environmental product declaration aluminum …...kawneer products are comprised of extrusions made...

ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION

ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS ANODIZED, PAINTED AND MILL-FINISH

Kawneer products are comprised of extrusions made from one of the earth's most plentiful recyclables — aluminum. Durable and lasting the extruded products also boast aesthetically appealing design features that can help contribute to energy efficiency and long term sustainability

Kawneer Company, Inc., part of

Arconic's global Building and

Construction Systems (BCS) business,

has provided the commercial

construction industry with best-in-class

architectural aluminum products and

service for more than 100 years. Its

extensive range of solutions — from

curtain walls and windows, to

entrances and framing systems — help

build infinite possibilities for thermal

performance, hurricane resistance,

blast mitigation and sun control.

Kawneer’s commitment to social and

environmental responsibility is rooted in

high performing, sustainable solutions

that extend beyond energy efficiency to

elements like daylighting, acoustical

efficiency, recyclability, occupant

security and occupant comfort. In fact,

sustainability is at the heart of

Kawneer’s product line, which is

comprised of one of the earth's most

plentiful recyclables — aluminum.

Kawneer offers architects a new way to

look at the building façade, placing

endless design and sustainability

options at their fingertips.

For more information visit www.kawneer.com

©2017 UL LLC. All Rights Reserved

of 13

Anodized, Painted and Mill-Finish Aluminum Extrusions

Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys According to ISO 14025 and ISO 21930:2007

This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely

on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of products

over their life cycle. Exclusions: EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social performance

benchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they do not encompass. LCAs do not typically address

the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are they meant to assess human health

toxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are designed to address these impacts

and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and declarations, environmental

impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of impacts, and the level of accuracy

in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported impact. Comparability: EPDs are not

comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they cover different life cycle

stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from different

programs may not be comparable.

PROGRAM OPERATOR UL Environment DECLARATION HOLDER Kawneer North America DECLARATION NUMBER 47868332121.106.1

DECLARED PRODUCT Anodized, Painted and Mill-Finished Aluminum Extrusions REFERENCE PCR Part A: Calculation Rules for the LCA and Requirements Project Report, (IBU/UL

Environment, V1.3, 06.19.2014) and Part B Addendum: IBU PCR for Products of aluminum and aluminum alloys (UL Environment, V1.0 Oct. 2015). Berlin: Institut Bauen & Umwelt.

DATE OF ISSUE November 16, 2015 PERIOD OF VALIDITY 5 Years

CONTENTS OF THE DECLARATION

Product definition and information about building physics Information about basic material and the material’s origin Description of the product’s manufacture Indication of product processing Information about the in-use conditions Life cycle assessment results Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by: IBU The Independent Expert Committee

This declaration was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14025 by Underwriters Laboratories

☐ INTERNAL ☒ EXTERNALWade Stout, UL Environment

This life cycle assessment was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:

Thomas Gloria, Industrial Ecology Consultants


This EPD conforms with ISO 21930:2007

of 13


Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys According to ISO 14025

Product

Product Description

This EPD covers the production of extruded aluminum with the following finishing options: anodizing, painted and mill-finish. The results for each product type are calculated for the production-weighted average from all Kawneer production sites in North America.

Range of Applications

Kawneer extruded aluminum is used in a variety of commercial building and construction applications, including: high rise curtain wall, commercial and architectural windows, storefront framing systems, sun control and shading devices, entrances/doors, skylights, interior framing and impact resistance.

Technical Data

Technical data for the studied product can be found in the table below.

Name Value Unit

Density 2700 kg/m3

Melting point 616-654 °C

Electrical conductivity at 20°C 31.25 m/Ωmm2

Thermal conductivity 200 W/(mK)

Coefficient of thermal expansion 24 10-6K-1

Modulus of elasticity 68.9 x 103 N/mm2

Shear modulus 25.8 x 103 N/mm2

Specific heat capacity 0.90 kJ/kgK

Hardness 73 HB

Yield strength 214 N/mm2

Ultimate tensile strength 241 N/mm2

Breaking elongation 12 %

Chemical composition Aluminum - 97.5 Alloy – 2.5

% by mass

Industry Standards

ASTM B221 – Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes. This specification includes guidelines regarding chemical compositions, manufacturing practices, mechanical properties and end product testing procedures.

ASTM B807/B807M - Standard Practice for Extrusion Press Solution Heat Treatment for Aluminum Alloys. This

specification establishes the controls required for extrusion press solution heat treatment of the 6xxx and 7xxx series aluminum alloys.


of 13


Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys According to ISO 14025

AAMA 611 - Voluntary Specification for Anodized Architectural Aluminum. This specification describes test procedures and requirements for architectural quality aluminum oxide coatings applied to aluminum extrusions and panels for architectural products.

