environmental& social management ... shelter construction is not clearly categorized in ecr. it...
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ENVIRONMENTAL& SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
MULTI-PURPOSE DISASTER SHELTER PROJECT (MDSP)
Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
August 2014
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction and Project Description
The coastal areas and off-shore islands of Bangladesh are low lying and flat. The height above mean sea
level of the coastal zone is less than 3 m. The coastal regions are subjected to damaging cyclones almost
every year. The cyclone Sidr of 2007, Nurgis of 2008, Aila of 2009 and Laila of 2010 were the annual
extreme events among a number of other hazards occurred in Bangladesh. . The housing sector,
productive sectors and public infra-structures were affected due to the Sidr. Total damages and loss
caused by the Sidr were estimated to be BDT 115.6 billion (US$ 1.7 billion). These early estimates
suggest that the reconstruction costs of the lost and damaged infrastructures are likely to be
considerable. The Government of Bangladesh is preparing the Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project
(MDSP) to reduce the vulnerability of the population in cyclone prone areas of Bangladesh covering 9
coastal districts including Sidr hit Bhola, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali, and five other coastal districts
including Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Feni, Laksmipur and Noakhali. The project aims to (a) reduce the loss
of life of human and livestock during natural disasters; and (b) increasing the population covered by
accessible multi-purpose shelters. These objectives will be achieved by improving existing multi-purpose
shelters, constructing new shelters, and improving access roads to the shelters and connectivity in the
area.
The project components eligible for funding under MDSP will be required to follow the World Bank's
safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental and social legislation of the
Government of Bangladesh (GOB). The exact locations, size and extent of the sub-projects are remain
unknown and the details of the sub-projects to be implemented under MDSP will be finalized during
project implementation phase and therefore, a framework approach has been adopted for Environment
and Social Assessment. This document the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of
MDSP has been developed to ensure compliance with the World Bank's safeguard policies under the
current conditions in Bangladesh.
Relevant Government and World Bank Policies The document is prepared as per requirement of the government of Bangladesh and World Bank of
Project/Program Financing. Cyclone shelter construction is not clearly categorized in ECR. It may be
noted that construction of multi-storied building is considered as the 'Orange B' category. Construction,
reconstruction and extension of shelter connecting roads and local roads are also classified as ‘Orange B'
category. Environmental Assessment/IEE will be carried out for the new and rehabilitation of cyclone
shelters and connecting roads. If IEE indicates that there are significant environmental impacts from the
construction/rehabilitation of cyclone shelter and roads; the implementing agency will conduct the EIA
as per DOE guidance and require DOE clearance. Site clearance will be required for all connecting roads
and cyclone shelters. In view of subprojects nature, the project is classified as a Category ‘B’ under the
WB safeguard policy. OP/BP 4.01 has been triggered to ensure that the sub project design and
implementation will be focused on reducing adverse impacts and enhancing positive impacts.
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The new disaster shelter cum school building will be constructed within the boundary of the selected
existing education institutions. The activities of the project will not involve any pesticide application.
Activities in forest areas or natural habitat or relate to protection of dams will not be supported under
this project. Also it is unlikely that any designated physical cultural resources will be affected by the
subprojects. Hence OP 4.09, OP 4.04, OP 4.11, OP4.36 and OP 4.37 will not trigger for this project.
The project does not envision any land acquisition or population displacement which is evident under
the ongoing ECRRP. Although unlikely, the project at a later stage may like to acquire private lands
and/or public land from private uses only at extreme circumstances of unavailability of land through
other means. Land, in such circumstances, will be acquired under the Acquisition and Requisition of
Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982 of the Government of Bangladesh. The acts therefore, trigger the
Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. The tribal peoples, although have distinct indigenous
language and culture, they are mainstreamed in the society for their livelihoods, land tenancy and
political institutions. No tribal people will anyway be affected by any intervention under the project.
Therefore the Bank OP 4.10 is not triggered to the project. However, if such groups are identified to be
affected during the detailed engineering design, LGED will select to drop the site and opt for alternative
one in the same vicinity and catchment area associating no such negative impacts.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Consultation
For carrying out environmental and social assessment of the MDSP, field surveys, consultations with
different stake holders, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), review of EA reports of ongoing ECRRP etc.
were made. Field visits were conducted to two proposed preliminary project sites (exact location of the
construction/reconstruction is yet to be identified) to be possibly considered and three completed
project sites under Emergency Cyclone Rehabilitation and Restoration Project (ECRRP). Literature review
focused on current policies, legislations, procedures and practices of the Government of Bangladesh
(GoB) and the World Bank operational policies on environmental and social safeguards.
Environment
Each of the activity under ECRRP was environmentally assessed before construction in accordance with
the environmental management framework (EMF). Baseline surveys were done at each subproject and
the site specific management plan was prepared. The Upazilla Engineer or Sub-Assistant Engineer of
LGED and the Field Resident Engineer of the Consultant team mainly conducted the screening work and
the environmental specialist of Design and Supervision Consultants (DSM Consultant) endorsed the
screening format. Most of the screening checklist revealed that the sub-projects did not generate any
significant adverse impact on pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases in the
physical and social environment of the area.
Environmental Issues and Impact Major environmental concern in the context of the sub-projects of ECRRP are site specific and
temporary and construction related. The issues are mainly dust, noise, waste disposal, water supply and
sanitation, drainage congestion, safety measures in stockpiling and transportation of stockpiles of
construction and site wastes. The cost of the environmental management plan (EMP) has been
estimated and included in the bill of quantities of bid document. Frequent field visits and close
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supervision by the field staff ensure the implementation of EMP. In addition, Monitoring and Evaluation
(M&E) Consultant under PCMU is responsible for reviewing the EA and supervising implementation of
the overall EMF.
No major environmental problem has been reported in the project implementation of the original
project by far. It was notified from the M&E Consultant that some EIA reports for Cyclone Shelters had
not been received before commencement of the respective construction. Further attention is required
in timely preparation and review of the EA reports and the monitoring of EMP implementation.
The compliance of the environmental issues will smoothly ensure if the concerned field staffs have the
technical background or training programs are arranged for them on supervision for the implementation
of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
In Project Benefit Project benefits for multipurpose disaster shelters include (i) ensuring safe sheltering of the project
beneficiaries at the event of any disasters including cyclone, (ii) provide congenial learning environment
and sufficient space in the classrooms at multipurpose shelters, (iii) overall improved schooling facilities
and environment to be ensured at multipurpose disaster shelters conducive to children’s learning, and
(iv) affected people also will be able to bring their cattle to keep at safe shelters at the event of any
disasters. There is provision of Access Road and Associated Structures to the Disaster Shelters so that
the shelters can be accessed safely. This will be very useful for the users particularly students to
commute with comfort particularly during rainy season. Separate floor for sheltering livestock will save
quite a number of cattle and other livestock. The site will be developed and enhanced through a Land
Use Plan and Tree Plantation. The ancillary provisions in the shelters stemmed out from environmental
considerations. These provisions can be used both during the time of emergency as well as during
normal activities of the schools. These provisions include solar panel benefits for clean energy for the
users. One of the most important needs during and after cyclones is the availability of drinking water.
This is all the more important as surface water is often saline and in a few cases with traces of arsenic in
hand pumps. To deter this, tube-wells on raised platform pumping safe water will be installed in the
shelters. There will be provisions of rain water harvesting facilities in the shelters. First-Aid Boxes will be
placed for each Shelter to take care of immediate requirements and there will be Separate Room for
Pregnant Women during occupancy in the shelters. Provision of Store Rooms will solve storing of
materials otherwise kept here and there creating environmental problems.
Social Assessment
The social assessment comprised of (i) beneficiary assessment, (ii) stakeholder analysis, and (iii) impacts
assessments. Beneficiary assessment enabled building baseline socio-economic profiles at the project
area; the vulnerability of the community to natural disasters and the need for disaster shelters. The
disaster prone 9 districts, where the shelters are proposed to be constructed, have been taken as the
project area. The social assessment identified the beneficiaries at sample locations and consulted them
for understanding their expectations, issues and concerns. The social assessment also included impact
assessments and risk analysis. The results have been used in designing the social management
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framework addressing social development and safeguards issues, thus contributing in sustainable
positive benefits from the project.
Social Issues and Impacts
Rehabilitation and construction of multipurpose shelters and shelter connecting roads will benefit
communities in the 9 coastal districts focusing the 7420 rural villages. About 17 million people in 3.5
million rural households are targeted for gradual secured shelter at disaster events. Total population of
the project area is 22.9 million where 11.6 million are women and 49,531 peoples belongs to tribal
communities. Social issues relating to project implementation are: (i) avoiding adverse social impacts in
site selection, design and construction; (ii) participation by project functionaries, civil society and local
communities; (iii) inclusion, particularly of the poor and vulnerable sections including women and ethnic
minorities; (iii) identification of unavoidable adverse social impacts and mitigation; (iv) social conflicts
and grievances management during construction; (v) capacity building of key stakeholders; (vi)
addressing gender issues and community needs; and (vii) communication to address these issues.
Construction of new shelters and horizontal extension of existing shelters will be done within the
existing owned land of the sponsoring educational and social institutions. While the shelter connecting
roads will be developed using the existing road reserve identified by the community. No land acquisition
or population displacement is envisioned under the project. Any additional land will be obtained and
any encroachment of existing lands will be removed under voluntary agreement. Lands may also be
obtained through direct purchase (willing seller-buyer approach), exchange or contribution against
compensation by the sponsoring institutions or the community. However, at extreme circumstances of
critical needs, LGED may like to obtain land through involuntary acquisition as the last resort.
The tribal peoples in the project districts have their own indigenous language and culture but are
mainstreamed in terms of livelihoods, tenancy of land and political institutions. Nonetheless, no
subproject will be taken for financing under the project that may negatively affect the tribal peoples.
Environmental and Social Assessment Procedure All the sub-projects to be funded under MDSP will be subject to an environmental screening in order to
prevent execution of projects with significant negative environmental impacts. Environmental screening
is a part of the IEE. The purpose of the environmental screening is to get relevant concerns addressed
early on before further design of a project and to ensure that actions to mitigate environmental impacts
or enhance environmental opportunities are budgeted for. The major activities to be carried out for
IEE/EA (including EMP) include: (i) Environment Screening (identification of possible impacts) (ii)
Description of Surrounding Environment (establishment of “baseline environment” against which
impacts of the proposed sub-project would be evaluated); (iii) analysis of alternatives; (iv) identification
of major sub-project activities during both construction and operational phases; (v) assessment,
prediction and evaluation of impacts of major project activities on the baseline environment; (vi)
carrying out public consultations; (vii) preparation of environmental code of practice (ECoP); and (viii)
identification of mitigation measures and preparation of impact specific environmental management
plans (EMP) including monitoring requirements. The EMF presents detail guidelines for carrying out each
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of these major activities. If the IEE founds significant impacts, detail environmental impact assessment
will be carried out for that sub-project.
The Social Assessment Procedure has been prepared in compliance with the Bank OP 4.12 on
involuntary resettlement and following the legal framework active in the country for acquisition of land.
The document will guide LGED to address social safeguard compliance issues arising at project
implementation stage and to ensure social inclusion in the process. LGED will assess social issues related
to site selection, subproject design, methods of obtaining lands for subprojects, identify impacts of
project interventions to prepare Social Management Plan (SMP) for all subproject packages, and
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), where required, following the agreed social assessment procedure. A
grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be in place at each subproject site for receiving complaints and
suggestions, and settlement of subproject related grievances from the communities and affected
persons.
Environmental Management
A comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which focuses on managing construction and
operation phase-related impacts should suffice in managing the potential construction and operation
phase impacts. Apart from the provisions under “General Specification” and “Particular Specification”
for different sub-project components, the EMP includes special environmental clauses (SECs) which shall
be included in the Tender Document under General/Particular Specification. These clauses are aimed at
ensuring that the Contractor carries out his responsibility of implementing the EMP and other
environmental and safety measures. Since many contractors do not have clear understanding the need
of environmental management, some quoted very low price for implementation of EMP and eventually
cannot implement EMP as per design. To avoid this problem, Fixed Budget will be assigned for EMP
implementation. The contractors may need orientation on the requirement of the EMP in the pre-
bidding meeting.
ICT monitoring will be used to enhance the efficiency of MDSP-II by providing a single-stop instrument to
monitor progress of construction, provide visual images to assess quality, and monitor the number and
frequency of visits from LGED engineers and World Bank teams tasked with supervision. ICT monitoring
will provide in-depth and real-time snapshots of project performance in a resource-constrained
environment, automatically place pressure points on identified problem shelters, inject transparency
into the construction process, and motivate supervision teams and contractors.
Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance The existing Project Management Unit (PMU) for the development and management of the
multipurpose cyclone shelters program under ECRRP is the proposed PMU of MDSP. However, it would
be strengthened with an additional Deputy Project Director (DPD). The DPD would be supported by a
Senior Technical Specialist, Senior Procurement Specialist, a Senior Financial Management Specialist, a
Senior Environment Specialist, a Senior Social Specialist, a Communication Specialist and a GIS specialist.
The Field Level Offices in each district headed by an Executive Engineer would be responsible for
supporting the construction supervision and environment and social management with the help of the
construction supervision consultants. The LGED will hire the services of international /national firm
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through competitive selection in engineering surveys, designs, environmental assessments, and
preparation of EMPs, social screening of subprojects and preparation of SMP along with RAP including
data collection and construction supervision including quality assurance, preparation of bidding
documents and final certification of quantity and quality compliance of works completed by the
contractors. As part of the activities, the environment specialists of DS consultant will conduct the IEE
and EIA (where applicable) with EMPs. The cost of the environmental mitigation measures will be
estimated and included in the bill of quantities. The civil engineering contractors will be assigned for
implementation of these environmental mitigation measures.
PMU with assistance from the M&E consultant will be designated to review all environmental and social
screening, assessment, mitigation measures and costing. The M&E consultant will also oversee the
implementation of the ESMF and the EMPs, SMP and RAP. For this purpose, M&E consultants will deploy
a full time environmental specialist and a full time social specialist. PMU with help of Environment and
Social Specialist will submit the overall quarterly progress report on environment compliance to the
World Bank.
Access to Information
The ESMF report and impact mitigation measures will be translated into Bengali language and
disseminated locally. Copies of the report (both in English and Bengali) will be sent to all the concerned
field offices of the LGED and will be made available to the public. The draft ESMF will also be uploaded in
the website of LGED and in the Bank InfoShop before appraisal completion.
In addition a national workshop has been planned after the appraisal mission of the project to present
the ESMF to the key stakeholders including field level staff of the implementing agencies (LGED),
community representatives, NGOs, civil society etc. The comments and the findings from the workshop
and other public will be reviewed and incorporated in the final report.
During the implementation stage of project, the subproject specific screening/assessment report will
periodically be posted in the LGED website before the bidding process.
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Table of Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 2
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 12
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 12
List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... 13
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 16
1.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 16
1.2. Basis of the ESMF.......................................................................................................... 17
1.3. Objectives and General Principles of the ESMF=EMF+SMF ....................................... 18
1.3.2. Environment Management Framework (EMF) ...................................................... 18
1.3.3. Social Management Framework (SMF) .................................................................. 19
1.4. Overall Structure of ESMF ............................................................................................ 20
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 22
2.1. Project Types and Categories ......................................................................................... 22
2.2. Project Activities ............................................................................................................ 24
2.3. MDSP Project Area ........................................................................................................ 24
2.4. Disaster vulnerability ..................................................................................................... 25
2.5. Type of Shelters and their Characteristics...................................................................... 27
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ......................................... 29
3.1. Relevant Government Policies, Acts, Rules and Strategies ........................................... 29
3.2. World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies ........................................... 34
3.3. Implications of the Environmental Policies to the Project ............................................. 37
3.4. Environmental Clearance Procedure .............................................................................. 38
3.5. Implication of Land Acquisition Legal Framework to MDSP ....................................... 39
3.6. Implication of Social Development and Safeguard: World Bank’s Operational Policies
40
3.7. World Bank Policy on Access to Information ............................................................... 41
4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................. 44
4.1. Basis of Assessment ....................................................................................................... 44
4.2. Baseline of sample sites from Newly Proposed District (Non-sidr area) ...................... 44
4.3. Assessments of the Ongoing Phase of ECRRP (Sidr sites) ........................................... 48
4.4. Overall Baseline of MDSP Project Area (non-Sidr and Sidr affected area) .................. 49
4.5. Overall Environmental Impacts ..................................................................................... 52
5. SOCIAL ISSUES AND LIKELY IMPACTS ...................................................................... 54
5.1. Socioeconomic Baseline of Project Area ....................................................................... 54
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5.1.1. Beneficiary Population............................................................................................ 54
5.1.2. Project Area Population by Age Group .................................................................. 55
5.1.3. Education in Project Area ....................................................................................... 56
5.1.4. Distribution of Population by Religion ................................................................... 56
5.1.5. Tribal Communities ................................................................................................ 57
5.2. Economic Profile of Project Area .................................................................................. 59
5.2.1. Ownership of Farm Land ........................................................................................ 59
5.2.2. Land Tenureship and Agri. Labour Households ..................................................... 60
5.2.3. Housing Status ........................................................................................................ 61
5.2.4. Employed Population .............................................................................................. 61
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011............................................................ 62
5.2.5. Livestock and Poultry Population ........................................................................... 62
5.3. Poverty, Gender and Vulnerability................................................................................. 63
5.3.1. Poverty .................................................................................................................... 63
5.3.2. Gender Issues .......................................................................................................... 64
5.4. Review of Past Similar Experience with LGED ............................................................ 65
5.4.1. Social and Resettlement Policy Framework, ECRRP ............................................. 65
5.4.2. Social Management in ECRRP (Component B) ..................................................... 65
5.4.3. Experience of Rural Transport Improvement Project ............................................. 66
5.4.4. Lessons Learnt from Component B, ECRRP ......................................................... 66
5.5. Assessment of Social Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................... 67
5.5.2. Project Benefits ....................................................................................................... 67
5.5.3. Social Concern and Risks ....................................................................................... 68
5.5.4. Involuntary Resettlement ........................................................................................ 68
5.5.5. Impact of Tribal peoples ......................................................................................... 68
5.5.6. Other Impacts During Construction ........................................................................ 68
6. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ....................................................................... 69
6.1. Consultation and Participation ....................................................................................... 69
6.1.1. Feedback from Beneficiaries .................................................................................. 69
6.1.2. Issues and Concerns ................................................................................................ 70
6.1.3. Consultation Output and Results ............................................................................ 71
6.1.4. Concerns raised by the Participants ........................................................................ 71
6.1.5. Suggestions from Participants................................................................................. 71
6.1.6. Social Linkage of Project Design ........................................................................... 71
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7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE......................................................... 73
7.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 73
7.2. Environmental Screening ............................................................................................... 73
7.3. Description of the Environment ..................................................................................... 74
7.4. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................. 75
7.5. Major Sub-Project Activities .......................................................................................... 76
7.6. Assessment and Prediction of Impacts ........................................................................... 76
7.6.2. Pre-Construction Phase ........................................................................................... 77
7.6.3. Construction Phase.................................................................................................. 77
7.6.4. Operation and Maintenance Phase .......................................................................... 78
7.7. Public Consultation ........................................................................................................ 79
7.7.2. Consultation Process ............................................................................................... 79
7.7.3. Findings of the Consultation ................................................................................... 80
8. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE ............................................................................. 82
8.1. Social Screening and Impact Assessment ...................................................................... 82
8.1.1. Exclusion Criteria ................................................................................................... 82
8.1.2. Social Screening...................................................................................................... 82
8.1.3. Social Impact Assessment....................................................................................... 83
9. PROJECT EMBEDDED ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................... 86
9.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 86
9.2. In Design ........................................................................................................................ 86
9.3. In Project Benefit ........................................................................................................... 87
10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................... 88
10.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 88
10.2. Disaster Management Plan ......................................................................................... 91
10.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan ................................................................................. 92
10.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism .................................................................................. 94
10.5. Method of Estimation of Cost for EMPs .................................................................... 94
10.6. Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) .................................................................... 95
10.7. Special Environmental Clauses (SECs) for Tender Document .................................. 96
10.8. ICT Monitoring: ......................................................................................................... 97
10.9. General Principles for Environmental Management .................................................. 98
11. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 99
11.1.1. Social Development Guidelines .......................................................................... 99
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11.1.2. Communication and Participation Strategy....................................................... 100
11.1.3. Grievance Response .......................................................................................... 100
11.5. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework ........................................... 100
11.5.1. Guidelines for Obtaining Lands for Subprojects............................................... 100
11.5.2. Resettlement Policy Guidelines ........................................................................ 102
11.5.3. Eligibility and Entitlements Policy ................................................................... 103
11.5.4. Preparation of RAP ........................................................................................... 105
12. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR SAFEGUARD COMPLIANCE AND
CAPACITY BUILDING ............................................................................................................ 107
12.1. Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance .............................................. 107
12.2. Training Requirements ............................................................................................. 108
12.3. Access to Information ............................................................................................... 109
13. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 111
ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................................ 112
Annex 1: An assessment Report on Completed Shelters under ECRRP ................................ 113
Annex 2: Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .............................................................................. 116
Annex 3: Environmental Screening Format ........................................................................... 122
Annex 4: Design options of Cyclone Shelter .......................................................................... 124
Annex 5: Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) ................................................................ 129
Annex 6: Chance Find Procedures .......................................................................................... 139
Annex 7: Typical Bill of Quantities (BOQ) for Environmental Works.................................. 140
Annex 8: Environmental Monitoring Checklist for Cyclone Shelter ..................................... 141
Annex-9 : Format of Quarterly Monitoring Report ................................................................ 143
Annex-10: Grievance Response Mechanism .......................................................................... 144
Annex-11: Proposed Methods of Market Price Survey .......................................................... 146
Annex-12: Compensation and Entitlement Matrix ................................................................. 148
Annex-13: Terms of Reference for Senior Social Development Specialist, PMU ................. 153
Annex-14: Social Assessment of Subproject Sites ................................................................. 154
Annex-15: Format for voluntary donation of land .................................................................. 160
Annex-16: Format for voluntary donation of land possession for use as road ....................... 163
Annex-17: Screening Form for Social Safeguards Issues....................................................... 165
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List of Tables
Table 2-1: MDSP Project Area ....................................................................................................... 25
Table 2-2: Years of cyclones hit Bangladesh and death toll ......................................................... 26
Table 2-3: Number of death, missing and injured people due to the Sidr ................................... 26
Table 2-4: Types and Options for Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters developed under ECRRP ....... 27
Table 4-1 Sites Visited ................................................................................................................... 44
Table 5-1: Project Beneficiary Population .................................................................................... 55
Table 5-2: Project Area Population by Age ................................................................................... 55
Table 5-3: Literacy among Project Area Population ..................................................................... 56
Table 5-4: Population by Religion ................................................................................................. 57
Table 5-5: Tribal Population in the Project Area .......................................................................... 58
Table 5-6: Ownership of Farm Land in the Project Area .............................................................. 59
Table 5-7: Land Tenureship and Agri-labour Households ............................................................ 60
Table 5-8: Housing Pattern in the Project ..................................................................................... 61
Table 5-9: Occupation of Employed Population in Project Area by Male and Female ................ 61
Table 5-10: Households in Project Area with Possession of Livestock and Poultry ..................... 62
Table 5-11: Incidence of Poverty in Project Area ......................................................................... 63
Table 7-1: Summary of community consultation ......................................................................... 81
Table 10-1: Environmental Management Plan for Shelter ........................................................... 89
Table 10-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) ...................................................................... 92
Table 10-3: Method/ basis of estimation of cost of Monitoring .................................................. 94
Table 12-1: Training requirements for environmental management of MDSP ......................... 109
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Project Location .......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4-1: Proposed Shakchar Jabbar Community Primary School cum Disaster Shelter ......... 46
Figure 4-2: Proposed Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School cum Disaster Shelter . 46
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List of Acronyms
AP Affected Person ARIPO Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BDT Bangladesh Taka BECA Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act BNBC Bangladesh National Building Code BOD5 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Procedures BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology CHT Chittagong Hill-Tracts COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DG Director General DoE Department of Environment DoF Department of Forest DSC Design & Supervision Consultant EA Environmental Assessment ECA Ecologically Critical Area ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate ECCRP Emergency Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project ECoP Environmental Code of Practice ECR Environment Conservation Rules EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FGD Focus Group Discussion GAAP Governance and Accountability Action Plan GOB Government of Bangladesh GRC Grievances Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HQ Head Quarter IDA International Agency, IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation LGED Local Government Engineering Department MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests NGO Non-Government Organization O&M Operation & Maintenance OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy PAP Project Affected Person PD Project Director PM Particulate Matter PM10 Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter 10 micrometers PM2.5 Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 micrometers PMU Project Management Unit
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PPE Personal Protective Equipment PWD Public Works Department RAP Resettlement Action Plan SA Social Assessment SECs Special Environmental Clauses SIA Social Impact Assessment SMP Social Management Plan SPM Suspended Particulate Matter ToR Terms of Reference TPP Tribal People Plan WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organization
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PART A- GENERAL
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1. The coastal areas and off-shore islands of Bangladesh are low lying and flat. The height above
mean sea level of the coastal zone is less than 3m. The coastal regions are subjected to damaging
cyclones almost every year. They generally occur in early summer (April-May) or late rainy season
(October-November). Cyclones originate from the low atmospheric pressures over the Bay of Bengal. A
tropical cyclone forming in the Bay of Bengal has a lifetime of one week or longer. The height of the
surges can raise up to a maximum of 10 meters in the bay. The cyclone Sidr hit the southwest coastal
region of Bangladesh on November 15, 2007. It affected people and their assets to varying extents in the
30 districts of Bangladesh. Among the 30 districts, 4 districts were worst affected, 9 districts were badly
affected and 17 districts were moderately affected. A total of 3,347 people were reportedly killed and
the number of affected people in the affected districts was 8.9 million. It was assessed that cyclone Sidr
damaged crops of 300,739 hectors of agricultural lands and 1.778 million livestock were killed due to the
cyclone Sidr.
2. The lengths of the fully and the partially damaged roads were 1,714 Km and 6,361 Km
respectively. A total of 1,687 bridges and culverts were partially broken down. The housing sector,
productive sectors and public infra-structures were affected due to the Sidr. Total damages and loss
caused by the Sidr were estimated to be BDT 115.6 billion (US$ 1.7 billion). These early estimates
suggest that the reconstruction costs of the lost and damaged infrastructures are likely to be
considerable.
3. LGED is currently implementing the Emergency Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project
(ECRRP) under IDA financing. One of the main components of the project has been construction and
improvement of multipurpose disaster shelters in the coastal areas affected by the Cyclone Sidr in 2007
and Cyclone Aila in 2009.
4. The Government of Bangladesh is preparing the Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP)
to reduce the vulnerability of the population in cyclone prone areas of Bangladesh covering 9 coastal
districts including Sidr hit Bhola, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali, and five other coastal districts including
Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Feni, Laksmipur and Noakhali. The project aims to (a) reduce the loss of life of
human and livestock during natural disasters; and (b) increasing the population covered by accessible
multi-purpose shelters. These objectives will be achieved by improving existing multi-purpose shelters,
constructing new shelters, and improving access roads to the shelters and connectivity in the area.
5. The project will be implemented by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
under the Local Government Division (LGD) of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development
and Cooperatives (MLGRDC). LGED has long working experience with IDA investments complying with its
safeguard policies.
17
1.2. Basis of the ESMF
6. The exact locations, size and extent of the sub-projects are remain unknown and the details of
the sub-projects to be implemented under MDSP will be finalized during project implementation phase
and therefore, a framework approach has been adopted for Environment and Social Assessment. An
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the project for overall components has
been adopted to ensure that all subprojects are adequately screened/assessed for the environmental
issues, and to prepare site specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Social Management Plan
(SMP). The subproject eligible for funding under MDSP are required to satisfy the World Bank's
safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental and social legislation of the
Government of Bangladesh (GOB). The purpose of this document is to outline a Framework for
Environmental and Social Assessment and Management, giving brief details of potential Environmental
and Social issues typically associated with the planning and implementation of the project activities
envisaged under the MDSP.
7. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) highlights relevant general
policies, guidelines, codes of practice and procedures to be taken into consideration for integration of
environmental and social aspects into the project design. Adhering to the principles and procedures and
using the checklist of potential environmental and social issues laid out in this ESMF will help the
implementing agencies to ensure compliance with the World Bank's safeguard policies and the relevant
provisions under the related Government policies, and associated rules, regulations and procedures.
8. Sub-project specific environmental and social impacts cannot be precisely identified upfront
before sites are selected and detailed site investigations are carried out. The ESMF will provide the
necessary background for environmental and social considerations, a checklist of potential
environmental and social issues of the project activities to be considered and built into the design of the
project so that environmentally and socially sustainable implementation can take place. It will provide
guidelines to carry out Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
and to prepare Environmental Management Plans (EMP), Social Impact Assessment, Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) and Social Management Plan(SMP) to mitigate project induced negative
environmental impacts and enhance positive environmental impacts of the project interventions.
9. This EMF will also serve as the guideline for preparing Terms of Reference (TOR) of the
environment safeguard staff designated by the implementing agency, LGED to oversee and monitor the
environmental compliance of the respective project components coming under their implementation
responsibility. Therefore the EMF must be used as the template and guideline to ensure diligent
environmental compliance of the planning and implementation of the activities envisaged under the
MDSP projects.
10. The project components eligible for funding under MDSP will be required to follow the World
Bank's safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental and social legislation of the
Government of Bangladesh (GOB). The ESMF of MDSP has been developed to ensure compliance with
the World Bank's safeguard policies under the current conditions in Bangladesh.
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1.3. Objectives and General Principles of the ESMF=EMF+SMF
1.3.2. Environment Management Framework (EMF)
11. The objective of the EMF is to ensure that activities under the proposed operations will address
the following issues:
Minimize potential negative environmental impacts as a result of either individual sub-projects or their cumulative effects;
Enhance positive environmental outcomes;
Provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information;
Ensure that environmental and related social issues are thoroughly evaluated and necessary interventions are incorporated in planning, decision making, and implementation of project activities;
Protect environmentally sensitive areas from additional disturbance from project interventions;
Protect human health and safety; and
Ensure compliance and due diligence with World Bank environmental safeguard policies as well as with related Government policies, regulation, guidelines and procedures as applicable to the type of project activities financed by the project.
12. In view of the EMF objectives, the planning and implementation of the project activities will be
based on the principles incorporated in the project design and the implementation arrangements. The
work scope of MDSP involves construction of new shelters, expansion of existing shelters and
connecting roads. Geographical information system (GIS) technology will be applied at the planning
stage to select the locations of cyclone shelters that would be undertaken by the project. The selection
will consider some factors such as habitation, communication facilities, distance from the nearest
cyclone center etc. In addition, due diligence will be exercised in the selection of new shelters and
expansion of old shelters to ensure that project interventions would not result in drainage congestion
and barriers to natural water flows and fish migration.
13. The project will ensure that environmental considerations are given sufficient attention into
design decisions of cyclone shelters. To this end, the implementing agency will carry out environmental
assessment for all new cyclone shelters, rehabilitation of existing cyclone shelter and connecting roads.
14. The project will ensure that environmental assessment addresses all potential environmental
direct and indirect impacts of the sub-project throughout its life: preconstruction, construction and
operation stages and mitigation measures have been taken to mitigate negative consequences and
enhance positive impacts.
15. To the extent possible, the project will support saline and arsenic free potable water, renewable
energy (solar lighting) for lighting purposes and rainwater harvesting storage tanks for water supply
purpose and proper sanitation facilities.
16. The implementing agency, Local Government Engineering Division(LGED) will follow the related
government rules (laws, ordinances, acts etc.) and World Bank Operational Policies and Guidelines. The
Project Director of the MDSP will be responsible for the environmental compliance in their respective
19
component and will be responsible for monitoring and oversight to ensure overall project
environmental compliance. This EMF would serve as the basis for ensuring this compliance.
17. LGED will ensure the participation of local community in planning and implementation of sub-
projects. LGED will be responsible for obtaining and ensuring clearance required from local government
bodies/local committees as necessary.
18. No project activities will be carried out in disputed lands or lands restricted for development.
The project will ensure biodiversity conservation and bio-safety in planning and implementing its
activities.
1.3.3. Social Management Framework (SMF)
19. The Social Management Framework (SMF) is designed as a guidance to LGED in mainstreaming
social development and safeguards compliance requirements as per relevant national legislatives and
the World Bank operational guidelines providing general policies, principles and procedures in site
selection, design and implementation of subprojects (new multipurpose shelters, improvement of the
existing shelters and shelter connecting roads). Specific objectives of the SMF are the following:
Enhance the social development outcomes of construction and improvement of shelters and
shelter connecting roads at strategic locations in the disaster prone coastal areas.
Avoid or minimize land acquisition and displacement related hardships and impoverishment of
the project affected persons (PAP) to the extent possible.
Identify and mitigate adverse impacts that the selected sites might cause on people (men &
women), including protection against loss of livelihood activities, with culturally, socially and
economically appropriate measures.
Develop necessary social development and safeguard compliance measures through adequate
disclosure and consultation with affected people and their community, and
Ensure compliance with the relevant GOB policies and those of the World Bank on social
safeguards and other social issues, including those with gender implications.
20. To achieve the objectives, social management plan (SMP) will be prepared for each subproject
or construction package following the principles, guidelines and procedures outlined in this SMF and
implemented before construction of civil works. The SMPs may include resettlement action plan (RAP)
where private lands or public land from private uses are taken for sites and people are displaced
involuntarily.
21. In consideration of the potential adverse impacts associated with land acquisition and
displacement of authorized and unauthorized private activities from the lands owned by the sponsoring
institutions (and other public lands), LGED will select, design and implement all activities in accordance
with the following principles:
(1) Prior to selection of specific site, LGED will undertake community and stakeholders
consultations about the objectives, scopes, and social safeguard implications of subprojects,
20
especially with respect to obtaining private/public lands and displacement of people from their
housing, businesses, and productive resources. Consultations will inter alia include,
• All formal/informal local entities, such as beneficiary communities, local elected
representatives, local women’s groups and others with direct and indirect stakes in the
project who are deemed key actors to influence project design and implementation.
• The persons, such as landowners, business owners, traders, embankment settlers
(squatters and encroachers on sites) and the like, who would be directly affected by the
project.
• The persons who would be affected in terms of loss of livelihood and/or loss of access to
common property resources.
(2) LGED will avoid private land acquisition and limit its activities, to the extent feasible,
within the existing land of sponsoring institutions for shelters and existing road reserve for
shelter connecting roads to minimize displacement of economic and other activities from
private and public lands.
(3) At extreme requirements of additional land for shelters and shelter connecting roads,
LGED will seek to obtain the land through participatory approach of voluntary donation, direct
purchase, exchange or contribution against compensation complying with requirements of the
World Bank on such acts.
(4) At the circumstances when lands cannot be obtained through participatory approach in
absolute cases of requirement, and involuntary acquisition of private lands and resume of
existing lands from private uses are required, the project will resettle and rehabilitate the
affected persons through compensation and other measures following the World Bank OP 4.12
on involuntary resettlement.
(5) LGED will avoid, to the extent feasible, project activities that will threaten the cultural
way of life of tribal peoples; severely restrict their access to common property resources and
livelihood activities; and affect places/objects of cultural and religious significance (places of
worship, ancestral burial grounds, etc.).
