

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Development GoalsEDUCATION

Goal: There should be universal primary education in all countries by 2015.

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Development Goals

GENDER EQUALITYGoal: Progress towards gender equality and the empowerment of women should be demonstrated by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005.

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Development GoalsINFANT AND CHILD MORTALITYGoal: The death rates for infants and children under the age of five years should

be reduced in each developing country by two-thirds the 1990 level by 2015.

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Development GoalsMATERNAL HEATLHGoal: By 2015, 90% of births should be attended by skilled health personnel.

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Status of MDG Goals

Goal EAP LAC ME SA SSA ECA

Pover yes yes no no no no

Edu no yes no no no yes

Gend no no yes no no no

C.M no yes yes no no yes

MH ----- yes yes no no -----

Env no yes yes yes no yes

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d. SUSTAINABLE d. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT POLICY

• Policy that ensures development without Policy that ensures development without borrowing from future generationsborrowing from future generations

• Sustainable Development Policy comprises a Sustainable Development Policy comprises a set of institutional and environmental safeguard set of institutional and environmental safeguard policies and another set of economic and social policies and another set of economic and social policiespolicies

Sustainable Development Policy

Guiding Principles of Sustainable Development

Institutional Safeguards

Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability Environmental Safeguards

Policy on Governance

Policy on Energy Policy on Population Environmental Dimensions Integrated

into other Policies

Environmental Assessment

Environmental Monitoring

Information PolicyPolicy on Forestry Policy on Health

Policy on Disclosure of Information

Policy on Agriculture and Natural

Resources Research

Policy on Education

Anti Corruption PolicyPolicy on Fisheries

Policy on Gender and Development

Policy on Inspection Policy on Water

Policy on Involuntary Resettlement

Policy on Indigenous Peoples

Policy on Cooperation with NGOs

Poverty Reduction

Participatory Development Framework

Consensus Building Guidebook

e. SECTORAL POLICIESe. SECTORAL POLICIES

A.A. FORESTRYFORESTRY

B.B. ENERGYENERGY

C.C. WATERWATER

REGION

POPULATION 1999

(in millions)

FOREST AREA

(in 1000 km2)

FOREST AREA

per capita

(km2)

FOREST AS %

OF TOTAL LAND

ANNUAL RATE OFDEFORESTATION

(%)

WORLD 5978 38,609 0.006 29.7 0.2

EAST ASIA & PACIFIC 1837 4,341 0.002 27.2 0.2

SOUTH ASIA 1329 782 0.0006 16.3 0.1

EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA 474 9,464 0.02 39.7 -0.1

LATIN AMERICA & CARRIBEAN 508 9,440 0.02 47.1 0.5

MIDDLE EAST&NORTH AFRICA 290 168 0.0006 47.1 -0.1

SUB-SAHARA AFRICA 643 6436 0.01 27.3 0.8

STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST: STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST: A SUMMARYA SUMMARY

Source: World Bank, 2000

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Excessive and destructive logging Excessive and destructive logging • Crop and livestock expansionCrop and livestock expansion • Mangrove forests depletionMangrove forests depletion• Construction of roads through forest landsConstruction of roads through forest lands • Growing rural population migrating onto Growing rural population migrating onto

forest landforest land• Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing

policiespolicies

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Reluctance of communities around forests to Reluctance of communities around forests to invest in forest managementinvest in forest management

• Forest fires and pestsForest fires and pests

• Increasing Intensity of floodsIncreasing Intensity of floods • Loss ofLoss of

biodiversitybiodiversity and wild-life habitatand wild-life habitat

Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Promoting forest zoning regulations that Promoting forest zoning regulations that differentiate between differentiate between “protection forests” & “protection forests” & “production forests”“production forests”

• Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development on the forestry sector on the forestry sector

• Restrict terms of access to timber resourcesRestrict terms of access to timber resources

• Encourage growth of high yielding species of Encourage growth of high yielding species of industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected degraded forest and grasslandsdegraded forest and grasslands

Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Public consultations on forestry development Public consultations on forestry development especially with NGOs and local communitiesespecially with NGOs and local communities

• Reorient forest agencies to play an active role Reorient forest agencies to play an active role in the planning and management of forests. in the planning and management of forests.

