environmental performance simulation - bre · christoph reinhart royal academy of engineering...
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Christoph ReinhartRoyal Academy of Engineering – December 11 2013Christoph ReinhartRoyal Academy of Engineering – December 11 2013
Environmental Performance Simulation From evaluating performance to suggesting new formsfor buildings and neighborhoods
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of ArchitectureBuilding Technology Program
Rules of Thumb
Urban Modeling Mobility
Microclimate Cambridge Solar Map
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Wiki says: The collection of scientific knowledge that focuses on the
analysis and control of the physical phenomena affecting buildings.
What is Building Science?
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Buildings account for roughly a third of carbon emissions.
We spend 90% of our time indoors.
What are key drivers?
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Research Hypothesis
q Technologies are in place to design and construct affordable, resource-efficient and comfortable buildings.
q Current design practice and education relies on a non-standardized and mostly not validated design analysis workflows.
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“Our research goal is to change current sustainable design practice by developing, validating and testing workflows and metrics that lead to
improved design solutions as far as occupant comfort and health as well as building energy use are concerned. The premise of this work is that an
informed decision is a better decision.”
Sustainable Design Lab @ MIT
Carlos CerezoTimur DoganDiego Ibarra (GSD)Alstan Jakubiec Aiko NaganoChristoph Reinhart Cody RoseTarek RakhaJulia Sokol
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Building Performance SimulationBuilding Performance Simulation: An computer-based attempt to model the various energy and mass flows within a building in order to predict one or several performance aspects of a design.
Operational EnergyOperational Energy Solar RadiationSolar Radiation DaylightDaylight
Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment Occupant ComfortOccupant Comfort WalkabilityWalkability
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Today’s PresentationFrom evaluating performance to
suggesting new forms
q Environmental performance simulations are now capable of predicting the physical performance of commonly used building typologies and technologies.
q Parts of this analysis can be done by architects and planners themselves. Is this true/desirable?
q We can increasingly expand our analysis to the urban/neighborhood realm.
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Why Environmental Performance Simulation?
q To demonstrate code compliance and to reduce risk.
q To compare different design variants.
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Do today’s simulation programs work?
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ASHRAE thinks so.
ASHRAE 140 -2007 Standard Method for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs
Purpose of the Standard
q Analyzing and diagnosing buildingenergy simulation software usingsoftware-to-software and software-to-analytical-solution comparisons.
q Checking a program against a previousversion of itself after internal codemodifications such as an algorithmicchange.
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Uncle Sam thinks so, too.
Tax Deduction Information
Under IRS rules, taxpayers' building energy use performance must be calculated using software that has been tested according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140 to qualify for tax deductions.
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Comparison of measured and simulated energy use for 97 LEED Buildings
PaperH W Samuelson, A Lantz and C F Reinhart, "Non-technical barriers to energy model sharing and reuse", Buildingand Environment, 54, pp. 71-76, 2012.
Model uncertainty from weather, infiltration rate, usage scheduleand occupant behavior.
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But, models can be calibrated…
H W Samuelsona, A Ghorayshib and C F Reinhart, Analysis of a Simplified Building Energy Model Calibration Procedure for 18 Real-World Case Studies (in preparation)
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climate Data: i
Light. Res. & Technology Mardaljevic, 1995
Accuracy of Daylight Simulations
Energy & Buildings Reinhart, Walkenhorst 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000illuminance threshold [lux]
Day
light
Aut
onom
y [%
] measuredsimulated
Energy & Buildings Reinhart, Andersen 2006
The Radiance/Daysim daylight simulation program can efficiently andreliably model annual illuminance time series with a mean relative errorof 20%.