(6) LGED will undertake social screening of all sites to identify potential social safeguard
issues, and adopt and implement impact mitigation measures consistent with the Bank’s OP
4.12 and OP 4.10.
(7) Special attention will be given to female affected persons in the resettlement process,
where applicable and to the vulnerability of women and children in the project areas to social
exclusion, trafficking, and risks of HIV/AIDS infection following the policy guidelines of the World
Bank on gender.
1.4. Overall Structure of ESMF
22. This report has been prepared by Local Government Engineering Division (LGED). The report has
been divided into four parts. The overall structure of the ESMF will constitute of the following chapters:
21
Part A is termed as “General” which discusses the legislative, regulatory, and institutional
setup that exists in the Country, as well as the World Bank’s safeguard policies relevant
to the environmental and social assessment and project description. The section also
Background, Basis of ESMF, Objectives and General Principles, Overall Structure of EMF
in chapter 1 and description of project components and project area in chapter 2.
Part B Environmental and Social Assessment include the environmental and social
assessment of the ongoing ECRRP project and the proposed project, impact and
mitigation and lessons learnt in chapter 4 and 5. Chapter 6 presents the consultation
summary during the assessment.
Part C Environmental and Social Assessment Procedure includes the guidelines for
conducting Environmental Screening, Analysis of Alternatives (technology, cost, site),
Need for Further Assessment, Guidelines for Carrying out IEE and EIA, Project Influence
Area, Environmental Baseline, Identification of Major Sub-project Activities. Assessment
with Prediction of Impacts, consultation procedure, social screening and impact
identification.
Guidelines for Environmental and Social Management planning are presented in Part D.
This section also includes institutional assessment and disclosure requirement. The
environmental consideration to be incorporated in the design is also discussed in this
section.
22
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Project Types and Categories
23. Project Objective. The proposed development objective of this project is to reduce the
vulnerability of the coastal population in Bangladesh to natural disasters. More specifically, the project
aims to (a) reduce the loss of life and livestock during natural disasters; and (b) increasing the population
covered by accessible multi-purpose shelters. This objective will be achieved by improving existing multi-
purpose shelters, constructing new disaster shelters, and improving roads and connectivity in the area.
24. Project Scope and Approach. Over the long term, the Government of Bangladesh aims to build
the resilience of coastal population to cyclones and extreme weather events. In this regard, the LGED
has developed a plan to estimate the total needs of cyclone shelters in the coastal area, and to divide
this need into Priority 1 and Priority 2 designations. The objective of the MDSP will address the critical
need of Priority 1 shelters in the coastal area. MDSP will cover nine districts severely affected by
cyclones, while ECRRP focus was primarily on Sidr affected districts. The Multipurpose Disaster Shelter
Project (MDSP) will cover 9 coastal districts including 4 Sidr hit Bhola, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali,
and five other coastal districts including Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Feni, Laksmipur and Noakhali (Map 1).
25. Project components. The proposed project is divided into three components. The proposed
components are: .
Component A: Reconstruction and Improvement of Multipurpose Shelters. Component B: Project Management, Monitoring and Technical Assistance and Training Component C: Emergency Contingent Response Component.
26. Component A is the physical interventions of the MDSP constitute construction, reconstruction
and improvement of multipurpose shelters in the coastal area of Bangladesh with the following
categories.
Subcomponent A1: Construction of 550 new shelters. This sub-component will finance the construction of 550 new shelters within the Priority 1 category. Shelter designs will include separate toilet facilities for men and women, and to include a safe space for livestock. The construction of shelters will be carried out by LGED as multipurpose buildings for primary schools, community centers or other community buildings, in full coordination with the local government, the local communities and the educational institutions.
Subcomponent A2: Rehabilitation of 450 existing shelters. This subcomponent will finance repairs and improvement of 450 existing educational institutions cum shelters that are damaged or cannot be used as shelters due to inadequacies. These shelters will be rehabilitated to bring these back into use, and to update and modernize the facilities. The shelters will be upgraded by LGED in coordination with other concerned agencies and packaged into larger contracts so as to expedite the works.
Subcomponent A3: Improvement of 550 km of communication network to shelters. Around 550 kilometers of rural road networks as well as communication networks to the shelters constructed under the project to make them more accessible
23
Figure 2-1: Project Location
24
2.2. Project Activities
27. The shelter buildings will be constructed in fashion so that they can be used for continuing class
works and other activities in normal situations. The shelters are constructed with separate bathrooms
for men and women. Safe water supply is ensured, water treatment for wastewater is included and
solar panels are provided. In addition, connections to existing road are ensured by constructing a link, if
needed. One floor is constructed for livestock and animals and top floor for human shelter. Ramp has
been provided for disable people and easy movement of livestock. The shelters are designed to
withstand wind speeds of 260 km/hour and placed higher than the expected surge level.
28. Project activities are mostly labour intensive and it is expected that income level of the local
poor will rise due of implementation of the project as they will get additional employment. The Project
will engage landless destitute women as far as possible in the maintenance and tree plantation activities
and this will generate long-term employment opportunity for them.
29. Efforts and activities will be undertaken to enhance the capability and experience of the officials
of the LGED working at District and Upazila level through training. Union Parishad (UP) and local people
will be involved in the preparation and implementation of the project activities. As a result
implementation capability and experience of the UP and local people will increase and it will also create
sense of ownership of the infrastructure development under the project by the Union Parishad and the
local People.
30. The project will ensure public participation by involving them in the selection process of the
shelter, solicit their wisdom and views and incorporate their views in the design of the shelter. Efforts
will be made to ensure the participation and responsibility of the institutions’ Management Committee
in the quality control, and monitoring environmental and social aspects during implementation and
maintenance for sustainability of the interventions.
31. LGED intends to ensure that the proposed infrastructure under the project takes into account
the environmental concerns in accordance with the Environment Conservation Rules 1997, and the
World Bank Safeguard Policies. In conducting this work, the Design Supervision (DS) Consultants shall
cooperate fully with Government officials related to the project who will provide the data and
requirements; the DS Consultants shall be solely responsible, however, for the analysis and
interpretation of all data received and for the conclusions and recommendations contained in their
reports.
2.3. MDSP Project Area
32. Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP) covers 9 coastal districts namely Barisal, Bhola,
Patuakhali and Pirojpur under Barisal division and Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Feni, Lakshmipur and
Noakhali in districts under Chittagong division. These districts are in the high risks of cyclonic events and
have comprehensive early warning systems. Rehabilitation and construction efforts under the
Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) were concentrated in the Sidr-
affected area1 only and a total of 232 disaster shelters were rehabilitated and 148 new shelters
1Bagerhat, Barguna, Barisal, Bhola, Jhalokai, Khulna, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Sathkira
25
constructed. MDSP will attempt to meet at least two thirds of the required shelters for nine coastal
districts as per the estimated 1046 new shelters for Priority 1 investments by 2020. Where ECRRP has
completed the construction or rehabilitation of multipurpose disaster shelters, investments under MDSP
would focus only on the additional shelters. MDSP will also cover the coastal districts where no
construction and rehabilitation works were undertaken under ECRRP. A total of 450 existing shelters in
Bhola, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Feni, Lakshmipur and Noakhali will be rehabilitated and 550 new shelters
will be constructed in all the 9 coastal districts under MDSP. MDSP will also cover construction and
improvement of 550 km shelter connecting roads in these districts. MDSP areas comprise of 74 Upazilas
under the 9 coastal districts vulnerable to various natural disasters including cyclone, storms, flooding,
etc. Out of 74 Upazilas, 42 Upazilas are located in the 5 districts under Chittagong division and 32
Upazilas are located in the 4 districts under Barisal division. There are 7420 villages in 734 Unions of the
74 Upazilas (Table 2-1). Total area of the project districts constitutes 24578.5 km² which is 16.7% of the
total area of Bangladesh (147,570 km²).
Table 2-1: MDSP Project Area
Division District Area
(sqkm) Rehabilitation
of existing shelters (no.)
Construction of new
shelters(no.)
No. of Upazila /Thana
No. of Pourashava
No. of Union
No. of Mouza
No. of Village
Barisal Barisal 2790.51 0 58 10 5 85 1,001 1,116
Bhola 3737.21 60 137 7 5 68 314 438
Patuakhali 3220.15 0 36 8 5 71 561 878
Pirojpur 1307.61 0 50 7 3 51 390 648
Sub-total 11055.48 60 281 32 18 275 2266 3080
Chittagong Chittagong 5282.98 130 120 14 10 199 909 1284
Cox’s Bazar 2,491.86 120 61 8 4 71 177 989
Feni 982.34 20 19 6 5 43 497 553
Lakhsmipur 1,455.96 30 34 5 4 55 455 547
Noakhali 3,600.99 90 35 9 8 91 882 967
Sub-total 13,814.13 390 269 42 31 459 2920 4340
Total 24,869.61 450 550 74 49 734 5186 7420
Source: BBS, Census-2011
2.4. Disaster vulnerability
33. Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country that is affected almost every year by natural disasters of
some kind. Its geographical location and three mighty rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the
Meghna rivers converged on its territory cause frequent floods, erosions and cyclones. Over a period of
100 years, 508 cyclones of varied degrees of devastations affected the Bay of Bengal region. A
devastated cyclone occurs once every three years2. Table 2-2 shows the death which took place since
1584.
2 Ali A., Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh, Climate Research, Vol. 12, 1999
26
Table 2-2: Years of cyclones hit Bangladesh and death toll
Year Deaths Year Deaths Year Deaths
1584 200,000 1941 7,500 1970 500,000
1822 40,000 1960 5,149 1985 11,069
1876 100,000 1961 11,468 1988 5,708
1897 175,000 1963 11,520 1991 138,000
1912 40,000 1965 19,279 - -
1919 40,000 1965 12,000 - -
34. It is evident that Barisal, Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Lakshmipur, Feni
and Noakhali districts of Bangladesh has been vulnerable to various disasters. The coastal districts have
been more vulnerable to the above-mentioned disasters. These hazards are already leading to the loss
and destruction of housing, land and property, the loss of livelihoods and displacement of the affected
people to some extent in the coastal districts. The poor people encounter the hardest hit of these
disasters. The effects of climate change may exacerbate magnitude of devastation of the disasters over
the upcoming years. Many of these hazards will disproportionately affect the poorest and most
vulnerable people in Bangladesh. The cyclone Sidr of 2007, Nurgis of 2008, Aila of 2009 and Laila of 2010
were the annual extreme events among a number of other hazards occurred in Bangladesh.
35. Barisal, Khulna and Dhaka divisions were severely affected by the Sidr. Of the 12 worst affected
districts, 6 districts are in Barisal division, 3 in Khulna division and 3 in Dhaka division. The worst affected
districts located in Barisal division include Barisal, Pirojpur, Jhalokathi, Patuakhali, Barguna and Bhola
districts. The worst affected districts located in Khulna division include Bagerhat, Khulna and Satkhira
districts. The worst affected districts located in Dhaka division include Gopalganj, Madaripur and
Shariatpur districts. Table 2-3 shows cyclone Sidr death toll, number of missing people and number of
injured people in Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna and Sylhet divisions. The highest numbers of the
death, the missing and the injured persons were 2,378; 902 and 42,238 persons respectively in Barisal
division while the lowest number of deaths (2 persons) was occurred in Sylhet division.
Table 2-3: Number of death, missing and injured people due to the Sidr
Name of Division No. of Deaths No. of Missing People No. of Injured People
Barisal 2,378 902 42,238
Chittagong 36 93 36
Dhaka 139 3 1,396
Khulna 851 3 11,612
Sylhet 2 - -
Total 3,406 1,001 55,282
Source: MoFDM 2008.
27
36. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) issued cyclone warnings in the days before
Sidr’s landfall at the coastal line in Bangladesh. Warnings were sent to communities regularly.
Bangladesh had to endure the entire attack of Sidr in November 2007. The southeast coastal districts of
Bangladesh and Myanmar were hit by Nargis. However, the southwest coastal districts of Bangladesh
and some parts of India were hit by Aila and Laila. It was found that cyclones left behind the highest risk
for perpetual tidal floods in the cyclone hit coastal districts of Bangladesh.
2.5. Type of Shelters and their Characteristics
37. Five types of shelters were designed for implementation under ECRRP which will be also used
for MDSP. The plans are attached in Annex 4. The selection of the type to be built is made based on the
site condition, land availability, and stake holders consultations. Table 2-4 provides an overview of the
shelter types developed under the ECRRP and layout plans are attached. These types of shelters design
would also be used under MDSP, however, deigns would be regularly updated based on the experience
gained during the project and modified to suit the needs of local communities.
Table 2-4: Types and Options for Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters developed under ECRRP
Key Features//Option Type TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 TYPE 4 1/ TYPE 5
Floor Area (m2) 300.5 342.91 290.57 396.37 301.21
Number of Floors 2 2 3 2 2
Number of Classrooms 3 3 3 5 3
Teachers Rooms 1 1 1 1 1
First-Aid Room 1 1 1 1 1
Room for Pregnant Women 1 1 1 1 1
Store Room 1 1 1 1 1
Toilet (male) 2 2 2 2 2
Toilet (female) 2 2 2 2 2
Tube well 2 2 2 2 2
Rainwater collection tank 2 2 2 2 2
Water filter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solar panel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Water pump Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Capacity (persons) 1,300 1,500 1,300 2/ 1,750 1,300
Capacity (livestock) - - 200 - -
1/ Option 4 is the least or not used option as (a) the plinth size and U shaped structure requires significant land; and (b) in the event of a cyclone, the free flow of high-speed winds is restricted due to the U-shaped structure, possibly placing addition wind pressure on the structure. 2/ In reality over 4,000 people use these shelters and there is overcrowding. They use the space in hallways and stairs also.
38. The shelter buildings at existing educational and social institutions are constructed to be multipurpose, and are typically used as primary schools when they are not in use for a disaster. The shelters are constructed with separate bathrooms for men and women. Safe water supply is ensured,
28
water treatment for wastewater is included and solar panels are provided. In addition, connections to existing roads are ensured by constructing a link, if needed. The class rooms are provided with furniture and other teaching tools. Generally, one floor is constructed for livestock and animals and top floor for human shelter. Floors have a mosaic finish and bathrooms have tiles for easy maintenance and cleaning. The shelters are designed to withstand wind speeds of 260 km/hour and placed higher than the expected surge levels. The foundation is constructed to bear vertical additions in the future, if necessary.
39. Type 3 is used more and liked most by local communities, as it also accommodates livestock on
the first floor. Types 2 & 4 require a larger footprint, and necessitate a separate “killa” space for
animals, so it has been constructed in far fewer instances. Where shelter for animals is a consideration,
Type 3 is constructed the most often. The design of the shelter is customized for each site making it
suitable for each site and acceptable for local communities. This is a dynamic process and new designs
are developed as new shelters are built.
29
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1. Relevant Government Policies, Acts, Rules and Strategies
40. The importance of environmental consideration related to construction as well as rehabilitation
projects has been recognized in a number of national documents that set the legal and regulatory
framework for management of the environment of various sector projects. In addition, Guidelines for
Environmental Assessment of Water Management prepared by the Water Resources Planning
Organization (WARPO) under National Water Management Plan Project is a useful reference document.
This EMF has adopted the guidelines. The major related policies are:
National Environmental Policy 1992 41. The concept of environmental protection through national efforts was first recognized and
declared in Bangladesh with the adoption of the Environment Policy, 1992 and the Environment Action
Plan, 1992. The major objectives of Environmental policy are to i) maintain ecological balance and
overall development through protection and improvement of the environment; ii) protect country
against natural disaster; iii) identify and regulate activities, which pollute and degrade the environment;
iv) ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors; v) ensure sustainable, long term and
environmentally sound base of natural resources; and vi) actively remain associate with all international
environmental initiatives to the maximum possible extent.
Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act (ECA), 1995 amended 2002
42. This umbrella Act includes laws for conservation of the environment, improvement of
environmental standards, and control and mitigation of environmental pollution. It is currently the main
legislative framework document relating to environmental protection in Bangladesh, which repealed the
earlier Environment Pollution Control ordinance of 1977.
43. The main provisions of the Act can be summarized as:
Declaration of ecologically critical areas, and restrictions on the operations and processes, which can be carried or cannot be initiated in the ecologically critical area;
Regulation in respect of vehicles emitting smoke harmful for the environment.
Environmental Clearance;
Regulation of industries and other development activities with regards to discharge permits;
Promulgation of standards for quality of air, water, noises and soils for different areas for different purposes;
Promulgation of standard limits for discharging and emitting waste; and
Formulation and declaration of environmental guidelines;
44. The first sets of rules to implement the provisions of the Act were promulgated in 1997 (see
below: “Environmental Conservation Rules 1997”). The Department of Environment (DoE) implements
the Act. DoE is headed by a Director General (DG). The DG has complete control over the DoE and the
main power of DG, as given in the Act, may be outlined as follows:
Identification of different types and causes of environmental degradation and pollution;
30
Instigating investigation and research regarding environmental conservation, development and pollution.
Power to close down the activities considered harmful to human life or the environment.
Power to declare an area affected by pollution as an Ecologically Critical Area. Under the Act, operators of industries/projects must inform the Director General of any pollution incident. In the event of an accidental pollution, the Director General may take control of an operation and the respective operator is bound to help. The operator is responsible for the costs incurred and possible payments for compensation.
Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997 amended 2003
45. These are the first set of rules, promulgated under the Environment Conservation Act 1995.
Among other things, these rules set (i) the National Environmental Quality Standards for ambient air,
various types of water, industrial effluent, emission, noise, vehicular exhaust etc., (ii) requirement for
and procedures to obtain Environmental Clearance, and (iii) requirements for IEE/EIA according to
categories of industrial and other development interventions.
46. However, the rules provide the Director General a discretionary authority to grant
‘Environmental Clearance' to an applicant, exempting the requirement of site/location clearance,
provided the DG considers it to be appropriate.
47. Presently, "EIA Guidelines for Industries" published by the Department of Environment and the
"Environment Conservation Rules 1997”are the formal documents providing guidance for conducting
Environmental Assessment. Any proponent planning to set up or operate an industrial project is
required to obtain an "Environmental Clearance Certificate" from the Department of Environment
(DoE), under the Environment Conservation Act 1995 amended in 2002.
48. Rule 7 of Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) has classified the projects into following four
categories based on their site conditions and the impacts on the environment; (a) Green, (b) Orange A,
(c) Orange B and (d) Red. Various industries and projects falling under each category have been listed in
schedule 1 of ECR 1997. According to the Rules, Environmental Clearance Certificate is issued to all
existing and proposed industrial units and projects, falling in the Green Category without undergoing
EIA. However, for category Orange A and B and for Red projects, require location clearance certificate
and followed by issuing of Environmental Clearance upon the satisfactory submission of the required
documents. Green listed industries are considered relatively pollution-free, and therefore do not require
site clearance from the DoE. On the other hand, Red listed industries are those that can cause
'significant adverse' environmental impacts and are, therefore, required to submit an EIA report. These
industrial projects may obtain an initial Site Clearance on the basis of an IEE based on the DoE’s
prescribed format, and subsequently submit an EIA report for obtaining Environmental Clearance.
National Land-use Policy, 2001
49. The Government of Bangladesh has adopted national Land use Policy, 2001. The salient features
of the policy objectives relevant to the proposed are as follows:
To prevent the current tendency of gradual and consistent decrease of cultivable land for the production of food to meet the demand of expanding population;
To ensure that land use is in harmony with natural environment;
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To use land resources in the best possible way and to play supplementary role in controlling the consistent increase in the number of land less people towards the elimination of poverty and the increase of employment;
To protect natural forest areas, prevent river erosion and destruction of hills;
To prevent land pollution; and
To ensure the minimal use of land for construction of both government and nongovernment buildings.
Environment Court Act, 2000
50. The aim and objective of the Act is to materialize the Environmental Conservation Act, 1995
through judicial activities. This Act established Environmental Courts (one or more in every division), set
the jurisdiction of the courts, and outlined the procedure of activities and power of the courts, right of
entry for judicial inspection and for appeal as well as the constitution of Appeal Court.
Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006
51. This Act pertains to the occupational rights and safety of factory workers and the provision of a
comfortable work environment and reasonable working conditions. In the chapter VI of this law safety
precaution regarding explosive or inflammable dust/ gas, protection of eyes, protection against fire,
works with cranes and other lifting machinery, lifting of excessive weights are described. And in the
Chapter VIII provision safety measure like as appliances of first aid , maintenance of safety record book,
rooms for children, housing facilities, medical care, group insurance etc. are illustrated.
Public Procurement Rule (PPR), 2008
52. This is the public procurement rules of Bangladesh and this rule shall apply to the Procurement
of Goods, Works or Services by any government, semi-government or any statutory body established
under any law. The rule includes the adequate measure regarding the “Safety, Security and Protection of
the Environment’ in the construction works. This clause includes mainly, the contractor shall take all
reasonable steps to (i) safeguard the health and safety of all workers working on the Site and other
persons entitled to be on it, and to keep the Site in an orderly state and (ii) protect the environment on
and off the Site and to avoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others
resulting from pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of the Contractors methods of
operation.
Bangladesh National Building Code
53. The basic purpose of this code is to establish minimum standards for design, construction,
quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of all buildings within Bangladesh in
order to safeguard, within achievable limits, life, limb, health, property and public welfare. The
installation and use of certain equipment, services and appurtenances related, connected or attached to
such buildings are also regulated herein to achieve the same purpose.
54. Part-7, Chapter-3 of the Code has clarified the issue of safety of workmen during construction
and with relation to this, set out the details about the different safety tools of specified standard. In
relation with the health hazards of the workers during construction, this chapter describes the nature of
the different health hazards that normally occur in the site during construction and at the same time
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specifies the specific measures to be taken to prevent such health hazards. According to this chapter,
exhaust ventilation, use of protective devices, medical checkups etc. are the measures to be taken by
the particular employer to ensure a healthy workplace for the workers.
55. Section 1.4.1 of chapter-1, part-7 of the BNBC, states the general duties of the employer to the
public as well as workers. According to this section, “All equipment and safeguards required for the
construction work such as temporary stair, ladder, ramp, scaffold, hoist, run way, barricade, chute, lift
etc. shall be substantially constructed and erected so as not to create any unsafe situation for the
workmen using them or the workmen and general public passing under, on or near them”.
56. Part-7, Chapter -1 of the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) clearly sets out the
constructional responsibilities according to which the relevant authority of a particular construction site
shall adopt some precautionary measures to ensure the safety of the workmen. According to section
1.2.1 of chapter 1 of part 7, “in a construction or demolition work, the terms of contract between the
owner and the contractor and between a consultant and the owner shall be clearly defined and put in
writing. These however will not absolve the owner from any of his responsibilities under the various
provisions of this Code and other applicable regulations and bye-laws. The terms of contract between
the owner and the contractor will determine the responsibilities and liabilities of either party in the
concerned matters, within the provisions of the relevant Acts and Codes (e.g.) the Employers' Liability
Act, 1938, the Factories Act 1965, the Fatal Accident Act, 1955 and Workmen's Compensation Act 1923”.
(After the introduction of the Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006, these Acts have been repealed).
57. To prevent workers falling from heights, the Code in section 3.7.1 to 3.7.6 of chapter 3 of part 7
sets out the detailed requirements on the formation and use of scaffolding. According to section 3.9.2 of
the same chapter, “every temporary floor openings shall either have railing of at least 900 mm height or
shall be constantly attended. Every floor hole shall be guarded by either a railing with toe board or a
hinged cover. Alternatively, the hole may be constantly attended or protected by a removable railing.
Every stairway floor opening shall be guarded by railing at least 900 mm high on the exposed sides
except at entrance to stairway. Every ladder way floor opening or platform shall be guarded by a guard
railing with toe board except at entrance to opening. Every open sided floor or platform 1.2 meters or
more above adjacent ground level shall be guarded by a railing on all open sides except where there is
entrance to ramp, stairway or fixed ladder. The precautions shall also be taken near the open edges of
the floors and the roofs”.
Coastal Zone Policy, 2005
58. Coastal zone policy initiated as a harmonized policy that transcends beyond sector perspectives.
The policy provides general guidance so that the coastal people can pursue their livelihoods under
secured conditions in a sustainable manner without impairing the integrity of the natural environment.
The policy framework underscores sustainable management of natural resources like inland fisheries
and shrimp, marine fisheries, mangrove and other forests, land, livestock, salt, minerals, sources of
renewable energy like tide, wind and solar energy. It also emphasis on conservation and enhancement
of critical ecosystem necessary measures will be taken to conserve and develop aquatic and terrestrial
including all the ecosystems of importance identified by the Bangladesh National Conservation Strategy
(Mangrove, coral reef, tidal wetland, sea grass bed, barrier island, estuary, closed water body, etc.).
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Coastal Development Strategy, 2006
59. Coastal Development Strategy has been approved by the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee
on Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy (ICZMP) on February 13, 2006. The strategy is based on
the Coastal Zone Policy and takes into account the emerging trends: increasing urbanization, changing
pattern of land use, declining land and water resources, unemployment and visible climate change
impacts. The strategy has 9 strategic priorities and the following 3 are relevant priorities with proposed
type of interventions:
Safety from man-made and natural hazards:i) strengthening and rehabilitation of sea dykes and ii) reduction of severe vulnerability in the coastal zone through multi-purpose shelters including coping mechanism.
Sustainable management of natural resources: i) environmentally and socially responsive shrimp farming; ii) introduction of renewable energy in coastal areas; and iii) development of marine fisheries and livelihood.
Environmental conservation -i) Marine and coastal environmental development; and ii) strengthening of Coast Guard for improvement of coastal safety and security in coordination with other law enforcing agencies.
Standing Orders on Disaster, 1999
60. The 'Standing Orders on Disaster' is designed to enhance capacity at all tiers of government
administrative and social structures for coping with and recovering from disasters. The document
contains guidelines for construction, management, maintenance and use of cyclone shelter center.
According to the guideline, geographical information system (GIS) technology will be applied at the
planning stage to select the location of cyclone shelter considering habitation, communication facilities,
distance from the nearest cyclone center etc.
61. The advice of the concerned District Committee is to be obtained before final decision. The
cyclone shelters should have easier communication facilities, so that in times of disaster, people can go
to the shelters without any delay. For this reason, the road communication from the cyclone shelters
should not only link up with city or main road but also with neighbouring village areas. Provision of
emergency water, food and sanitation and shelter space for livestock should also be kept in view for
construction of shelters.
GOB Laws on Land Acquisition 62. The principle legal instrument governing land acquisition in Bangladesh is the Acquisition and
Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982(Ordinance II of 1982 with amendments up to 1994)
and other land laws and administrative manuals relevant to land administration in Bangladesh.
According to the Ordinance, whenever it appears to the Government of Bangladesh that any property in
any locality is needed or is likely to be needed for any public purpose or in the public interest, the
Government can acquire the land provided that no property used by the public for the purpose of
religious worship, graveyard and cremation ground. The 1982 Ordinance requires that compensation be
paid for (i) land and assets permanently acquired (including standing crops, trees, houses); and (ii) any
other damages caused by such acquisition. The Deputy Commissioner (DC) determines (a) market value
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of acquired assets on the date of notice of acquisition (based on the registered value of similar property
bought and/or sold in the area over the preceding 12 months), and (b) 50% premium on the assessed
value (other than crops) due to compulsory acquisition. The 1994 amendment made provisions for
payment of crop compensation to tenant cultivators. Given that people devalue land during title
transfer to minimize tax payment, compensation for land paid by DC including premium largely remains
less than the actual market price.
3.2. World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
63. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their
environment in the development process. Safeguard policies provide a platform for the participation of
stakeholders in project design, and act as an important instrument for building ownership among local
populations. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the
Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention to these policies. The World Bank has ten
environmental, social, and legal safeguard policies which are listed in the following:
Environmental policies: OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.09 Pest Management OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP 4.36 Forests OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams
Social Policies OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
Legal Policies OP/BP 7.50 International Waterways OP/BP 7.60 Disputed Areas
64. Operational Policies (OP) are the statement of policy objectives and operational principles
including the roles and obligations of the Borrower and the Bank, whereas Bank Procedures (BP) is the
mandatory procedures to be followed by the Borrower and the Bank. Apart from these, the IFC
guidelines for Environmental Health and safety have been adopted by the World Bank Group which is
also relevant for environmental protection and monitoring. In addition to that the Policy on Access to
Information of World Bank also relates to environmental safeguard. The environmental safeguard and
access to information policy as well as the IFC guidelines are discussed below:
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
65. This policy is considered to be the umbrella safeguard policy to identify, avoid, and mitigate the
potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with Bank lending operations. In World
Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure
that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people
have been properly consulted. The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA and the Bank advises
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the borrower on the Bank’s EA requirements. The Bank classifies the proposed project into three major
categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and
magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:
Category A: The proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works.
Category B: The proposed project’s potential adverse environmental impacts on human population or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, or other natural habitats- are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than Category A projects.
Category C: The proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts.
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats
66. The conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development. The
Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their
functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports,
and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure
opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects that
involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.
OP/BP 4.09 Pest Management
67. The aim of the pest management policy is to minimize and manage the environmental and
health risks associated with pesticide use and promote and support safe, effective and environmentally
sound pest management. The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank-financed project is contingent on
an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and
the intended user. To manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the Bank supports a
strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on
synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank- financed projects, the borrower addresses pest management
issues in the context of the project's environmental assessment. In appraising a project that will involve
pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and
institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
68. Physical cultural resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures,
groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological,
historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Their cultural interest may be
at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Physical cultural
resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for
economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The
Bank assists countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on physical cultural resources from
development projects that it finances. The impacts on physical cultural resources resulting from project
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activities, including mitigating measures, may not contravene either the borrower's national legislation,
or its obligations under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The borrower
addresses impacts on physical cultural resources in projects proposed for Bank financing, as an integral
part of the environmental assessment (EA) process.
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
69. Forest is defined as an area of land of not less than 1.0 hectare with tree crown cover (or
equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent that have trees with the potential to reach a
minimum height of 2 meters at maturity in situ. A forest may consist of either closed forest formations,
where trees of various stories and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, or open forest.
The definition includes forests dedicated to forest production, protection, multiple uses, or
conservation, whether formally recognized or not. The definition excludes areas where other land uses
not dependent on tree cover predominate, such as agriculture, grazing or settlements. In countries with
low forest cover, the definition may be expanded to include areas covered by trees that fall below the
10 percent threshold for canopy density, but are considered forest under local conditions. The Bank's
forests policy recognizes the importance of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner integrates
forests effectively in economic development, aims to reduce deforestation, promote afforestation and
enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas. The Bank assists borrowers with the
establishment and sustainable management of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and
economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services.
OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams
70. When the World Bank finances new dams, the Policy Safety on Dams requires that experienced
and competent professionals design and supervise construction, and that the borrower adopts and
implements dam safety measures through the project cycle. The policy also applies to existing dams
where they influence the performance of a project. In this case, a dam safety assessment should be
carried out and necessary additional dam safety measures implemented.
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement 71. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary
restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid
involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and
economic impacts. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and
implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve
or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement.The policy prescribes
compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers
prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects.
OP 4.10 Indigenous People 72. The term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social
and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:
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self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;
collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and
an indigenous language, often different from official language of the country/ region.
73. The Bank provides project financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation results in
broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples. Such Bank-financed
projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples’
communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects.
Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and
economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and inter-generationally inclusive.
IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines
74. The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of the World Bank Group
(WBG)/International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2008 is the safeguard guidelines for environment, health
and safety for the development of the industrial and other projects. They contain performance levels
and measures that are considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs using existing
technologies. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS
Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or
measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project
circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the
site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any
alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment.
75. The section 4 of EHS Guidelines for “Construction and Decommissioning” provides additional,
specific guidance on prevention and control of community health and safety impacts that may occur
during new project development, at the end of the project life-cycle, or due to expansion or
modification of existing project facilities.
3.3. Implications of the Environmental Policies to the Project
76. The new shelter/school building with access road will be constructed at the same premises of
the existing education institutions and those will be identified during implementation stage. In general
the project will increase the safe accommodation of human and livestock during natural disasters by
increasing the number of the multi-purpose shelters. The project does not envisage any significant or
irreversible environmental/social impact. The environmental impacts of the project are expected to be
mostly construction related, on-site and limited within the project boundaries. These impacts can be
mitigated through implementation of appropriate environmental code of practice and environmental
management plan.
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77. Cyclone shelter construction is not clearly categorized in ECR. It may be noted that construction
of multi-storied building is considered as the 'Orange B' category which requires Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)/Environmental Assessment. Construction, reconstruction and extension of connecting
roads are also classified as ‘Orange B' category. Environmental Assessment/IEEwill be carried out for the
new and rehabilitation of cyclone shelters and connecting roads. If IEE indicates that there are
significant environmental impacts from the construction/rehabilitation of cyclone shelter and road; the
implementing agency will conduct the EIA as per DOE guidance and require DOE clearance. Site
clearance will be required for all connecting road and cyclone shelter.
78. The BNBC, PPR 2008, Bangladesh Labor Act 2006 outlines guidelines for ensuring worker’s
health and safety during construction works which would have direct implications in MDSP. It would be
the responsibilities of the contractors (with supervision of LGED) to make sure that these guidelines are
followed in the workplace environment.
79. In view of subprojects nature, the project is classified as a Category ‘B’ under the WB safeguard
policy. OP/BP 4.01 has been triggered to ensure that the sub project design and implementation will be
focused on reducing adverse impacts and enhancing positive impacts. A framework approach will be
adopted for proper environment management.
80. The new disaster shelter cum school building will be constructed within the boundary of the
selected existing education institutions. The activities of the project will not involve any pesticide
application. Activities in forest areas or natural habitat or relate to protection of dams will not be
supported under this project. Also it is unlikely that any designated physical cultural resources will be
affected by the subprojects. Hence OP/BP 4.09, OP/BP 4.04, OP/BP 4.11, OP/BP 4.36 and OP/BP 4.37
will not trigger for this project.
81. It is the responsibility of the respective implementing agency to screen, take mitigation
measures and monitor the environmental issues in both Construction and Operation & Maintenance
phase.
3.4. Environmental Clearance Procedure
82. The legislative bases for EIA in Bangladesh are the Environmental Conservation Act 1995
(ECA'95) and the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 (ECR'97). Department of Environment (DOE),
under the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), is the regulatory body responsible for enforcing
the ECA'95 and ECR'97. It is the responsibility of the proponent to conduct an EIA of development
proposal, the responsibility to review EIA for the purpose of issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate
(ECC) rests on DOE.
83. The first step of obtaining Environmental Clearance for the project the proponent is to apply for
it in prescribed form, together with a covering letter, to the Director/Deputy Director of respective DoE
divisional offices. The application should include a project feasibility study report, the IEE/EAreport with
the Environmental Management Plan, No Objection Certificate (NOC) of the local authority; and
appropriate amount of fees in ‘treasury chalan’ (in the present case the amount is BDT 50,000). The EA
report will have separate location specific baseline information, environmental analysis and EMP for
39
each sub-project. The DOE authority reserves the right to request additional information, supporting
documents, or other additional materials for the proposed project. Under the conditions specified in the
Environment Conservation Rules-1997, the DoE divisional authority must issue environmental site
clearance certificates within 60 working days from the date of submitting the application, or the refusal
letter with appropriate reasons for such refusal. The clearance issued remains valid for a one-year
period and is required to be renewed 30 days prior to its expiry date.