Global Energy Use and Air Pollution: Summary

REGION

POP'n 1999(in

millions)

COMMERCIAL ENERGY USE per capita in kg

oil equiv

% of ELECTRICITY GENERATEDFROM COAL

TOTAL CO2 EMISSIONS,

INDUSTRIAL, (1000 kt)

CO2 EMISSIONS per capita (mt)

WORLD 5978 1,659 38.4 23868.2 4.1

EAST ASIA& PACIFIC 1837 857 61.2 5075.6 2.8

SOUTH ASIA 1329 445 64.7 1200.5 0.9

EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA 474 2,637 30.3 3285.6 6.9

LATIN AMERICA & CARRIBEAN 508 1,183 4.7 1356.4 2.8

MIDDLE EAST&NORTH AFRICA 290 1344 1.8 1113.6 4

SUB-SAHARA AFRICA 643 700 71.2 501.8 0.8

Source: World Bank, 2000Source: World Bank, 2000

Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Tackle environmental issues before (not after) Tackle environmental issues before (not after) they occurthey occur

• Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy supply supply

• Practice coal washing at the minesPractice coal washing at the mines

• Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to create carbon sinks as well as to enhance create carbon sinks as well as to enhance fuelwood supplyfuelwood supply

Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Develop non-conventional sources of energy Develop non-conventional sources of energy (solar, biomass, wind, etc.)(solar, biomass, wind, etc.)

• Practice demand side management by energy Practice demand side management by energy conservation in industries, commercial & conservation in industries, commercial & residential installations residential installations

• Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy subsidysubsidy

• Take all safety measures in energy installationsTake all safety measures in energy installations

State of the World’s Water: Summary

Source: World Bank, 2000Source: World Bank, 2000

REGION

POPULATION(in millions)

FRESHWATER RESOURCESPER CAPITA

(in m3)

ACCESS TO IMPROVED

WATER SOURCE

(% OF TOTAL POPULATION)

AGRICULTURALWITHDRAWL

(% OF FRESHWATER WITHDRAWL)

WORLD 5978 8,240 81 70

EAST ASIA & PACIFIC 1837 ***** 75 80

SOUTH ASIA 1329 2854 87 93

EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA 474 12,797 90 63

LATIN AMERICA & CARRIBEAN 508 27,919 85 74

MIDDLE EAST&NORTH AFRICA 290 1145 89 89

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 643 8248 55 87

Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Promoting effective national water policies and Promoting effective national water policies and action programsaction programs

• Investing in water resource management in Investing in water resource management in priority river basins. priority river basins.

• Improving water services throughImproving water services through autonomous autonomous and accountable providersand accountable providers

Source: ADB, 2001Source: ADB, 2001

Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and conservation of water in societyconservation of water in society

• Increasing the mutually beneficial use of Increasing the mutually beneficial use of shared water resources within and between shared water resources within and between countries. countries.

• Facilitating stakeholder consultation, Facilitating stakeholder consultation, participation, and partnershipsparticipation, and partnerships

• Improve governance through capacity building, Improve governance through capacity building, monitoring, and evaluationmonitoring, and evaluation

Source: ADB, 2001Source: ADB, 2001

f. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

HEAD OF STATE/ HEAD OF STATE/ GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

SECTORAL MINISTRIES &

AGENCIES

ENVIRONMENTMINISTRY &

AGENCY

•Umbrella Policy/ Statement on Environment• Environment Protection Act• EIA Policy & Guidelines• Coordinating & Assisting in Formulation of Sectoral Policies and Legislation• Monitoring & Assessment

• Energy, Water, Agriculture Sectoral Policies

• Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Bio-diversity, and Conservation Legislation