Papers:§ Reinhart C F, Andersen M, “Development and validation of a Radiance model for a translucent panel”, Energy and Buildings 38:7pp. 890-904, 2006§ Reinhart C F, Walkenhorst O, “Dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a full-scale test office with outer venetianblinds.” Energy & Buildings, 33:7 pp. 683-697, 2001
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Today’s PresentationFrom evaluating performance to
suggesting new forms
q Environmental performance simulations are now capable of predicting the physical performance of commonly used building typologies and technologies.
q Parts of this analysis can be done by architects and planners themselves. Is this true/desirable?
q We can increasingly expand our analysis to the urban/neighborhood realm.
√
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Teaching Simulations
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How close do ‘simulation novices’ get?
McGill – School of Architecture Crit Room 102- Best Practice Model
- error analysis of 69 student models of a sidelit space- comparison of simulation results using Ecotect-Split-Flux and Radiance
Paper: Ibarra D, Reinhart C F, "Daylight factor simulations - 'How close do simulation beginners 'really' get?“, Proceedings Building Simulation 2009.
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69 Student Models
q Ecotect results lie over and under Radiance resultsq Enormous range of results.
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SimulationChecklist
Book Chapter: Reinhart C F, “Simulation-based Daylight Performance Predictions“ in Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation, Editors J Hensen and R Lamberts, Taylor & Francis, 2011
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Spring 2012 MIT 4.430 Daylighting
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Spring 2012 MIT 4.430 Daylighting
q Simulation of 10.485.q Practicing good simulation habits.q Building trust in one’s own modeling skills.
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How do we reach the architects not interested in taking electives on
simulation?
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Simulation Games
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HypothesisBeing able to read thermal simulation results and to adapt one’s design accordingly has become an essential skill for graduating and practicing architects.
Being able to read thermal simulation results and to adapt one’s design accordingly has become an essential skill for graduating and practicing architects.
Why?The alternatives for architects are to effectively ignore simulation output or to have the modeler take over key design aspects of the building. (Both alternatives are undesirable for architects.)
NoteEngineers, this does not mean that the architects know how to do the simulations themselves.
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The Game …
Human Cluster [Experts] Simulation Queue
Searching for the winning combination…
C F Reinhart, T Dogan, D Ibarra and H W Samuelson, "Learning by doing - Teaching energy simulation as a game", Journal of Building Performance Simulation, October 2011.
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Simulation Order Form
Provided by Modeler
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q EUIs of the 10 final designs were 22–31% below the base variant.q Building massings chosen by the different groups diverged.
Results: Final Designs
“Today building science was definitely not boring.”
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Today’s PresentationFrom evaluating performance to
suggesting new forms
q Environmental performance simulations are now capable of predicting the physical performance of commonly used building typologies and technologies.
q Parts of this analysis can be done by architects and planners themselves. Is this true/desirable?
q We can increasingly expand our analysis to the urban/neighborhood realm.
√
√
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Framework for Daylighting
Paper: C F Reinhart and J Wienold, "The Daylighting Dashboard - A Simulation-Based Design Analysisfor Daylit Spaces", Building and Environment, 2011.
Figure from Daylighting Handbook (Reinhart)
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Daylighting Dashboard
Paper§ Reinhart C F, J Wienold, “The Daylighting Dashboard - A Simulation-Based Design Analysis for Daylit Spaces”. Building andEnvironment, 2011 46:2 386-396
Daylit Area: 73% of the space 44% of the space
% Occupied hours
Potential glare: 50% of the year no glare View: 100% 50%
Question: Should I specify blinds or not?