84. Environment clearance has to be obtained by the Local Government Engineering Department
(LGED) from the Department of Environment (DOE).
3.5. Implication of Land Acquisition Legal Framework to MDSP
85. The current legal instrument for acquiring lands for public purposes is the 1982 Land Acquisition
and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance. Land Acquisition Laws and Acts have evolved and
changed over the years in this territory from Bengal in British period through Pakistan Era to present
time. The system of land administration was moulded to suit the permanent settlement Act of 1793
during the British rule. The then Bengal Tenancy (BT) Act of 1885 was promulgated by the British
colonial regime for the interest of the state rights. Subsequently, Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was
enacted as the first legislation on acquisition and requisition of property in 1894 in Indian sub-continent
(Islam, et al., 2003).
86. The East Bengal Emergency Requisition of Property Ordinance was promulgated on 14 July 1947.
After partition of Bengal3 in August 1947, the Eastern part of Bengal became East Pakistan. The then
East Pakistan was in need to acquire lands for construction of government offices, educational
institutions (schools and colleges), hospitals and railway stations. A new law labeled ‘the (Emergency)
Requisition of Property Act 1948’ (Act XIII of 1948) was passed to address the emerged situation. In
addition, East Pakistan modified and amended Land Acquisition Act 1894 and Law on Requisition in the
shape of an Ordinance titled ‘Ordinance of 1947’. A number of new acts were promulgated at different
stages4. The (Emergency) Requisition of Property Act, 1948 was extended from time to time on triennial
basis up to last time in 1981. There were some drawbacks in the Emergency Requisition of Property Act,
1948, such as i) the forced nature of acquisition of property, ii) misuse of acquired land, iii) insufficient
compensation amount, and iv) long delays in the payment of compensation.
87. Hussain (1995) states that process of determining amount of compensation against acquired
land and payment of compensation took longer period of time under the provision of Land Acquisition
Act, 1894. However, the basic Act of 1894 had been effectively modified by the Ordinance of 1982 with
aim to mitigate the above-mentioned delays. Besides, the ordinance has provision to provide the
affected persons with certain safeguards regarding payment of compensation and mitigating misuse of
land. Till now those safeguards could not benefit the project affected persons5. The 1982 Ordinance has
roots in the British colonial Land Acquisition Act of 1894 that laid the basis for the practice of land
acquisition in South Asia during the colonial and post-colonial periods. As described by Pittaluga, the
3 Two countries, India and Pakistan, emerged through partition of India in August 1947. 4 Islam et al., 2003; 14-15, Volume One, BANGLAPEDIA 5 Because most of the affected owners did not have all the essential papers, deeds and documents. Those documents were essential to prove their ownership of acquired property.
40
1982 Ordinance presents significant challenges in its application, (i)Market value is not given as
compensation against acquired land, houses and other assets, (ii) the project affected people who fail to
demonstrate legal title to acquired land are not eligible for compensation, (iii) determined
compensation rates do not reflect market rates at replacement rates, (iv) payment of compensation in
installments has profound impact on the PAPs’ failure in purchase of replacement lands or invest in
business, (v) Zaman states that land acquisition process is extremely cumbersome. It involves 22 steps,
multiple government bodies and agencies and rampant corruption (Zaman 1996).
88. The current legal framework is not adequate to mitigate the adverse impacts associated with
land acquisition and involuntary displacement. Its provisions do not fully satisfy the requirements of the
Bank’s OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. Also, no other policies are there to complement the
acquisition law in ways to assess, mitigate and monitor the adverse impacts that the affected
landowners may suffer.
3.6. Implication of Social Development and Safeguard: World Bank’s Operational Policies
89. The World Bank’s social development and safeguard policies support sustainable poverty
reduction by preventing and mitigating undue harm to people and their environment in the
development process (in this case, construction of new shelters, rehabilitation and improvement of the
existing shelters and the shelter connecting roads). This approach facilitates participation of
stakeholders in project design, and has been an important instrument for building ownership among
local populations. The World Bank’s key social safeguards operational policies (OP) and Bank Procedures
(BP) include the OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and OP/BP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples. The
Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement is triggered where involuntary land
acquisition and displacements are involved. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the
extent possible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. The displaced
people are facilitated to ensure their active participation in resettlement planning and implementation,
and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least
restore their incomes and standards of living after their relocation.
90. Given the approach of subproject identification and implementation, the project does not
envisage any involuntary resettlement or acquisition of land. Lands owned by the sponsoring local
educational and social institutions will be used for construction of new shelter and horizontal extension
of existing ones in the nine coastal districts. In cases of unavailability of institutional lands, voluntary
donation, direct purchase or exchange by the sponsoring institutions will be resorted to. However,
displacement of people may be involved in critical circumstances where vacant land in possession of the
sponsoring institutions will not be available. Although unlikely, LGED may also opt to obtain private land
through involuntary acquisition at absolute requirement cases. The project therefore, triggers the OP
4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement that requires that the economic, social, and environmental risks out of
relocation/resettlement are mitigated and livelihoods of the displaced persons are restored. Relocation/
resettlement may cause severe long term hardship, impoverishment, and damage unless appropriate
measures are carefully planned and carried out. LGED will seek to use lands owned by the sponsoring
institutions. Involuntary resettlement is envisioned only when the sponsoring authority will be using
41
private lands or vacating its own land from encumbrances. The overall policy of involuntary resettlement
LGED will comply with, are the following:
Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all
viable alternative project designs.
Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived
and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment
resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits.
Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to
participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and
standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to
levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
Although the project area is fixed for MDSP, actual sites will be identified during implementation phase
and impacts on tribal peoples existent in all the 9 project districts will be known only when the specific
sites for shelter and shelter connecting roads will be identified on ground. Considering the
characteristics analysis of tribal peoples in the project districts, as covered in the Bank OP 4.10 on
Indigenous Peoples, and given the unlikelihood of any adverse impact on them (see section 5.2.6), the
OP 4.10 has not been triggered to the project. Even though, in circumstances when tribal peoples will
be identified in a subproject catchment area, LGED will avoid any adverse effects on the tribal peoples
and undertake measures to ensure culturally appropriate design and operation strategy those are also
gender and intergenerationally inclusive. Depending on the presence of tribal peoples among the
beneficiaries, LGED will adopt the following strategic measures in the preparation, design and
implementation of subprojects:
Select subproject interventions and determine their scopes to avoid impacts on tribal peoples.
Ensure free, prior and informed consultation with the tribal peoples where subproject identifies
tribal peoples among the beneficiaries.
Ensure subproject benefits are accessible to the tribal community living in the subproject area.
Ensure tribal peoples participation in the entire process of identification, planning, and
implementation of subprojects.
Wherever possible, adopt measures to reinforce and promote any available opportunities for
socioeconomic development of the tribal peoples.
3.7. World Bank Policy on Access to Information
91. In addition to the safeguard policies, the Access to Information Policy also relates to safeguards.
To promote transparency and facilitate accountability, Bank Access to Information Policy supports
decision making by the Borrower and Bank by allowing the public access to information on
environmental and social aspects of projects in an accessible place and understandable form and
language to key stakeholders. The Bank ensures that relevant project-related environmental and social
42
safeguard documents, including the procedures prepared for projects involving subprojects, are
disclosed in a timely manner before project appraisal formally begins. The policy requires disclosure in
both English and Local language and must meet the World Bank standards.
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PART B-ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL ISSUES AND
ASSESSMENT
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4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
4.1. Basis of Assessment
92. For carrying out “overall environmental assessment” of the MDSP, field surveys, consultations
with different stake holders, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) , review of EA reports of ongoing ECRRP
etc. were made. Field visits were conducted to two proposed preliminary project sites (exact location of
the construction/reconstruction is yet to be identified) to be possibly considered and three completed
project sites under ECRRP. Table 4-1 shows the name of the visited sites.
Table 4-1 Sites Visited
Name of the site Upazilla/Subdistrict District
Proposed preliminary project sites of MDSP
Shakchar Jabbar Master Community Primary School Lakshmipur Sadar Lakshmipur
Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School Companiganj Noakhali
Completed project sites under ECRRP
Bhoroshakathi Government Primary School Ujirpur Barisal
Dakhin Muradia Government Primary School Dumki Patuakhali
Char Kalaiya Madrasa Government Primary School Bauphal Patuakhali
93. During field visits, discussions were held with the different stakeholders on different issues;
discussions on recently completed projects of ECRRP; proposed sub-projects to be implemented under
MDSP; and capacity and institutional arrangement for environmental management of the proposed sub-
projects. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held during these field visits to identify issues and
problems to enable the institution to corrective measures and to identify lessons and opportunities to
enhance project implementation mechanism. Discussions also have been held with the LGED officials on
different aspects of project implementation and management, particularly focusing on existing capacity
and institutional arrangement for environmental management of the proposed sub-projects.
94. In order to develop a comprehensive Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the
MDSP, an environmental baseline study was carried out in areas within and surrounding of these visited
sites. The specific objectives of the baseline study were to gather information on the existing physical
and ecological surveys and other studies (e.g., physical infrastructures, water supply and sanitation, solid
waste management, water quality, and noise level measurements) of the areas within and around the
project sites, and to assess peoples’ perception on different aspects of the proposed project. The data
and information gathered during the baseline study provide a detailed description of the existing
conditions of physical and biological environment in and around the project areas. The possible
environmental impacts of the sub-projects under MDSP have been evaluated against these baseline
environmental conditions.
4.2. Baseline of sample sites from Newly Proposed District (Non-sidr area)
95. LGED is in the process of identification of sub-projects for possible implementation under MDSP.
These potential subprojects will be further reviewed and analyzed for preparing short-list of sub-
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projects on priority based for possible implementation under MDSP. Since exact location of the
construction/reconstruction is yet to be identified, two schools were picked on sample basis to
understand the overall baseline condition and possible environmental impact from the proposed
activities. Two orientation and FGD meetings were arranged at these sites. The sites were visited on
April 05, 2014 and April 06, 2014 and collected relevant information on EA.
96. Shakchar Jabbar Master Community Primary School is located at Shakchar village in Shakchar
Union under Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila of Lakshmipur district. The site is bounded by Shakchar Jabbar
Master High School to the North, Mosque of Shakchar Bazar to the East, road to the South and another
road to the West.
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Figure 4-1: Proposed Shakchar Jabbar Community Primary School cum Disaster Shelter
97. Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School is located at Char Purbani Ward in Char
Purbani Union under Companiganj Upazila of Noakhali district. This site is bounded by a pond and
agricultural lands to the North, homesteads to the East, homesteads, pond and mosque to the South
and homesteads and shop to the West.
Figure 4-2: Proposed Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School cum Disaster Shelter
98. A summary of the baseline of the these above two sites are given below
47
99. Climate- Meteorological conditions of the middle South part of Bangladesh are more or less
similar in respect to temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind (speed and direction). It was reported
that the annual average temperature ranges from a maximum of 35°C to a minimum of 12°C; and
annual rainfall is about 3200mm.Temperature has been increased very slightly in these areas over the
years in the current decade due to global warming. Similarly humidity (average range 80-90%) has also
been increased to negligible extent. On the contrary, rainfall has been on decline in the current decade.
Wind speed and direction (Southeast wind 10 kph to 30 kph in general) are also slowly changed over the
years.
100. Water Quality (surface and groundwater)-There are 3 deep tube wells, one at Shakchar Jabbar
Master Community Primary School, another tube well at High School and the third one at the adjacent
Bazar. It was reported that the water is arsenic free ( < 0.01 mg/l); however, tube well water is
contaminated with iron to some extent (1.1 mg/l). There is a pond in the east side of mosque of this
bazaar. Water of the pond is used for bathing and doing ablution as well.
101. There is one tube well at Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School. Water of this tube
well was tested for arsenic and result of the arsenic test showed that water of this tube well is arsenic
free( < 0.01 mg/l). However, iron particles are present in tube well water to negligible extent ( 0.9 mg/l).
Pond water is used for cooking purpose.
102. Fisheries- Fish is cultivated in the ponds although a good number of ponds dry up during March
to May before the rains. Fish species found in the locality are common carps, shrimps and prawns, other
brackish water species and local indigenous species. The preferred species for consumption include
carps, prawns and shrimps, cat fish and some local varieties. The endangered fish species are not
reported in the area. Prawns and shrimps are cultivated using the river water.
103. Flora and Fauna-The project area has some flora of commercial importance. The major tree
species found in the area are mahogany, betel nut, rain-tree and (in Bengali and colloquial) Simul, Sishu,
Arjun, Kul, Minjiri, Jarul, Hizal, Sheaora, Khaer, Siris etc. No endangered floral species are reported. The
dominant fruit-bearing trees include mango, jackfruit, bananas, coconut etc.
104. Besides domestic animals, wild dogs, jungle cat, jackal, monkeys, squirrels, mongoose and
rodents like ants and snakes are reported. Some birds found in common Bengali name include Chorui,
Doel,Shalik, Chil, Pecha, Kak, Tuntuni, Bulbuli, Kokil etc. Endangered species are not reported.
105. Flooding and Drainage-The selected area falls on the medium highland and from the FGD, it was
informed that the most selected areas are flood free and elevation is higher than normal local flood
level. Incessant rains cause temporary water stagnation and water drains out in several hours. Cyclones
cause water stagnation and other impediments causing miseries to the people.
106. Land/soil type- Land/soil types are sandy and (ii) sandy loam in the catchment area of Shakchar
Jabbar Master Community primary school cum cyclone shelter. Soil types are (i) clayey, (ii) clay loam,
(iii) sandy soil in the catchment area of Char Parbati Rahimia Government Primary School cum Cyclone
Shelter.
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107. Noise/Dust Pollution- Vehicles such as motor cycle, tempo, tractor etc. generate noise in the
subproject area but within tolerable limit. No other perceptible sources of noise generation such as
factories, brick field, industries, etc. were found near by the sub-project area. The base line of noise
level and air pollution in the subproject area has been noticed within the acceptable limit.
108. Economic development- There are lined (pucca) and unlined (katcha) roads in Shakchar and
Char Parbati areas which contribute to road transportation and thereby contribute to the economic
development of this locality. The existing pucca road is connected to Upazila road. Transportation using
by the people of Char Parbati include (i) CNG tri-wheelers, (ii) auto rickshaw, (iii) rickshaw, (iv) bicycles
etc. There is electricity supply in Char Parbati.
109. Agricultural development- In Shakchar Union major crops include paddies, IRRI, Aus and Aman,
pea-nut (badam), soya bin, wheat, vegetables, gourds, pumpkin, etc. On the other hand, in Char Parbati
Union major crops include Aman, Aus and IRRI paddies, various pulses (lentil, kheshari), badam, wheat,
garlic, etc.
110. Land use- In Shakchar Union lands have been used for various purposes, such as habitats for
human beings (15% of total lands), agriculture (80% of total lands), fishery (3% of total lands), poultry
(1% of total lands) and dairy firms (1% of total land). On the other hand, in Char Parbati Union, lands are
being used for habitats of human beings (20% of total lands), agriculture (75% of total lands) and fishery
and other farms (5% of total lands).
4.3. Assessments of the Ongoing Phase of ECRRP (Sidr sites)
111. The ECRRP area mainly covered the districts namely, Bagerhat, Barguna, Barisal, Bhola,
Jhalokathi, Khulna, Patuakhali, Pirojpur and Satkhira. The overall environmental assessment of
completed project under ECRRP is compiled on the basis of the surveys, subproject specific EA report
with baseline and management plan, the periodic evaluation reports of the consultants and the
evaluation reports of the M&E Consultants for the ECRRP and field visit. The ECRRP- Component B
covers construction of 230 new multi-purpose shelters, repair and improvement of 250 existing schools-
cum-cyclone shelters and construction of 130 km of access roads. Constructions of these shelter and
killas in the remote char areas have increased the sense of security of the communities as well as
livestock during natural disaster. Sites were selected with the consensus of the people. However, the
building location, design options and layout of the design are confirmed on actual field situation and the
recommendation from the environment team of Bank. The recommendations on design are mainly, (i)
constructing separate bathrooms for men and women (ii) ensuring safe water supply by constructing
deep tubewell on the basis of water test report (iii) rain water harvesting facilities. The shelters are
designed to withstand wind speeds of 260 km/hour and placed higher than the expected surge level.
Access facilities to these shelters such as connecting roads, drinking water facilities, lighting facilities etc.
have been provided.
112. Each of the activity under ECRRP was environmentally assessed before construction in
accordance with the environmental management framework (EMF). Baseline surveys were done at each
subproject and the site specific management plan was prepared. The upazilla Engineer or Sub-Assistant
Engineer of LGED and the Field Resident Engineer of the Consultant team mainly conducted the
49
screening work and the environmental specialist of Design and Supervision Consultants (DSM) endorsed
the screening format. Most of the screening checklist revealed that the sub-projects did not generate
any significant adverse impact on pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases in the
physical and social environment of the area.
113. Major environmental concerns in the context of the sub-projects of ECRRP are site specific and
temporary and construction related. The issues are mainly dust, noise, waste disposal, water supply and
sanitation, safety measures in stockpiling and transportation of stockpiles of construction and site
wastes. The cost of the environmental management plan (EMP) has been estimated and included in the
bill of quantities of bid document. Frequent field visits and close supervision by the field staff ensure the
implementation of EMP. In addition, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Consultant under Project
Coordination Management Unit (PCMU) is responsible for reviewing the EA and supervising
implementation of the overall EMF.
114. Tree plantation is an important issue for environmental mitigation and enhancement and to
maintain bio-diversity in these disaster prone areas. Since tree plantation is taken up after construction,
the School Management Committees (SMC) has come to an agreement to make the plantation program.
115. The detail assessment report on 3 completed shelters (i) Bhoroshakathi GPS/CS, Upazila-Ujirpur,
District-Barisal, (ii)Dakhin Muradia GPS/CS, Upazila-Dumki, District-Patuakhali and (iii) Char Kalaiya
Madrasa/CS, Upazila-Bauphal, District- Patuakhali of Different Designs options under ECRRP is shown
in the Annex-1.
Lessons Learnt
116. No major environmental problem has been reported in the project implementation of the
original project by far. It was notified from the M&E Consultant that some EIA reports for Cyclone
Shelters had not been received before commencement of the respective construction. Further attention
is required in timely preparation and review of the EA reports and the monitoring of EMP
implementation.
117. The compliance of the environmental issues will smoothly ensure if the concerned field staffs
have the technical background or training programs are arranged for them on supervision for the
implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
4.4. Overall Baseline of MDSP Project Area (non-Sidr and Sidr affected area)
118. The project area mainly covering 9 coastal districts including Sidr hit Bhola, Barisal, Pirojpur and
Patuakhali, and five other coastal districts including Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Feni, Laksmipur and
Noakhali. The base line of the project area is formulated mainly from the IEE/EIA reports of the
subprojects under ECRRP, field observations and spot analyses, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). A
summary of the baseline of the overall project area is given below.
Climate
119. Meteorological conditions of the southern Bangladesh are more or less similar in respect to
temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind (speed and direction). The average rainfall per year is varying
from 300 to 400 centimeters. The temperatures varying from 32 to 42 degrees Celsius during summer
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and rainy season (March to October and 12 to 25 degrees in winter during the dry months (November to
February). Maximum humidity is 90% during wet months (July to September) coming down to 60% in
dry months. The wind speed fluctuates between 15 to 25 kilometer per hour (Kph) during wet and 7 to
12 Kph during dry months. These areas are cyclone prone and it usually occurs 2 to 3 times in a year
during April-June and October-November.
Geology/Seismology
120. The project land area in general is flat with medium high and medium low land type with
patches of high and low land. Soil is mainly composed of non-calcareous grey flood plain soil. The
project area of MDSP is situated in the villages as well as semi-urban areas.
Noise and Air
121. The base line of noise level and air pollution in most of the subproject area has been noticed
within the acceptable limit (around 40 dBA).
Water logging and Drainage
122. From the FGD, it can be stated that the most selected areas are flood free and elevation is
higher than normal local flood level. The area is not affected in normal floods. Due to heavy rainfall
sometimes the area became flooded; but as drainage is good water drains out quickly and there is no
water logging problem. It has been observed that the drainage systems are generally linked with the
adjacent outfall or nearby river ensuring good drainage in the semi urban areas of Bangladesh. In
general, the areas are surrounded by road mostly unlined (katcha) and semi-lined with a few lined
(pucca) connecting road system.
Surface and Ground water quality
123. The proposed project under the coastal area and the rivers fall under the natural system of high
and low tides. There are small and medium ponds, which are used for multiple purposes. People drink
deep tube-well water. At many subproject sites, the numbers of tube-well is very few resulting water
crisis during the dry season. Pond water is generally sweet. River water is saline of variable intensity.
124. Ground water of the project area is slightly to moderately saline, most of the area were
reported to be arsenic free (<.01 mg/l) but contains iron (around 0.7-1.3 mg/l). The depth of the shallow
water (not drinkable) varies from 2.0 to 5.5 m. But the depth for drinkable water is varying from 50 m to
200m. For drinking and other domestic purposes, people usually use deep tube-well water. Harvested
water from the rains also used in some areas where ground water exploration is difficult. There are
small and medium ponds, which are used for multiple purposes. When water from the main source is
saline, the ponds are also used as water reservoir of sweet/rain water. A proportion of the population
also uses the pond water for drinking purposes. Moreover, as saline water is not useable the
construction work has been concentrated during rainy season. Most of the schools are provide deep
tube well for drinking water purposes.
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Biological/Ecological Resource
125. The projected area for construction has some existence of flora and fauna of some commercial
value. No particular endangered animal species has been observed and animals in general would not be
affected due to the construction work.
Aquatic Habitat:
126. Catching fish and crabs is the major profession of the people. Fish availability was reported in
the river and almost in all the water bodies in the project area. The preferred species for fishing are
major and minor carps, some local varieties and prawns. Fish is cultivated in the pond. The endangered
fish species were not reported in the study area. Prawn and shrimp are cultivated using the river water.
127. Fish availability has been reported in the rivers and almost in all the water bodies in the project
area. Fish farming is popular during monsoon season. Fish species found in the locality are common
carps, shrimps and prawns, other brackish water species and local indigenous species. The preferred
species for consumption include carps, prawns and shrimps, cat fish and some local varieties. The
endangered fish species are not reported in the area. Prawns and shrimps are cultivated using the river
water. The aquatic environment includes river, canals, water bodies and ponds. Most of the area of the
agricultural land is inundated during the monsoon season and dries up in the dry season every year.
When cyclone strikes near the coast the most of the project area is inundated by tidal wave result in
intrusion of saline water in the locality. The biological characteristics indicated presence of moderate
variety of species and aquatic plants. Blue green algae and planktons are also found in ponds, water
bodies and canals. A list of wet land flora as found in the project area listed in Bengali includes Helencha,
Hejol, Kudipana, Kuchuripana, Shapla, Shaluk, Lotus, Nol, Sola, Kalmi etc. Aquatic fauna reported area
includes crabs and oyster/ear shell.
Terrestrial Habitat
128. The proposed area does not have any notable wildlife habitat. Some migrant and local birds;
animals like wild boar, jungle cat, jackal, monkeys, squirrels, mongoose and rodents like rats and snakes
are reported. The main endangered animals like Wild cow, Wild Buffalo, Nil-gai, Nakata duck, Peafowl,
Mugger etc. are not reported.
129. Any notified reserve forests area was not reported in the subproject area. The major tree
species found in this area are (in Bengali and colloquial) Simul, Sishu, Arjun, Kul, Minjiri, Jarul, Hizal,
Sheaora, Khaer, Siris etc. No endangered floral species were reported. The dominant fruit-bearing trees
available are mango, jackfruit, bananas, and coconut. Besides domestic animals, wild dogs, jungle cat,
jackal, monkeys, squirrels, mongoose and rodents like ants and snakes are reported. The endangered
animals like Wild cow, Wild Buffalo, Peafowl, Mugger Crocodile etc. are not reported. Some birds found
in common Bengali name include Chorui, Doel, Shalik, Chil, Pecha, Kak, Tuntuni, Bulbuli, Kokil etc.
Land Use
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130. Land/soil types are (i) clayey, (ii) clay loam, (iii) sandy soil in the most of the areas Cyclone
Shelters. The land is plain and land type consists of plain land. According to the data and participants
information, most of the surrounding lands are used for fish farming and agricultural product farming.
4.5. Overall Environmental Impacts
131. The investment on the physical component yields net positive benefit to the local community.
The shelters constructed so that they are used as primary schools when no disaster. The shelters are
constructed with separate bathrooms for men and women. Safe water supply is ensured, rain water
harvesting facilities is included and solar panels are provided. In addition, connections to existing road
are ensured by constructing a link, if needed. One floor is constructed for livestock and animals and top
floor for human shelter. Ramp has been provided for disable people and easy movement of livestock.
The shelters are designed to withstand wind speeds of 260 km/hour and placed higher than the
expected surge level. The negative environmental impacts will be triggered mostly from the
construction related activities. These impacts are mostly temporary and limited within project boundary.
The anticipated impacts are, drainage congestion and water logging during the construction period,
temporary surface water and ground water pollution, construction related dust, air and noise pollution
etc. Also the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) issues like occupational safety of workers and safe
movement of students at construction area is vital issues during construction.
132. The possible impacts as anticipated during subprojects implementation are summarized as
below.
Construction Camp 133. Improper selection of the location camps may interrupt agricultural product or drainage
congestion of natural water body. Also the improper disposal of Generated of sewage and solid waste
may causes the water/ environmental pollution. The people and the changes they bring will have
significant impacts on the local communities and social structures. Substantial numbers of workers will
inhabit the area in temporary camps loading local infrastructure and causing ambient social influence.
Surface and Ground Water Pollution 134. Water pollution may result from discharge of wastewater (e.g., liquid waste from labor sheds),
spills and leaks of oils/ chemical into nearby water bodies (e.g., drain, pond, khal, drain, river). The
presence and existing use of water bodies surrounding the sub-project site would determine the level of
impact. For example, if a pond located close to a sub-project site is being used for washing/ bathing or
for fish culture; pollution of the pond from sub-project activities would generate significant adverse
impacts. The subprojects may cause pollution of surface water due to improper disposal of household
wastes from labor camps or construction wastes of the area. Also and may cause to pollution of ground
water due to improper septic tank and soak well construction.
Environmental pollution from solid/ construction waste: 135. In some sub-projects, construction debris is likely to be generated from different sub-project
activities. Solid wastes will also be generated from labor sheds. Improper management of construction
debris and solid waste could cause blockage of drainage line/ path and environmental pollution.
Drainage Congestion and Water Logging
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136. During execution of civil engineering projects, temporary drainage congestion often results from
obstruction to natural flow of drainage water due to the storage of materials, piled up excavated
material/ soil, and temporary embankments constructed to keep the work area dry. Such congestion is
particularly important at the project sites adjacent to low-lying areas. Drainage congestions could create
significant discomfort to people living in project-surrounding areas. The implementation of sub-project
may create drainage congestion or water logging problem in the area and contribute any risk to natural
systems due to improper dumping of construction material orb waste or wrong site selection of the
shelter.
Noise /Air/Dust Pollution 137. Noise/air pollution could results from a wide range of construction activities, including
movement of vehicles (carrying equipment/material to and from site), operation of construction
equipment and generators. Significant noise is generated from operation of pile drivers, bulldozers,
dump trucks, compactors, mixing machines, and generators, etc.
138. The noise/air/dust pollution is considered an important issue for the students and teachers
during the pre- and construction period of the schools cum cyclone shelter. It may cause health hazard
due to air emanated from machineries or dust generated during dismantling of the materials during pre-
construction and construction work. Considering the health hazard, the contractors were advised to
schedule the major construction activities especially piling on holidays and reschedule the timing of the
classes. They are also advised for constructing fencing around the construction site so that students do
not go and play there.
Disruption of Natural Systems and Bio-Diversity 139. The subprojects would not affect the ecosystem of any wild life habitat, populations, corridors
and movement nor would they cause negative effects on rare, threatened or endangered species of
flora or fauna or their habitat.
Trees 140. A number of trees have been needed to cut at some cyclone shelters site due to the new
construction and rehabilitation work respectively. For Cyclone shelter, the school committee with the
assistance of the Contractor is responsible for plantation of fruit and timber tree species in the school
premises after finishing the construction work.
Health and Safety 141. There may be some health hazards and safety risk to the workers whilst they work. The facilities
for proper sanitation and drinking water arrangement, first aid and personal protection equipment (PPE)
for workers need to be ensured. Also for shelter construction, student safety is an important concern
and the contractor is asked for constructing fencing around the construction site.
Socio-economic impacts: 142. Possible impact on indigenous population, land acquisition and resettlement issues are also an
important consideration. The other possible socio-economic impacts, which include the following:
traffic congestion,
health and safety,
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employment and commercial activities,
impact on archaeological and historical sites, and safeguarding physical cultural resources (PCR)
5. SOCIAL ISSUES AND LIKELY IMPACTS
143. LGED has carried out a study of the social issues and likely impacts of MDSP through literature
review and consultation with the beneficiary communities in selected project districts. The study was
intended to identify the stakeholders including beneficiaries, impacted people and other relevant
persons, groups and entities related to the project. The SA facilitated systematic participation of
relevant stakeholders in subproject design and implementation, and increases the likelihood that the
targeted beneficiaries enjoy access to those facilities without any discrimination. The study articulates
the project’s social development outcomes and impacts and decides application of operational policies
(OP) on social safeguards including OP 4.10 on indigenous peoples and OP 4.12 on involuntary
resettlement. It captures previous experience in social development and recommends measures to
avoid, minimize, mitigate and compensate adverse social impacts of subproject interventions under the
project. In view of the project objectives, the study covers baseline socioeconomic profile of target
communities for understanding their vulnerability to disasters and needs for disaster shelters.
5.1. Socioeconomic Baseline of Project Area
5.1.1. Beneficiary Population
144. Rehabilitation and construction of multipurpose shelters and shelter connecting roads will
benefit communities in the 9 coastal districts focusing the 7420 rural villages. About 17 million people in
3.5 million rural households are targeted for gradual secured shelter at disaster events. Total population
of the project area is 22.9 million where 11.6 million are women. Average household size is 4.8 and it is
the highest in Cox’s Bazar and the lowest in Pirojpur. Population density is 951 on an average which is
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close to the national average of 1015 persons per km2. However, population density is higher than the
national average in Chittagong, Feni and Lakshmipur districts, and less than national average in Barisal,
Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Cox’s Bazar and Noakhali. Average male to female ratio in the project area is
97 which is the lowest in Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts (92) and the highest in Cox’s Bazar (104)
followed by Chittagong (102), Bhola (99), Barisal and Patuakhali (96) and Feni (93).
Table 5-1: Project Beneficiary Population
District Total
population (No.)
Population living in rural
areas (no.)
Male/Female Ratio
Household Size Density
Barisal 2,324,310 1,805,294 96 4.5 835
Bhola 1,776,795 1,533,478 99 4.8 522
Patuakhali 1,535,854 1,333,972 96 4.4 477
Pirojpur 1,113,257 930,626 97 4.3 871
Chittagong 7,616,352 4,463,723 102 4.9 1442
Cox’s Bazar 2,289,990 1,790,979 104 5.5 919
Feni 1,437,371 1,143,629 93 5.1 1451
Lakshmipur 1,729,188 1,466,191 92 4.7 1200
Noakhali 3,108,083 2,611,383 92 5.2 843
Project Area 22,931,200 17,079,275 97 4.8 951
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census2011
5.1.2. Project Area Population by Age Group
145. Project area population constitutes infants up to 4 years of age, primary school goers between 5
to 9 years and senior citizens over the age of 64 years. Rest of the population is between 10 to 64 years
in three age groups, 10 to 24 years, 25 to 49 years and 50 to 64 years. Infants constitute 11% of the
project area population ranging from 9.6% in Pirojpur to 13.3% in Cox’s Bazar. People in the old age
group (65+) constitute 5% of the population which proportion is similar in Bhola (4.8), Feni (5.4),
Lakshmipur (5.2) and Noakhali (4.9). Proportion of old age people is far less than average in Chittagong
(3.8) and Cox’s Bazar (3.1) and higher in Barisal (5.8), Patuakhali (5.6) and Pirojpur (6.5). Table 5-2
provides the details of the population distribution by age. Infants and old age people are the most
critically at risk at the events of disaster along with the girls and women. Shelter management
committees will adopt priority access right and privileges for these populations.
Table 5-2: Project Area Population by Age
District
Percentage of population in the age group (years)
0-4 5-9 10-24 25-49 50-64 65+
Barisal 9.8 12.9 30.0 31.2 10.2 5.8
Bhola 12.1 15.2 29.9 29.5 8.6 4.8
Patuakhali 10.4 13.4 27.8 32.5 10.2 5.6
Pirojpur 9.6 12.2 28.5 32.5 10.6 6.5
Chittagong 10.0 11.9 33.7 32.6 8.0 3.8
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Cox’s Bazar 13.3 15.8 33.5 27.8 6.6 3.1
Feni 10.6 12.4 33.3 29.4 12.0 5.4
Lakhsmipur 11.9 14.6 31.1 28.8 8.5 5.2
Noakhali 12.3 14.9 32.2 27.7 8.1 4.9
Project Area 11.1 13.7 31.1 30.2 9.2 5.0
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census2011
5.1.3. Education in Project Area
146. Education catalyzes socioeconomic practice of human being and plays in eradication of poverty.
The Poverty Monitoring Survey 2004 showed that poverty incidences of the literate were much lower
than the illiterates. Although quality is questioned, there is a gross improvement in the education sector
in the country. New generation, irrespective of gender is making their academic choice following the
market demand for various skills and technical knowledge. In the project area, literacy among the
population is 53.58% which is higher than the national average (51.8%). According to the population
and housing census 2011, literacy rate is the highest in Pirojpur (64.9%) followed by Barisal (61.2%),
Feni (59.6%), Chittagong (58.9%), Patuakhali (54.1%) and Noakhali (51.3). Literacy rate remained below
the average in Bhola, Cox’s Bazar and Lakshmipur. Literacy rate among male is still higher than the
female populations. Although Bangladesh has advanced in female education through various incentive
programs, there is still discrimination between genders in education. Table 5-3 shows the details of
literacy information in the project area.
Table 5-3: Literacy among Project Area Population
District Literacy Rate (%)
Total Male Female
Barisal 61.2 61.9 60.6
Bhola 43.2 43.6 42.9
Patuakhali 54.1 56.2 52.0
Pirojpur 64.9 65.0 64.7
Chittagong 58.9 61.1 56.7
Cox’s Bazar 39.3 40.3 38.2
Feni 59.6 61.1 58.3
Lakhsmipur 49.4 48.9 49.8
Noakhali 51.3 51.4 51.2
Total 53.5 54.4 52.7
National 51.8 54.1 49.4
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census2011
5.1.4. Distribution of Population by Religion
147. Islam is the first major religion in Bangladesh and more than 90% of its population is Muslim.
Hinduism is the religion for the second largest population and constitutes 8.39% of the total population.
57
The rest are communities under Christianity, Buddhism and other religions/faiths. Compared to the
national average, proportion of Muslims and Hindus in the project area is similar but the Buddhists are
higher due to higher number of Buddhist population in Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar. People in other
religions are smaller in the area compared to the national average. Table 5-4 shows distribution of
project area population by religion. It was learnt from the ongoing ECRRP that communities are in
harmony by religion and there is no reported discrimination in accessing the shelters during cyclones.
