environmental policies, standards and regulatory aspects
TRANSCRIPT
Environmental Policies, Standards and Regulatory Aspects in Textile Industries
D.S. Kharat Sr. Environmental Engineer
Central Pollution Control Board
Delhi
February 28, 2013
Content of presentation
• Figures and Facts related to sector at national level
• Environmental issues
• Existing environmental standards, regulatory aspect and policies if any.
Textile Industry in India… • Installed capacity: 43.13 million spindles &
52,000 looms
• Woven cloth production: 88,745 lakhs meters
• Knitted cloth production: 3,40,100 tonnes
• Consumption of dyes : 6,01,225 tonnes (17 % in composite sector)
• Consumption of chemicals : 24,36,412 tonnes
& 13,20,643 KL
Source: Census of Textile Power Processing, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India,2001
Annual Report, Ministry of Textiles (2011-12)
Textile Industry in India
State/UT
Composite
mills
Semi composite/
processing units
Total
Andhra Pradesh 54 54
Assam 1 1 2
Bihar 4 4
Delhi 61 61
Gujarat 17 506 523
Haryana 1 74 75
Himachal Pradesh 4 4
Jammu & Kashmir 1 2 3
Karnataka 8 33 41
Kerala 3 11 14
Madhya Pradesh 3 9 12
Maharashtra 27 222 249
Orissa 1 1 2
Punjab 4 378 382
Rajasthan 2 30 32
Tamil Nadu 2 739 741
Uttar Pradesh 4 76 80
West Bengal 8 32 40
Puducherry 1 4 5
Total 83 2,241 2,324
Consumption of main chemicals
Dyes
( % of fabric)
NaCl
or
Na2SO4
( g/L)
Soda ash
( g/L)
Dye fixation
time
(Minutes)
≤ 0.10 10 10 30
0.11 – 0.30 20 10 30
3.1 - 0.50 30 10 45
0.51 – 1.00 45 15 45
1.01 – 2.00 60 15 45
2.01 – 4.00 30 20 60
> 4.00 90 20 60
Effluent Treatment Technology for Textile Industries
• Chemical treatment • Biological treatment (Anaerobic/Aerobic) • Activated carbon adsorption • Oxidation (Ozonation/Chlorination) • Concentration - Membrane filtration: UF/NF/RO - Evaporation: Multiple effect evaporation Mist evaporation Mechanical Vapour recompression • Crystallization
Issues relating to textile industry • Data base
- In case of small units, data at national level is inadequate.
• Process efficiency - Water and chemical consumption in industries
with old machinery may be high. • Trained manpower -Adequate training to manpower engaged in
operation of ETP/CETPs can improve efficiency of these treatment facilities.
Water pollution aspect
Input Operation/potential source
Cotton cultivation Water, Fertilizer Insecticides Pesticides
Effluent •High volume (100 l/kg) •Residual dyes •BOD/COD •Dissolved solids •Heavy meats
Water contamination
Spinning weaving
Effluent, BOD/COD
•Desizing •Scouring •Mercerising •Bleaching •Dyeing •Printing •Finishing
•Measures •ETP/CETP •Recovery of salt •Recovery of water •ZLD •Low salt dyes •Salt less dyeing
Cotton bales Water Sizing agents
Water Alkali Acid Bleaching agents Salt Dyes Surfactants etc.
Wet processing
Fugitive emission aspect
Operation/potential source
Sizing
Spinning/weaving
Finishing
Printing
Scouring
Singeing
Dyeing
VOC, formaldehyde vapors
Solvent, emission from curing
-
Exhaust gases
Scouring solvent, VOC
VOC
Lint
Solid waste aspect
• Solid waste from spinning mills
-Cotton mills: 2-4 % of raw fibre weight
-Woolen mills: 3-6 % of raw fire weight
Hazardous waste aspect
• Primary ETP Sludge
-Quantity of sludge (Cotton) = 0.60- 1.20 kg/m3 of effluent
-Quantity of sludge (Manmade fibre) = 0.4-0.6 kg/m3 of effluent
• Treatment & disposal of hazardous waste
- 28 Nos. of TSDF sites
- 13 Nos. of Incinerators
- Cement is kiln is also an option
Remediation of degraded soil/ground water
• Discharge of coloured and TDS bearing effluent without adequate treatment can degrade receiving environment such as river, ground water and soil.