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DIVA for Rhino
Radiation MapsRadiation MapsClimate-based MetricsClimate-based MetricsVisual ComfortVisual ComfortRadianceRadiance
Rhino ModelRhino Model
Paper: § K Lagios, J Niemasz and C F Reinhart, "Animated Building Performance Simulation (ABPS) - Linking Rhinoceros/Grasshopper with
Radiance/Daysim", SimBuild 2010, New York City, August 2010§ J A Jakubiec and C F Reinhart, DIVA-for-Rhino 2.0: Environmental parametric modeling in Rhinoceros/Grasshopper using
Radiance, Daysim and EnergyPlus, Building Simulation 2011, Sydney, November 2011
Annual Glare MapsAnnual Glare Maps Thermal LoadsThermal Loads
GrasshopperGrasshopper
VisualizationsVisualizationsEvalglalreEvalglalre DaysimDaysim GenCumulativeSkyGenCumulativeSky DaysimDaysim EnergyPlusEnergyPlus
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Animated Building Performance Simulation
Simulation: J Niemasz and K Lagios
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Environmental Performance combined with a Genetic Algorithms
Determine a box shape with maximum enclosed volume and annual solar radiation exposure in Boston (Niemasz)
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This looks a bit like trying to have monkeys play Shakespeare. Can we do better?
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SHADERADE - Generating the Next Generation of Shading Systems
Design: Jeff Niemasz
Conventional Shading
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Static Exterior Shading: SHADERADE
Surround Shade
Paper: J Sargent, J Niemasz, C F Reinhart, “SHADERADE: Combining Rhinoceros and EnergyPlus for the design of static exterior shadingdevices”, Building Simulation 2011, Sydney, November 2011.
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Static Exterior Shading: SHADERADE
Surround Shade
Once the volume has been assessed, any surface within its bounds can be visualized:
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The Shaderaded Aquatower
J Sargent & J Niemasz
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A General Circulation Model (GCM) is a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean. [Wikipedia]
The IPCC Working Group III developed storylines which represent a potential range of different demographic, social, economic, technological and environmental developments (IPCC 2000).
Climate Change Predictions
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How large is the Effect?
Harvard University – Gund Hall DesignBuilder model
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Gund Hall nowq 33 Zone E+ modelq 1990 TMY2 weather data for Boston
Samuelson, Holmes, Reinhart 2011
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Case Study: Gund Hall now and thenq 33 Zone E+ modelq 1990 TMY2 weather data for Bostonq predicted 2080 weather data for the IPCCCA2 scenario (medium to high emissions scenario).
36% less heating
45% more cooling
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Linking Future Climate Files with Future Prices
q The basic idea of the paper is to link 7 of the 22 energy price projections from the 2009 Energy modeling Forum (EMF-22) to the four climate change projections from the 3rd IPCC Assessment Report (TAR).
q The matching is realized via the Radiative Forcing (RF) of the different scenarios. RF is the change in net irradiance at the top of the tropopause compared to the year 1750.
Data Source: Economic Insights from Modeling Analyses of H.R. 2454 — the American Clean Energy and Security Act (Waxman-Markey); Pew Center for Global Climate Change
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Case Study: Office Building in BostonGeneric 1980s office building, floor area 5000m2, 3 stories.q Baseline: Building left as is.
q Minimum: Upgrade so that the building meets ASHREA 90.1-2004 (more efficient HVAC and windows (inoperable).
q Medium: Same as previous but add mixed-mode ventilation & solar shading.
q Advanced: Same as previous but double all insulation levels.
$89,000upgrade ∆ cost
$183,000upgrade ∆ cost
$255,000upgrade ∆ cost
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Case Study: Cumulative Energy Costs
Paper: S H Holmes and C F Reinhart, Assessing future climate change and energy price scenarios for institutional building investment and HVAC operation, Building Research and Information, 41:2, pp. 209-222, 2013.
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Case Study: Cumulative Energy Costs
q IRR highest for minimum upgrade. (It is tough, energy is cheap in this country.)
q Cooling dominated climates have higher IRRs. This does not necessarily translate into actions today.
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Urban ModelingC Reinhart, C Cerezo, J A Jakubiec, T Dogan, T Rakha
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Context - From homo sapiens to homo urbanus
Grimond, J, 2007, The world goes to town, The Economist, May 5th 2007
Source: WIKI UN 2010 Projections
q Industrial Revolution - 3% city dwellerq 2008 - 50% city dwellerq 2030 60% city dweller 1.7 billion more than today
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Our task is to house 1.7 billion new city dwellers in 17 years or two
million a week.