Table 5-4: Population by Religion
District Percentage of population by Religion
Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others
Barisal 87.772 11.690 0.526 0.010 0.003
Bhola 96.550 3.442 0.004 0.002 0.002
Patuakhali 93.017 6.869 0.022 0.088 0.004
Pirojpur 83.170 16.785 0.019 0.019 0.006
Chittagong 86.901 11.311 0.098 1.591 0.099
Cox’s Bazar 93.972 4.264 0.066 1.652 0.046
Feni 94.121 5.828 0.013 0.028 0.010
Lakshmipur 96.548 3.436 0.006 0.007 0.003
Noakhali 95.427 4.522 0.030 0.018 0.003
Total 91.007 8.147 0.101 0.706 0.040
National 90.43 8.39 0.56 0.37 0.25
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census2011 (Computed)
5.1.5. Tribal Communities
148. About 1.6 million of the national population in Bangladesh (144.04 million) belongs to the 45 different
small ethnic groups officially recognized as tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities commonly known as
tribal peoples. These peoples are concentrated in the north, and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in the south-
east of the country commonly known as tribal peoples. However, tribal peoples are also scattered in small
proportion all over Bangladesh. A total of 49,531 tribal peoples are living in the 9 project districts (8.7% of total
tribal population in Bangladesh) of which 68% are living in the rural areas. Half of the tribal communities in Barisal,
68% in Bhola, 81% in Patuakhali, 89% in Pirojpur, 67% in Chittagong, 72% in Cox’s Bazar, 56% in Feni, 16% in
Lakshmipur and 20% in Noakhali are living in the rural areas. Table 5-5 provides the concentration of tribal peoples
in the project districts. Chakma, Garo, Tripura, Khumi, Rakhaine, Malpahari, Dalu, Marma, Tanchaynga, and
Barmon are the major tribes living in the project districts. Tribal concentration in the project districts is higher in
Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Patuakhali compared to the other districts.
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Table 5-5: Tribal Population in the Project Area
District Tribal
population (No.)
Living in rural areas
(No.)
Percentage of rural tribal
peoples with respect to total
population
Ethnic groups
Barisal 76 50 0.002 Chakma, Garo, Tripura and others
Bhola 57 68 0.003 Chakma, Khumi, Garo and others
Patuakhali 1,399 81 0.085 Rakhaine, Chakma, Tripura and others
Pirojpur 53 89 0.005 Malpahari, Chakma, Dalu and others
Chittagong 32,165 67 0.481 Tripura, Chakma, Marma and others
Cox’s Bazar 14,551 72 0.583 Rakhaine, Tanchaynga, Chakma and others
Feni 639 56 0.032 Chakma, Barmon, Tripura and others
Lakshmipur 244 16 0.003 Chakma, Barmon, Tripura and others
Noakhali 347 20 0.003 Chakma, Barmon, Tripura and others
Total 49,531 68 0.197 Chakma, Garo, Tripura, Khumi, Rakhaine, Malpahari, Dalu, Marma, Tanchaynga, Barmon, and others
Source: BBS Population and Housing Census 2011
149. Identification as distinct indigenous cultural group: The small nationalities residing within the 9
project districts (Chakma, Garo, Tripura, Khumi, Rakhaine, Malpahari, Dalu, Marma, Tanchaynga,
Barmon, and others as listed in the Table 5-5), according to their origin and ethnic identity are tribal
peoples. The present constitution of Bangladesh terms them “small ethnic community”, and they are
entitled to special attention as “backward section of the people”. In the population and housing census
2011, they are identified as “tribe”. Common peoples also recognize them as culturally distinct group.
150. Collective attachment to ancestral territories and natural resources: The tribal peoples in the
project districts do not possess any land area as ancestral territories and do not rely on natural
resources anymore in the lands they are residing. They are scattered in the mainstream population and
gradually being educated to adopt mainstream livelihoods including business, agriculture and services.
151. Customary cultural, economic, social or political institutions: The tribal peoples in the project
districts have their own culture, religion and traditions unique of the mainstream society. But they do
not have any distinct traditional governance system as exist in the Chittagong Hill Tract districts. They
are under the mainstream national administrative and political systems.
152. Use of indigenous language: These small tribes have their own indigenous language to
communicate among themselves. As they are scattered in very small proportion among the mainstream
population, they also speak in national Bangla language to communicate with the mainstream
population around them. They can read and write in Bangla language and their children are receiving
education under the national curriculum.
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153. Impact of the individual subprojects on the tribal peoples will be known when the sites for
shelters and location for roads will be identified and selected. Experience from the ongoing ECRRP in
LGED depicts that no tribal peoples were found in the catchment areas of the more than 300 shelters
constructed/improved in the coastal districts and no one has so far been displaced from the subproject
sites. Social impact assessment and management plans for subprojects under the ongoing ECRRP
reviewed social vulnerability of catchment area population including presence of tribal peoples and did
not found any reported discrimination between groups in accessing the shelters at the event of
disasters.
5.2. Economic Profile of Project Area
154. Bangladesh is a poor and overpopulated country (1015 persons per sq km) and 31.5% of its
population is living in poverty. Despite numerous difficulties, Bangladesh economy has grown 5-6% per
year since 1996. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, 45% of the
country’s population is employed in the agriculture sector with rice as the single-most-important
product. The project area largely represents the country in terms of industry, trade and agriculture
production. About 52% of the employed population in the project area is engaged in agriculture and
half of them own agriculture land. About 50% of the lands in the project area is under grain cultivation.
Only 30% of the population has residential structures made of cement concrete materials representing
the richer segment of the project area population.
5.2.1. Ownership of Farm Land
155. Total land surface in Bangladesh is about 12.31 million hectares (MOL & BARC 2001) and per
capita land is only 27% of total land and 17% of cultivable land. In an average 53% of the total
households in Bangladesh own farm land and 11% of these farm households are living in the project
area. The proportion of farm households is 56% with respect to total households in the project area. By
district, farm households are less in Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar as the former is a port city and the latter
is a tourism district having metropolitan characteristics. Majority of the farm households in the project
area are small holders (88%) having farm lands from 0.05 acres to 2.49 acres. A little more than one
percent of the farm households (1.16%) are large holders having 7.50 acres or more lands and the rest
11% are medium land holders having land between 2.50 acres to 7.50 acres. Table 5-6 provides details
of land ownership in the project area.
Table 5-6: Ownership of Farm Land in the Project Area
Districts
Total HHs Farm Households Small (0.05-2.49 Acres)
Medium (2.50-7.49 Acres)
Large (7.50+ Acres)
No. No. % No. No. No.
Barisal 423,535 311,537 73.56 280,283 29,524 1,730
Bhola 339,595 219,897 64.75 186,935 29,692 3,270
Patuakhali 312,092 210,535 67.46 164,699 38,758 7,078
60
Districts
Total HHs Farm Households Small (0.05-2.49 Acres)
Medium (2.50-7.49 Acres)
Large (7.50+ Acres)
No. No. % No. No. No.
Pirojpur 231,673 170,786 73.72 148,062 21,168 1,556
Chittagong 870,435 347,341 39.90 315,139 30,067 2,135
Cox’s Bazar 326,814 147,764 45.21 132,551 13,817 1,396
Feni 218,316 125,988 57.71 115,814 9,735 439
Lakhsmipur 52,149 32,787 62.87 28,625 3,754 408
Noakhali 87,209 47,659 54.65 41,270 5,707 682
Project Area 2,861,818 1,614,294 56.41 1,413,378 182,222 18,694
% of national population 9.97 10.63 - 11.03 8.53 7.98
Percentage of farm households by category in project area 87.55 11.29 1.16
Bangladesh 28,695,763 15,183,183 52.91 12,812,372 2,136,415 234,396
Percentage of farm households by category nationally 84.39 14.07 1.54
Source: BBS, Bangladesh Agriculture Census 2008
5.2.2. Land Tenureship and Agri. Labour Households
156. The project area has a total of 2.86 million holdings comprising of 43% of non-farm holdings.
Thirty five percent (35%) of the total holdings in the project area are owner holdings, 20% are owner-
cum-tenant holdings and about 2% are tenant holdings. Seventeen percent (17%) of the holdings are
agriculture labour households. Table 5-7 shows the details of tenureship and agriculture labour
households in the project area.
Table 5-7: Land Tenureship and Agri-labour Households
Districts Total
holdings
Proportion of households by tenureship and basic occupation
Owner Holdings
Owner-cum-Tenant Holdings
Tenant Holdings
Agri. Labour Households
Barisal 423,535 47.95 24.36 1.25 23.06
Bhola 339,595 36.26 26.51 1.98 22.66
Patuakhali 312,092 48.32 18.26 0.88 15.59
Pirojpur 231,673 53.65 19.34 0.72 21.41
Chittagong 870,435 22.65 15.73 1.53 11.39
Cox’s Bazar 326,814 23.39 18.73 3.10 17.50
Feni 218,316 36.51 20.80 0.39 14.43
Lakhsmipur 52,149 38.43 17.65 6.79 25.48
Noakhali 87,209 35.03 18.38 1.24 24.76
Project Area 2,861,818 35.12 19.70 1.58 17.32
Source: BBS, Bangladesh Agriculture Census 2008
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5.2.3. Housing Status
157. Housing pattern in Bangladesh is nationally categorized as pucca, semi-pucca, katcha and jhupri.
Pucca houses are constructed with bricks and mortar and only the richer segment of the population
have pucca houses. Jhupri houses are made with low-cost materials like straw, bamboo and others only
the poorest and vulnerable section of the population use jhupri type structures. Majority of the
population in the project area are using kutcha structures made of corrugated iron (CI) sheets, wood
and bamboo and the middle class people are using semi-pucca houses with CI sheet in roof and bricked
walls. Around 80% of the population in Barisal, Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Lakshmipur and Noakhaliare
using kutcha houses which are the least in Chittagong (48%). On an average, 8.7% of the project area
people use pucca structures and another 10.8% use semi-pucca structures. Users of pucca and semi-
pucca houses are higher in Chittagong (25% pucca and 20.6% semi-puca) and Feni (16.6% pucca and
17.6% semi-pucca). Users of Jhupri houses are the highest in Cox’s Bazar – 13.3% and the lowest in
Feni– 1.4%. Table 5-8 shows the details of housing status of the project area population.
Table 5-8: Housing Pattern in the Project
District Pucca Semi-pucca Kutcha Jhupri
Barisal 7.3 10.9 80 1.8
Bhola 1.6 7.6 86.3 4.5
Patuakhali 2.6 5.7 86.6 5.1
Pirojpur 4 8 86.2 1.8
Chittagong 25 20.6 48.3 6.1
Cox’s Bazar 6.2 11.6 68.9 13.3
Feni 16.6 17.6 64.4 1.4
Lakhsmipur 7.6 7.4 82.6 2.4
Noakhali 7.6 7.6 80.6 4.2
Project Area 8.7 10.8 76.0 4.5
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011
5.2.4. Employed Population
158. The project area has a population of 23 million and only 8% of the population is employed in
various sectors including agriculture (59%), industry (10%) and service (31%). Employed population is
the highest in Cox’s Bazar with respect to total district population and the lowest in Pirojpur. About 13%
of the population in Cox’s Bazar is employed followed by Barisal (9.34%), Bhola (8.65%) and Laxmipur
(8.35%). Only 7.56% of the population in Chittagong, 7.47% in Patuakhali, 7.39% in Noakhali, and 5.67%
in Feni are employed. Sex distribution in employment as shown in Table5-9 indicates that 50% of the
employment women are engaged in Service, 26% in agriculture and 25% in industry.
Table 5-9: Occupation of Employed Population in Project Area by Male and Female
District Employed population
(%)
Agriculture (%) Industry (%) Service (%)
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
62
Barisal 9.34 81.37 82.29 60.62 4.37 4.24 7.43 14.26 13.48 31.95
Bhola 8.65 72.31 74.80 36.95 6.40 6.16 9.82 21.29 19.05 53.23
Patuakhali 7.47 75.30 77.73 45.25 5.67 5.48 8.03 19.03 16.79 46.71
Pirojpur 4.06 67.71 70.19 34.02 6.83 6.57 10.48 25.45 23.24 55.50
Chittagong 7.56 34.46 39.26 10.65 18.40 14.59 37.34 47.14 46.16 52.01
Cox’s Bazar 12.82 64.56 66.40 40.47 5.40 5.34 6.14 30.04 28.26 53.39
Feni 5.67 47.68 49.43 18.50 9.37 9.00 15.52 42.96 41.57 65.97
Lakhsmipur 8.35 73.00 74.51 46.81 6.19 5.99 9.64 20.81 19.50 43.54
Noakhali 7.39 66.50 67.67 49.28 5.52 5.30 8.65 27.99 27.02 42.06
Total PA 8.09 58.72 62.20 25.47 9.70 8.17 24.37 31.58 29.63 50.16
Source: BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011
5.2.5. Livestock and Poultry Population
159. Livestock and poultry are the first victims of any disaster events like cyclone in the coastal areas.
Other than cattle heads and goats, the poultry birds can hardly be taken to shelters during cyclones. A
substantial number of households in the project area have possession of livestock and poultry
resources. According to the Agriculture Census in 2008, about 60% of the households reported
possession of fowls in 2008 (year of agriculture census), while 39% reported possession of ducks. Only
around 13% of the households possessed goats and 32% reported cattle heads in their possession.
Fowls and ducks are widely possessed in the project area households but goats are less preferred
livestock in the project area. Other than Lakshmipur, possession of goat was only between 8 to 20
percent of households. Cattle heads are possessed by around 30% of the households except in Noakhali
(the least 20%) and Patuakhali (the highest 43%). Possession of livestock and poultry is presented in
Table 5-10.
Table 5-10: Households in Project Area with Possession of Livestock and Poultry
Districts
Number of Households Reporting
Cattle Goat Fowls Ducks
Barisal 37.84 15.17 67.35 49.60
Bhola 30.62 19.17 70.81 56.99
Patuakhali 42.82 17.91 66.34 45.52
Pirojpur 29.80 11.47 57.77 38.34
Chittagong 28.36 8.72 46.07 25.04
Cox’s Bazar 26.93 13.05 61.35 12.06
Feni 31.17 5.63 69.79 60.70
Lakhsmipur 28.60 20.58 72.43 67.60
Noakhali 20.49 8.75 66.72 55.60
Project Area 31.54 12.61 59.98 38.72
Source: BBS, Bangladesh Agriculture Census 2008
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5.3. Poverty, Gender and Vulnerability
5.3.1. Poverty
160. Poverty is an economic condition in which one is unable to enjoy a minimum standard of living.
Poverty refers to various forms of economic, social and psychological deprivation among the people
who lack adequate resources, control or access to power for achieving a minimum level of living.
Poverty can be earmarked by income level of the households. The concept of absolute poverty is the
minimum level of income that is needed for physical survival. Thus, a poverty line can be defined as the
minimum level of household income that can be able to purchase a bundle of goods and services to
satisfy the basic needs of the household. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010
used the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) method to measure poverty incidence in the country. The HIES 2010
have measured two types of poverty: moderate poverty and extreme poverty. Extreme poverty line is
the minimum income to support basic foods and the moderate poverty line is the income to support
basic food and non-food expenses.
161. Bangladesh, one of the poorest countries in the world, despite its impressive economic growth
and consistent reduction in the rate of poverty, is still struggling with the poor and the extreme poor.
There is an effort to combat poverty, both Government of Bangladesh and non-government
organizations (NGOs) have been implementing a number of programs, such as, microfinance, vulnerable
group development (VGD), and vulnerable group feeding (VGF), employment generation program, and
other foods and cash transfers. With poverty interventions and persistent economic growth, poverty in
the national level has been reduced over the last 5 years since HIES 2005 from 40% in 2005to 31.5% in
2010. Table 5-11 indicates that incidence of poverty is higher in Barisal division. Poverty persists in both
urban and rural areas in Barisal and Chittagong divisions while urban poverty is much less in Chittagong
division. Incidence of extreme poverty is also higher in Barisal division, almost double the Chittagong
division. Extreme poverty in the project area is close to the national average due to the higher incidence
in the Barisal division. In other areas, the incidence is lower than the national average. Incidence of
moderate poverty in the project area is 32.1% again due to higher rate of poverty in the Barisal division.
Table 5-11: Incidence of Poverty in Project Area
PA Division Extreme poverty Moderate poverty
National Rural Urban National Rural Urban
Barisal 26.7 27.3 24.2 39.4 39.2 39.9
Chittagong 13.1 16.2 4.0 26.2 31.0 11.8
Bangladesh 17.6 21.1 7.7 31.5 35.2 21.3
Source: BBS HIES 2010
162. In order to understand the state of poverty in the coastal districts, it is necessary to present
their wealth rankings (categories of people by wealth). Based on the income level it appears that there
are four categories of people in the study area i.e. rich, middle, poor and extreme poor. The category of
population was determined through the people’s self-assessment exercises. The community in the
project areas assesses that poverty is still high and about 55%of the population in Barisal division is
poor.
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5.3.2. Gender Issues
163. The World Bank defines gender as culturally based expectations of the roles and behaviors of
males and females. Gender distinguishes the socially constructed from the biologically determined
aspects of being male and female. Unlike the biology of sex, gender roles and behaviors can change
historically, sometimes relatively quickly, even if aspects of these roles originated in the biological
differences between the sexes. Because the religious or cultural traditions that define and justify the
distinct roles and expected behaviors of males and females are strongly cherished and socially enforced,
change in gender systems often is contested.
164. Gender discrimination. Women in Bangladesh are gradually coming forward in national
development endeavors getting pace in social sector in terms of equity and empowerment. Despite
credible successes in poverty reduction and gender equity, significant gender disparity still exists in
income-poverty. First, there is the general incidence of extreme poverty for women headed, women-
managed and women-supported households. Second, women workers earn considerably less than men
workers. Third, lower average consumption for women is also evident from persistent gender inequality
in severe malnutrition, mortality and morbidity. In Bangladesh 20–30 per cent of households are
headed by women, and 95 per cent of these households are considered to fall below the poverty line.
165. The women folks are continuously fighting against poverty and patriarchy, along with
malnutrition, high maternal mortality rate, lack of access to resources, environmental degradation, lack
of access to health, lack of paid employment, discriminatory wage rates, strict gender division of labor,
and lack of scope to exercise political rights. Poor women suffer more than men (and than better-off
women) from poverty, hunger, malnutrition, economic crises, illiteracy, environmental degradation and
disaster-related problems and become victims of violence and political instability. They are also exposed
to exploitation and gender-based violence, excluded from decision making and education and deprived
of their right to adequate health and nutrition.
166. Women do not enjoy land and property rights, have lower levels of education than men, work in
the informal sectors and experience restricted mobility. The continuing fragmentation of holdings is
leading to a loss of security for women from the family network and their normative entitlements to
social support beyond the family are weakening. Thus women are becoming more vulnerable to
extreme poverty and destitution. Women’s work possibilities outside the household have reduced as
household asset base has been declined. Women’s involvement in field wage labor is outweighed by
technological displacement of paddy husking, rice milling and other work (Bridge, 1994). Despite state
interventions for women empowerment and gender equality, women are lagging behind in case of
education, employment and other social development sectors.
167. Gender status in project area. Gender relations in the project areas resemble the typical
Bangladesh society in terms of empowerment and access to service and resources. Women constitute
about 49% of the total population in the project area. Compared to men, women are lagging by 4.7% in
literacy achievements and they constitute 9.5% of the total employed population. In the traditional
male dominant society, men have easy access to livelihood earnings. However, in recent days, women
are being gradually regarded instrumental in family economy and decision-making. The gender gap in
education is drawing to a close at an impressive rate at primary and secondary levels. But the gap still
65
persists at higher secondary and tertiary levels. Women in the impact area villages in general have no
access over leadership in village and also in their families. In recent years, some of the women got
access to the local leadership and they are now members of Union Parishad and municipalities. Poor
women have little control over family resources unless it is women headed or have access to micro-
credit.
168. An effort is made here to present an overview of gender situation, especially the status of
women in the 9 project districts under ECRRP based on the above-mentioned first and the second
indicators. It was found that women rights are respected in approximately 30% cases while lands are
titled to women in about 12% cases in the villages under the catchment areas of the sub-projects in the
9 costal districts under ECRRP.
5.4. Review of Past Similar Experience with LGED
5.4.1. Social and Resettlement Policy Framework, ECRRP
169. The social and resettlement policy framework (SRPF) adopted for ECRRP covered three out of 6
components of the project. The three components include (i) Component A: Recovery of Agriculture
Sector and Improvement Program, (ii) Component B: Construction and Improvement of Multipurpose
Shelters, (iii) Component C: Rehabilitation of Coastal Embankment. The MDSP is of the nature of
Component B: Construction and Improvement of Multipurpose Shelters including improvement of
shelter connecting roads.
170. The subprojects under component B of ECRRP were construction and improvement of disaster
shelters, improvement of shelter connecting roads and construction of killas. As stated in the SRPF,
rehabilitation and improvement works of the existing shelters were unlikely to cause any significant
adverse social impacts. However, horizontal extension works at the existing shelters, construction of
new shelters and the shelter connecting roads may require acquisition of lands anticipating some
temporary and permanent disruption to livelihoods. ECRRP’s SRPF has been followed to assess
social/resettlement impacts of the sub-projects under component B. It offers principles and guidelines
to develop appropriate mitigation measures to mitigate negative social impacts. The SRPF complies with
the World Bank’s Operational Policies OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. Given the location and
nature of works under ECRRP, Bank’s OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples did not trigger to the project.
Resettlement policy framework included in the SRPF reflects the legal framework of the country
including the Bangladesh Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982
(Ordinance II of 1982).
171. The main objectives of the SRPF are to avoid or minimize, to the extent possible, land acquisition
induced hardships and impoverishment, and to mitigate any adverse impacts of land acquisition at the
household and the community levels.
5.4.2. Social Management in ECRRP (Component B)
172. There was no acquisition of lands for implementation of the subprojects so far implemented
under component B of the ongoing ECRRP and there is no possibility of acquiring private lands for the
remaining subprojects as well. New cyclone shelters were constructed and are also being constructed in
66
the premises of host educational institutions. However, in a very few cases, additional lands were
procured through voluntary donation for improvement of existing shelters and construction of new
shelters. Shelter connecting roads are being developed using the lands in the existing village or Union
roads. It is recognized that lands in the above-mentioned existing roads are owned by local government.
The Union Parishad mobilizes the community and consults the land owners along the village/union
roads connecting the shelters to make them understand the needs and benefits of the roads and allow
a small strip of land along the selected roads for improvement as per required standard. The School
Management committees also facilitate the process and provide necessary support for smooth
implementation of the subprojects. The local elected representatives and the school management
committees certify social compliance of subprojects for implementation.
173. It is worth mentioning that no dispute was raised by the private owners of lands who might
claim them as owners of lands under the shelter connecting roads. Therefore, official letter of no
objection in construction of the shelter connecting roads to be issued by Union Parishad is treated and
recognized as the valid document based on which construction of the shelter connecting roads can be
smoothly implemented.
5.4.3. Experience of Rural Transport Improvement Project
174. These shelter connecting roads, as per LGED definition, are union roads or village roads. In the
World Bank supported Rural Transport Improvement Project (RTIP) implemented by LGED, land
acquisition and resettlement issues were considered on Upazila roads only and the roads under the
village and the Union roads category were improved using the existing lands only avoiding use of
additional private lands. In special critical circumstances, the community members allowed small strip
of land for improvement of union and village roads in the quest of higher economic return and social
development outcomes. These road lands are largely on khas lands (government lands). Union Parishad
is the custodian of these roads and are usually developed and maintained by LGED to meet public
demand.
175. As these rural roads are poorly maintained, people encroach from both sides and thereby the
available corridors are trimmed narrow over the years. In the improvement of these roads local
stakeholders and legal owners are involved at the initiative of the UP and LGED. Owners usually allow
small strip of lands from their adjacent parcels when a road proposed for improvement passes through
their land for the greater interest of the community and their own benefit through improved
communication and increase in value of their residual lands.
5.4.4. Lessons Learnt from Component B, ECRRP
176. Site selection for new shelters under the ongoing ECRRP was done using PRA approach. Land
acquisition and resettlement screening was done at primarily selected sites of new shelters during
social impact assessment (SIA). Land acquisition and resettlement screening was done during SIA
surveys and consultation meetings at the existing shelters on eve of rehabilitation and improvement
works. Results of land acquisition and resettlement screening show that there was no requirement of
land acquisition for construction of the new shelters. There was no requirement of land for
rehabilitation and improvement works of the existing shelters. New shelters are being constructed in
67
the lands owned by the host educational institutions. However, in a very negligible cases insignificant
amount of lands were procured by the respective educational institutions through voluntary donation
from the private owners. Without their spontaneous supports those sites could not have been selected
for construction of the new shelters. They surveyors conducted SIA surveys and filled in screening
format for land acquisition and resettlement impacts at the sites of new shelters and the existing
shelters. During the surveys, the surveyors made meticulous effort to collect evidence and documents
in support of legal compliance of current possession of the lands donated for the respective educational
institutions (especially in the case of registered non-government primary schools, private schools and
Islamic educational institutions) hosting new shelters. They found it very difficult to get deeds and
documents of the lands donated for the private educational institutions where new shelters are being
constructed.
177. Implementation experience depict that there was no land acquisition for construction of shelter
connecting roads. The existing village or Union roads connecting the school cum shelters are being
improved upon to ease transportation and communication to the shelters.
178. The students, the teachers and local people are the beneficiaries of the improved shelter
connecting roads. They will be able to take shelters easily at the event of disaster. The local people,
especially the women and the children will be benefited through using quicker transports to health care
facilities. Moreover, the shelter connecting roads will contribute to development in the respective areas
including increased marketing facilities for agricultural products, fish, livestock farming, and the like.
5.5. Assessment of Social Impacts and Mitigation
5.5.2. Project Benefits
179. The project aims to reduce the loss of life and livestock during natural disasters; and increasing
the population covered by accessible multi-purpose shelters. Project benefits for multipurpose disaster
shelters include (i) ensuring safe sheltering of the project beneficiaries at the event of any disasters
including cyclone, (ii) provide congenial learning environment and sufficient space in the classrooms at
multipurpose shelters, (iii) overall improved schooling facilities and environment to be ensured at
multipurpose disaster shelters conducive to children’s learning, and (iv) affected people also will be able
to bring their cattle to keep at safe livestock shelters at the event of any disasters. Newer schools with
better access and facilities will promote education enrollment. New roads will support a better
connected transportation and emergency network. This will provide more involvement opportunities for
income generating activities, increasing livelihood.
180. The proposed project would have considerable spill-over (wider economic) effects on the
coastal region. Cyclone shelters are constructed for multipurpose use. A 2009 CEGIS field investigation
on normal time use of shelters shows that, among the 2,583 shelters 82% was used as education
centers, 8 % as offices, 1% as community centers, 1% as health centers and 6% do not have any normal
time use. This provides valuable infrastructure upgrades to rural regions. Newer schools with better
access and facilities will promote education enrollment. New roads will support a better connected
transportation and emergency network. This will provide more involvement opportunities for income
generating activities, increasing livelihood.
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5.5.3. Social Concern and Risks
181. Social concerns and risks may be arisen in some insignificant cases include (i) loss of agricultural
land due to land acquisition, (ii) land acquisition (including pond acquisition) may cause loss of income,
(iii) loss of livelihoods, (iv) harassment in collecting deeds and documents of lands to be acquired, (v)
loss of land through voluntary donation or direct selling, (vi) interruption in schooling, (vii) disruption in
public transportation and communication, (viii) environmental adverse effect, etc.
5.5.4. Involuntary Resettlement
182. Use of lands and premises of existing schools, colleges and madrashas as shelters and relief
shelters is an approach serving versatile use in Bangladesh. Usually, these educational institutions are
centrally located in high elevated compounds having facilities of water, sanitation and accommodation
for people during an emergency to possible extent. Therefore, provision of additional buildings for
schools which are extensively used as shelters and relief shelters is an added advantage for education of
the children and for the sheltering purposes.
183. Lands in the premises of these educational institutions mostly owned by the government and
where unavailable, other public lands will be used as much as feasible. In only critical cases, private
lands can be obtained for sites through voluntary donation, direct purchase (willing seller and buyer
basis), exchange or contribution against compensation by sponsoring instituutions. With this approach,
involuntary resettlement for implementation of the sub-projects under MDSP is highly unlikely.
However, since disaster shelters are basic infrastructure in the disaster prone coastal areas,
unavailability of land in the selected sponsoring educational and social institutions or through voluntary
donation should not be an excuse to drop a vulnerable area without a shelter. A feasible option in
compliance with Bank OP 4.12, will be resorted to as the last option at this extreme position. In addition,
there may be physical obstructions in available lands use of which may lead to displacement of people.
5.5.5. Impact of Tribal peoples
184. It has already been presented earlier in Table 5-5 that Chakma, Garo, Tripura, Khumi, Rakhaine,
Malpahari, Dalu, Marma, Tanchaynga, and Barmonare are the major tribal peoples living in the project
districts. Tribal concentration is higher in Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Patuakhali compared to the other
project districts. These peoples have their own language and culture but are scattered within the
mainstream population. Impact of the individual subprojects on the tribal peoples will be known when
the sites for shelters and location for roads will be identified and selected. However, LGED will select to
avoid a subproject site posing negative impacts to the tribal peoples in the project area and find
alternative site in the same vicinity and catchment area so that the tribal peoples are not excluded.
5.5.6. Other Impacts During Construction
185. The project, for clearing sites for construction of new multipurpose disaster shelters may require
demolishing a very few number of existing buildings in the premises of government primary
schools/registered non-government primary schools/madrashas/high schools/colleges which will be
finally selected for construction of new. The same thing may happen in case of some existing shelters.
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Where the sites are located within a congested area with residential setup, high rise building, schools,
and mosques, stacking of debris and demolition activity may affect the residents temporarily.
186. In addition to debris nuisance, increased number of non-local peoples on site during
construction may pose a risk to public health and to some extent spread of STDs including HIV/AIDS.
Social and environmental management plans will be required for public participation and to mitigate
non-safeguard social impacts including grievances management during construction.
6. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
6.1. Consultation and Participation
187. Consultation and participation is a two way process to share project design and ensure
participation of the beneficiaries and likely affected persons in the project process. The ESMF requires
that adequate consultation with all the potential beneficiaries of the selected shelters have to be carried
out and outcomes of the consultation process will be fed into the scheme design of the shelters for
improvement. In compliance of the requirements, a total of 36 persons including 5 women were
consulted during the site survey. Fourteen persons to twenty two persons participated in each
consultation meeting during the site survey of the two proposed shelters for construction of
multipurpose disaster shelters. During the consultation meetings, social and environmental issues and
aspect were disclosed. The participants were encouraged to put up whatever concerns they anticipated
about construction of the proposed shelters. They were also facilitated to provide their suggestions for
consideration in the project design. Annex-2 shows the photographs and list of individuals who
participated in the FGDs.
6.1.1. Feedback from Beneficiaries
188. The FGD results confirmed that presence of improved and new cyclone shelters have increased
the sense of security of the communities, particularly that various motivation activities are undertaken
by the concerned agencies, local government, disaster management members and volunteers In Fact,
these shelters have actually been used during recent Cyclone Mohashen.
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189. As these facilities are being used by teachers and students as their school facilities, with the
improvement and extension of old shelters and construction of new shelters, it has been reported that
the number of students increased by about 20%.
190. More than 75% of the FGD participants indicated they were aware of existing designated
cyclone shelters in the village or a nearby village. Of them 50% indicated knowing of new shelters to be
constructed and 80% of existing old cyclone shelters. Half the participants of those aware of the facility
expressed that the number of these cyclone shelters is insufficient. The local officials, teachers,
students, local government members and NGO were reported to be the main source of information on
the existing designated cyclone shelters in their area.
191. Two third of those who are aware of improvement undertaken on old shelters cited the
following improvements: provision of emergency water, hygienic facilities and construction of access
road (66%)
192. Majority (75%) of the informed participants of the newly constructed or rehabilitated cyclone
shelters said they are satisfied with its present condition. The satisfaction was because of the following
reasons: accessibility (75%), adequate facilities (80%), adequate capacity (64%) and safety (91%).
193. Despite their awareness of existing shelters, more than half of the total participants reports that
they stay in their houses in times of cyclone and flooding mostly because of onrush to the shelters and
other social problems.
6.1.2. Issues and Concerns
194. The FGD participants and beneficiaries presented a number of suggestions and
recommendations for consideration as follows:
Construction of shelter and killas in the remote char areas for shelters of human being as well livestock should be made since there is acute shortage of shelters in these areas. More shelters with increased capacities and accommodation for livestock should be constructed in remote places.
There should be access facilities to these shelters such as connecting roads, which should be above flood level and good drainage and supply/source of sweet water for drinking and other use, lighting facilities etc. Facilities should be made available in the hour of need and people should be well informed to local disaster management during disaster forecast.
Selection of sites should have the consensus of the people. Some design and construction issues need to be addressed to improve the ability of infrastructure to provide greater protection. Some of the participants apprehended the use of the facilities by the influential persons
Revisions are suggested and accepted in the field on the design options but the changes are not properly monitored and reflected in revised design creating confusions and delays.
Drinking water scarcity is a major concern in some areas. Water is saline and some shallow tube well water is contaminated with arsenic. People have to fetch water from longer distances and difficult places. Rainwater harvesting facilities and filtering facilities like Pond Sand Filters (PSF) are inadequate.
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6.1.3. Consultation Output and Results
195. Participants in the community meetings at Companiganj and Laxmipur were attentive to the
discussions and raised their concerns on natural disasters in their area as well as provided suggestions in
their understanding and experience to address the problems related to the events of disaster.
6.1.4. Concerns raised by the Participants
196. Following are the concerns raised by the beneficiaries participated in the consultation meetings
at the 2 proposed shelter sites selected for construction of multipurpose disaster shelters:
• There are no cyclone shelter in their localities (in the catchment areas of the proposed shelters at
Shakchar Jabbar Master Community Primary School and Char Parbati Rahimia GPS),
• Cyclones are more devastating when hit at night,
• Lack of lighting during cyclone especially at night,
• Excessive river bank erosion had profound adverse impact on displaced people under Char
Parbati Ward at Companiganj Upazila of Noakhali district,
• Lack of the readymade and dry foods,
• Lack of security for assets left at their houses,
• Inaccurate forecast and rumor of cyclones,
• Quality of construction works may not be up to the standard,
• Inadequate toilets located on the ground,
• Schooling of children (about 275 students of Char Parbati GPS) during construction works.
6.1.5. Suggestions from Participants
197. A forecast system has to be developed to inform the people about the exact time of occurrence,
scale of devastation, and duration of cyclone well ahead of the actual hit. This will eliminate confusion
among the population at risk and thereby reduce damages and casualties. Capacity of the existing
shelters around the area has to be expanded. Besides, more new shelters have to be constructed for the
increased access to multipurpose shelters. The proposed cyclone shelters should have solar energy
systems so that there is light at the event of disasters at night. The other suggestions made by the
participants are as follows:
• Accommodation capacities of the proposed shelters should be sufficient for the vulnerable people
living in the catchment areas,
• Approach roads from road to the shelters should be included,
• Construction works should be started immediately,
• Construction works should be scheduled before and after school hour or during holidays,
• Toilets should be constructed on the upper floor of the shelters with water supply facilities,
• The readymade and dry foods and clothes should be arranged,
• Social security should be given emphasis, and
• School authorities should be involved in construction management to ensure quality of work.