• Pali Rajasthan: Discharge of textile industry effluents in Bandi River at Pali, Rajasthan affected about 10,000 ha of land (1993).
• Tirupur, Tamil Nadu: Ground water quality in Noyyal River basin near Tirupur, Tamil Nadu is contaminated due to the discharge of effluents by textile dyeing industries located at Tirupur (2006).
• Remediation of ground water/soil has not taken place.
Effluent Discharge Standards notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Parameter Concentration not to exceed mg/l, except pH
pH 5.5-9.0
Total suspended solids 100
Boi-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) 30
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250
Total residual chlorine 1
Oil an d grease 10
Total chromium as Cr 2
Sulphide as S 2
Phenolic compounds as C6H5OH 1
Note: 1. Where the treated effluent is discharged into municipal sewer leading to treminal treatment plant, the BOD
may be relax to 100 mg/l and COD to 400 mg/l. 2. The quantity of effluent (liter per kilogram of product) shall not exceed 100, 250 and 80 in composite cotton
textile industry, composite woolen textile industry and textile processing industry, respectively
Hazardous waste disposal standards
Class/Limit Contaminants
Class A/ Concentration limit: 50 mg/kg Arsenic and arsenic compounds
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
Chromium (VI) compounds
Mercury and Mercury compounds
Inorganic cyanide compounds
Class B/ Concentration limit: 5, 000mg/kg Chromium (III) compounds
Cobalt compounds
Copper compounds
Lead and Lead compounds
Nickel compounds
Class C / Concentration limit: 20, 000 mg/kg Sulphides
Zinc compounds
Acid amides
Class D/ Concentration limit: 50, 000 mg/kg Total Sulphur
Inorganic acids
Nitrides
Eco-mark Standards, IS:15651 (2006) S No. Parameter Requirement mg/kg (ppm), Max
Baby Clothing Close to Skin Outer Wear
i) Free and releasable formaldehyde 20 75 300
ii) Extractable heavy metals by artificial acidic sweat: a) Antimony (Sb) b) Arsnic (As) c) Lead (Pb) d) Cadmium (Cd) e) Mercury (Hg) f) Chromium Total g) Cobalt (Co) h) Copper (Cu) i) Nickel (Ni)
5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.1 1.0 25.0 1.0
10 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.02 2.0 4.0 50.0 4.0
10 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.02 2.0 4.0 50.0 4.0
iii) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 0.05 0.5 0.5
(iv) 2,3,5,6 Tetra-cholorophenol (TeCP) 0.05 0.5 0.5
v) Orthophenyl phenol (OPP) 0.5 1.0 1.0
vi) Organo-tin compounds a) Tributyltin (TBT) b) Dibutyltin (DBT)
0.5 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
vii a) Pesticides (Sum parameter) 0.5 1.0 1.0
viii Banned Pesticide Nil Nil Nil
Ix x
Banned aryl amines from azo days pH of aqueous extract
30.0 4.0-7.5
30.0 4.0-7.5
30.0 4.0-7.5
CETP Scheme • Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) scheme is operated
by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for financial and technical support to SSI industries located in clusters.
• Under the scheme assistance up to 25 % of total cost of the CETP is provided as a grant to the CETP society on the condition following condition:
- The State Government will give a matching contribution (up to 25 %)
- The remaining 50 % of cost is to be met by equity contribution by the industries and loan from financial institution.
• Under the scheme 90 CETPs have been constructed. (682.57 MLD installed capacity)