AAMA 2604 - Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for High Performance

Pigmented Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels. This specification covers high performance organic coatings which are used on products produced by the Kawneer Company and other manufacturers of high quality products.

AAMA 2605 - Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Superior Performing

Pigmented Organic Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels. This specification covers superior organic coatings which are used on products produced by the Kawneer Company and other manufactures of high quality products.

Delivery Status

Extrusions vary in size and thickness depending on the part and application.

Base and Ancillary Materials

Aluminum alloys (>98% by mass; average of 50% recycled content): aluminum alloy 6xxx series

Pre-treatment chemicals (<0.5% by mass)

Anodizing (<0.01% by mass)

Paint (<2.0% by mass): kynar, acrylic polymer and fluoropolymer resins available

Manufacturing

The Kawneer aluminum extrusions covered by this EPD are produced in four US plants (Bloomsburg, PA; Cranberry, PA; Springdale, AR; Visalia, CA) and one Canadian plant (Lethbridge, AB).

The manufacturing process comprises the following production stages:

Extrusion: Aluminum billet (rods approximately 24 feet in length and 8-9 inch in diameter) are heated and pressed through various die shapes to create an aluminum extrusion.

Surface treatment (unless mill-finished):

o Pre-treatment: The aluminum extrusions are cleaned in preparation for finishing.

o Anodizing: Cleaned extrusions are placed in chemicals baths with an electric current to etch and colorthe surface, then the extrusions are sealed to harden the surface.

o Painting: Primer is added to the cleaned extrusions, then they are sprayed with a color coating andbaked to set the color. Painted coatings can either be liquid or powder based.

Product Processing/Installation

Installation is outside of the scope of this EPD.


of 13


Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

According to ISO 14025

Packaging

Our aluminum extrustions are custom packaged in bundles with plastic wrap. In each bundle the extrusions are separated by foam and/or paper. They are then packed in custom cardboard boxes with plastic or steel strapping prior to shipping. Once delivered packaging can be recycled if facilities are available in the area.

Extraordinary Effects

Fire: Aluminum products comply with all local and federal laws with respect to fire hazards and control.

Water: There is no evidence to suggest water runoff or exposure under normal and intended operation will violate general water quality standards.

Mechanical desctruction: Not relevant for aluminum extrusions.

Recycling and Disposal

Aluminum extrusions are a highly efficient sustainable building material. Aluminum is 100% recycleable and can be recycled repeatedly. Recycled aluminum is identical to smelted aluminum but requires only 1/20 of the energy to manufacture. In building and construction aluminum scrap has a recycling rate of 95% [AA]. The remaining 5% is sent to landfill.

Environment and Health

Product manufacturing: Plant emissions to air/soil/water are monitored (if applicable) and comply with local laws.

Product use: Kawneer products are not expected to create exposure conditions that exceed safe thresholds for health

impacts to humans or flora/fauna under normal operating conditions.

Life Cycle Assessment – Product System and Modeling

A “cradle-to-gate” analysis using life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques was conducted for this EPD. The analysis was done according to the product category rule (PCR) for Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys and followed LCA principles, requirements and guidelines laid out in the ISO 14040/14044 and EN 15804 standards. As such, EPDs of aluminum products may not be comparable if they do not comply with the same PCR. While the intent of the PCR is to increase comparability, there may still be differences among EPDs that comply with the same PCR (e.g., due to differences in system boundaries, background data, etc.).

Declared Unit

The declared unit is 1 kg of aluminum extrusion as produced at the factory.

System Boundary

Per the PCR, this cradle-to-gate analysis provides information on the Product Stage of the aluminum product life cycle, including modules A1–A3:

A1 The provision of resources, additives and energy

A2 Transport of resources and additives to the production site


of 13




A3 Production process on site, including energy, production of additives, disposal of production residues,

consideration of related emissions and recycling of production scrap (“closed loop”)

C4 Disposal at the end of the life cycle, i.e., during building deconstruction

D Net benefits resulting from reuse, recycling and energy recovery that take place beyond the system

boundary.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BOUNDARY (X = INCLUDED IN LCA; MND = MODULE NOT DECLARED)

