environmental science (1).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Environmental
Science
By: Ms. Walsh
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Characteristics of Living Things
The world is filled with millions of organisms. An organism is a living
thing. A mosquito is an organism. An elephant is an organism. Mold is an
organism. A palm tree is an organism. You are an organism. All organismshave things in common. Living things have characteristics or traits that make
them different from non-living things. All living things share the following traits:
Living Things are made
up of cells
Living Things Use
Energy
Living Things Grow and
Develop
Organisms respond
and adapt to their
environment
Organisms have a life-
span
Organisms
reproduce
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Needs of Living Things
All living things have needs too. All organisms need:
Energy
Air
Food and Water
Living Space
Acceptable Temperature
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Living Things and the Environment
Organisms get the things they need from their environment
or habitat. Different organisms live in different habitats because
their needs are different. A polar bear has very different needs than
a desert cactus!
There are two factors within an organisms habitat. Biotic
factors are the livingthings in a habitat such as plants, animals,bacteria, etc. Abiotic factors are the non-livingthings in an
environment such as rocks, sand, air, sunlight, water, soil,
temperature etc.
Can you think of some biotic and abiotic factors of your backyard?
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EcologyEcology is the study of how living things interact with each other
and their environment.
An ecosystem is all the living and non-living things in a particular
area.
Within an ecosystem, many different populations of organisms
interact and compete for the things they need.The size of a population of a particular organism can be
influenced by many factors. Organisms compete for food, water
and living space. When there isnt enough to go around, the
population of a species decreases or goes down. These factors
are called limiting factors.they limit populations.
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Adapting to the Environment
In order to survive, organisms must adapt or change to survive in
their environment. Only the strongest organisms survive and the oneswho cannot adapt may not survive. The process in which only the best
suited organisms survive their environment is called natural selection.
When organisms make changes in their behavior or physical appearance,
this is called adaptation.
Living things may adapt in several different ways. A polar bear
grows a thick fur to protect it from the cold. Some animals hibernate
during the winter. A walking stick looks just like a stick and is
camouflaged with its surroundings. A porcupine has sharp quills to
protect it from its enemies and some animals have bright colors to warn
predators off. A skunk has a stinky spray!
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Competition
When there is a limited amount of food, water or space in theenvironment, organisms are forced to compete with each other.
Competition is a situation where organisms struggle with each other
and their environments in order to get what they need to live.
All ecosystems are based on competition. Competition
controls the populations within a habitat so that no one population getstoo large.
Animals that catch and eat their prey are called predators.
The animals the predators eat are the prey.
Q: What would happen if the number of prey in an ecosystem declined?
Q: What would happen if the number of predators in an ecosystem declined?
prey predator
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Symbiotic Relationships
Instead of competing with one another, sometimesorganisms depend on each other by living together
and helping one another.
Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms
in which one or both of the partners benefit.
There are three types of symbiotic relationships:
commensalism, mutualism and parasitism.
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Mutualism
Mutualism is a relationship in which both organisms benefit.
For example, small birds sometimes piggyback on top of
hippos in order to get their food. They pick off small insectsto eat. The hippo benefits because the insects are removed
and the birds benefit because they got a good supper!
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Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms inwhich one member benefits and the other is neither
harmed, nor helped.
For example, a bird builds a nest in a tall tree The tree
provides protection to the bird from ground predators. Thebird is helped and the tree doesnt even know the
difference!
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Parasitism
In the relationship of parasitism, one partner
benefits and the other is harmed.
A blood-sucking flea is a great example of a
parasite. The flea is the parasite and the unfortunate
dog is its host. The parasite benefits and the host is
harmed.
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Organisms get energy in different ways. Someorganisms get energy directly from the sun, while others
must eat plants or animals. Each organism in an
ecosystem fills one of three energy roles: producer,
consumer and decomposer.
The sun is the source of all
energy in an ecosystem! Theenergy must be passed from
one organism to another!
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Producers
Energy enters an ecosystem as sunlight. Plants
absorb that sunlight with their leaves. They combine the
energy with water and carbon dioxide to make food for
themselves. They release oxygen which humans and
animals need to survive. The process in which plants use
sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own foodis called photosynthesis.
Plants are known as producers or
autotrophs because they
produce or make their own
food.