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How can we do this?Housing for 2 million in Boston corresponds to about 80,000 buildingsweek.
q Dramatically increase the number of qualified simulationists
q Introduce significant economies of scale = urban modeling
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Informal Settlement in Rio
How do we live?
Suburbs in Shanghai
Back Bay, Boston Forum Vaubin, Freiburg, GermanyOperational Energy Mobility Comfort Daylight Costs Embodied Energy
Operational Energy Mobility Comfort Daylight Costs Embodied Energy
Goal
To develop an urban modeling platform to design and improve new and existing neighborhoods regarding multiple
measures of urban sustainability including operational energy use, daylighting, outdoor comfort and sustainable
transportation.
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Combining Big Data and BPS
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Photo of the MIT Campus (Google Maps).
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LiDAR Data of the MIT Campus
3 dimensional point cloud (126 million points).
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3D Model of the MIT Campus
Generation of a 3D model through surface triangulation.
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Solar Radiation Map
Cumulative annual solar radiation.
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Mapdwell – MIT spinoff
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umi
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Plug-in for NURBS Modeler Rhinoceros 5
Workflow
Download atwww://UrbanModeling.net
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Massing Model
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How does it work? User Perspective
1. Design a building form 2. Assign energy templates and fenestration information
3. Simulation model constructed
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Visualizing umi-Thermal Simulation Results
Export and simulation time: ~20 minutes with parallel processing (8 GHz-hours).
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Whole city electricity, gas and carbon emissions
Valuable input for district heating and cooling providers.
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umi - Outdoor Comfort
-> Daysim/Radiance -> E+ Weather File
Hourly Solar Radiation:
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umi - Outdoor ComfortTair > 28 °C & dir solar Tair < 5 °C & without dir solar
hours / yr hours / yrSource: Timur Dogan
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umi - Mobility
Source: Tarek Rakha
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umi - Daylighting
Hourly Exterior Solar Radiation*
Interior light solver **
Dogan, Reinhart, Michalatos, URBAN DAYLIGHT SIMULATION CALCULATING THE DAYLIT AREA OF URBAN DESIGNS, SimBuild2012
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Umi - Daylighting
Calculated in less than 30 minutes including model setup. Source: Timur Dogan
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umi – Embodied Energy
Source: Carlos Cerezo
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Today’s PresentationFrom evaluating performance to
suggesting new forms
q Environmental performance simulations are now capable of predicting the physical performance of commonly used building typologies and technologies.
q Parts of this analysis can be done by architects and planners themselves. Is this true/desirable?
q We can increasingly expand our analysis to the urban/neighborhood realm.
√
√
√
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Closing Thoughts
q Building Science and BPS have reached a level of professional maturity and the results of BPS increasingly draw attention form outside of the traditional AEC community.
q More comprehensive teaching of Building Science is required that combines validated rules of thumb with simulations and case study analysis.
q We need to collect and publicize the energy use of all buildings and rate a building according to its performance with respect to its peers.
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Thank youContactChristoph ReinhartAssociate Professor MITEmail: [email protected]
MIT Sustainable Design LabCarlos CerezoTimur DoganDiego Ibarra (GSD)Alstan JakubiecNathaniel JonesAiko NaganoKrista PalenTarek RakhaJulia Sokol
SolemmaAlstan JakubiecKera LagiosJeff NiemaszChristoph Reinhart Jon Sargent
AlumniSeth Holmes, Karthik Dondeti, Elliot Glassman, Cynthia Kwan, Rohit Manudhane, Rashida Mogri, Azadeh Omidfar, Debashree Pal, Tiffany Otis, Holly W Samuelson, Jennifer Sze, John Sullivan, Nari Yoon
Today – Launch of the Washington DC Solar Map