PRODUCT STAGE CONSTRUCTION

PROCESS STAGE

USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE

BENEFITS AND LOADS

BEYOND THE SYSTEM

BOUNDARIES

Raw

ma

teria

l

su

pply

Tra

nsp

ort

Ma

nufa

ctu

ring

Tra

nsp

ort

Con

str

uctio

n-

insta

llation

pro

cess

Use

Ma

inte

nan

ce

Rep

air

Rep

lace

me

nt1

Refu

rbis

hm

en

t1

Op

era

tion

al

en

erg

y u

se

Op

era

tion

al

wate

r use

De

-co

nstr

uction

de

molit

ion

Tra

nsp

ort

Wa

ste

pro

cessin

g

Dis

posa

l

Reu

se

-

Reco

ve

ry-

Recyclin

g-

po

ten

tia

l

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

X X X MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND MND X X

Time coverage: Primary data were collected on production within calendar year 2014. Background data for upstream and downstream processes (i.e., raw materials, energy resources, transportation and ancillary materials) were obtained from the GaBi 2014 databases.

Technology coverage: Data were collected for the production of anodized, painted and mill-finish aluminum extrusions at Kawneer’s facilities in the United States and Canada.

Geographical coverage: Kawneer manufactures aluminum extrusion products at four US facilities and one Canadian facility. As such, the geographical coverage for this study is based on North American system boundaries for all processes and products. Whenever US/Canadian background data were not readily available, European data or global data were used as proxies.

Assumptions

The manufacturing process and end product is essentially the same in all manufacturing sites. A1-A3 impacts and inventories for each product – mill finished extrusions, painted extrusions, and anodized extrusions – are calculated with a mass-based production-weighted average of each manufacturer’s impacts and inventories.

No significant assumptions have been made beyond the aforementioned. All of the raw materials and energy inputs have been modeled using processes and flows that closely follow actual production raw materials and processes. All of the material and energy flows have been accounted.


of 13




Cut-off Criteria

As required by EN 15804, in case of insufficient input data or data gaps for a unit process, the cut-off criteria were 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass input of that unit process. The total of neglected input flows per module was a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.

In practice, all inputs and outputs, for which data are available, have been included in the calculation. Data gaps have been filled by conservative assumptions with average or generic data.

Background Data

In order to model the life cycle for the production and recycling of the extruded aluminum, the GaBi Professional software system developed by thinkstep AG was used. All relevant background data necessary for the production of extruded aluminum were taken from the GaBi 2014 databases.

Data Quality

Inventory data quality is judged by its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied on a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

To cover these requirements and to ensure reliable results, first-hand industry data were used in combination with consistent background LCA information from the GaBi LCI database. The data for aluminum billet, as well as externally sourced aluminum extrusions, are based on 2010 Aluminum Association studies and are the best available. Other LCI datasets were sourced from the GaBi LCA databases and are representative of years 2010-2013.

LCI datasets from the GaBi LCI database are widely distributed and used with the GaBi Professional Software. The datasets have been used in LCA models worldwide in industrial and scientific applications in internal as well as in many critically reviewed and published studies. In the process of providing these datasets they are cross-checked with other databases and values from industry and science.

Allocation

The recycling potential was calculated according to the requirement of the German Institute Construction and Environment (IBU) e.V. PCR document “Construction Metals”. The methodology quantifies the environmental burden avoided in relation to production of the virgin material (here, the avoidance of primary aluminum production). An estimated 100% of aluminum extrusions are recycled at the end of life. However, at this point 95% represents a defensible recycling rate for aluminum extrusion products in the building and transportation sector, so this rate was used and it was assumed that the remaing 5% goes to landfill. No co-prouducts are generated from the production process.


of 13




Life Cycle Assessment – Results

Extruded Aluminum (mill finish)

Results given per one kilogram of product.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CML 2001 (Apr 2013) Manufacturing End-of-Life Credits

Parameter Unit A1-A3 C4 D

GWP kg CO2 eq 5.90E+00 2.26E-03 -2.30E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 5.19E-09 5.11E-14 3.84E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 3.21E-02 9.89E-06 -1.59E-03

EP kg PO43 eq 1.41E-03 1.25E-06 -6.53E-05

POCP kg C2H4 eq 1.91E-03 9.93E-07 -8.46E-05

ADPE kg Sb eq 3.18E-06 8.76E-10 -2.42E-07

ADPF MJ 7.07E+01 3.47E-02 -2.14E+00

TRACI 2.1 Manufacturing End-of-Life Credits


GWP kg CO2 eq 5.90E+00 2.26E-03 -2.30E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 6.23E-09 5.43E-14 4.19E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 2.95E-02 1.06E-05 -1.46E-03