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Consumers
Consumers, or heterotrophs are organisms that cannotmake their own
food. They must rely on producers or consumers that eat producers for
energy.
Consumers that eat only plants are known as herbivores. A cow is an
example of an herbivore.
Consumers that eat animals are known as carnivores. A wolf is a
carnivore.
Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals. Most
humans are omnivores.
herbivore carnivore omnivore
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Decomposers
Decomposers are organisms that get their energy by
breaking down waste or dead organisms into nutrients. Thenutrients are then recycled back into the environment.
Fungi and bacteria are examples of decomposers. A log on
the ground disappears over time, it has decomposed. A
dead animal will eventually decompose.
Decomposers are natures recyclers!!!
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But We Cant EAT the sun!!??
Q: The sun is the source of energy, but we dont eat the
sun! We need energy to live so how do we get it?
A: We sit down and eat a juicy cheeseburger. Where did
the burger come from? Exactly, a nice juicy cow. And what
did the cow eat? Grass. Where did the grass get its
energy? The sun! Now do you get it?
So, next time when you sit down to eat a cheeseburger, you
can say mmmmthats good sun!
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Food Web
A food web is a way to show how the energy from the
sun gets passed around different organisms in theenvironment.
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Energy Pyramid
The energy pyramidshows how energy
moves from one level
to another. The sun
provides energy to the
plants, the mice eat the
plants and the snake
eats the mice. Energy
travels from one level
to another. A little bitof energy gets used at
each level.
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The Water Cycle
The water cycle isimportant to life.
Water evaporates
from the Earth,
condenses in the
clouds and then
falls back to Earth
in the form of rain,
sleet, snow or hail
(precipitation).
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Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Cycle
Plants take in carbon dioxide andproduce oxygen. Animals
and humans take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Plants and animals need each other for survival.
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Nitrogen Cycle
Animals eat plants, that contain nitrogen. The animalsproduce waste which goes into the ground. Decomposers
(bacteria) break down the waste and release nitrogen back
into the air and soil. Plants use the nitrogen rich soil and
the process begins again.
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Biomes of the World
Rainforest
Desert
Grasslands
Deciduous Forest
Boreal Forest and Taiga
TundraBiomes are determined based on their climate-temperature
and precipitation.
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Rainforest
There are two types of rainforests: temperate rainforest and tropical
rainforest
A temperate rainforest has medium to low temperatures, but a lot of
precipitation. The northwestern part of the United States has a
temperature rainforest.
Tropical rainforests have hot climates and a lot of precipitation.
Tropical rainforests are found mostly near the equator and have a hugevariety of plants and animals.
There are major tropical rainforests in South America (Amazon
Rainforest), middle Africa and in Indonesia.
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Deserts
A desert is an area that gets little or no precipitation each year.
A hot desert becomes very cool at night.
Some deserts are cooler and actually get low temperatures.
Organisms that live in the desert must adapt to dry situations in order to
survive. A cactus can hold a large amount of water when it rains
because it has to conserve it during dry times.
Most desert animals are active at night when it is not so hot.
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Grasslands
There are two kinds of grasslands: prairie grasslands and savanna
grasslands.
Prairie grasslands get little rain, not enough for trees to grow.
Because of the dry climate, many fires start. North America has a
large area that is prairie grasslands.
Animals such as bison, rabbits, prairie dogs, hawks, mice, fox, ferrets,
snakes and owls live in the prairie grasslands.Savanna grasslands receive more rain than prairies and are home to
animals such as the elephant, zebra, antelope, giraffe, and rhino.
Africa has large areas of savannah grasslands.
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Deciduous Forest
Deciduous trees are trees that lose their leaves and grow new ones
each year. A deciduous forest is a forest with many deciduous trees.
Deciduous forests have enough rain to support the growth of trees.
The temperatures in deciduous forests are quite different during the
seasons of the year, spring, summer, winter and fall.
Animals like skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, birds, deer, fox and bear livein deciduous forests. Many of these animals have to adapt to cold
winters or migrate to warmer areas during that time.
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Boreal Forests or Taiga
A boreal forest is a forest where most of the trees are coniferous. Aconiferous tree is a tee that produce cones and needles instead of
leaves.