6.1.6. Social Linkage of Project Design
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198. The engineering design should be done following consultation with the concerned stakeholders
(Head of school managing committee, Head Teacher of the concerned school, UP Ward Member and UP
Chairman). More specifically, the engineering design will consider the following issues in compliance
with the concerns raised and suggestions provided by the community:
Solar Energy system will be included in the project bill of quantities (BoQ).
The toilets will be constructed in the upper floor with adequate water supply facility,
where the existing toilets are in the ground at a remote location.
Ground floors will be raised with boundary railings.
Class activities and safety to students of the multipurpose shelters during construction
work will be ensured adopting the following options:
o Construction works will be extended during nights and holidays.
o When construction will be done in the upper floor, the ground floor will be used for
class activities.
o Duration of construction work will be extended to accommodate time for avoiding class
hours.
Approach roads to the shelters will be constructed. The environmental management
plan (EMP) of the project will include environmental safety during construction
especially for the students attending classes
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PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURE
7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
7.1. Introduction
199. The major activities to be carried out for IEE/EA (including EMP) include: (i) Environment
Screening (identification of possible impacts) (ii) Description of Surrounding Environment (establishment
of “baseline environment” against which impacts of the proposed sub-project would be evaluated); (iii)
analysis of alternatives; (iv) identification of major sub-project activities during both construction and
operational phases; (v) assessment, prediction and evaluation of impacts of major project activities on
the baseline environment; (vi) carrying out public consultations; (vii) preparation of environmental code
of practice (ECoP); and (viii) identification of mitigation measures and preparation of impact specific
environmental management plans (EMP) including monitoring requirements. The EMF presents detail
guidelines for carrying out each of these major activities.
7.2. Environmental Screening
200. All the sub-projects to be funded under MDSP will be subject to an environmental screening in
order to prevent execution of projects with significant negative environmental impacts. An
environmental impact is an estimate or judgment of the significance and value of environmental effects
on physical, biological, social or economic environment. Low, medium and high representing impact or
level of importance associated with a factor. The impact level depends on duration, reversibility,
magnitude, benefit, significance etc.
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201. Environmental screening is a part of the IEE. The purpose of the environmental screening is to
get relevant concerns addressed early on before further design of a project and to ensure that actions to
mitigate environmental impacts or enhance environmental opportunities are budgeted for. Thefield
Sub-Assistant Engineer of LGED with the coordination of Resident Engineer of DS consultant will be
responsible for carrying out environmental screening. The environmental screening would involve: (i)
reconnaissance of the sub-project area and its surroundings; (ii) identification of the major sub-project
activities; and (iii) preliminary assessment of the impacts of these activities on the ecological, physic-
chemical and socio-economic environment of the sub-project surrounding areas.
202. The participation and consultation with local communities are important identifying the
potential impacts of the project interventions. A sample Screening checklists are shown in Annex-3.
7.3. Description of the Environment
203. For proper environmental assessment (as a part of IEE and EIA), it is very important to
adequately define the “environmental baseline” against which environmental impacts of a particular
sub-project would be subsequently evaluated. The characteristics of “environmental baseline” would
depend on:
• Nature of the sub-project location, • Nature/ extent of a sub-project and its likely impact, • Level of environmental assessment (e.g., screening versus full scale EIA)
204. For example, felling of vegetation/tree, water quality, ambient air quality and noise level are
important parameters for describing baseline scenario for the sub-projects construction under MDSP,
because these parameters are likely to be impacted by the project works.
205. The base line description collection should take into account the existing and proposed
developments in the area. Based on the field visit baseline data needs to be collected from secondary
and primary sources to describe the baseline conditions. Environmental baseline should include
collection and interpretation of information on the status and trends of the environment that are likely
to be affected by the development action.
206. The base line description collection should take into account the existing socio-economic
condition, physical environment of selected indicators and proposed developments in the area so that
cumulative impacts can be assessed. On the field visit baseline data needs to be collected from
secondary sources (consult FRE) and public consultation (FGD) to describe baseline condition. The
following sections provide guideline on identification of important features/parameters and collection
of sub-project specific environmental baseline data.
207. Physical Environment-The description should include information on
Climate: Temperature, rainfall, humidity wind speed and direction, air quality etc.
Topography and land/soil type
Noise and dust
Flooding and drainage pattern: If and when the area is flooded by normal flood and any river is around the project that may represent a risk of flooding.
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Protected area, physical and cultural Heritage
208. Information should be gathered from both published sources as well as public consultation.
Mention if the sub-project falls under protected, or is in heritage area
209. Water Quality and Quantity-Baseline data of the intake water quality is necessary. In addition,
given the competing water usage of the river water, availability of enough water during the lean season
needs to be assessed as part of the baseline data collection. Arsenic contamination has been reported in
the ground water exploited from the shallow layers by pump wells and salinity is a common
phenomenon in surface water especially in river water.
210. Biological/Ecological Resources-Fisheries: There may be fishing in the river stretch adjacent to
the project which may get disrupted by the intake and discharge of the construction disposals. Hence
the nature and scale of fisheries around the project area will need to be assessed.
211. Aquatic and Terrestrial Biology (Flora and Fauna): Any flora and fauna of importance that
include terrestrial flora (forests) especially any endangered species, sensitive habitats and species of
commercial importance, wetland flora, terrestrial fauna (sensitive habitat/Wildlife and coastal
resources).
212. Trees: Number and species of existing trees and plants in the proposed shelter sites must be
reported. The felling of tree/s because of the shelter construction must be reported mentioning the
number and species.
213. Flooding and Drainage-If any river is around the project this may represent a risk of flooding,
historical hydrological data needs to be reviewed to ensure that the project is flood proofed. The 50
year project flood level should ideally be taken as the plinth level when leveling/filling the site. Drainage
situation in and around the shelter site must be described with connection to outfall or river system.
214. Socio-economic Condition-This would include beneficiary population, loss of assets during the
Sidr 2007, housing status, literacy and education, distribution of income by occupation, annual income
and gender issues. This is to be compiled from the SRIA reports and partly from FGD with summary of
discussions.
215. Economic Development-Information to be gathered should include infrastructure facilities like
water supply, power source etc., transportation such as road type, net-work, accessibility etc., industries
including cottage industries and tourism Facilities
216. Agricultural Development-Briefly describes the major crops grown, crop type, cropping intensity
and land use pattern.
7.4. Analysis of Alternatives
217. The primary objective of the “analysis of alternatives” is to identify the
location/design/technology for a particular sub-project that would generate the least adverse impact,
and maximize the positive impacts.
218. Project alternative is applicable when and if the impacts of environmental components and
issues have significant changes to the area and also the capacity of adaptation to the changes is widely
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varied with selection of technology and materials in construction or rehabilitation of shelters and
connecting roads. In this case there is no such situation. First alternative is not to take project to
construct shelters or zero option. In zero option, the situation will only worsen as there will be no
intervention to save and protect the life and living from disasters and the after effects of the disasters.
Hence this option is not considered.
219. The second alternative is construction or rehabilitation of the shelters in education institutes
mostly in existing primary schools. This implies that the shelter will be education institution based.
However; certain criteria to select the sites for the cyclone shelters with due processes and design
including environmental parameters are to be followed to prioritize the selection by:
Series of Consultation Meetings to be organized between Local Government Bodies (UP/WC), elites and local stakeholders of the area to select the location of shelters.
Necessary surveys on the parameters such as physical location, socio-economic condition, communication, environmental aspects etc. with public consultations to solicit wisdom and experience and reflect the aspirations of people.
220. After selection of the school there will be 5 options available in the design and size of the
shelters depending on the available area and design of the existing school. These options were
considered in ECRRP and will be adopted in MDSP. The design options are shown in Annex-4.
7.5. Major Sub-Project Activities
221. In order to assess environmental impacts, it is very import to identify the major sub-project
activities during both construction and operational phases. The identified major activities during disaster
shelter construction are given below.
Selection of site- The new disaster shelter/school building with access road will be constructed at the same premises of the existing schools; those will be identified during implementation stage. The construction does not require any land acquisition.
Mobilization of material and equipment and establishment of labor camp.
Excavation for foundation work
Dewatering
Reinforcement, concrete casting of footing or pile cap for Piling work
Form work, reinforcement, concrete casting for superstructure including beam, columns and slab.
Rehabilitation / construction of structures
Finishing work includes partition wall, painting, electrical works etc.
Site clearing and managing all construction waste
7.6. Assessment and Prediction of Impacts
222. After identification of the sub-project activities, the next step in the IEE/EIA involves
assessment/ prediction of the impacts of these activities on the baseline environment. Construction of
multi-purpose shelter involves environmental issues in different phases of the project. Based on the
construction activities the following environmental issues will be raised generally.
Surface Water Pollution
Ground Water Pollution
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Air Pollution
Soil Erosion
Noise Pollution
Disruption of natural systems
Damage of Trees and Vegetation
223. The impacts can be sub divided in pre-construction, construction and operation & maintenance
phase. The following sections will describe environmental impacts in different phases due to the
subproject activities.
7.6.2. Pre-Construction Phase
224. Loss of Land- The construction does not require any land acquisition or trigger loss of any
agricultural land as these will be constructed on the existing institutes. During design phase it should be
assessed and alternate options must be explored to identify suitable land, which has less impact on
agricultural production.
225. Setting up of Labour Camps: Improper site selection for labour camp may affect environment.
Detail is described in the ECoP in Annex 5.
7.6.3. Construction Phase
226. Surface Water Pollution-Nearby water body may be polluted due to disposal of construction
wastes or wastes from labor camps of the building project.
227. Ground Water Pollution-Septic tank and soak-well deepened up to underground water table
may act as media to pollute water, which may be cause of waterborne disease.
228. Air Pollution-Air pollution may be triggered from a wide range of construction activities,
including movement of vehicles, operation of construction equipment and generators.
229. Drainage congestion-Temporary drainage congestion often results from obstruction to natural
flow of drainage water due to the storage of materials, piled up excavated material/soil, and temporary
embankments constructed to keep the work area dry. Improper dumping shall impact natural drainage
courses.
230. Soil Erosion-Soil erosion increases in the construction site because of indiscriminate removal of
grasses and turf from the site and dumping of carried earth on the site without proper compaction layer
by layer.
231. Noise Pollution and increased Vehicular traffic-Could generate from Heavy machineries used
during construction, especially during pile driving works and also from movement of vehicles, operation
of construction equipment and generators.
232. Disruption of natural systems- Construction of shelters disrupts the existing ecology and natural
system of the locality. Wild animals like foxes, jackals, snakes, frogs, etc. have to leave the area.
233. Trees and Vegetation-Tree felling may be required to clear the site for building construction.
Live vegetation will be disrupted. Water bodies are sometimes filled, which causes destruction of plants
grown under water.
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234. Ecological impacts-Based on primary assessment of the nature and scale of the proposed sub-
projects and assessment of sub-project locations (based on field visits), it appears that ecological
impacts are not likely to be significant for most of the proposed sub-projects. However, the ecological
impact should focus on:
(a) Impact on flora (aquatic and terrestrial); (b) Impact on fauna (aquatic and terrestrial) including fish;
235. Health and Safety of Workers and Students- Health and safety of workers and students must be
taken into account while construction activities are on. The contractor must provide safety gears like
helmets, hand gloves, eye protectors while welding to the workers. A first aid box must always be
available at the site. The safety of the students from dust, noise and staking of rod and sands must be
ensured by the contractors following environmental code of practices and management.
236. Environmental Pollution From Solid/ Construction Waste-In many sub-projects, considerable
construction debris (e.g., demolition of existing structures) is likely to be generated from different sub-
project activities. Solid wastes will also be generated from labor sheds, particularly for labor-intensive
sub-projects. Improper management of construction debris and solid waste could cause blockage of
drainage line/ path and environmental pollution.
237. Socio-Economic Impacts- Possible socio-economic impacts from the sub-project activities may
include: loss of income and displacement, traffic congestion, impact on top soil, health and safety,
impact on archaeological/historical sites/physical and cultural resources, and employment and
commercial activities.
7.6.4. Operation and Maintenance Phase
238. Water Logging-Due to improper planning and construction storm water drainage congestion /
water logging may be created. This may affect commercial activities in the market and cause potential
risk to community health. Detrimental effect may cause on the paved/road surfaces in the market areas.
239. Additional Burden on Utilities-Construction of new cyclone shelters especially if it is multi-
storied, creates additional burden on the existing system of utilities like water supply, sewerage,
electricity, gas, telephone and road network etc.
240. Operation and Maintenance of Environmental Utilities-Lack of O&M of the environmental
utilities is very nuisance to environment and worsens the environment if they are not there at all.
Regular cleaning person of the utilities (sweepers) should be appointed.
241. Excessive Resource Use-Construction of shelters calls for using land, material (like scarce wood
from natural forests) and water resources, which may create crisis for other intended users.
242. Excessive Use of Energy- Implementation of cyclone shelter projects creates facility for more
people and consequently increases demand for electricity and other form of energy etc.
243. Health and Well-being of Users-Sometimes shelters are not designed properly to ensure healthy
and comfortable conditions for the dwellers, which create conditions worse than the slums inside the
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multistoried buildings. The proper drainage slopes, and entrance and exit from the shelter must be
properly designed and ensured.
7.7. Public Consultation
244. The location of the disaster shelter will be identified by the LGED through consultation with the
community and the targeted beneficiaries. After selection of a subproject, the community level
environmental screening will be an integral part of the sub-project planning. The community meeting
has been suggested to discuss the subproject, identify the community priority and identify the scope of
work. Thus Consultation is a continuous process by which opinion from public is sought on matters
affecting them. Public consultation is generally a continuous process aimed at engaging the stakeholder
efforts throughout the planning, design, construction, and operation a project. The objectives of
consultation and access to information are to generate public awareness by providing information about
a sub-project to all stakeholders, particularly the sub-projects affected persons (PAPs) in a timely
manner, and to provide opportunity to the stakeholders to voice their opinions and concerns on
different aspects of the project. The opinions and suggestions of the stakeholders would assist in taking
appropriate decisions for effective environmental management of the sub-projects. It would help
facilitate and streamline decision making whilst fostering an atmosphere of understanding among
individuals, groups and organizations, who could affect or be affected by the sub-projects. As a part of
IEE/EIA, an effective public consultation and access to information plan (PCAIP) needs to be developed.
The specific objectives of PC are:
To keep stakeholders informed about the sub-projects at different stages of implementation,
To address the environmental and social concerns/ impacts, and device mitigation measures taking into account the opinion/ suggestions of the stakeholders,
To generate and document broad community support for the sub-projects,
To improve communications among interested parties, and
To establish formal complaint submittal / resolution mechanisms.
To discuss about cyclone, flood, tidal surge and storm occurred over the years, document their problems and issues related to the above-mentioned disasters,
To describe their practical experience of tackling natural disasters, solicit their suggestions and
perspectives based on their local knowledge about disaster and coping strategies,
To document their priorities about multipurpose shelters (location of multipurpose shelters and
number of persons can be accommodated at the shelters) to be constructed,
7.7.2. Consultation Process
245. During the sub- project preparation stage extensive consultation should be arranged during the
conduct of the IEE/EIA surveys. Such consultations will continue to be ensured during further design and
implementation stage of the project. These will be undertaken at a minimum, at selection of the sub-
projects, during environmental screening, and assessment, if undertaken, and while formulating the
EMPs. A comprehensive framework for the participatory consultation including an effective feedback
mechanism and information disclosure should be developed and incorporated for implementation
during the entire duration of the project.
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246. A critical element in planning a participation and consultation program is associated with the
selection of participation techniques to meet desired objectives. Considering the importance of effective
participation and consultation in a wide spread project area along with the time and resource
constraints in the present project, the following participation techniques needs to be followed:
Information dissemination and information sharing techniques should be used to inform the stakeholders regarding the action being taken in a program area through personal communication to make them aware about the project as well as to incorporate users input at different stages of the project.
Information gathering techniques to gather quantitative and qualitative information about the individual schemes through questionnaires survey.
Focused Group Discussion (FGDs) should be conducted covering different components of the project to increase local awareness about the forthcoming project as well as to incorporate their views, needs, priorities considering different positive and negative impact of the project.
Key Informant surveys should be carried out among the knowledgeable and elderly people of the project area to incorporate their views and suggestions from their long experiences and knowledge.
Hot Spot Consultation should be conducted in problematic locations of the schemes with participation of knowledgeable and affected people, local elite, public representatives, officials and NGO people to mitigate adverse impact considering their views suggestions from their practical experiences as per local needs and demands.
Participatory workshops should be organized with the participation of different types of representative stakeholders.
247. The focus group discussions (FGDs) must have representations from the cross-sections of the
stake-holders of various professions and categories like agriculture, fishery, students, teachers, business
persons, poorer section of the community, housewives, women groups, vulnerable groups, NGOs/CBOs,
LGED, local government, development organizations, development partners. The number of FGD
participants should range from 15 to 30.
248. The Environmental Specialist will monitor and contact the Coordinators as and when necessary.
The experts will conduct the FGD in consultation and coordination with the designated stakeholders and
Engineers. The FGD Experts will interact and coordinate with the Upazila Engineer,Field Resident
Engineer (FRE) and other field staff regarding the schedule, field work, visit to the sites and public
consultation meetings.
7.7.3. Findings of the Consultation
249. Consultation is a two way process to and ensure participation of the concerned stakeholders
(mentioned earlier) during the planning stages when the technical designs are being developed and also
share project design among the primary beneficiaries and likely affected persons. Different techniques
and methods (e.g., public meetings, informal group discussions, In-depth Interviews, conversation, etc.)
will be used with the concerned stakeholders following the consultation guidelines to make consultation
process functional and effective.
250. Consultation outcomes include – (i) the concerned stakeholders are well informed about the
project design, (ii) perception and knowledge of the stakeholders about various disasters are collected,
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(iii) their problems and issues documented, (iv) local folk strategies of tackling of disasters by the
affected people are revealed, (v) a kind of ownership feelings created among the participants because of
consideration towards their suggestions and perspectives for improvement of project design, and (vi)
commitment, skills and capacities of shelter management committees created, developed and enhanced
for effective and efficient utilization of the multipurpose shelters.
251. Results of assessments are decisive elements in selection of the design, size and location of the
multipurpose disaster shelters. (Table-7-1)
Table 7-1: Summary of community consultation
Description/ Particulars
Details Areas of the key insights
Perception and knowledge on disasters: problems and issues
Contemporary disasters (Sidr and Alia) will be described, years of occurrences and devastation of disasters, magnitudes of damages and losses
Impacts of disasters
Tackling natural disasters
Documentation of folk and local strategies adopted for tackling cyclone Sidr and Aila
Tackling Sidr and Aila and resilience of the affected people
Deserving multipurpose shelters
Locations of shelters, population in the villages under catchment areas, vulnerable population to disasters, current road networks/accessibilities, requirement of construction/improvement of shelter connecting roads, social and environmental impacts (positive and negative) and social and environmental safeguard compliance; To help manage public expectations concerning the impact of a project and its expected benefits,
Effective shelters
Role of the School Management Committee (SMC) and the Union Parishad (UP)
The participants of the meetings and group discussants will be informed about importance of active participation of the SMC and the UP. The role of UP is very vital as they steer the land clearance process especially for the improvement of connecting roads in consultation with affected persons and certificate of approval by UP is a valid document. The SMC will coordinate with UP to ensure effective use of the shelters; and will ensure solar panel and systems are functional, water and sanitation facilities are useable, etc.
Integrity and cooperation among the members of both the SMCs and the UPs will sustain effective sheltering at the multipurpose shelters.
252. Recommendations: Recommendations are made based on discussed matters including
problems, issues, concerns and suggestions which will be provided by the participants of community
consultation meetings. Presumably the following can be the potential recommendations:
Locations of the sites of the sub-projects should be accessible considering expectations
and feedbacks of the participants of community consultation meetings,
Approach roads from road to shelters should be included in the improvement work,
Schooling of the students should be uninterrupted through alternative arrangement
during civil works (new construction and repair and extension works),
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Toilets to be constructed for the females and the males considering gender aspect and
sensitivity,
An enabling environment should be created among the members of the School
Management Committee, the Union Parishad and the local administration for a
particular shelter for effective utilization of the shelter at the event of any disaster,
An effective and timely disaster forecasting system should be developed based on
discussions of the contemporary disaster, shortcoming in evacuation alarming and
sheltering of the affected persons at shelters or at any safe buildings and what can be
more effective evacuation and sheltering of the potential affected person in any future
disaster
8. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
8.1. Social Screening and Impact Assessment
253. LGED will screen each subproject site (shelter or road) to identify potential safeguards
compliance issues and social impacts, in order to determine applicability of the OP 4.12 on involuntary
resettlement and OP 4.10 on indigenous peoples. Where adverse impacts cannot be avoided entirely,
LGED will select, design and implement the subproject in accordance with the following guidelines:
8.1.1. Exclusion Criteria
254. To ensure that the project meets its overall objectives, and that the national legal as well as
Bank’s safeguard requirements are met, the following will constitute criteria for the exclusion of
subproject sites from project finance:
Require involuntary acquisition of land and displacement of tribal peoples;
Affect mosques, temples, graveyards, cremation grounds, and other places/objects that are of religious and cultural significance;
May significantly restrict access to common property resources and livelihood activities of groups and communities;
Threatens cultural/traditional way of life of tribal peoples, restrict their access to common property resources (forests, water bodies, etc.) and livelihood activities, and affect their places/objects of cultural and religious significance (places of worship, ancestral burial grounds, etc.).
Community agreement cannot be reached on sites and land is not available through methods adopted in the SMF.
8.1.2. Social Screening
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255. Once a site for new shelter or horizontal extension of an existing shelter or an existing road
section for development as shelter connecting road (subproject) is primarily selected, social screening
will be carried out for exclusion criteria and assessing feasibility of the sites. The social screening will
provide a rapid assessment of the subproject characteristics, its beneficiaries, the socioeconomic
dimensions of the area, and its potential impacts and risks including impact on tribal peoples (a format
for social screening is appended at Annex-17). It will also identify potential need for additional lands and
the methods of obtaining those lands. Results of the social screening will determine whether or not an
individual subproject site qualifies for project financing and if detailed Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is
required. A social screening report will be prepared with all findings and recommendations for further
process. Subprojects without social safeguard compliance issues will be considered for detailed
preparation and a Social Management Plan (SMP) will be prepared for management of social issues
during subproject implementation.
Contents of SMP Project background followed by a brief description of the subprojects packaged for a
construction contract;
Description of subproject area, beneficiary profile, disaster vulnerability of the catchment area,
community mix and gender analysis;
An account of the process followed for site selection and obtaining lands for infrastructure
construction for shelter or connecting roads demonstrated with evidences;
An account of consultations with the beneficiary communities about their concerns, options for
mitigation measures and implementation procedure;
Social screening and safeguard compliance issues;
Inclusion, participation and grievance redress;
Social management budget; and
Monitoring and evaluation.
8.1.3. Social Impact Assessment
256. SIA will be carried out for proposed subprojects when social screening will identify potential
social safeguard issues. The principal opportunity of the SIA involves identifying viable alternatives;
identifying potential social impacts, including direct or indirect; permanent or temporary; physical or
economic, assessing their significance; designing least-cost mitigation measures and monitoring
requirements; formulating institutional arrangements; and ensuring meaningful public consultation and
information disclosure procedures. Once social impacts are noted, census of affected persons and assets
will be conducted following the site boundary/alignment and where applicable resettlement action plan
(RAP) in compliance with the SMF guidelines will be prepared. The affected persons and their
communities will be consulted during the census survey to understand the risks and options for devising
mitigation of social impacts. To ensure that social concerns are adequately addressed, specific social
analyses will include: (i) Socio-economic analysis; (ii) Stakeholder analysis and (iii) Involuntary
resettlement (including temporary or permanent relocation and compensation for loss of assets). The
assessment will identify and estimate impacts, risks and opportunities and suggest measures to avoiding
or minimizing, mitigating and managing, and compensating adverse social impacts.
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257. Subprojects where land will be taken through involuntary acquisition, land acquisition process
will be initiated by LGED well ahead of time so that assessment of social impacts and risks can be done
for preparation and approval of RAPs before award of civil works contract and implementation of the
same before displacement of people.
258. The SIA will utilize a well-planned and all-inclusive communication and consultation strategy and
survey methodology to lay out a detailed socioeconomic survey covering the prevailing status of income,
employment, education, age, skills and other socioeconomic aspects along with cultural and community
aspects in the areas. The following methodology may be adopted.
(a) The SIA will be carried out for each subproject with social safeguards compliance issues in accordance with the civil works time table.
(b) Community/stakeholder consultations at locations with habitations and documentation of such consultation.
(c) Focus group discussions with beneficiaries, key affected persons and their community.
(d) Census and socioeconomic survey among the project affected households.
(e) Assimilation and analysis of data and information to address key issues following SMF.
(f) The information gathered shall be recorded and computerized, and photograph will be used to document existing structures and land holding and other impacts in the corridor of impact.
(g) Update the final alignment/site on the Mauza maps and finalize the land acquisition plans.
(h) All data will be disaggregated by gender, age and ethnicity where necessary. A gender analysis will also be undertaken.
259. Deputy Commissioner at respective districts, where a site will involve land acquisition, will
process land acquisition on behalf of LGED under the provision of the Ordinance II of 1982 and make
payment of compensation under law. However, LGED will make additional payment where needed to
ensure replacement cost of land and other property acquired for any site following the provision of RAP
prepared in compliance with this SMF. Inclusion and participation will be included with the SMP where
social screening and SIA will identify tribal peoples among the beneficiaries.
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PART D- GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL &
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING
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9. PROJECT EMBEDDED ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
9.1. Introduction
260. The project will ensure that environmental considerations are given sufficient attention, weight
and influence over design decisions to ensure due diligence to comply the GoB and World Bank
requirement policy as stated under Chapter 3 and Article 3.3.
9.2. In Design
261. Environmental considerations in design are based on the basic design criteria so as to conform
to long-term sustainability of these shelters and consideration of user-friendly facilities. The design
requirements generally include an occupational area of shelter: 280 to 400 sq. m with a capacity of 1300
to 2000 persons. The catchment area will vary from 8.00 to16 sq.km. There will be adequate number of
separate toilets for men and women varying from 4 to 5. The design uses environmentally sound
provisions and the disaster shelter includes
262. The project will support
renewable energy (solar lighting) for lighting purposes,
rainwater harvesting storage tanks for water supply purpose,
drinking water and sanitation facilities in the shelters and
maintenance of the planned tree plantation through the school management and the community
floors are furnished with situ mosaic to reduce damage and for easy maintenance;
aluminum sliding windows were provided as per U.S. Architectural Aluminum Manufacturer’s Association standard specification
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ramp for disabled
263. The environmental aspects of design criteria will also include maintaining the aesthetic view of
the premises, save the agriculture land, play grounds, avoid felling of any tree or minimum number of
trees, maintaining proper design with landscape etc. This involves
Series of Consultation Meetings to be organized between Public Representative, Local Government Bodies (UP/WC), elites and local stakeholders of the area to select the location of shelters.
Necessary surveys to conduct IEE/EA on the parameters such as physical location, socio-economic condition, communication, environmental aspects etc. with public consultations to solicit wisdom and experience of the stakeholders so as to reflect the aspirations of people.
9.3. In Project Benefit
264. Project benefits for multipurpose disaster shelters include (i) ensuring safe sheltering of the
project beneficiaries at the event of any disasters including cyclone, (ii) provide congenial learning
environment and sufficient space in the classrooms at multipurpose shelters, (iii) overall improved
schooling facilities and environment to be ensured at multipurpose disaster shelters conducive to
children’s learning, and (iv) affected people also will be able to bring their cattle to keep at safe shelters
at the event of any disasters.
265. Environmental considerations in project benefit refer to environmentally sound design
parameters to realize the project objectives and inclusion of provisions to realize those parameters.
Besides being used as shelters, these school-cum-shelters is to be renovated with environment friendly
provisions for the benefit of students, teachers and the whole community in general. The school-cum-
shelters have provisions of Health Center, Community Center and Other Administrative Uses
266. There is provision of Access Road and Associated Structures to the Disaster Shelters so that the
shelters can be accessed safely. This will be very useful for the users particularly students to commute
with comfort particularly during rainy season. Separate floor for sheltering livestock will save quite a
number of cattle and other livestock. The site will be developed and enhanced through a Land Use Plan
and Tree Plantation.
267. The ancillary provisions in the shelters stemmed out from environmental considerations. These
provisions can be used both during the time of emergency as well as during normal activities of the
schools. These provisions include solar panel benefits for clean energy for the users. One of the most
important needs during and after cyclones is the availability of drinking water. This is all the more
important as surface water is often saline and in a few cases with traces of arsenic in hand pumps. To
deter this, tube-wells on raised platform pumping safe water will be installed in the shelters. There will
be provisions of rain water harvesting facilities in the shelters. First-Aid Boxes will be placed for each
Shelter to take care of immediate requirements and there will be Separate Room for Pregnant Women
during occupancy in the shelters. Provision of Store Rooms will solve storing of materials otherwise kept
here and there creating environmental problems.
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10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
10.1. Introduction
268. The primary objective of the environmental management plan (EMP) is to record environmental
impacts resulting from the sub-project activities and to ensure implementation of the identified
“mitigation measures”, in order to reduce adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. Besides, it
would also address any unexpected or unforeseen environmental impacts that may arise during
construction and operational phases of the sub-projects.
269. The EMP should clearly lay out: (a) the measures to be taken during both construction and
operation phases of a sub-project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or reduce them
to acceptable levels; (b) the actions needed to implement these measures; and (c) a monitoring plan to
assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures employed.
270. The environmental management program should be carried out as an integrated part of the
project planning and execution. It must not be seen merely as an activity limited to monitoring and
regulating activities against a pre-determined checklist of required actions. Rather it must interact
dynamically as a sub-project implementation proceeds, dealing flexibly with environmental impacts,
both expected and unexpected. For all sub-projects to be implemented under MDSP, the EMP should be
a part of the Contract Document.
The major components of the EMP include:
Mitigation and enhancement measures
Monitoring plan
Grievance redress mechanism
Estimation of cost of EMP
Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP
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271. An Environment Management Plan (EMP) outlines the environmental management procedures
that will be implemented during the project period and also in the operation & maintenance period to
minimize the negative impacts and implementation of enhancement measures. An EMP should be
drawn up as part of the Environmental Assessment (EA) at both IEE and EIA stages, to deal with follow-
up activities during subsequent stages of project development: detailed design, construction,
implementation, maintenance and decommissioning:
272. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should be developed to deal with all follow up
activities during project construction, implementation, maintenance and abandonment (if required).
EMPs have been formulated for the disaster shelters in pre-construction, construction and operation
and maintenance phases. It will serve as guidelines for Upazila authorities, including DOE, as well as for
the selected contractors and other parties involved in mitigating potential environmental impacts.
273. The overall impact assessment of the proposed sub-projects to be implemented under MDSP
reveals that most of the adverse impacts could be minimized or eliminated by adopting standard
mitigation measures; there is also scope to enhance some of the beneficial impacts to be generated
from the proposed sub-projects. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared in a matrix on
possible impacts, impact category/intensity and proposed mitigation measures resulting from the
construction and operation of the project for shelter and connecting roads. It also assigns responsibility
for implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures. The table shows below describes the
standard mitigation and enhancement measures that could be applied to the sub-project under MDSP.
The EMP should be integrated with the bid documents for procurement of contractor services to ensure
the implementation of the mitigation measures.
Table 10-1: Environmental Management Plan for Shelter
Activity/Issues Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
Responsible Parties
Construction and operation of labor shed for workers
Generation of sewage and solid waste; water/ environmental pollution
Construction of sanitary latrine/ septic tank system.
Erection of “no litter” sign, provision of waste bins/cans, where appropriate
Proper disposal of solid waste
Contractor (Monitoring by LGED and DS)
Health of workers Raising awareness about hygiene practices among workers.
Availability and access to first-aid equipment and medical supplies
Possible development of labor camp into permanent settlement
Contractor to remove labor camp at the completion of contract
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Activity/Issues Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
Responsible Parties
Outside labor force causing negative impact on health and social well-being of local people
Contractor to employ local work force, where appropriate; promote health, sanitation and road safety awareness
General construction works for sub-projects
Drainage congestion and flooding
Provision for adequate drainage of storm water
Provision of adequate diversion channel, if required
Provision for pumping of congested water, if needed
Ensure adequate monitoring of drainage effects, especially if construction works are carried out during the wet season.
Contractor (Monitoring by LGED and DS)
Air pollution Ensure that all project vehicles are in good operating condition.
Spray water on dry surfaces/ unpaved roads regularly to reduce dust generation.
Maintain adequate moisture content of soil during transportation, compaction and handling.
Sprinkle and cover stockpiles of loose materials (e.g., fine aggregates).
Avoid use of equipment such as stone crushers at site, which produce significant amount of particulate matter.
Traffic congestion, traffic problems
Schedule deliveries of material/ equipment during off-peak hours.
Selection of alternative routes, where possible for sub-project vehicles
Depute flagman for traffic control
Arrange for signal light at night
Noise pollution Use of noise suppressors and mufflers in heavy construction equipment.
Avoid using of construction equipment producing excessive noise at night.
Avoid prolonged exposure to noise (produced by equipment) by workers.
Regulate use of horns and avoid use of hydraulic horns in project vehicles.
Water and soil pollution
Prevent discharge of fuel, lubricants, chemicals, and wastes into adjacent rivers/ khals/ drains.
Install sediment basins to trap sediments in storm water prior to discharge to surface water.
Felling of trees, clearing of vegetation
Replant vegetation when soils have been exposed or disturbed.
Plantation to replace felled trees
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Activity/Issues Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
Responsible Parties
Accidents
Following standard safety protocol.
Environmental health and safety briefing.
Provision of protective gear.
Spills and leaks of oil, toxic chemicals
Good housekeeping.
Proper handling of lubricating oil and fuel.
Collection, proper treatment, and disposal of spills.
All construction
works
Beneficial impact on employment generation
General degradation of environment
Employ local people in the project activities as much as possible.
Give priority to poor people living in slums within project area in sub-project related works (e.g., excavation and other works, which do not require skilled manpower).
Environmental enhancement measures, such as plantation, landscaping, traffic and safe signs, construction site fencing (where appropriate)
Contractor (Monitoring by LGED and DS)
Excavation/ Earth
works/piling work
Discovery of historical items and cultural remains
Follow “chance find procedure” (see Annex-6) for protection of cultural resources
LGED and Consultant, with support from Contractor
Quarterly
Monitoring
Report
Preparation and
Submitted to
World Bank
LGED with the help from environment specialist of DS consultant and M&E
10.2. Disaster Management Plan
274. Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Emergency Preparedness Planning
(EPP) and Contingency Planning (CP) are the processes of disaster management plan for developing
strategies, arrangements and procedures to address the humanitarian needs of those adversely affected
by the crisis. There are four main types of disaster, namely; Natural disasters, Environmental
emergencies, Complex emergencies and Pandemic emergencies.
275. For MDSP the Disaster Management Plan of a sub-project is to be a part of Union Disaster Plans.
It is a contingency plan. Preparation of the disaster management plan is to be prepared by the School
Management Committee (SMC) and the Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC). The Union
Disaster Plan for the sub-projects under a Union should be prepared jointly by the SMC and the UDMC.