EP kg N eq 7.93E-04 5.81E-07 -2.32E-05

SP kg O3 eq 2.21E-01 2.07E-04 -1.14E-02

FF MJ 5.73E+00 4.47E-03 -1.31E-01

RESOURCE USE Manufacturing End-of-Life Credits


PERE [MJ] 1.22E+01 1.94E-03 -1.28E+00

PERM [MJ] - 4.97E-01 -

PERT [MJ] 1.22E+01 4.99E-01 -1.28E+00

PENRE [MJ] 7.53E+01 3.57E-02 -2.17E+00

PENRM [MJ] - - -

PENRT [MJ] 7.53E+01 3.57E-02 -2.17E+00

SM [kg] 1.52E+00 - -

RSF [MJ] - - -

NRSF [MJ] - - -

FW [m³] 5.02E-02 -3.30E-05 -5.62E-03

OUTPUT FLOWS AND WASTE CATEGORIES Manufacturing End-of-Life Credits


HWD [kg] 1.25E-03 6.88E-09 -2.06E-05

NHWD [kg] 7.62E-01 5.01E-02 -6.95E-02

RWD [kg] 2.68E-03 4.45E-06 2.46E-09

CRU [kg] - - -

MFR [kg] - - 9.50E-01

MER [kg] - - -

EEE [MJ] - - -

EET [MJ] - - -

Glossary Environmental Impacts

GWP Global warming potential

ODP Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer

AP Acidification potential of land and water

EP Eutrophication potential

POCP Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants

ADPE Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources

ADPF Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources

FF Fossil fuel consumption

Resource Use

PERE Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials

PERT Total use of renewable primary energy resources

PENRE Use of non renewable primary energy excluding non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials

PENRM Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials

PENRT Total use of non renewable primary energy resources

SM Use of secondary material

RSF Use of renewable secondary fuels

NRSF Use of non renewable secondary fuels

FW Use of net fresh water

Output Flows and Waste Categories

HWD Hazardous waste disposed

NHWD Non hazardous waste disposed

RWD Radioactive waste disposed

CRU Components for re-use

MFR Materials for recycling

MER Materials for energy recovery

EE Exported energy per energy carrier


of 13




Extruded Aluminum (painted finish)




GWP kg CO2 eq 1.10E+01 2.26E-03 2.67E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 5.76E-09 5.11E-14 3.87E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 4.11E-02 9.89E-06 1.85E-03

EP kg PO43 eq 2.23E-03 1.25E-06 7.62E-05

POCP kg C2H4 eq 1.25E-02 9.93E-07 9.77E-05

ADPE kg Sb eq 5.21E-06 8.76E-10 2.63E-07

ADPF MJ 1.32E+02 3.47E-02 2.47E+00



GWP kg CO2 eq 1.10E+01 2.26E-03 2.67E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 6.88E-09 5.43E-14 4.22E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 3.85E-02 1.06E-05 1.70E-03

EP kg N eq 1.29E-03 5.81E-07 2.71E-05

SP kg O3 eq 4.20E-01 2.07E-04 1.32E-02

FF MJ 1.34E+01 4.47E-03 1.53E-01



PERE [MJ] 1.61E+01 1.94E-03 1.50E+00

PERM [MJ] - 4.97E-01 -

PERT [MJ] 1.61E+01 4.99E-01 1.50E+00

PENRE [MJ] 1.41E+02 3.57E-02 2.52E+00

PENRM [MJ] - - -

PENRT [MJ] 1.41E+02 3.57E-02 2.52E+00

SM [kg] 1.55E+00 - -

RSF [MJ] - - -

NRSF [MJ] - - -

FW [m³] 6.55E-02 3.30E-05 6.57E-03



HWD [kg] 1.31E-03 6.88E-09 2.41E-05

NHWD [kg] 9.15E-01 5.01E-02 8.11E-02

RWD [kg] 2.80E-03 5.17E-05 2.46E-09

CRU [kg] - - -

MFR [kg] - - 9.50E-01

MER [kg] - - -

EEE [MJ] - - -

EET [MJ] - - -










Resource Use



















of 13




Extruded Aluminum (anodized finish)




GWP kg CO2 eq 7.02E+00 2.26E-03 1.23E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 5.13E-09 5.11E-14 4.33E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 3.50E-02 9.89E-06 9.44E-04