Winters are verycold and summers are mild. There is snow much of
the year.
Animals such as beavers, moose, elk, owl, lynx, bear, wolves,
squirrels, fox and birds live in boreal forests.
T d
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Tundra
The tundra is an extremely dry and cold biome. A tundra is covered with snow
most of, if not all of the year. The ground is permanently frozen. This is called
permafrost.
Few plants grow on the tundra, mostly grass, moss, shrubs and small trees.
Animals such as caribou, musk ox, foxes, wolves. [polar bear and arctic rabbits
live in the tundra. They have to have thick fur to protect them from the cold.
Tundra Biomes:
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Aqua means water. Aquatic ecosystems are water-based
habitats.
There are two types of aquatic ecosystems: freshwater and marine
(salt water) ecosystems.
Aquatic ecosystems, like land ecosystems depend on sunlight,
temperature and oxygen to make life successful. Organisms must
adapt to their surroundings in order to survive.
Freshwater Saltwater
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Freshwater Ecosystems
There is a lot of water on our Earth, but only a smallamount is made
up of fresh water. Therefore it is important to protect our fresh water!
Freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.
http://www.koiman.com/koiman/images/100_0722.JPGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thecareerbreaksite.com/fun/images/Wallpaper/wallpaper-lake-big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thecareerbreaksite.com/fun/desktop-wallpaper.php&h=768&w=1024&sz=57&tbnid=8K0eK92vH-ovwM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=12&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlake%2B%252B%2Bbig%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~widom/photos/stream.gif&imgrefurl=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~widom/travel.html&h=474&w=593&sz=186&tbnid=6y8-fRg7MFj-MM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=133&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstream%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.echotrips.com/middle-salmon/images/rafting-full.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.echotrips.com/middle-salmon/&h=480&w=720&sz=101&tbnid=VbM4QyEzI5VsVM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=139&hl=en&start=57&prev=/images%3Fq%3Driver%26start%3D40%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN -
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Marine Ecosystems
An estuary is found where the fresh water of a river meets the salt
water of an ocean.
The Intertidal Zone is the rocky area along the ocean shoreline that
experiences the highs and lows of the tides.
The Neritic Zone is the shallow part of the ocean that covers the
continental shelf. Sunlight is able to reach through the water so this
zone supports a lot of life.
The Open Ocean is made up of the surface zone and the deep zone.
Light from the sun can shine through the surface zone, so life is
plentiful. The deep zone gets little to no sunlight.
Did you know? Our Earth is sometimes
called the Blue Planet? Do you know
why?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.btinternet.com/~fireballxl5/space/earth/pics/a17_h_148_22725.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.freeimages.co.uk/galleries/space/earth/&h=591&w=576&sz=183&tbnid=4Oakl3P5Mu0GZM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=128&hl=en&start=16&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEarth%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D -
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Tide Pools:
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Open Ocean
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/programmes/tv/blueplanet/picpops/images/prog2_2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://andrewlias.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_andrewlias_archive.html&h=400&w=300&sz=28&tbnid=dz_e1PG2MNZriM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=90&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dangler%2Bfish%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.photosport.com/scuba/scca0101.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.photosport.com/scuba/&h=432&w=650&sz=93&tbnid=KaYY_EaffdMJFM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscuba%2Bdiving%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Tuna.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate&h=207&w=300&sz=24&tbnid=YLSRexjixGAuTM:&tbnh=76&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuna%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%2520zoo/they%2520swim/dolphin/Spinner%2520Dolphin%2520314013.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%2520zoo/they%2520swim/dolphin/dolphin.htm&h=512&w=768&sz=99&tbnid=Moms_HZg4UMKVM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=141&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddolphin%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/juvenile.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Tigershark/tigershark.htm&h=271&w=400&sz=20&tbnid=Ln4sjMl1lideoM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dshark%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.whale-images.com/orca_images_lg/killer-whale_breach.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.whale-images.com/killer_whale_facts.htm&h=357&w=500&sz=64&tbnid=zzNpAVaFbWee0M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=127&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwhale%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D -
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Changes In the Environment
Ecosystems are always changing. Sometimes those changes are
quite fast, like in the case of a natural disaster. A natural disasterlike a
flood, fire, earthquake, mudslide, hurricane or volcanic eruption can
instantly change an environment and kill the communities that live there. If
this happens, a new community will replace the old community over time.
