environmental science 2013-2014 land management and conservation
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LAND MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
FARMLANDS
• Land that is used to grow crops and fruit.
• The U.S. contains more than 100 million hectares of prime farmland.
• Urban development threatens some of the most productive farmland.• 1996 – Farmland Protection Program to help protect
farmland in danger of being paved over or otherwise developed.
RANGELANDS
• Land that supports different vegetation types that is not used for farming.• Grasslands• Shrublands• Desert
• Most common use is for grazing of livestock.
RANGELANDS
• Problems on the range• Overgrazing – allowing more animals to graze in an area
than the range can support.• Too many plants are eaten and the land becomes
degraded.• Once the plants are gone, there is nothing to keep the
soil from eroding.
RANGELANDS
• Maintaining the Range• Much of the rangeland in the U.S. is public land
maintained by the federal government.• Land is leased to ranchers.• Limiting herd sizes.• Leave rangeland unused for periods of time so the
vegetation can recover.• Dig several waterholes to avoid overgrazing around a
single waterhole.
FOREST LANDS
• Harvesting Trees• People use lots of wood.• Person in the U.S. uses enough that is the equivalent of
cutting down a tree that is 30 m tall every year.• Three categories of trees:• Virgin forest – forest that has never been cut.• Native forest – forest that is planted and managed.• Tree farms – areas where trees are planted in rows and
harvested like other crops.
FOREST LANDS
• Harvesting trees• Clear-cutting – process of removing all of the trees from
an area of land.• Selective cutting – process of cutting and removing only
middle-aged or mature trees.• Selective cutting is much more expensive, but less
destructive.
FOREST LANDS
• Deforestation• The clearing of trees from an area without replacing
them.• Most countries become severely deforested as
populations expand and the demand for products increases.
• Reduces wildlife habitat.• Increases soil erosion.
FOREST LANDS
• Deforestation• Rate of deforestation is particularly high in tropical rain
forests.• If trees are not replanted, natural resources are steadily
depleted.
FOREST LANDS
• Reforestation• The process by which trees are planted to re-establish
trees that have been cut down in a forest land.• Some farmland that was no longer productive was
reforested and is doing well.
PARKS AND PRESERVES
• Public lands have many purposes.• National parks• Leased to private companies for logging, mining, and
ranching.• Maintained for hunting and fishing• Wildlife refuges• Protecting endangered species
PARKS AND PRESERVES
• Wilderness• An area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports
are protected from all exploitation.• 474 regions covering almost 13 million hectares (32
million acres) in the U.S.• Open to hiking, fishing, boating (without motors), and
camping.
PARKS AND PRESERVES
• Benefits of protected areas• Keeps species from going extinct.• Provide recreation.• Serve as outdoor classrooms and research laboratories.
PARKS AND PRESERVES
• Threats to protected areas• More people visit national parks and wilderness areas
each year and leave their mark.• Litter and traffic jams.• Urban areas and industries are often close enough to
affect them.
PARKS AND PRESERVES