EP kg PO43 eq 1.64E-03 1.25E-06 3.96E-05

POCP kg C2H4 eq 2.12E-03 9.93E-07 4.18E-05

ADPE kg Sb eq 1.04E-05 8.76E-10 -6.30E-08

ADPF MJ 8.29E+01 3.47E-02 1.12E+00



GWP kg CO2 eq 7.02E+00 2.26E-03 1.23E-01

ODP kg CFC-11 eq 6.15E-09 5.43E-14 4.72E-10

AP kg SO2 eq 3.22E-02 1.06E-05 8.67E-04

EP kg N eq 1.07E-03 5.81E-07 1.42E-05

SP kg O3 eq 2.40E-01 2.07E-04 6.64E-03

FF MJ 7.01E+00 4.47E-03 8.53E-02



PERE [MJ] 1.10E+01 1.94E-03 8.16E-01

PERM [MJ] - 4.85E-01 -

PERT [MJ] 1.10E+01 4.87E-01 8.16E-01

PENRE [MJ] 8.84E+01 3.57E-02 1.17E+00

PENRM [MJ] - - -

PENRT [MJ] 8.84E+01 3.57E-02 1.17E+00

SM [kg] 1.61E+00 - -

RSF [MJ] - - -

NRSF [MJ] - - -

FW [m³] 4.58E-02 -3.30E-05 3.53E-03



HWD [kg] 2.73E-04 6.88E-09 1.29E-05

NHWD [kg] 1.16E+00 5.01E-02 4.36E-02

RWD [kg] 2.44E-03 6.17E-05 2.46E-09

CRU [kg] - - -

MFR [kg] - - 9.50E-01

MER [kg] - - -

EEE [MJ] - - -

EET [MJ] - - -










Resource Use



















of 13




Life Cycle Assessment – Interpretation

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

GWP ODP AP EP SFP FF

Mill finished extrusions

D

C4

A1-A3

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Painted aluminum extrusions

D

C4

A1-A3

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Anodized aluminum extrusions

D

C4

A1-A3

The results represent the cradle-to-gate

and end-of-life environmental performance

of three types of aluminum extrusions: mill

finish, painted, and anodized. As shown in

the figures to the right, the results indicate

that the impacts are driven by the

manufacturing process (A1-A3). The

primary impact is derived from aluminum

production; the extrusion and finishing

processes account for a relatively small

part of the manufacturing impact in

comparison. Further, there is minimal

disparity between finishing option from a

life-cycle perspective.

The recycling rate of 95% represents a

defensible rate for aluminum extrusion

products in building and transportation

sector. This is based on a conservative

calculation for global aluminum recycling

from these sectors. The credits at the end-

of-life (Module D) do play a role in the life

cycle; if a higher rate is used, the credit will

increase, thus lowering the total life-cycle

impacts. Similarly, a lower recycling rate

would raise the total life cycle impacts. As

new information becomes available (e.g.,

the Aluminum Association publishes

regional-specific recycling rates), this

report and EPD should be modified to

reflect industry conditions.


of 13




The environmental performance of the finishing options themselves is difficult to distinguish when viewed from a life

cycle perspective. The aluminum production dominates the life cycle impact, which does not allow for interpretation of

the impact from downstream extrusion and finishing processes. Although small in comparison with the aluminum billet,

the finishing processes do have notable difference in environmental performance, as illustrated in the above figure.

The mill finishing process has the lowest impact across all categories. Anodizing has the second lowest impacts and

painting has the largest impact in all categories except eutrophication potential, where painting has the second lowest

impacts and anodizing has the largest impact.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

AP EP FF GWP ODP SFPext

rusi

on

an

d f

inis

hin

g p

roce

sse

s (A

3)

(re

lati

ve t

o p

ain

ted

)

Comparison of Finishing Alternatives(A3 Contributions Only)

Mill Anodized Painted


of 13




References

AA. (2013). The Environmental Footprint of Semi-finished Aluminum Products in North America: A Life Cycle

Assessment Report. Aluminum Association.

EN. (2013). EN 15804:2013-05 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental Product Declarations — Core

rules for the product category of construction products.

IBU/UL. (2014). PCR Guidance-Texts for Building-Related Products and Services: Part B: Requirements on the EPD for

Products of aluminium and aluminium alloys. Berlin.

IBU/UL. (2014). Product Category Rules for Building-Related Products and Services: Part A: Calculation Rules for the

Life Cycle As-sessment and Requirements on the Project report. Königswinter.

ISO. (2006). 14024:2006, Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and

procedures.

ISO. (2006). 14040:2006, Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework.

ISO. (2006). 14044:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines.

The Life Cycle Assessment was conducted by thinkstep (formerly PE INTERNATIONAL) using GaBi data.


http://www.thinkstep.com/

environmental product declaration aluminum …...kawneer products are comprised of extrusions made...

Documents