This is called succession. An example of succession is when a field is left
untouched for a long time, it may turn into a forest. If a volcano wipes out a
forest, it will eventually grow back.
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What Else Changes the Environment?
The Greenhouse Effect:
There are gases in the Earths atmosphere that are
known as greenhouse gasses. The gases let sunlight
pass through and trap some of the suns heat so that
the Earth stays warm. This is called the greenhouse
effect. This is great for plants and animals to live, but
too much greenhouse effect is a bad thing.
Worldwide pollution caused by humans is creating more greenhouse
gasses. Some scientists believe that this will increase the temperature of
the planet, resulting in global warming. This warming may cause glaciers
to melt and ocean levels to rise.
Other scientists think that the Earth will become colder because the suns
rays will be blocked by pollution. Either way, people should be more
thoughtful of the Earth because it is our only home!
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/Greenhouse_Effect.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/globalwarming.htm&h=460&w=490&sz=9&tbnid=j-vCwZVb098IrM:&tbnh=119&tbnw=127&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgreenhouse%2Beffect%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG -
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What Else Changes the Environment?
The Earth is protected by the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is the air that surroundsthe Earth. It protects us from the suns bad
rays. Ozone, a gas, absorbs most of the UV
rays. Ozone protects people when it is high
in the atmosphere, but it can hurt people
when it is near the ground. Smog, is a fog-like substance caused by pollution. It
contains ozone that can harm people. Bad
ozone formed on Earth, rises into the
atmosphere and causes good ozone to
break down. This thinning of the good
ozone layer weakens the part of the
atmosphere that protects animals, plants
and humans from the sun. Again, humans
creating pollution is bad for our planet!
Ozone Depletion
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What Harms Our Environment?
Air Pollution: We pollute our air with
factory pollution and car exhaust.Organisms, including humans need
clean air to survive.
Soil Pollution: We pollute our
ground with chemicals, hazardouswaste and garbage. These
hazardous materials can get into
our drinking water and harm us.
Water pollution destroys life in the
Earths freshwater ecosystems and
oceans.
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What Else Harms our Environment?
Spraying pesticides and insecticides.It kills the bugs we dontwant, but
what does it do to the environment?
Deforestation is the cutting down of
many trees and not replacing them.
We use wood as a resource, but trees
support plant and animal life. We
must think about our future before
cutting down acres of forests, without
making plans to replace them!
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What Else Harms Our Environment?
Construction: Expanding the
places where humans liveharms the natural ecosystems.
Life in those ecosystems must
move elsewhere and some do
not survive.
Waste: People produce so much
waste! Humans should be encouragedto follow the three Rs: reduce, reuse,
and recycle! Many materials like
plastic, glass, metal and paper can be
recycled and re-used without causing
more harm to our environment.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/02/04/-big/Construction.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/02/04/Construction&h=600&w=800&sz=188&tbnid=0qwsW06Hbd7erM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dconstruction%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D -
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Extinction
Extinction means the disappearance of a species. This is a
natural process and throughout history, many organisms have becomeextinct, like the dinosaurs. Organisms that are in danger of becoming
extinct are known as endangered species. Although extinction happens
naturally, humans have a large role in endangering species. Our actions
destroy the ecosystems and endanger the organisms that live in them.
Species are more likely to become extinct if:
They are naturally rare
They are sensitive to changes in the
environment
They have picky food or shelter needs
They have small numbers of offspring
They interfere with people in some way
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A Final Thought:
Our world is full of resources that we need in order to survive.
We must take care of those resources!
Ecosystems contain many resources. We must make certain
not to harm or ruin them.
Plants and animals rely on one another. If one disappears, sodoes the other. Humans rely on both plants and animals.
Clean air, land and water are our most precious resources.
We must do our best to keep them clean!
http://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/stock_illustration/images/cartoon_earth_001.gifhttp://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/stock_illustration/images/cartoon_earth_001.gifhttp://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/stock_illustration/images/cartoon_earth_001.gifhttp://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/stock_illustration/images/cartoon_earth_001.gifhttp://www.bradfitzpatrick.com/stock_illustration/images/cartoon_earth_001.gif