They would identify the immediate needs, prioritize the tasks and identify resource requirements to
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address the humanitarian needs of those adversely affected by the crisis. The coordination role of the
SMC is also very important while implementing DMPs.
10.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan
276. The primary objective of the environmental monitoring is to record environmental impacts
resulting from the sub-project activities and to ensure implementation of the “mitigation measures”
identified earlier in order to reduce adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts from project
activities. During implementation of all sub-projects, the LGED with support from the consultant will be
responsible to monitor and make sure that the environmental mitigation/enhancement measures
(including health and safety measures) outlined in the EMP for the particular sub-project are being
implemented in accordance to the provisions of the Tender Document.
277. A number of indicators on the key environmental issues have been proposed to identify changes
taking place in respect of the issues relevant to the project. Apart from general monitoring of
mitigation/enhancement measures, important environmental parameters to be monitored during the
construction phase of the sub-projects include air quality, noise level, water quality, drainage
congestion, and traffic problems. However, the requirement and frequency of monitoring would depend
on the nature of sub-project and field situation. The parameters and their frequency of monitoring
should be provided along with cost of monitoring plan and institutional arrangements for conducting
monitoring. Reporting formats would be provided along with an arrangement for reporting and taking
corrective action.
278. Some specific requirements and measures as environmental monitoring action plan are given at
Table 10-2. These issues include dust, noise control, waste disposal, health and safety, water supply and
sanitation should be taken care of by the contractors and these works are to be within the budget of
contract amount. The schools may need either temporary rescheduling of the class timing or the special
time scheduling to adjust with school timing during the construction period. This should be negotiated
between the school authority and the contractor to find alternative time.
Table 10-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP)
Sl.# Issues Potential Impact
Mitigation Measures Frequency Responsible Organization
Implement Monitoring
1 Surface and ground water pollution
Contamination of surface or ground water table
Ensure wastes are
disposed of properly
away from the site.
Ensure septic tanks and
soak wells are of proper
design
Weekly Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
2 Air/Dust pollution
Health hazard to school children and residents
School should be temporarily moved during dismantling and rehabilitation
Cost of temporary shifting be included
Sprinkle water on dusty roads
Daily Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
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Sl.# Issues Potential Impact
Mitigation Measures Frequency Responsible Organization
Implement Monitoring
Cover stockpiles
3 Noise pollution
Hearing hazards to school children and residents
School should be temporarily moved during dismantling and rehabilitation with cost of temporary shifting be included
Schedule transportation not to disturb the community
Keep speed reduction provision in critical areas and turns
The machineries should have silencing devises
Daily Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
4 Waste disposal/ Management
Contamination of water
Wastes and debris are to be disposed properly
Construction debris must be stockpiled and removed.
Do not drop or expose any debris while transporting.
Daily Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
5 Soil erosion Land slide/ battered slope, rain-cut, absence of vegetation
Ensure layer to layer compaction
Take soil stabilization measures
Re-vegetate and restore disturbed soil
Ensure appropriate designing of slopes to prevent slumping, slippage and erosion
Monthly Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
6 Trees and vegetation
Deforestation and desertification
Enhance environment by tree plantation in proper places of school premises and road side
Encourage re-vegetation of barren surfaces
After Construction
Contractors/ Design and Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
8 Water supply and sanitation
Incidence of diseases
Ensure adequate supply of drinking water.
Sanitation facilities for male and female workers separately
Daily Contractors/ Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of DS Consultant
9 Health and safety
Health and general safety of workers
Ensure adequate safety gears for workers.
Arrange training for contractors and workers
Daily Contractors/ Supervising Consultants
XEN, LGED ADTL/FRE of MDS Consultant
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10.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism
279. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is a valuable tool which will allows affected people to
voice concerns regarding environmental and social impacts for MDSP’s sub-project activities. LGED
would ensure that grievance redress procedures are in place and would monitor those procedures to
ensure that grievance are handled properly. The LGED offices will establish a procedure to answer sub-
project-related queries and address complaints, disputes, and grievances about any aspect of the sub-
project, including disagreements regarding the assessment and mitigation of environmental and social
impacts. Generally, the grievance redress committees (GRC) are of two types (i) formal courts of appeal
and (ii) a locally constitutes GRC for dispute resolution. The second may not totally avoid but may
reduce the problem significantly. Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be formed as suggested in
Section 11.1.3. The GRC will ensure proper presentation of complaints and grievances, as well as
impartial hearings and transparent decisions. The GRCs will meet periodically to discuss the merit of
each case and fix a date for hearing and notify the aggrieved persons to submit necessary documents in
proof of her/his claim/case; resolve grievances within one month of receipt of complaint. Additional
details regarding the functioning of GRC is presented in the SMF.
10.5. Method of Estimation of Cost for EMPs
280. Some activities included in EMPs have certain monetary involvement. The cost of the
environmental mitigation measures in the EMP will be estimated and. Cost of implementing
environmental management plan (EMP) including monitoring activities needs to be estimated as a part
of the preparation of EMP and will be included in the bill of quantities of bid document. Many of the
activities to be carried out as a part of EMP would not involve any additional direct cost e.g., employing
local work force, where appropriate; keeping sub-project vehicles in good operating condition;
scheduling deliveries of materials/ goods in off-peak hours; use of fuel; etc. On the other hand, a
number of activities would require additional cost. Environmental monitoring during both construction
and operational phases would involve direct cost. At the same time, a number mitigation measures
(including health and safety measures) would also require additional cost; these include of installation of
septic tank/sanitary latrine/portable toilets, installation of health and safety signs, awareness
documents (signs/ posters), water sprinkling on aggregates , plantation etc. The generic method of
determining the cost of the EMP is outlined below:
Table 10-3: Method/ basis of estimation of cost of Monitoring
Item Basis of cost / Estimated cost
Monitoring:
Air Quality (SPM or PM10 or PM2.5)* Prevailing rate ( Tk. 10,000/- per unit)
Noise level Prevailing rate ( Tk. 5000/- per unit per day)
Water quality (pH, BOD5 /COD, Oil and grease Prevailing rate ( Tk. 15,000/- per sample)
Water quality (pH, BOD5 or COD, NH3) Prevailing rate ( Tk. 7,000/- per sample)
Installation of septic tank/ sanitary latrine/ portable toilet
Prevailing rate/ Latest PWD/ LGED rates
Health/ safety signs (size and number) Prevailing PWD/ LGED rate / Lump sum
Water sprinkling on aggregates or unpaved roads in work area
Latest PWD/ LGED rate (if available)/ A fixed rate per square meter
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Traffic control (estimate number of flagman needed and duration of work)
Latest PWD/ LGED rate (if available)/ A fixed rate per flagman per day/ Lump sum amount
Traffic light Latest PWD/ LGED rate (if available)/ Lump sum amount
Protective gear Contractor to quote rate of items of works considering provision of adequate protective gear for workers, in accordance to work
Plantation (including protection/ fencing and conservation during project period)
Prevailing rate ( Tk. 1,000/- per plant)
* Depending on availability of facility for measurement
10.6. Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP)
281. The Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) is prepared as a guideline for environment
management of the subprojects to be implemented in different coastal area under the MDSP. The
purpose of the Code of Practice is to ensure that construction activities are conducted in a manner that
minimizes impacts on the environment. It promotes awareness and use of best practice in
environmental management.
282. ECoP is applicable to the construction sites and associated activities such as stockpile sites,
disposal sites for clean excavated materials, etc. Responsibility lies with all the people involved in any
given project to adopt environmentally responsible work practices. Best environmental management
practice requires environmental awareness, and appreciation of one’s environmental responsibilities.
Measures taken to prevent environmental impacts are preferred to those designed to control the
impact. Also the environment screening will help in determining whether a proposed subproject should
be subjected to follow the Environmental Code of Practices (ECoP) for mitigate or avoid the impacts or
need further review with preparation of separate environmental management plan for that subproject
with appropriate mitigation measures.
283. The main objective of an ECoP is to manage construction operations in harmony with the
environment in an effort to contribute to the well-being of the community and the environment by:
• Minimizing pollution • Sustaining eco-systems • Conserving cultural heritage • Enhancing amenity
284. The Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) includes a list of activities associated with
infrastructure development considered in the MDSP. The ECoP outlines activities on different issues
related to project implementation. The ECoP developed will address the following issues related to sub-
project operation:
1. Planning and Design Phases of a Project 2. Site Preparation 3. Construction Camps 4. Borrow Areas
5. Waste Management 6. Water Bodies 7. Water Quality
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8. Drainage 9. Public Health and Safety 10. Material Storage, Transport, and Handling 11. Vegetation
285. A particular sub-project within the MDSP may involve all or some of these issues. Annex -5
presents the ECoPs for different activities of sub-projects.
10.7. Special Environmental Clauses (SECs) for Tender Document
286. Apart from the provisions under “General Specification” and “Particular Specification” for
different sub-project components, the following special environmental clauses (SECs) shall be included
in the Tender Document under General/Particular Specification. These clauses are aimed at ensuring
that the Contractor carries out his responsibility of implementing the EMP and other environmental and
safety measures.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): 287. The Contractor shall carry out all mitigation and enhancement measures (including those related
to mitigation of air/noise/water pollution; drainage/traffic congestion) as specified in the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP), annexed to this Contract.
Temporary Works: 288. The Contractor shall make sure that all equipment and safeguards required for the construction
work such as temporary stair, ladder, ramp, scaffold, hoist, run away, barricade, chute, lift, etc. are
substantially constructed and erected, so as not to create any unsafe situation for the workmen using
them or the workmen and general public passing under, on or near them.
Health and Safety:
The Contractor shall observe and maintain standards of Health and Safety towards all of his employees not less than those laid down by the national standards or statutory regulations.
Where appropriate, to prevent workers falling from heights, the Contractor shall make sure that every temporary floor openings shall either have railing of at least 900 mm height or shall be constantly attended; every floor hole shall be guarded by either a railing or a hinged cover, or constantly attended; every stairway floor opening shall be guarded by railing at least 900 mm high on the exposed sides; every ladder way floor opening or platform shall be guarded by a guard railing; every open sided floor or platform 1.2 m or more above adjacent ground level shall be guarded by a railing on all open sides.
The Contractor shall provide all appropriate protective clothing and equipment for the work to be done and ensure its proper use. Where required, safety nets, belts, harnesses and lines shall be provided by the contractor. The “safety directives for work equipment” and “safety directives for protective gears”, as specified in the Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines (attached) shall be followed.
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The Contractor shall provide and maintain in prominent and well-marked positions all necessary first-aid equipment, medical supplies and other related facilities. A sufficient number of trained personnel will be required to be available at all times to render first aid.
The Contractor must provide or ensure that appropriate safety and/or health signs are in place at their work sites where hazards cannot be avoided or reduced.
The Contractor shall report to the Engineer promptly and in writing particulars of any accident or unusual or unforeseen occurrences on the site, whether these are likely to affect progress of the work or not.
Disposal and Pollution:
The Contractor shall not dispose any waste, rubbish or offensive matter in any place not approved by the Engineer or Statutory Authority having jurisdiction. The Contractor shall not discharge into any watercourse oil, solids, noxious or floating materials.
The Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to keep public or private roads clean of any spillage or droppings from his vehicles or equipment. Any spillage or droppings which accrue shall be cleaned without delay to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall construct sanitary latrine or septic tank system or install portable cabin toilet for disposal of human waste in the site office and temporary labor sheds for workers/ employees; the Contractor shall provide waste bins/ cans for collection of solid waste at appropriate locations (as directed by the Engineer), and ensure proper transfer/ disposal of solid waste with support from the local government authority.
Earthworks:
During excavation of trenches in natural soils, the Contractor shall make sure that the first 300 mm to 450 mm of topsoil be excavated and stored on one side of the trench and the rest of the excavated soil is stored separately/ on the other side; during back filling of trench, the topsoil should be placed on the top again.
289. A description of environmental items needed to be considered in the budget estimates and
subsequently these items have to be incorporated in the bid document. Typical Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
for Environmental Works is shown in Annex-7.
10.8. ICT Monitoring:
ICT monitoring will be used to enhance the efficiency of MDSP-II by providing a single-stop instrument to
monitor progress of construction, provide visual images to assess quality, and monitor the number and
frequency of visits from LGED engineers and World Bank teams tasked with supervision. The
smartphone-based ICT platform includes mechanisms for real-time monitoring of data capture,
participatory tracking of project progress and irregularities, and comment submission. The platform
automatically adds date and time, and GPS coordinates to form data and photos, which are transmitted
upon submission to an online database. In geographic areas without mobile internet, the submission is
stored on the phone memory and transmitted at a later time. The online database will be accessible to
permitted users, where reports will be pinned to the shelter locations which are visible on an interactive
map interface. ICT monitoring will provide in-depth and real-time snapshots of project performance in a
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resource-constrained environment, automatically place pressure points on identified problem shelters,
inject transparency into the construction process, and motivate supervision teams and contractors.
10.9. General Principles for Environmental Management
290. The Environmental Management Procedure establishes the criteria to identify the level of
Environmental Assessment (EA) and the processes involved, their sequence to conduct the EA studies
for various subprojects under MDSP including their legal requirements and implications
LGED will be responsible for the environmental compliance monitoring and oversight to ensure
overall project environmental compliance. The Consultants that would be hired by LGED would
assist the project proponent to carry out this mandate.
The implementing agency will follow the related government rules (laws, ordinances, acts etc.)
and World Bank Operational Policies and Guidelines. This EMF would serve as the basis for
ensuring this compliance.
LGED will submit the EMF to the Department of Environment (DOE) for their review and
concurrence.
LGED will ensure the participation of local community in planning and implementation of sub-
projects.
No project activities will be carried out in and nearby the environmental protected and critical
areas as well as in disputed lands or lands restricted for development.
All the activities proposed under the project will abide by existing Environmental Code of
Practices (ECP).
LGED will ensure that proper environmental screening will be done by the design consultant.
Design consultant will ensure that environmental considerations are given sufficient attention.
To this end, it will carry out Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with cost estimate for all
subprojects based on screening criterion.
Bid documents will prepare by the design consultant and Environment Management Plan(EMP).
The general ECoP, relevant environment clause, text of site specific EMP and the cost of EMP
will have to be incorporated in the respective section of bid document.
EMP implementation will be done by the Contractor and supervised by the design consultant
and monitoring should be done by management consultant.
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11. SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
11.1.1. Social Development Guidelines
291. Subproject sites will be selected at strategic locations to ensure that the vulnerable section of
the communities in terms of proximity including the very poor, women, tribal peoples, traditional
minority communities, and marginalized, disabled etc., get access to disaster shelters. In accordance
with the local government act 2009, the communities have been empowered with an opportunity to
decide, implement and monitor the development programs. Accordingly, the focus will be to promote
participatory processes through the sub-project cycles.
292. The local government acts and the Right to Information Act (2009) recognize that stakeholders
can exercise their rights to access information in context of development programs and the public
institutions including the LGED are obligated to place information in public domain. This creates an
enabling environment to develop trust among implementing partners and builds in checks and balances
to strengthen the system. Subproject information will be disclosed in public domain including the social
screening/assessment report, social management plan, and where applicable resettlement action plan
and or tribal peoples development plan.
293. The project will implement social accountability tools to improve citizen participation and
transparency. Strengthened transparency and accountability includes display of information of all
activities including cost, at prominent and public places in the catchment areas of shelter and shelter
connecting roads, participation of communities in monitoring and evaluation, and use simple formats
for reporting findings at planning and implementation stages. Specific measures will be designed on (i)
consultation, feedback and grievance-redress mechanisms to alert project staff to problems identified
by beneficiaries, affected people, and other stakeholders; (ii) participatory planning to ensure the
project meets the needs of beneficiaries; and (iii) participatory monitoring and evaluation for
identification of problems.
294. LGED will prepare and implement social management plans (SMP) with strategy for obtaining
land for shelter sites and shelter connecting roads in consultation with the communities, local public
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administration and local government institutions. The contracted design and supervision consultant will
assist LGED in development of inclusive SMP. The selection criteria will be finalized through discussion
with the beneficiary communities to avoid elite capture and exclusion. LGED will share the SMP with the
Bank for review and concurrence for implementation before award of civil works contract.
11.1.2. Communication and Participation Strategy
295. Overall development objective of MDSP is to reduce vulnerability of the coastal population to
natural disasters. When structural measures are the key interventions to achieve the objectives, the
community is concerned about quality construction, size of shelter buildings and the lifespan of the
shelters and shelter connecting roads. The communication and participation strategy encourages civic
engagement, where the community is part of the planning and monitoring process of the subprojects.
The strategy promotes a two-way communication, exchanging knowledge and skills for a sustainable
disaster management consistent with facts on the ground. LGED will share the project information with
the communities and have meaningful consultation with them at all stages of site selection, obtaining
lands, civil works design, and construction scheduling. Communication and participation process will
include (i) disclosure and consultation meetings, (ii) distribution of leaflets and brochures on the sub-
projects to be prepared as and when necessary and (iii) need based field visits during planning, design
and implementation. Feedback from consultation process will be given due consideration for site
selection, subproject design, and implementation. Community participation will be sought in the process
of operation and maintenance in the management committees of shelter facilities under the demise of
the Disaster Management Committee at the union level. Beneficiary participation and their feedback
through consultation will be the key to sustainability of the shelter infrastructures in the project area.
They will be mobilized, kept informed for design and construction quality control.
11.1.3. Grievance Response
296. The project will establish a grievance response mechanism (GRM) to answer to queries, receive
suggestions and address complaints and grievances about any irregularities in application of the
guidelines adopted in this framework for inclusive project design, and assessment and mitigation of
social and eenvironmental impacts. Based on consensus, the procedure will help to resolve
issues/conflicts amicably and quickly, saving the aggrieved persons from having to resort to expensive,
time-consuming legal action. The procedure will however not pre-empt a person’s right to go to the
courts of law. Grievance response focal points will be available at the Union or Paurasava (municipality)
in the shelter catchment area and at the project level within LGED. A Grievance Redress Committee
(GRC) will be formed for each subproject and will be authorized to deal with all suggestions and
complaints at the subproject level. Details of the grievance response process is given at Annex-10.
11.5. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework
11.5.1. Guidelines for Obtaining Lands for Subprojects
297. Involuntary resettlement issues are expected to arise where Subprojects require additional
lands that induce physical and economic displacement of peoples either permanently or temporarily.
Where expansion of existing land boundary of any infrastructure is a critical part of development to
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materialize expected benefits, the LGED will use the following guidelines to obtain public and private
lands.
Lands owned by sponsoring institutions. LGED will identify sites for construction of new cyclone
shelters or of horizontal extension of any existing shelters where the sponsoring institution has
sufficient free lands in their ownership for such infrastructure. Government Primary Schools
(GPS) are the priority institutions to provide lands for the infrastructures. LGED will prepare a list
of the sponsoring institutions having sufficient land useable for civil works construction for new
building and obtain no objection from the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education. In case of
Non-Government Primary Schools or other private/community institutions, demarcated lands
should be transferred to the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education before finalization of the
sites.
Public Lands. Where public lands, selected for shelter or roads construction, are in use by well-
off persons and stoppage of further use would be socioeconomically inconsequential, LGED and
communities may persuade the users to relinquish occupancy of the lands and look for
alternative lands, if they refuse. Where these lands are currently used for living and/or
livelihood by the poor and vulnerable, LGED and beneficiaries can obtain them by offering
socioeconomic rehabilitation measures acceptable to the affected persons. However, the
current users will have the option to refuse to relinquish occupation of the lands without the fear
of any adverse consequences. RAP will be prepared and implemented for compensation and
livelihood restoration of the affected persons.
Private Land on ‘Voluntary Donation. Since the shelters and shelter connecting roads are
community demand driven infrastructure to reduce disaster vulnerability of the coastal
population, the concerned land owner, if persuaded, may elect to donate the lands without
compensation with full understanding of the price of the land and the World Bank OP 4.12 on
involuntary resettlement. LGED, however, will ensure that,
The contributions are voluntary;
There are no encumbrances on the donated lands;
The donations do not affect the livelihood of vulnerable persons and, if it does, LGED and/or
the community devise and implement mitigation measures acceptable to the affected
persons;
The donors are made aware of the grievance redress mechanism of the project;
The donors give up all claims on the lands and the titles are transferred to the recipient
through the legal process in the country; and
The voluntary donations are documented through an MOU (see Annex-15)
Private Land on ‘Direct Purchase or Exchange or contribution against compensation’. Voluntary
donations are seen more feasible where the landowners are well-off and they are very few in
number. However, in critical circumstances where voluntary donation is not a feasible option,
LGED may pursue the sponsoring entity and the community, as the case may be, for direct
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purchase the lands on willing buyer and willing seller basis. Alternately, the owners may opt to
provide the lands on contribution against compensation or in exchange of similar lands
elsewhere. The landowners, in any circumstances, will have the right to negotiate the price of
the lands or refuse sale/contribution of the lands without the fear of any adverse consequences.
Private Land on ‘Acquisition Using the Power of Eminent Domain”. In cases where voluntary
donation or direct purchase could not be initiated, but the land in question is a critically
required, LGED may go for acquisition of the land using legal procedure. The World Bank
Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) will apply and RAP will be prepared
and implemented. Land acquisition process will be initiated in advance for timely
implementation of subprojects requiring acquisition of lands.
298. In cases of voluntary donation LGED will (i) ensure that landowners and communities are made
fully aware of their rights and obligations; (ii) verify that contributions are truly voluntary; and (iii) that
the donors are the legal owners of the lands being obtained and there are no outstanding issues of taxes
or any dispute over ownership.
11.5.2. Resettlement Policy Guidelines
299. The Ordinance II of 1982 is not adequate to deal with the adverse impacts associated with land
acquisition and involuntary displacement in compliance with the Bank's OP 4.12 on Involuntary
Resettlement. The Ordinance has no provisions for resettlement of the affected households/businesses
or any assistance for restoration of livelihoods of the affected persons. Land acquisition, therefore
potentially diminishes productive base of affected farm families and infringe impoverishment risks to
those physically or economically displaced due to undertaking of infrastructure projects. As the legal
framework falls short of the provisions of the World Bank OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, the
project will apply the following added mechanisms to meet the Bank's requirements:
Avoid or minimize resettlement: The law only implicitly discourages unnecessary acquisition, as lands
acquired for one purpose cannot be used for a different purpose. However, there are no
mechanisms to monitor if this condition is actually adhered to.
Eligibility for compensation: The law stipulates compensation only for the persons who appear in the
land administration records as the owners. It does not recognize the rights of those, such as
squatters, who do not possess legal title to the lands they live in or make a living from.
Compensation: The law provides compensation for lands and other objects built and grown on them
(structures, trees and orchards, crops and any other developments like ponds, built amenities, etc.).
No provisions are there to assess and restore lost income stream or income sources that acquisition
causes to the affected persons, be they legal titleholders or others like squatters, tenants and
employees of affected businesses.
Compensation standards: Although the law stipulates 'market prices' of the acquired lands as the
just compensation, the legal assessment method almost always results in prices that are far below
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the actual market prices6. Certain pricing standards, which are regarded as unrealistic, are used to
assess other losses like structures and various built amenities, trees, crops and the like.
Relocation of households and other establishments: No legal obligation is there to relocate, or assist
with relocation of, those whose homesteads have been acquired or whose place of residence or
livelihoods has been affected. Such persons/households, be they titleholders or squatters, are left
on their own.
Ensuring payment of compensation: Lands are legally acquired and handed over to the project
execution agency as soon as the acquisition authority identifies the owners (or 'awardees'), by
examining the records, and sends a legal notice advising them to claim the compensation (or
'awards'). It is the obligation of the affected landowners to prove, by producing an array of
documents that the acquired lands legally belong to them. As gathering these documents is a long,
expensive and cumbersome process, many landowners may remain unable to claim their awards7.
Socioeconomic rehabilitation: The law shows no concern whatsoever about the long-term
socioeconomic changes the affected persons and households might undergo in the post-acquisition
period. There is no provision in the law except compensation for ensure economic rehabilitation and
social reintegration of the displaced persons.
11.5.3. Eligibility and Entitlements Policy
300. Under project resettlement policy framework, the affected persons and groups eligible for
compensation and assistance will include: (i) owners with legal titles/agreements to the affected lands
and other properties (tenants, share-croppers); (ii) squatters/encroachers8 and others using public/khas
lands; (iii) sponsors/beneficiaries of development programs using public/khas lands (e.g.,
social/community forestation and other land-based income generation programs for socioeconomically
vulnerable groups); (iv) persons with usufruct rights; and (v) communities/groups where impacts are
community-wide.
6According to the law, the 'market price' is calculated by averaging the sales prices recorded in the previous one year, in terms of land characteristics by land administration units or mauzas. But it is a widely accepted fact that prices determined as such hardly reflect the true market value of the lands. As the sale/acquisition prices are grossly under-reported to evade on sale taxes, assessment of legal compensation almost always fall far too short of the real market prices.
7In the present land administration system, which is widely accepted as antiquated, land transactions, especially in the rural areas, often remain incomplete. Even after the sale/purchase deeds are legally executed, the sellers continue to remain as owners in the legal records until mutations are completed. As the transaction process is cumbersome and involves costs beyond those mandated by the law, and the practice that lands can be used with the deeds alone, most land transactions do not follow the process beyond deed execution. Many land purchasers are even not aware of the mutation or its significance.
8 Household or person occupying public lands without legal arrangements with the GoB or any of its concerned agencies is a squatter to the lands. Squatters having land of their own attached to the public land/embankment or elsewhere are defined as encroacher.
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301. Eligibility of project affected persons for compensation and assistance recognized under the
project include the following:
a) Compensation for the acquired private lands, which includes homesteads, agricultural and other
lands, including ponds and similar developments, will be paid at 'replacement costs' to be
determined through market surveys.
b) All affected non-land properties, such as houses and other structures, trees, seasonal and perennial
crops, orchards and other immovable items of value will be compensated at replacement costs at
the time of dispossession.
c) Eligibility for compensation and assistance will be governed by Cut-Off Dates. These are the dates on
which census of the affected persons and their assets will be taken. Assets such as
houses/structures and others which are created, and the persons or groups claiming to be affected,
after the cut-off dates will be ineligible for compensation.
d) Where acquisition causes displacement from homesteads where the affected persons may or may
not have title to the land, the project will encourage, compensate for and assist with self-relocation.
Where self-relocation is infeasible, the project will arrange for lands to relocate to, and provide for
basic social and physical infrastructure.
e) Where project interventions cause to displace squatters/encroachers on the executing agency’s own
land (LGED’s land or the lands owned by the sponsoring institutions), compensation will be provide
for any physical assets (structure, trees, crops, & perennials) on the land owned by them.
f) Assets like equipment, machinery and parts/components thereof which can be dismantled and
moved away, will not be eligible for compensation. But the owners will be paid an amount to cover
the dismantling and moving costs at current market price.
g) Owners of the affected businesses will be compensated for temporary loss of income for a period of
time needed to reopen the business at relocated site. However, if a business, which is recorded in
the census, closes down or moves away for reasons unrelated to the project, it will not be eligible
for this compensation.
h) Employees of the affected businesses will be compensated for temporary loss of income for a period
of time needed to reopen the business at relocated site. However, an employee, who is recorded in
the census to be employed with a business, will not be eligible for this compensation if (i) the person
leaves the business because of personal reasons, or (ii) if the employee is a minor member of the
business owner's household and helps him/her on a part-time basis, or (iii) the business closes down
or moves away for reasons unrelated to the project.
i) Compensations/entitlements due to the PAPs will be paid in full before they are evicted from the
acquired private and public lands.
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j) The project will identify and implement policies to mitigate any adverse impacts that are unique to
the project and have so far remained unknown.
302. The eligibility and entitlement matrixes under the provisions of national law (Ordinance II of
1982) and the Bank policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) are given at Annex-12.
11.5.4. Preparation of RAP
303. The results of the census, socioeconomic survey and community consultation will be decisive
element in selection of the design, size and location of the sites. Once the sites are selected and
boundaries finalized, inventory of assets and PAP census will be carried out to identify the impacts for
mitigation measures in line with the SMF. Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared for each
construction package of subprojects requiring land acquisition and/or population displacement in any
subproject in the package using the data from the SIA and consultation with PAPs and all other relevant
stakeholders. In case a subproject affects less than 200 people, an abbreviated RAP may be prepared.
Contents of a RAP or an Abbreviated RAP will include the following:
Contents of RAP Brief description of the improvement and rehabilitation works undertaken on the individual site
(or contract in cases of multiple contracts) with location of major impact spots;
Results of census survey and summary of impact details (PAP/household level raw data will be
computerized to prepare the entitlement files);
An account of the alternatives considered to avoid and/or minimize the adverse impacts;
An account of the consultations with the affected persons/households about the mitigation
measures and implementation procedure;
Specific compensation rates and standard of entitlements and entitled persons/households for
different types of losses as per the principles and guidelines adopted in this SMF;
An account of impacts by gender and vulnerability due to site development and construction of
shelters and connecting roads and the special assistance that is to be provided;
Description of resettlement sites and programs for improvement or restoration of livelihoods
and standards of living;
Grievance redress mechanism;
Resettlement budget with breakdowns by loss categories and the number of persons entitled to
compensation/assistance, and a RAP implementation schedule; and
Monitoring and evaluation.
Contents of abbreviated RAP Documentation of the private and public lands, including LGED’s own, required for the civil
works for construction and improvement of shelter and development of shelter connecting
roads, a census survey of affected persons, and valuation of the affected assets;
Description of compensation and other resettlement assistance that will be provided according
to the principles and guidelines adopted in this SMF;
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An account of the consultations with the displaced persons/households about acceptable
alternatives;
Grievance redress mechanism;
A resettlement budget with breakdowns by loss categories and the number of persons entitled
to compensation/assistance, and an Abbreviated RAP implementation schedule;
Monitoring and evaluation.
304. LGED will prepare and submit to the Bank for safeguards review, clearance and public disclosure
of SMP/SIA including any RAP for each package of civil works program. A social screening report will be
prepared for all specific sites based on the SMF. All civil works package SMP, SIA and RAP will be
disclosed locally and in Bank InfoShop in due course for finalization of the documents before award of
civil works contracts.
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12. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR SAFEGUARD COMPLIANCE AND CAPACITY BUILDING
12.1. Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance
305. The existing Project Management Unit (PMU) for the development and management of the
multipurpose cyclone shelters program under ECRRP is the proposed PMU of MDSP. However, it would
be strengthened with an additional Deputy Project Director (DPD). The DPD would be supported by a
Senior Technical Specialist, Senior Procurement Specialist, a Senior Financial Management Specialist, a
Senior Environment Specialist, a Senior Social Development Specialist, a Communication Specialist and a
GIS specialist –altogether about 10 professional level positions and support staff as required and as
agreed with the World Bank. The Field Level Offices in each district headed by an Executive Engineer
would be responsible for supporting the construction supervision and environment and social
management with the help of a design and construction supervision consultant.
306. The Project Director, with assistance from the Senior Social Development Specialist (Draft TOR
at Annex-13)., will carry out the following specific tasks related to obtaining lands for shelter sites and
shelter connecting roads and where applicable, land acquisition and resettlement: (i) engage local
government institutions and the communities in voluntary land acquisition process; (ii) liaison with
district administration to support land acquisition; (iii) day-to-day management, supervision, monitoring
of resettlement work; and (iv) ensure timely availability of budget for all activities; (iv) synchronize
resettlement activity and handover land as per the construction schedule; (v) initiate to form necessary
participatory bodies for assessment and valuation of affected assets under legal acquisition process as
well as for direct purchase of lands by the sponsoring institutions.
307. The LGED will hire and use the design and supervision consultancy (DSC) services of
international /national firm through competitive selection in engineering surveys, designs,
environmental assessments, and preparation of EMPs, social screening of subprojects and preparation
of SMP along with RAP including data collection and construction supervision including quality
assurance, preparation of bidding documents and final certification of quantity and quality compliance
of works completed by the contractors. As part of the activities, the environment specialists of DS
consultant will conduct the IEE and EIA (where applicable) with EMPs. Site specific IEE, EIA, and EMPs
will be prepared for each site selected under the project. If additional environmental assessment is
necessary, LGED will take necessary steps for carrying out the assessment (e.g., through hiring a
Consultant). The cost of the environmental mitigation measures will be estimated and included in the
bill of quantities. The civil engineering contractors will be assigned for implementation of these
environmental mitigation measures. The social specialist of the DSC will carry out social screening, social
impact assessment and prepare SMP and where applicable RAP for implementation before civil works
construction.
308. The team leader of DSC will submit the overall quarterly and annual work plan and progress
report to PMU (Project Director). Environmental and social assessment and mitigation measures will be
reflected in the work plan and progress report in a separate section.
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309. PMU will hire the services of the international/national consulting firm for the project
monitoring and evaluation. The M&E consultants will report directly to the chief engineer, LGED to
ensure their impartiality but their contract would be supervised and administered by the Project
Management Office (Project Director). PMU will review and verify all the reports through M&E
consultants and would take its recommendation with compliance to ESMF.
310. PMU with assistance from the M&E consultant will be designated to review all environmental
and social screening, assessment, mitigation measures and costing. The M&E consultant will also
oversee the implementation of the ESMF and the EMPs, SMP and RAP. For this purpose, M&E
consultants will deploy a full time environmental specialist and a full time social specialist. The prime
duty of the environmental engineer would be to:
Review the screening and categorization of the sub-projects
Review and update the EA, as required by the EMF
Assist the XENs & AEs to supervise the implementation or the EMP by the contractors
Ensure that construction activities are carried out in an environmentally sound and
sustainable manner.
311. The M&E consultants will prepare a brief environmental supervision manual in the beginning of
their contract to confirm the environmental supervision procedures and systems parties during the sub-
project implementation. The manual will be continuously updated or modified throughout the
implementation period so as to document the best operation/ construction environmental management
process into LGED’s works. The Environmental specialist of the M&E consultants will also provide
technical assistance to the XENs and upazila Engineers and organize training sessions.
312. The Environmental Specialists and the relevant staff of the PMU and the Consultants will
continue the routine monitoring of the compliance of EMP. A checklist for field monitoring is shown in
the Annex-8.
313. PMU with help of Environment Specialist will submit the overall quarterly progress report on
environment compliance to the WB. A format of quarterly monitoring report is shown in Annex-9.
314. The PMU, LGED will carry out monitoring of community engagement, social screening and
impact assessment, the process of obtaining lands for sites, and preparation and implementation of SMP
with assistance from the Senior Social Development Specialist and the local level staff.
315. The activities on environment and social management will be included in the project progress
reports, will be reviewed under third party monitoring and also during periodic Bank missions.
12.2. Training Requirements
316. The LGED has considerable experience in environmental management of a wide range of
projects including the same nature of project ECRRP. However, training will assist them in properly
overseeing the activities of the consultant engaged in environmental management of the MDSP and
successful compliance of the ESMF. Also it is appeared that the officials at the District and Upazila level
have limited or no exposure to environmental assessment and management. Since the field officials of
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LGED under the guidance of consultant will be responsible for carrying out “environmental screening”
and “analysis of alternatives”, as per guidelines of the ESMF, basic training on regulatory requirements,
environmental impacts, and environmental assessment and management would greatly improve the
capability of the LGED officials in carrying out their responsibilities under the MDSP. Training should be
arranged in phase, i.e., areas where project activities would be initiated immediately would receive
training first, others would gradually receive training as project work progresses. From logistic point of
view, the trainings may be organized on a regional basis.
317. Also advanced training on environmental management and monitoring would be useful for
engineers of PMO/ Environmental Unit of LGED in successfully implementing environmental
management, following the ESMF. Table below summarizes the training requirements of the officials of
LGED. It is also advised to provide the basic training for key personnel on regulatory requirements,
environmental impacts, and environmental assessment and management in home or abroad.
Table 12-1: Training requirements for environmental management of MDSP
Training Type/ Contents Participants Schedule
General environmental awareness, regulatory requirements, EMF frameworks for MDSP, environmental impacts and mitigation, analysis of alternatives, environmental management
Field Engineer (at least one engineer from each Upazilla)
Prior to commencement of sub-project activities
Advanced training on environmental assessment, management (EMP, ECoP), monitoring, including details on EMF framework
Participants from: (a) PMO/ Environmental Unit of LGED
Immediately after project commencement
Social assessment, social management (SMP, RAP), monitoring and details on SMF
PMU/Field Engineers (assistant engineers and sociologist at the district offices and community organizer at the upazila level),
Immediately after project commencement
Refresher training on EMF and SMF PMU and field level staff Once every year
318. The local level staff of LGED will be provided with capacity building training on social
development and safeguards compliance as per Bank policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), on
Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10) and other social development guidelines.
12.3. Access to Information
319. The ESMF report and impact mitigation measures will be translated into Bengali language and
disseminated locally. Copies of the report (both in English and Bengali) will be sent to all the concerned
field offices of the LGED and will be made available to the public. The draft ESMF will also be uploaded in
the website of LGED and in the Bank InfoShop before appraisal completion.
320. In addition a national workshop has been planned after the appraisal mission of the project to
present the ESMF to the key stakeholders including field level staff of the implementing agencies (LGED),
community representatives, NGOs, civil society etc. The comments and the findings from the workshop
and other public will be reviewed and incorporated in the final report.
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321. During the implementation stage of project, the subproject specific screening/assessment
report will periodically be posted in the LGED website before the bidding process.
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13. REFERENCES
1. Ministry of Planning, 2010: Environmental Management Framework, Emergency 2007 Cyclone Sidr Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), Dhaka, April 2. GoB (1997), Environmental Conservation Rules 1997, Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, June 1997. 3. LGED, 2013: Social Management Framework, Municipal Governance and Service Project (MGSP), LGED, Dhaka, September
4. LGED (2008), Environmental Assessment Guideline for LGED Projects, Local Government Engineering Department, GoB, October 2008. 5. World Bank (2006) Operational Policies, OP- 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, July 2006. 6. World Bank (2004a), Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook, Planning and Implementation of Development Projects, Washington, D.C., USA. 7. World Bank (2001) Operational Policies, OP- 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, December 2001. 8. World Bank (2001) Operational Policies, OP- 4.10: Indigenous Peoples, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, December 2001. 9. World Bank (1999a) Operational Policies, OP- 4.01: Environmental Assessment, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA, January 1999.
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ANNEXURES
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Annex 1: An assessment Report on Completed Shelters under ECRRP
Name of the Shelter: Bhoroshakathi GPS cum CS, Upazila-Ujirpur, District-Barisal
A. General
The cyclone shelter is 8 km away from the Upazila, and 25 km away from the district headquarters. The cyclone shelter is a three-storied building with RCC framed structure. The ground story with 10 feet high is kept free to allow surge water to pass. The 1st floor is kept for cattle with a ramp to move on it and fasten in the specified area. The 2nd floor is for human shelter during disaster period and school throughout the year. The construction work is complete.
The sub-project is surrounded by agricultural land in the north, school building and agriculture land in the east, agricultural land in the south and road in the west. Beneficiary population is 6400 in 1066 households.
The information based on the observation and consultations are given below,
The deep tube well (DTW) has been sunk and the test water is safe for drinking purposes
There is no water logging due to construction activities at the site
There is no electricity in the school. Solar panel is procured and installed in the school
There was no tree felling because of the sub-project intervention
The building has been constructed in vacant lands of the existing school.
Classes were shifted to KBG High school during piling of the building; hence the sound did not
affect the students and the teachers.
Name of the Shelter: Dakhin Muradia GPS cum CS,Upazila-Dumki, District-Patuakhali
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A. General
The school was established in 1942. The School cum cyclone centre is situated 8 km from the Dumki upazila and 6 kms from Patuakhali district. The school is a two-storied L-shaped building with a stair in the middle of the building (Option 5). Two Tube wells were sunk at the site but mostly river (adjacent to the school) water was used during construction.
The selected location for the new multipurpose cyclone shelter is at Dumki Upazila under Patuakhali district. The site is Dakhkhin Muradia Government Primary School (GPS) cum Cyclone Shelter (NS 42). The school has paddy field in the north, play ground and road in the south, existing school in the east and an embankment (Beribandh) along a canal in the west. Beneficiary population for this shelter is 8500 in 950 households.Apparently, the quality of construction work was average. The work was completed in March 2013.
The information based on the observation and consultations are given below,
Deep Tube Well (DTW) has been sunk and pumping water. Parameter for drinking water mainly Arsenic, Iron, manganese has been tested and the water is safe for drinking purposes.
The solar panel has been installed.
Quality of construction work moderate.
Since the site is under off grid area of electricity, there is no electrical connection in the school.
There was no tree felling because of the sub-project intervention
Buildings has been constructed in vacant lands of the existing school.
The sub-project did not create drainage congestion or water logging problem in the area.
Name of the Shelter: Char Kalaiya Abdur Rashid GPS cum CS, Upazila-Bauphal, District- Patuakhali
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A. General
The cyclone shelter is 6 km from the Upazila, and 30 km from the district head quarters. The cyclone shelter has been designed for a two-story building. The shape of the building is a rectangular one. The ground story with 10 feet high is kept free to allow surge water to pass. The 1st floor is kept for human shelter during disaster period and school throughout the year. The 12 feet wide two stairs were situated at both end of the building with one landing in the middle with two flights at opposite direction.
The shelter is located at remote area connected with a rural road where construction of shelter cum school is necessary to face any natural disaster. Beneficiary population is 8550 in 1000 households.
The selected location for the new multipurpose cyclone shelters is at Bauphal Upazila under Patuakhali district. The site is at Char Kalaia Abdur Rashid Dakhil Madrasa cum CS (NS 44).
The information based on the observation and consultations are given below,
Deep Tube Well (DTW) has been installed and pumping safe water. The old hand tube well was seen without body and handle. As reported, the pond water was used for construction works,
No drainage or water logging due to construction activities was seen at the site,
There is electricity in the Madrasa,
Solar panel has not yet been installed
The labor shed was abandoned but not yet completely demolished and site leveled
5 Tal and 6 teak Chambal trees were cut during construction. Now that the construction work is completed and the required numbers of specific varieties of tree species will be planted at the school boundaries
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Overall Impact evaluation
Safe shelter in case of cyclones and other emergencies;
Increase in employment opportunities;
Children will enjoy better facilities and environment with consequent increase in enrollment of more children in the school for study;
Building can be used as social infrastructure for community use (school, health centre, meeting places etc.);
The provision of separate arrangement for refuge and toilet for the women will keep the environment of the shelters acceptable and friendly;
Provision of water and adequate sanitation will safeguard the health hazards of the students;
More evacuation routes during disaster, and access to improved transport. Recommendations
Tree Plantation must be ensured in the school premises and the road sides in a planned way with suitable species for enhancement of environment and to save the road from soil erosion.
All connectivity roads and evacuation routes should be properly maintained. Moreover, Shelter catchment area and effective evacuation route map should be developed for each shelter.
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Annex 2: Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Location: Shakchar Jabbar, Lakhsmipur Sadar, Lakshmipur Date: 05/04/2014
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Photograph: Char ParbatiRahimia Government Primary School under Noakhali district.
Photograph: ShakcharJabbar Master Community Primary School under Lakshmipur district
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Location: Char Parbati Rahimia, Companigonj, Noakhali Date: 06/04/2014
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Annex 3: Environmental Screening Format
General Information Name of the school/union/Upazila/District :
Who owns the land :
Brief Description of site location :
Date of public consultation and number of attendance :
Name and mobile number of Head Master of the school
:
Screening Questions Yes No Scale of Impact Remarks (The following
questions need to be answered)
High Medium Low
Adjacent to or within any of the environmentally sensitive areas?
What type of area? How far?
Lead to any agricultural land loss or crop loss?
Where is the agricultural land? What type of crop is grown and mention about the season, amount of production
Involve any land acquisition and involuntary resettlement
Give the history and owner ship of the land
Destruction of trees and vegetation how many trees around? How many will be cut? Type of vegetation and tree?
Impact on pond or fish How far is the pond? How many? What species? How will be affected?
Effects on surface water /groundwater quality
How far is the surface water body? What is the depth of ground water
Impact on drainage or create water logging in the area
What is the existing drainage condition?
Traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and wastes?
Is there any road? How many and what type of vehicles move everyday?
Increased noise due to construction activities or movement of materials
Is there any other noise now?
Negative effects on neighborhood or community
Has the community been discussed?
Degradation or disturbance of historical or culturally important sites (mosque, graveyards, monuments etc.)
What and how far?
Impediments to movements of people and livestock
Produce health hazard from generated air/dust pollution from machineries
Disturbance to the student to take the lesson in the classroom
How far is the existing school?
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Direct or indirect hazards to student for walking in the school campus by construction activities
Impact due to on site or off-site disposal of construction waste or household waste (from labor camp)
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Annex 4: Design options of Cyclone Shelter
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Annex 5: Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP)
The Environmental Code of Practice (ECoP) is a guideline for reduce or eliminate environment risk due to various activities associated with different types of sub-projects considered in the MDSP. ECoP 1.0: Planning and Design Phases of a Project 1.1 General This code of practice details the factors to be considered during project preparation to avoid/address environmental concerns through modifications in project design and incorporation of mitigation measures.
1.2 Finalization of Alignment/Project Location Adequate consultations with the communities to identify the concerns and preferences need to
be taken up during selection of the location of subproject. The proposed location of shelter and the connecting road shall conform to the natural
topography as far as possible to avoid excessive cut and fill. Consultations with the local communities are to be conducted to obtain their suggestions and
incorporate their concerns to address the potential environmental impacts. In case of flood prone areas and/or areas with very flat slopes, hydrological surveys have to be
conducted before alignment finalization.
1.3 Compliance to Legal Requirements The bid document shall include the various applicable clearances pertaining to environmental management and shall contain the necessary procedures for compliance of the same. 1.5 Cost Estimation Some activities included in ECoP 1.0 have certain monetary involvement. These activities are outlined below:
1. There will be one Focus Group Discussion (FGD), with at least 15 participants from different communities of the society, for adequate consultations to identify the concerns and preferences related to a particular infrastructure development project.
2. One surveyor will carry out a Key Informant Information (KII) of at least 50 participants from different communities of the society affected by the infrastructure development project.
3. One surveyor will carry out a hydrological survey before finalizing alignments and/or reduced levels for infrastructure development projects in a flood prone area and/or with very flat slopes.
ECoP 2.0: Site Preparation
2.1 General The preparation of site for construction involves:
i. Marking and clearance of the required project area of all encroachments prior to mobilization of Contractor;
ii. Informing the local community about construction schedule; and iii. Site preparation by the contractor prior to commencement of construction. Scope of this ECoP
includes only the measures to address environmental concerns expected during the site preparation.
2.3 Site Preparation Activities by the Contractor
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The contractor shall submit the schedules and methods of operations for various items during the construction operations.
The clearance of site shall involve the removal of all materials such as trees, bushes, shrubs, stumps, roots, grass, weeds, part of topsoil and rubbish. Towards this end, the Contractor shall adopt the following measures:
To minimize the adverse impact on flora and vegetation, only ground cover/shrubs that impinge directly on the permanent works shall be removed.
In locations where erosion or sedimentation is likely to be a problem, clearing and grubbing operations should be so scheduled and performed that grading operations and permanent erosion and sedimentation control features can follow immediately, if the project conditions permit.
The disposal of wastes shall be in accordance with the provisions of ECoP 5.0, “Waste Management”.
All regulatory clearances shall be obtained before actual start of work.
ECoP 3.0: Construction Camps
3.1 General ECoP 3.0 provides guidelines on the selection, development, maintenance and restoration of construction camp sites in order to avoid or mitigate against significant adverse environmental effects, both transient and permanent.
3.2 Construction Camp Siting During planning of the works consideration shall be given to the location of construction camps for the sub-project. Construction camps and areas identified that may be suitable for the development of such camps shall be raised in consultation with the Engineer. Areas those are not suitable for reasons such as environmental, cultural or social sensitivity shall also be identified.Wherever possible, construction camps shall be planned in areas that will have minimal adverse environmental effects. In identifying such areas particular care shall be taken to evaluate the adverse affects of water, noise and air pollution, which, although transient, will preclude the use of some areas as construction camp sites.
3.3 Construction Camp Location Construction camp sites shall be located such that permanent adverse environmental effects can be avoided or mitigated against and transient adverse environmental effects are minimized. Camp shall no be occupied any classroom of existing school building. Camp sites shall not be located in areas identified during the planning stage as unsuitable for such use. The site or sites shall be selected such that mitigation measures stipulated in this ECoP can be implemented with reasonable facility.
3.4 Private Land Where construction camps are to be located on land outside the road reserve the contractor shall obtain the approval of the landowner to establish the camp site on such land and pay agreed compensation as per the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework. Environmental protection measures established by this ECoP shall apply to all land regardless of ownership. 3.5 Construction Camp Facilities The construction camp shall be provided with the following minimum facilities:
A perimeter security fence at least 1.5m in height constructed from appropriate materials.
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Ablution block with a minimum of one water closet toilet or Pota-cabin, one urinal and one shower for personnel engaged either permanently or temporarily on the project. Pota-cabins or separate toilet and wash facilities shall be provided for male and female employees.
A sickbay and first aid station.
Areas for the storage of fuel or lubricants and for a maintenance workshop. Such an area shall be bounded and have a compacted/impervious floor to prevent the escape of accidental spillage of fuel and or lubricants from the site. Surface water drainage from bounded areas shall be discharged through purpose designed and constructed oil traps. Empty fuel or oil drums may not be stored on site.
Storm water drainage system to discharge all surface run off from the camp site to a silt retention pond which shall be sized to provide a minimum of 20 minutes retention for storm water flow from the whole site that will be generated by a 20 year return period rainfall having a duration of at least 15 minutes. The run-off coefficient to be used in the calculation of the silt pond volume shall be 0.9. Silt ponds shall be maintained in an efficient condition for use throughout the construction period with trapped silt and soil particles being regularly removed and transported and placed in waste material disposal areas as per ECoP7.0.
All discharge from the silt retention pond shall be channeled to discharge to natural water via a grassed swale at least 10 meters in length with suitable longitudinal gradient.
All camp facilities shall be maintained in a safe clean and or appropriate condition throughout the construction period.
3.5.1 Construction Camp Development Plan A development plan of the construction camp shall be prepared describing the following:
Perimeter fence and lockable gates
Workshop
Accommodation
Ablutions
Water supply
Wastewater disposal system
Bounded fuel storage area
Proposed power supply
Proposed all weather-surfaced areas.
3.6 Site Restoration At the completion of the construction work, all construction camp facilities shall be dismantled and removed from the site and the whole site restored to a similar condition to that prior to the commencement of the works or to a condition agreed to with the owner of the land. All oil or fuel contaminated soil shall be removed from the site and transported and buried in waste soil disposal areas.
ECoP 4.0: Borrow Areas 4.1 General Embankment or filling material is to be procured from borrow areas designated for the purpose. The scope of this ECoP extends to measures that need to be incorporated during borrow area identification, material extraction and rehabilitation with regard to environment management.
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4.2 Pre-construction Stage The contractor shall identify the borrow area locations in consultation with the owners, after assessing the suitability of the material. The suitable sites shall be selected and finalized in consultation with the LGED. 4.3 Construction Stage The contractor should adopt the following precautionary measures to minimize any adverse impacts on the environment:
i. Borrow pits situated less than 0.5 km (if unavoidable) from villages and settlements should not be dug for more than 30 cm after removing 15cm of topsoil and should be drained.
ii. The Contractor shall maintain erosion and drainage control in the vicinity of all borrow pits and make sure that surface drains do not affect the adjacent land or future reclamation.
iii. In case the borrow pit is on agricultural land, the depth of borrow pits shall not exceed 45 cm and may be dug out to a depth of not more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm top soil aside.
iv. In case of riverside, borrow pit should be located not less than 15m from the toe of the bank, distance depending on the magnitude and duration of flood to be withstood.
4.4 Post Construction Stage It needs to be ensured that all reclamation has been carried out in accordance with the restoration plan. Certificate of Completion of Reclamation is to be obtained by the Contractor from the landowner that “the land is restored to his satisfaction”. ECoP 5.0: Waste Management 5.1 General This code of practice describes procedures for handling, reuse and disposal of waste materials during construction. The waste materials generated can be classified into
i. Construction Waste and ii. Domestic waste.
5.2 Pre-construction Stage The contractor shall identify the activities during construction that have the potential to generate
waste and work out measures for the same in the construction schedule. The Contractor shall educate his workforce on issues related to disposal of waste, the location of
disposal site as well as the specific requirement for the management of these sites. 5.3 Construction Stage The contractor shall either re-use or dispose the waste generated during construction depending
upon the nature of waste. The contractor shall dispose off wastes that could not be re-used safely. The waste management practices adopted by the Contractor shall be reviewed by the LGED during
the progress of construction. 5.4 Post Construction Stage After decommissioning of construction sites, the Contractor shall hand over the site after clearing
the site of all debris/wastes to the LGED. In case of disposal of wastes on private land, certificate of Completion of Reclamation is to be
obtained by the Contractor from the landowner that “the land is restored to his satisfaction”.
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ECoP 6.0: Water Bodies 6.1 General Water bodies may be impacted when the infrastructure development project activities are adjacent to it or the runoff to the water body is affected by change of drainage pattern due to construction of embankment. The following activities are likely to have an adverse impact on the ecology of the area:
i. Earth moving ii. Removal of vegetation
iii. Waste disposal from construction works 6.2 Pre-Construction Stage Following are the Contractor’s responsibilities:
i. Restriction on use of water during construction, if any, should be intimated to the community in advance.
ii. Alternate access to the water body is to be provided in case there is interruption to use of exiting access.
iii. If the water body affected is a drinking water source for a habitation, alternate sources of water are to be provided to the users during the period for which its use is affected.
6.3 Construction Stage
It should be ensured by the contractor that the runoff from construction site entering the water body is generally free from sediments.
Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.
Cutting of embankment reduces the water retention capacity and also weakens it, hence: i. The contractor should ensure that the decrease in water retention should not lead to
flooding of the construction site and surroundings causing submergence and interruption to construction activities.
ii. Any perceived risks of embankment failure and consequent loss/damage to the property shall be assessed and the contractor should undertake necessary precautions as provision of toe protection, erosion protection, sealing of cracks in embankments. Failure to do so and consequences arising out of embankment failure shall be the responsibility of the contractor. The LGED shall monitor regularly whether safe construction practices near water bodies are being followed.
Alternate drain inlets and outlets shall be provided in the event of closure of existing drainage channels of the water body.
Movement of workforce shall be restricted around the water body, and no waste from construction sites shall be disposed into it.
6.4 Post Construction Stage
The zones of the water body have to be left clean and tidy with the completion of construction.
Engineers of the LGED will check if drainage channels of adequate capacity have been provided for the impacted water body.
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ECoP 7.0: Water Qualities 7.1 General
Small-scale road construction, small-scale drainage, and small-scale embankment construction may affect the aquatic environment, by lowering or raising water levels, and decreasing water quality.
Deterioration of water quality and disturbance of aquatic environment by lowering or rising of water levels.
7.2 Pre-Construction Stage Following measures are to be undertaken by the contractor prior to the commencement of construction:
Base line data of the water quality is necessary. In addition, the availability of enough water during the lean season needs to be assessed as part
of the baseline data collection. 7.3 Construction Phase
Improper disposal of solid and liquid waste including excreta generate from sites will pollute the water quality and proper prevention measure should be taken.
Wastewater disposal, sanitation/latrines may have positive cumulative effects on human health, but if not improperly implemented may affect ground and surface and ground water quality; the contractor should give proper attention on it during construction stage.
Protect water bodies from sediment loads by silt screen or bubble curtains or other barriers. 7.4 Post Construction
Inspection of water quality shall be done regularly. ECoP 8.0: Drainage 8.1 General
Drainage is designed for and installed on roads to direct surface or subsurface flow away to a safe outfall without damage to the structure, adjoining property or agricultural fields.
A road with good drainage is a good road. Inadequate and faulty drainage arrangements result in obstruction to natural drainage pattern. Provision of cross-drainage and longitudinal drainage increases the life of the road and consequently reduces water logging and related environmental impacts.
The present code seeks to address the environmental concerns related to drainage aspects during different stages of the project execution.
8.2 Pre-Construction Stage
Following measures are to be undertaken by the contractor prior to the commencement of construction:
i. The downstream as well as upstream user shall be informed one month in advance ii. The contractor shall schedule the activities based on the nature of flow in the stream.
iii. The contractor should inform the concerned departments about the scheduling of work. This shall form part of the overall scheduling of the civil works to be approved by LGED.
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iv. Erosion and sediment control devises, if site conditions so warrant, are to be installed prior to the start of the civil works.
v. All the safety/warning signs are to be installed by the contractor before start of construction
In case of utilization of water from the stream, for the construction, the contractor has to take the consent from the concerned department.
8.3 Construction Phase
Drainage structures at construction site shall be provided at the earliest to ensure proper compaction
In hill areas sub-surface drains, if required, shall be provided immediately after cutting the slopes and forming the roadbed (sub grade).
Safety devises and flood warning signs to be erected while working over streams and canals. 8.4 Post Construction
Inspection and cleaning of drain shall be done regularly to remove any debris or vegetative growth that may interrupt the flow.
Temporary structures constructed during construction shall be removed before handing over to ensure free flow through the channels.
ECoP 9: Public Health and Safety 9.1 General The safety and health of the public is impacted due to the hazards created during the construction period. This code of practice describes the measures that need to be taken to mitigate the impacts. 9.2 Pre-construction Stage
In order to incorporate public health and safety concerns, the LGED and the Contractor shall disseminate the following information to the community:
i. Location of subproject activities, ii. Borrow areas,
iii. Extent of work iv. Time of construction v. Involvement of local labors in the road construction
vi. Health issues - exposure to dust, communicable diseases etc. 9.3 Construction Stage
The Contractor shall schedule the construction activities taking into consideration factors such as:
i. Sowing of crops ii. Harvesting
iii. Local hindrances such as festivals etc. iv. Availability of labor during particular periods
Proper safety/warning signs are to be installed by the contractor to inform the public of potential health and safety hazard situations during the construction phase in the vicinity of the project.
The LGED shall carry out periodic inspections in order to ensure that all the measures are being undertaken as per this ECoP.
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9.3 Post-construction Stage The construction site shall be cleaned of all debris, scrap materials and machinery on completion of construction for the safety of public and users. ECoP 10.0: Material Storage, Transport and Handling 10.1 General Activities related to materials storage, handling, and transfer that are considered to potentially have negative environmental effects include:
Transportation, storage, handling and of construction materials;
Storage, handling, and transfer of petroleum, oil, and lubricant (POL) products;
Application of asphaltic concrete and asphalt binder;
Storage and handling of hazardous materials other than POL products; and
Storage and application of road salt and sand. Some materials used during implementation of projects associated with MDSP may have potentially hazardous effects on the environment if not properly stored and handled. 10.2 Transportation, Handling and Storage of Cement and Aggregates
The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all trucks and carriers are clean and dry prior to loading them with cement or aggregates. All trucks and carriers for transporting cement/aggregates shall be equipped with weather proof closures on all openings.
All cement/aggregates that will be brought to the site shall be kept free from contact with deleterious matter.
All cement/aggregates shall be placed on impervious mat spread over the storage area to prevent direct contamination of top soil in the storage area. Stockpiling of cement/aggregates should be limited to minimum space and should be covered with weatherproof closures.
Stockpiles shall be built up in horizontal or gently sloping layers. Overlap of different materials shall be prevented by suitable walls of ample distance between stockpiles.
The Engineer shall approve the site for the storage of all aggregates. The Engineer shall approve the methods of handling aggregates and the equipment used.
10.3 Environmental Concerns with Materials used for Construction and Maintenance of Infrastructure Development Projects. Concerns are related to accidental releases into the environment, such as spills, refueling losses, and leakage from equipment that could result in contamination of soil, groundwater, or surface waters. Groundwater may transport the contaminants off-site to down-gradient aquifers or water supplies, or discharge them into surface waters. Therefore, release of potential contaminants on the ground surface could have significant environmental impacts that could ruin groundwater (well supplies).
10.3.1 Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants The toxic effect of a petroleum product in the aquatic environment varies considerably due to the different chemical composition of each petroleum product. The toxicity of petroleum products is related largely to its solubility in water. Petroleum pollution from accidental spills may affect aquatic birds, fish and vegetation. The effect of oil on birds’ feathers (loss of insulation) is an important cause of death. Oil polluting the water may also be toxic to birds if they ingest it. Plants in marshes or in wetlands (haor, baor, ponds and others) and steams may die off for short periods. Long-term impacts of spilled
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petroleum products are associated with the portion, which sinks and becomes incorporated into bottom sediments. This causes the petroleum products to degrade very slowly and they may persist for many years.
Petroleum products can stick to the gills of fish and interfere with normal respiration. Under relatively mild pollution, fish may produce mucus as a defensive mechanism to remove the oil. However, in heavy pollution, this mechanism is inefficient and the oil tends to accumulate on the gills and smother the fish. Petroleum products contain soluble materials, which can be ingested by fish. The flavor of the fish flesh may, therefore, become tainted, or if ingested in enough quantity, may become lethal.Groundwater sources contaminated with petroleum products may have potentially toxic effects on consumers.
10.3.2 Asphalt Products Environmental concerns with tack asphalt binder, and asphaltic concrete are also related to the hydrocarbon components, which are toxic to aquatic life, wildlife, and humans. As mentioned above, if these materials sink to the bottom, they may destroy the fish’s source of food supply and smother the eggs or emerging fry.
10.3.3 Other Hazardous Materials The following hazardous materials are used in structures construction or maintenance activities and have potential environmental concerns:
Paints;
Solvents; and
Fresh concrete and admixtures. Paint materials, which are lead – or oil-based, may affect aquatic life if significant amounts enter a watercourse. Specific concern exists with lead, as this compound may have a direct toxic effect on young fish. Toxins can accumulate over time in aquatic fish, bugs, and plants. Upon consumption by animals such as birds and small mammals, some metals could be transferred to the consumer and affect their health.
Some solvents used for cleaning purposes may contain components, which are toxic to aquatic life, wildlife, and humans. If solvents enter a watercourse/water supply, and significant concentrations occur in the water, this cold be harmful to users.
Concrete, which is typically made up of aggregates, cement, water, and possibly admixtures, is very alkaline because of its calcium (lime) content. If concrete enters a watercourse in significant amounts, the pH of the water may be affected locally over the short-term. If the pH of the receiving water is altered, this may cause physiological stress in fish, which may result in death.
ECoP 11.0: Vegetation Management 13.1 General
Besides improving aesthetics and ecology of the area, the vegetation provide fuel wood, act as noise barriers, provide visual screen for sensitive areas and also generate revenue by sale of its produce.
This code of practice elaborates on the approach towards planting trees. Emphasis has been laid on a greater involvement of communities in planting and maintenance of trees.
13.2 Project Planning and Design Stage Tree felling, if unavoidable, shall be done only after compensatory plantation of at least three
saplings for every tree cut is done.
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The species shall be identified in consultation with officials of forest department/local community, giving due importance to local flora. It is recommended to plant mixed species in case of both avenue or cluster plantation.
The plantation strategy shall suggest the planting of fruit bearing trees and other suitable trees. 13.3 Post-construction Stage
The project proponents would take up the planting of fruit bearing and other suitable trees, on both sides of the roads or other infrastructure development projects location from their own funds.
Watering of trees during the initial period of two to three years shall be the responsibility of the LGED or the agency designated by it.
The Cost Estimation of ECoPs Some activities included in ECoPs have certain monetary involvement. The generic method of determining the cost of the ECoP is outlined below:
1. The Engineer of the ULB will carry out a survey of the intended project site to identify appropriate locations and also identify sites unsuitable in terms of topography, proximity to water courses, and environmental sensitive areas such as forests, wetlands, or other sensitive area.
2. Survey and monitoring works must be carried out, by Engineer appointed by the ULB authorities, throughout the pre-construction, construction, and post-construction phases to make sure the items and specifications (e.g low cost sanitation facilities, top soil management, waste disposal, tree plantation, storm water drainage etc) provided in this ECoP are properly addressed and estimated the cost.
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Annex 6: Chance Find Procedures
(Ref: The World Bank Operational Manual, 1999 OP4.11)
Works could impact sites of social, sacred, religious, or heritage value. “Chance find” procedures would apply when those sites are identified during the design phase or during the actual construction period and the related activity will not be eligible for financing under the project. (1) Cultural property includes monuments, structures, works of art, or sites of significant points of view,
and are defined as sites and structures having archaeological, historical, architectural, or religious
significance, and natural sites with cultural values. This includes cemeteries, graveyards and graves.
(2) The list of negative subproject attributes which would make a subproject ineligible for
support includes any activity that would adversely impact cultural property.
(3) In the event of finding of properties of cultural value during construction, the following procedures
for identification, protection from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts should be followed
and included in standard bidding document.
(a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; (b) Delineate the discovered site or area; (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. (d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities; (e) Responsible local authorities and the relevant Ministry would be in charge of protecting and
preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. (f) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the relevant
Ministry. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance), conservation, restoration and salvage.
(g) Implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the relevant Ministry.
(h) Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the relevant Ministry concerning safeguard of the heritage.
(4) These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts. During
project supervision, the Site Engineer shall monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment
of any chance find encountered.
(5) Relevant findings will be recorded in World Bank Supervision Reports and Implementation
Completion Reports will assess the overall effectiveness of the project’s cultural property mitigation,
management, and activities, as appropriate.
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Annex 7: Typical Bill of Quantities (BOQ) for Environmental Works
Sl Description Shelter
No. Quantity Unit
Unit Rate Total Amount (in Tk.)
In figure (Taka)
In words (Taka)
WORKS- for Environmental Safeguard (All as per Specifications)
1 Supply of First Aid box with standard contents ( sterile gauze, adhesive tape, adhesive bandages, antiseptic, wipes-Dettol/Savlon, Haxasol, soap, antibiotic cream, scissors, thermometer, plastic gloves (at least 2 pairs), flashlight, Water purifier tablet, Common disaster recovery medicines.)
2 Site Cleaning, dust control, solid and organic waste management, temporary fencing at construction area, site levelling, dressing etc.
3 Tree plantation around the shelter and road including maintenance for 2 years as required.
4 Provide PPE (hand gloves, spectacles for eye protection, helmets, safety shoes etc), supply drinking water and arrange accommodation with proper sanitation facilities to the labors.
5 Find the depth of ground water level at least two location of the site to meet the requirement of all parameters for drinking water standard.
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Annex 8: Environmental Monitoring Checklist for Cyclone Shelter
Monitor(s) Name: Contract No & Location:
Contractor Name: Monitoring Dates:
Issues Potential Impact
Mitigation Measures Complies(Yes / No)
If yes description on measures taken
Instruction
(if any)
Surface and ground water pollution
Contamination surface water or ground water table
Ensure wastes are disposed properly away from site.
Ensure septic tanks and soak wells are of proper design
Air/Dust pollution
Health hazard to school children and residents
School should be temporarily moved during dismantling and rehabilitation
Cost of temporary shifting be included
Watering of dusty roads; sprinkling and Covering stockpiles
Noise pollution
Hearing hazards to school children and residents
School should be temporarily moved during dismantling and rehabilitation
Cost of temporary shifting be included
Scheduling of transportation not to disturb the community
Speed reduction provision in critical areas and turns
The machineries should have silencing devises
Waste disposal/ Management
Contamination of water
Wastes and debris are disposed properly
Construction debris must be stockpiled and removed to a site.
Do not drop or expose any debris while transporting.
Soil erosion Land slide/ battered slope, rain-cut, absence of vegetation
Ensure, layer to layer compaction, soil stabilization measure.
Re-vegetable and restore disturbed soil.
Appropriate designing of slopes to prevent slumping, slippage and erosion.
Trees and vegetation
Deforestation and desertification
Enhance environment by tree plantation in proper place of school premises and link road sides.
Re-vegetation of barren surfaces be encouraged
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Additional burden on utilities
Stress on water supply, energy, sewerage and communication
Ensure adequate provisions for facilities with concerned organizations
O&M for sustenance of the shelters and approach roads.
Water supply and sanitation
Incidence of diseases
Ensure adequate supply of drinking water.
Sanitation facilities for male and female workers separately
Health and safety
Health hazards and general safety of workers and people
Ensure adequate safety gears for workers.(PPE, accommodation, First Aid box)
Arrange training for contractors and workers
Provide temporary security fencing surrounding the construction site.
Provide safe drinking water for workers
Safety signboard at all sites in bangla & English languages.
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Annex-9 : Format of Quarterly Monitoring Report
1. Introduction
2. Background of the Project
Basic project information including a synopsis of the project organization,
Description of the physical component of project and the updated progress.
A synopsis of work undertaken during the quarter;
Project Environmental key personnel, contact names and telephone numbers;
3. Environmental Requirement
Summarize the environmental protection and pollution control/mitigation measures, as recommended in the agreed EMF report and subproject specific EMP.
4. Environmental Status
summarize the major activities undertaken by the different subprojects during the quarter with showing the inter-relationship with environmental protection/mitigation measures;
describe the monitoring methodology;
a quarterly assessment of construction impacts on water, air and noise quality as well as the construction waste management, labor camp management and safety assurance at the subproject site;
Suggestion of appropriate mitigation measures if the quarterly assessment results demonstrate that the environment is declining ;
a summary description of the actions taken in the event of non-compliance of the sub-projects sites those were visited last quarter;
a summary description of the actions to be taken in the event of non-compliance those were visited this quarter and any follow-up procedures related to earlier non-compliance;
a summary record of all complaints received (written or verbal) and subsequent redress for each subproject during this quarter.
5. Screening/EA Document Preparation :
submission the list of subprojects for those site specific environment screening/assessment have been carried out during this period.,
summarize the key environmental issues of theses subprojects.
6. Others
weather conditions during the period at coastal areas;
weather conditions that may affect the results;
any other factors which might affect the monitoring results;
graphical plots of the monitored parameters during the period;
regulatory compliance progress (environment clearance certificate/renewal certificate from department of environment) etc.
7. Meeting and Discussion;
Summarize the meeting and the subsequent decision on the environment management those have been taken this
quarter.
8. Conclusions And Recommendations
9. Annexure
Photograph of the different subprojects
Environmental Monitoring Report
Lab Test Report
(Notes: Format is shown for Quarterly Monitoring Report (QMR) on environment compliance. Same format
can be followed for QMR on social compliance.)
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Annex-10: Grievance Response Mechanism
1. Objectives
Objectives of grievance response are to create an enabling environment for any aggrieved persons and entities including project affected persons to lodge complaints, claims, grievances, etc. and their grievances are redressed through negotiation. Site selection, design options, procurement and construction activities may raise grievances among the communities in the catchment area of shelters. The land acquisition law allows land owners to raise their objections and complaints at the beginning of the legal process of land acquisition and later at the time of notification for collection of compensation. LGED district and upazila level offices have a provision of complaint box open to all stakeholders intending to produce a suggestion or lodge a complaint. Bank investment requires that community enjoy access to project grievance mechanism ensuring transparency and social accountability. It is evident that complaints and grievances may range from dispute over ownership and inheritance of the acquired lands, the affected persons and lost assets missed by PAP census, valuation of the affected assets, compensation payment, environmental pollution, procurement, and construction quality. Considering the need, LGED will set up a formal grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress system will be in place to lodge a complaint, a claim, a grievance, etc., without cost and with the assurance of a timely and satisfactory resolution of that complaint/claim/grievance. The aggrieved persons may raise queries and complaints during obtaining lands, preparation and implementation of SMPs and RAPs as well as during procurement and civil works construction. The procedure is to answer queries and address complaints and grievances about any irregularities in application of the guidelines adopted in this SMF.
2. Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) and Focal Point
Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be formed and established at each project district. Grievance response focal point will be available at each shelter site for instant response to an aggrieved person, receiving written complaints or suggestions, produce them to the GRC for hearing and resolution. GRC will be formed with 7 members headed by the Executive Engineer, LGED at the district level as follows:
1. LGED Executive Engineer (District) : Chairperson 2. Upazila Engineer (Upazila LGED Office) : Member Secretary 3. Social Development Specialist, Consultant : Technical Facilitator 4. Union Parishad Chairman : Member 5. Female Union Parishad Member : Member 6. Representative of women group : Member 7. Representative of the sponsoring institute : Member (site focal point)
3. Grievance Resolution Process
All complaints and suggestions will be received formally in the LGED Upazila office by the GRC Member Secretary. The complaints will largely be channeled through the GRC focal points but aggrieved persons can also lodge the complaints and produce suggestions directly to the Upazila Engineer. Complaints may also be received directly at the Secretariat of GRC at the XEN office at the district level. An intake register will be maintained at the Upazila LGED Office (office of the member secretary). The UE will be assisted by his Community Organizer in recording the details of the grievances in the intake register for documentation and ensure impartiality, fairness and transparency. The intake registration will have
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data/information columns including (i) Case no., (ii) date of receipt, (iii) name/type of complaint/grievance, (iv) sex, (v) father’s name/husband’s name, (vi) complete address of the person raises the complaint/grievance, (vii) main objection (loss of land/property or entitlement), (viii) detailed complaint story, (ix) expectation with documentary evidence and previous records of similar grievances will be documented in the intake register. No GRC members can be contacted by the aggrieved persons in advance. Rather, the concerned persons are informed to attend formal hearings at an appointed date. The GRC committee will site for hearing at the District LGED office and pays patient hearing to the aggrieved persons. The GRC will record salient points to be presented by the aggrieved person and will examine their documentary evidences to be submitted during informal hearings. A resolution register will be maintained at the GRC secretariat. Resolution register will contain (i) serial no., (ii) case no., (iii) name of complaint, (iv) complaint story and expectation, (v) date of hearing, (vi) date of field investigation (if any), (vii) results of hearing and field investigation, (viii) decision of GRC, (ix) progress (pending, solved) and (x) agreement or commitments. Besides, closing register will also be used. Closing register keeps records, such as, (i) serial no., (ii) case no., (iii) name of complaint, (iv) decision and response to complaints, (v) mode and medium of communication, (vi) date of closing, (vi) confirmation of complaints’ satisfaction and (vii) management actions to avoid recurrence. Based on consensus, the procedure will help to resolve issues/conflicts amicably and quickly, saving the aggrieved persons from having to resort to expensive, time consuming legal action. The procedure will however not pre-empt a person’s right to go to the courts of law. The convener of the concerned GRC will have the authority to do the following things:
Reject a grievance redress application with any recommendations written on it by a GRC member or any other person giving sufficient documentary evidence in favour of rejection of the grievance redress application,
Remove a recommendation by any person that may separately accompany the grievance application,
Disqualify a GRC member who has made any recommendation on the application or separately before the formal hearing,
Appoint another person as GRC member for replacing the disqualified GRC member. The new GRC member will be appointed in consultation with the Superintending Engineer and keep the Project Coordinator informed of the replacement, and
The Convener will also ensure strict adherence to the compensation rates determined through market price surveys following approved procedure.
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Annex-11: Proposed Methods of Market Price Survey
LGED will be assisted by the Design and Construction Supervision Consultant in carrying out
market price surveys in line with the proposed compensation principles to determine replacement
cost of acquired lands, houses/structures and other replaceable assets and market prices of
irreplaceable assets by using the methods suggested below. Lands of All Kinds
Deputy Commissioner (DC) Office determines compensation under Law (CUL) following legal
procedure of land acquisition. Project Authority determines replacement value with assistance of Joint
Verification Team (JVT) as per proposed entitlement package and entitlement matrix and modalities of
compensation payment. Joint verification of acquired properties will be done in presence of the affected
owners. Joint Verification Team may be formed with the following members.
Sub-Divisional Engineer (LGED),
Social Development Specialist, Consultant,
Representative of the project affected persons,
Representative of Local Government,
The concerned Officer of local Land Office and
Revenue Surveyor
An alternative method of market price is also presented for consideration here. The market price survey
will explicitly take into consideration the quality of the lands under acquisition. Qualities of lands will be
determined taking into account of current uses, cropping intensity and value of crops produced,
accessibility from the existing roads, and any other characteristics that influence the market value of the
lands. The surveys will be conducted with the following three groups of respondents:
A random sample of 10-15 landowners in the mouza in which the lands under acquisition (for the
new shelters or the repair and the extension works of the existing shelters or shelter connecting
roads) are located,
As many of the most recent buyers and the sellers of similar quality of lands as can be found in
the mouza where the sub-project is located,
The deed writers, who recently were involved in land purchase registration in the same mouza,
willing to be interviewed, will be asked about the actual prices instead of the registered value of
land recorded on the deeds.
Market value of the lands will be determined in the following manner:
If variations in average prices reported by the above-mentioned three respondent groups are
insignificant (10% or less), current value of the lands will be fixed at the average of the prices
reported by the three groups.
In cases of significant differences in land prices (more than 10%), the current prices will be
negotiated in open meetings with the affected and the other landowners, community leaders,
CBOs/NGOs and the like.
Replacement costs of the lands will be equal to the market prices plus the registration costs or stamp duty.
The registration cost will be calculated on the current market price of the lands.
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Houses and Other Built Structures Replacement costs of houses and other built structures will be determined by JVT. The JVT verifies floor areas and housing materials based on census data. The PAP census will be completed within the cut-off date for all structures not covered under CUL. All compensation will be based on replacement values to be determined through market surveys. Replacement costs of houses and other built structures will be based on the current prices of various building materials, labor and costs forother items in the local markets. The costs of building materials, such as bricks, cement, steel, sand, bamboo, timber, GI sheet, roofing materials like straw, golpata, etc, and labor will be based on:
Survey of current prices of different types of materials with five or so dealers/manufacturers in the local markets.
The replacement cost of the house/structure will be based on the lowest quoted price for each type of material, plus their carrying costs to the sites.
The current costs of labor with different skills will be determined by interviewing local contractors, LGED staff, or local construction workers.
Replacement costs of any other replaceable affected assets will also be based on the current prices of materials, transportation and labor costs, etc as per Social Management Framework (SMF) of Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP), 2014. Trees & Other Irreplaceable Assets
Market prices of different species of trees will be determined by surveying the prevailing prices paid by the timber and the fuel-wood traders in the local markets. The compensation for trees will be fixed at the highest prices offered by a trader.
Compensation for all other irreplaceable assets will also be based on survey of their prevailing prices with dealers/traders in the local markets.
Fruits and Other Crops
Compensation will be determined at prices of the fruits and other crops during the harvest. Prices of different varieties of fruits and crops at harvest will be collected from a sample of 7-10 dealers in the local markets. The compensation for each type of fruit and crop will be fixed at the highest price offered by a trader.
The market price surveys will begin as soon as locations of the required acquisitions are
identified on the ground. LGED will document the replacement costs and market prices of
various affected assets and make them available as and when asked for review by IDA.
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Annex-12: Compensation and Entitlement Matrix
Category 1: Loss of Land Entitlement Entitled Person
1. CUL includes 50% premium. CUL or replacement value whichever is greater.
2. Compensation for acquired/requisitioned land will be determined by the Joint Verification Team (JVT).
3. Stamp duties to purchase lands equal to the amount of land acquired.
1. Legal owner(s), including mortgagors, as determined by DC during CUL payment, or by court in cases of legal duties.
2. Co-sharers/mortgagors to be determined by the title deeds and mortgage documents
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Current market prices of land determined by the Joint Verification Team (JVT) to be the basis for determining replacement value and top-up payment.
2. Purchase of replacement land is not required for stamp duty payment.
3. Persons using Vested and Non-resident (VNR) properties under lease will be treated as per lease agreement, and will not qualify for project grant.
4. Advance notice to be issued in time to harvest standing crops. If not possible, the value of crop at full harvest value is to be paid.
5. Stamp duties will be included in the top up amount to be paid by the Project Authority.
1. PAPs to be informed of the details of compensation policies after issuance of Notice-3,
2. Landowners to be assisted to procure any missing legal documents required to claim compensation from DCs,
3. Mouza-wise current market prices of lands to be determined, considering their quality in terms of number and types of crops produced a year, flooding, irrigation facilities, accessibility and other factors influencing market prices,
4. The project will not be used to collect outstanding dues or taxes on the acquired or other lands.
Responsibility 1. Project authority for overall execution and coordination, ensuring GOB’s support and timely financial
disbursements. 2. DC to pay CUL to all legal owners, and those with the legal evidence of interest in the lands. 3. Project authority/TA consultants to inform PAPs of RAP policies, assist in updating records, pay difference
between CUL and replacement value, and the stamp duties on the acquired lands, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation.
Category 2: Loss of Ponds and Fish Stock
Entitlement Entitled Person
1. CUL from DC which includes 50% premium or replacement cost of pond, including cost of land and excavation, whichever is greater.
2. PAPs are allowed to harvest and keep the fish stock. 3. If the pond is under lease from any GOB agencies, compensation
from DC as per lease conditions.
Legal owner of the pond to get compensation for land area, while usufruct right holder, legal or socially recognized, to get compensation for fish stock.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Guidelines 1, 2 and 3 as indicated for Loss Category 1. 2. If the fishpond is on public land and not under lease from GoB, the
PAP is entitled to compensation for 25% of the existing fish stock, but is allowed to retain the entire fish stock.
Magnitude of fish stock and value to be determined by JVT according to Fishery Dept standards and market prices.
Responsibility A in responsibilities 1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agriculture & Commercial Lands
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Category 3: Loss of Houses/Structures Used for Living and Commercial Activities Entitlement Entitled Person
1. Legal Owners are entitled persons. CUL includes 50% premium. CUL or replacement value, whichever is greater.
2. Legal Owners will be paid House Construction Grant (HCG), 3. Squatters will be paid House Transfer Grant (HTG) and HCG for certain types
of low-cost houses/structures belonging to vulnerable PAPs. 4. All house/structure owners are permitted to retain the salvageable housing
and building materials. 5. Tenants will be advance notice and assisted with finding alternative
accommodation and be given shifting costs.
1. Legal owners as determined by DC during the CUL payment process and/or determined by court in cases of legal disputes,
2. Socially-recognized and vulnerable owners of certain types of low-cost houses/structures built on public lands as found during the RAP Census.
3. Tenants (those renting premises for residential and/or commercial purposes.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Legal Owners: Applies to all houses/structures standing on the acquired private lands at the time of issuance of Notice-3.
2. Vulnerable Squatters: Applies to (a) shiftable structures built with materials salvageable without much damages (e.g., houses with bamboo thatch or other non-breakable walls and GI sheet or straw/leaf roofs and the like); and (b) non-shiftable houses with mud-plastered walls of jute stalk and similar cheap materials. Such houses/structures will be ineligible for compensation if (i) they are not used by the owners themselves, or (ii) rented out to others.
3. Vulnerable Squatters: For (a) shiftable structures, HTG and HCG @ Tk 20 per sft with minimum Tk 1500 and maximum Tk 2000; and (b) non-shiftable structures, HCG @ Tk 30 per sft with minimum Tk 2500 and maximum Tk 3500. 9
4. Non-shiftable houses/structures built with expensive materials (eg, brick walls with RCC roof, brick walls with GI sheet roof, cemented floor, etc) on public lands are not eligible for compensation or assistance.10
5. Small structures on poles which can be shifted without dismantling are not eligible for compensation (roadside small pan-bidi shops, groceries, tea stalls, etc.) but will be assisted in finding alternative location and given cost of shifting.
6. No affected structures built after the cut-off date will be eligible for compensation.
7. The Project Authority, in collaboration with local authorities will make best efforts to identify alternative housing sites for vulnerable squatters.
8. All compensation will be based on replacement values to be determined through market surveys.
1. JVT to verify floor areas and materials based on Census data. 2. The PAP Census will establish the cut-off date for all structures not covered under CUL.
Responsibility As in Nos1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural & Commercial Lands
9These values are based on findings from previous projects. For the purpose of this RPF, values will be based on current market assessments and verified by JVT. 10 The assumption is that these are encroachers (land grabbers, often with backing of influential people) setting up structures illegally on public lands, as opposed to vulnerable squatters who have no choice but to set up living quarters there.
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Category 4: LOSS OF TREES, BAMBOO AND BANANA GROVES
Entitlement Entitled Person
1. Timber trees and bamboos: Current market value. 2. Fruit-bearingtrees (without Timber): If the tree is at or near fruit-bearing stage, estimated current value of the fruit determined by JVT. 3. Fruit-bearing trees (with Timber): If the tree is at or near fruit- bearing stage, estimated market price of timber and fruits. 4. Banana Groves: Estimated current value of one time crop of each grown-up tree. 5. Trees grown under public/NGO sponsored program: Same as 1, 2, 3, and/or 4 above. 6. Owners will be permitted to fell and retain the trees and fruits, after payment of compensation.
1. Legal owners as determined by DC during CUL assessment process. 2. Socially recognized owners, such as squatters 3. People with valid lease from GOB agencies. 4. Groups sponsored by public agencies/ NGOs.
Application Guidelines
Implementation Issues
1. Estimated market value of different species of trees, based on categorization: big, medium and small. 2. Value of perennial fruits to be determined as three years' value of the crop at the harvest prices. 3. Where ownership is in group, compensation will not be paid to the any individual or the sponsoring agency.
Where ownership belongs to groups, the project authority will ensure that the compensation is distributed among the members as per agreements.
Responsibility As in Nos. 1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural Lands.
Category 5: LOSS OF STANDING CROPS Entitlement Entitled Person
1. Compensation for standing crops affected at the time of land handover. 2. Cultivator will retain the crops and plants.
Cultivator (person who planted the crop) whether owner, lease holder, tenant, sharecropper, etc. (formal or informal arrangements) as determined by JVT.
Application Guidelines
Implementation Issues
1. Estimated market value at harvest, to be determined by JVT. 2. Advance notice to be issued in time to harvest the standing crop. If not possible the value of the crop at full harvest price is to be paid. 3. Share-croppers may avail of livelihood restoration Program
1. Market value at harvest will be established by JVT through on-site verification before handover. 2. Verify whether or not crop is in existence on the acquired lands at the time of handover.
Responsibility As in Nos. 1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural & Commercial Lands.
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Category 6: LOSS OF BUSINESS INCOME FROM DISPLACED COMMERCIAL PREMISES Entitlement Entitled Person
1. Compensation for loss of business/trading income. 2. Compensation for loss of rental income from rented-out premises situated on private lands.
1. Business operators in the affected premises (title-holders and vulnerable squatters without titles to their informal businesses; whether owning or renting premises), at the time of issuance of Notice-3, or during PAP Census. 2. Owner of the rented-out premises situated on private lands.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Compensation for loss of business income based on average daily net income for three months as determined by JVT. 2. Three months' rent to owner of the premise on private land, as determined by JVT. 3. Owners of business premises on public lands operating medium-large businesses (Encroachers) are not eligible for rental income11. 4. Vulnerable squatters who were conducting informal businesses may avail of livelihood restoration program Also see Compensation & Entitlement Modalities
1. Eligible premises are permanently fixed to the ground with walls and roofs (not shiftable in intact condition). 2. Business type, floor area and capital investment to be recorded during PAP Census. 3. Eligibility of business owners, and premise owners and tenants to be verified by JVT.
Responsibility As in Nos.1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural lands.
Category 7: TEMPORARYLOSS OF INCOME (WAGE EARNERS IN COMMERCE & INDUSTRY)
Entitlement Entitled Person
Grant to cover temporary loss of regular wage income for three months or for the period of the transition, should they continue to be employed in the same business/organization
Adult persons employed continuously for at least six months in businesses displaced from private and public lands.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Length of employment to be counted backward from the cut-off date. 2. Grant = daily wage rate x 3 months, to be determined by JVT. 3. Minor children of the business owners, who assist on a part time basis, are not eligible for this grant.
1. The JVT to verify the information in relation to the number of employees in the displaced business.
Responsibility The project authority (1 and 3 as for Loss Categories 1 and 2).
.
11 These would not be vulnerable squatters, but encroachers/land-grabbers
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Category 8: LOSS OF USUFRUCTRIGHTS IN MORTGAGED-NV, LEASED-IN AND KHAI-KHALASHI LANDS
Entitlement Entitled Person
Compensation as per Loss Categories 1 & 2 above, to be shared as per usufruct/mortgage contracts.
1. Persons with legal agreements. 2. Persons with verbal agreements.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Legal owner and mortgagee/leaseholder will be paid CUL by DC as per the law. 2. Legal owner will pay the outstanding liabilities to the interested persons upon receipt of CUL from the DCs as per verbal agreement. 3. In cases where CUL is smaller than replacement value, legal owner will get the top- up from project authority (i) if all liabilities are already paid up; (ii) if not, the legal owner will get the residual after all liabilities are paid up. If the liability exceeds the amount to be paid by the project authority, the landowner will pay it.
1. Where the contract is verbal, As in Nos. 1, 2 JVT will verify the persons with interests in the acquired assets due to mortgage, lease or khai- khalashi right. 2. Any disputes over verbal agreements to be resolved through grievance redress procedure.
Responsibility As in No. 1,2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural Lands.
Category 9: USES OF VESTED & NON-RESIDENTPROPERTIES (VNR)
Entitlement Entitled Person
1. Three times the estimated value of all crops produced in the acquired vested agricultural land in the year or preceding year of acquisition. 2. If only a portion of the vested homestead land is acquired, the user is allowed to live on the residual land and assisted to relocate his/her houses with HTG and HCG as stipulated for Loss of Houses/structures.
Present users of the VNR properties found during the PAP Census.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
1. Apply only to those cases that are identified by DCs during the acquisition for this project. 2. Will not apply to those VNR cases which were identified through 1984. Leaseholders of such lands will be treated by DCs as per agreement, and the project authority will have no obligation to deal with them.
JVT will verify whether the property was designated VNR earlier (1984 or before), or designated during acquisition for MDSP.
Responsibility The project authority (1 and 3 as indicated for Agricultural and Commercial Lands).
Category 10: OTHER/UNKNOWNLOSSES
Entitlement Entitled Person
Other impacts that may have remained unknown shall be mitigated based on the same principles applied for other impacts described in the Policy Matrix. The nature of entitlements and support mechanism shall be approved by GOB and IDA.
Legal owners, squatters and others with an interest on the lands.
Application Guidelines Implementation Issues
To be based on PAP Census and nature of the impacts
To be agreed upon by GOB and IDA.
Responsibility As in Nos. 1, 2 and 3 indicated for Loss of Agricultural & Commercial Lands.
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Annex-13: Terms of Reference for Senior Social Development Specialist, PMU
i. Review current policies, legislations, and procedures/practices of the Government of
Bangladesh (GoB) for land acquisition and population displacement related infrastructure
development and explain its implications to the proposed project.
ii. Review the relevant World Bank social development and safeguard policies including
Operational Policies (OP) on involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12) and on indigenous peoples
(OP 4.10) and explain their implications to the proposed project.
iii. Collect and review the SRPF of the ongoing ECRRP for relevant sections on construction and
improvement of multipurpose disaster shelters and similar projects in LGED. Based on
review, develop an assessment study on the expected positive and negative impacts of the
overall social management and safeguard compliance.
iv. Review the SMF and develop the consultation approach and program from social
perspective; and provide the guidelines for identification of key stakeholders and
consultation with them for inclusion, participation, transparency and social accountability.
v. Design and carry out community consultation and focused group discussion with community
groups focusing on women, very poor, and tribal peoples for their concern, options and
suggestions on location and design of shelters and the associated social development and
safeguard issues. Special consultation will be carried out tribal communities.
vi. Describe the key information required to demonstrate overall socioeconomic profile of the
project area populations obtained from secondary sources and from the consultation
exercise.
vii. Design and conduct social screening and social impact assessment of sub-projects
(construction and improvement of shelters and roads connecting to the shelters), and
preparation of Social Management Plans (SMP) for each construction package and where
required Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) integrated with an inclusion and participation plan.
viii. Describe the definition of impacts, project affected people, eligibility criteria and
entitlement matrix; implementation arrangements, monitoring and evaluation process,
grievance redress procedure and disclosure processes among other relevant topics.
ix. Develop a disclosure and social accountability mechanism including grievance redress
process and capturing suggestions from the beneficiaries for social adaptability of project
design and implementation activities.
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Annex-14: Social Assessment of Subproject Sites
Form T-1
DATA SHEET FOR INFORMATION ON SHELTER SITE & ROAD
1. Name of Shelter/Road ......................................................................... Code No. .......
2. Address Village: ............................................ Union: .....................................
Upazila: ...................................... District: .................................. 3. Catchment area of the shelter (mention below): Total no. of villages:
Name of village Number of households
Number of tribal households (if any)
Population Direction from cyclone
shelter
Distance from cyclone shelter (meter)
Total
Direction: 1) North; 2) North-East, 3) East 4) South-East, 5) South 6) South-West, 7) West, 8) North-West 4. Accommodation capacity of cyclone shelter: Persons|
5. Proportion of total population at risks can be accommodated in the shelter? ………%
6. Location of cyclone shelter: (1) Located at center of village/villages - [1] With pucca road/ [2] With kutcha road
[3] There is no road (2) Located at periphery- [1] With pucca road/ [2] With kutcha road
[3] There is no road [3] Accessibility of 25% of catchment area population in the cyclone shelter [ ] Yes/ [ ] No
FORM T-2
DATA SHEET FOR SOCIAL PROFILE OF BENEFICIARYVILLAGE(S)
1. Name of Cyclone Shelter/Road: ...................................................................... Code No......
2. Name of village/villages in the catchment area:
…………………………………..........................................................................................
3. Population: Total no. of family: ...................... Total population ...................................
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4. Male population: .................................. Female population: ..................................
5. Religious proportion of population:
Religion/caste/sub-caste Proportion of population
(%)
No. of family Population
6. No. of family at risks at the event of cyclone/natural disaster: ................ families (not having
pucca/semi-pucca houses).
Region/caste/sub-caste No. of families at risks
7. Is there any caste/sub-caste/community (e.g., cobbler, sweeper/dom, chandal, grandener)
which keep the, isolated from mainstream society? [1] Yes / [2] No.
7.a. If yes, how many families? ............ families 7.b. Their religion ................................................................
7.c. Their religion/caste/sub-caste................................................ 7.d. Describe how they are isolated from mainstream society?
................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. 8. What are their suggestions for getting services from cyclone shelters?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...............................
9. What losses/damages were caused in the village(s) during cyclone Sidr 2007?
.............................................................................................................................. 10. Degree of losses/damages of assets/properties of families in the affected area (mention in
percentage)
Name of lost/damaged assets/properties
Fully affected Moderately affected
Minimally affected Loss/damage (%)
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Crops
Fishery
Permanent assets/properties
Livestock
Human casualties - - - Total no. deceased persons-
Note: put tick mark (√) in applicable cases in the table above
11. What would be the advantages/benefits if there were a cyclone shelter in this area?
.......................................... ..........................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... 12. What problems and difficulties people in this area faced/encountered at the event of cyclone
due to lack of cyclone shelter?
.......................................... ..........................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... 13. At what places how many families could manage to take shelter at the event of cyclone? ... ...
...... ... ………………………………………………………………….families
14. Information related to education, occupation and income of the villagers
14.a. Education
Indicator Male (%) Female (%) Total (%) Literacy rate (6 year and above aged persons)
Rate of school going children 14.b. Income earning occupations
Name of occupation Percentage of families depend on respective occupations
Agriculture Agri-labor fishing and fish cultivation business service Traditional work Skill based work Total
15.a. Average family income
Economic group No. of families Average annual income per family
Very rich
157
Moderate rich (medium) Poor Very poor (destitute) Total
15.b. Type of housing structure
Pucca building Families having such house Any such house is safe during cyclone (Yes/No)
Semi-pucca building Tin house with wooden pole Tin house with bamboo pole Thatched house shanties Total
15.c. Women’s status Women rights are respected in the community? [1] Yes / [2] No ..................% Lands are titled to women? [1] Yes / [2] No .........% No. of female headed families depend on charity? No. of families................ No. of families with women as main income earners? No. of families ............... No. of divorced women in the village(s)? No. of divorced women.................. No. of widow women in the village(s)? No. of widow women.................. 15.d. Status of vulnerable male persons No. of male headed families depend on charity? No. of families................ No. of divorced men in the village(s)? No. of divorced men.................. No. of widower in the village(s)? No. of widower.................
16. Village administration and leadership
16.a. Influential families and lineages in the villages under the catchment area of cyclone shelter
Family/lineage Head of lineage Social position (e.g., UP Chairman; Ward Member; Teacher; Lawyer; Politician; Social Activist/Worker)
16.b. Which family/lineage play important role in contributing to village development (e.g., road construction; electrification in the village; construction/renovation of mosque; irrigation, etc)? 16.c. Which family/lineage play important role in village administration/governance (e.g., mediate in arbitration; collect contributions for mosque/maktab; witnessing at wedding/divorce; maintain communication with UP Chairman and Ward Member)?
158
16.d. Which family/lineage play important role in seeking services from government offices and NGOs (e.g., providing support to tahshildar for paying revenue at village, immunization camp; assisting in relief distribution; livestock immunization; etc.,)? 17. Name and signature of data collector: ................................................ Date: ..................
FORM T-3 COMMUNICATION AND PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME
1. Name of cyclone shelter/road: ................................................................... Code No. ……..
2. Consultation date: ......................... Venue/place: Village: ....................................
Union:............................................ Upazila:........................................... District:............................................... Attendance of the participants (Identity and signatures)
Name Male/Female Occupation Village Signature
a. What information and design about the project was communicated with the participants of the
consultation meeting:
159
b. As narrated and discussed by the participants of the consultation meeting about problems,
sufferings, concerns and risks related to cyclone and natural disasters of the potential affected
people in the villages under the catchment area
c. Suggestions provided by the participants of the consultation meeting for sound implementation of
the project
d. Name of and signature of facilitator of the consultation meeting
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Annex-15: Format for voluntary donation of land
Form T-4
Voluntary Donation of Land for Shelter Site
[On a BDT 300- Stamp Paper]
1. This deed of voluntary donation is made and executed on .............................................................................. day of .............................. between
.Md./Mr..........................................................................S/o......................................... .
W/o ..................................................... Age ..................... Occupation.................................... resident of ............................................................ .........................................herein after called titled holder and legally own the land on one part. This expression shall mean
and include his legal representatives, successors — in-interest, heirs, assignees, nominees etc.
AND
Md./Mr/Ms. .......................................................... S/o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w/o .........................................................................................Aged .................................................................. Designation...................................... herein after called the " Recipient" which term denotes to "for and on behalf of [name of sponsoring institution], authorized under the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh on the other part and shall mean and include his/her successors —in-office, nominees and assignees etc.
2. Whereas, the details of the Location of the, land are given below: Location Details
Mouza
Upazila
District
Land owners Details:
Name of land owner ((authorised one))
Father/ Husband's Name of land owner
Age Yrs. Occupation: Address:
Gender
Schedule of Land
Plot No.
Khatian No.
Area of land (Decimal)
Proportion of total land holding (%): _________________ [the donated land should not be more than 10% of total land holding]
Location/Mouza
Territory :
161
North Boundary
East Boundary
West Boundary
South Boundary
Note: Detailed Map to the scale is appended.
3. Whereas the land owner(s) is presently using/ holding the transferable right of the above mentioned piece of land in the Mouza mentioned above.
4. Whereas the land owner testifies that the land is free of encumbrances and not subject to other claims/ claimants.
5. Whereas the land owner hereby voluntarily surrenders the land without any type of pressure. influence or coercion what so ever directly or indirectly and hereby surrender all his/her subsisting rights in the said land with free will and intention.
6. Whereas the Recipient shall construct and develop shelters/connecting roads under the Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project and take all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets.
7. Whereas both the parties agree that the infrastructure so constructed/developed shall be for the interest of the public.
8. Whereas the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this
agreement and a deed of title transfer will be registered afterwards as per law of the country.
Signature of Land owner Signature of Tahasildar
Name of land owner Name of Tahasildar I
Date Date
Identified.by
1.
2.
Witnesses
Signature of Chairman/Member I
Name of Chairman/Member
162
Signature of authorized representative of the sponsoring institution with seal
Name of the representative
Witnesses
Signature of LGED official with seal I
Name of LGED official
163
Annex-16: Format for voluntary donation of land possession for use as road
Form T-5
Voluntary Donation of Land Possession for Shelter Connecting Road
Community Agreement
This community agreement of voluntary donation of land possession is made and executed on ………………. day of .............................. as negotiated with the representatives of owners and users of lands along the road for development under the following package as connecting road to the shelter mentioned hereunder.
Road Package No. _______________________________________________________________
Name of the Connecting Road: _____________________________________________________
Name of the Shelter connected: _________________________________________________
Venue of Negotiation Meeting: ______________________________________________________
Date of Negotiation: ____________________ Time: _______________________________
Participants and Attendance
Representatives of land owners (name, age, sex, signature and contact details):
Encroachers:
Owners:
Representatives of the community(name, age, sex, signature and contact details):
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Proceedings of the Negotiation
Context (background of the road, original width, current width, encroachment, squatting, inadequacy of width and need for additional land, owners and users of required lands, need for vacation and dedication of the lands for the road for improvement): _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Proposal (A community request for vacation and dedication of the lands for road use should be proposed here as agreed in the mass negotiation meeting): ________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Agreement (Pls mention proportion of the participants agreed on vacation and dedication of the land possession requested for use in the road voluntarily without compensation with relevant details): _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Measures against any disagreement and vulnerability (if anybody among the owners disagrees or is vulnerable economically, measures taken as per OP 4.12 will be mentioned here):
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Chair of the Negotiation Meeting Elected Representative President, Executive Committee Administrative Chief Sponsoring Institution Sponsoring Institution
165
Annex-17: Screening Form for Social Safeguards Issues
[The filled out forms will be reviewed and evaluated by a professional expert assigned by LGED/ consultant. The project consultant will include a summary estimate of the impacts and mitigation requirements for each site in the Screening Report. Impacts identification and the mitigation eligibility and requirements should follow the principles adopted in this SMF. Preparation of a social management plan does not depend on this screening.]
REVIEW and EVALUATION
Name of Community: ……………………..……………… Municipality: ……………………………………
Name of Maholla..................................................................
Name of District: …..…………...
I. Subproject Exclusion Criteria
In respect of the social impacts and subproject exclusion criteria,
Does the site qualify for subproject construction? [ ] Yes [ ] No
II. Resettlement Impacts
In respect of the social impacts and community concerns, is there a need to,
Undertake an in-depth social impact assessment study? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Prepare a Resettlement Action Plan? [ ] Yes [ ] No
III. Impacts on Tribal Peoples
In respect of the social impacts on TPs and their concerns, is there a need to,
Undertake an in-depth impact assessment? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Prepare a Tribal Peoples Plan? [ ] Yes [ ] No
The attached filled out format has been reviewed and evaluated by:
Signature: Date:
Name: ___________________________________
Designation: _______________________
SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS SCREENING OF SUBPROJECT [To be filled in for each subproject site jointly by LGED and Project consultant. Where private lands are to be acquired or public lands are to be resumed from authorized and unauthorized private users, census of affected persons and inventory of losses to be carried out.]
166
A. Identification
1. Name of Subproject: ……………………..……………… Union: ……………………………………
Upazila.................................................................................
District: …………................................…..........
2. Brief description of the physical works:
…………………………...................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................
3. Screening Date(s): ………………………………………………………………………………......
B. Participation in Screening
4. Names of consultants’ representatives who screened the subproject :
5. Names of LGED officials participated in screening:
6. Local Government representatives and community members & organizations participated in
screening: List them in separate pages with names and addresses, in terms of community selection and any other information to identify them during preparation of impact mitigation plans.
7. Would-be affected/benefited persons participated in screening: List them in separate pages
with names, addresses in terms of community selection where they would be affected, and any other information to identify them during preparation of impact mitigation plans.
C. Land Requirements & Ownership
8. Will there be a need for additional lands* to carry out the intended works under this contract?
[ ] Yes [ ] No (* ‘Additional lands’ mean lands beyond the existing available land) 9. If ‘Yes’, the required lands presently belong to (Indicate all that apply):
[ ] Private citizens [ ] Government – khas & other GoB agencies
[ ] Others (Mention): …………………………………………….......................................... D. Current Land Use & Potential Impacts
167
10. If the required lands belong to Private Citizens, they are currently used for (Indicate all that apply):
[ ] Agriculture # of households using the lands: ………….................................
[ ] Residential purposes # of households living on them: …………...................................
[ ] Commercial purposes # of persons using them: …………............. # of shops: ......
[ ] Other Uses (Mention): ..………………………………..………………… # of users: ……
11. If the required lands belong to Government agencies, they are currently used for (Indicate all that apply):
[ ] Agriculture # of persons/households using the lands: …….…….....................
[ ] Residential purposes # of households living on them: ……………..................................
[] Commercial purposes # of persons using them: …………… # of shops: ……
[ ] Other Uses (Mention):
……………………………….………..………...... # of users: .……
12. How many of the present users have lease agreements with any government agencies?
…………………………………………………………………............................................................ 13. Number of private homesteads that would be affected on private lands:
Entirely, requiring relocation: …….. Partially, but can still live on present homestead: ......
14. Number of business premises/buildings that would be affected on private lands: …………..
Entirely and will require relocation: …………......... # of businesses housed in them: …....
Partially, but can still use the premises: ...……… # of businesses housed in them: …....
15. Residential households will be affected on public lands: …………..
Entirely affected and will require relocation: # of these structures: ………….
# of structures built with brick, RCC, & other expensive and durable materials: …………..
# of structures built with inexpensive salvageable materials (bamboo, GI sheets, etc.: .…
168
Partially affected, but can still live on the present homestead: # of structures: …….…….
# of structures built with brick, RCC, & other expensive and durable materials: …………..
# of structures built with inexpensive salvageable materials (bamboo, GI sheets, etc.): .…
16. # of business premises that would be affected on public lands:
Entirely affected and will require relocation:
# of these structures: ………….
# of businesses housed in these structures: ……………
# of persons presently employed in the above businesses: ……………
# of these structures built with brick, RCC, & other durable materials: ……………
# of structure built with inexpensive salvageable materials (bamboo, GI sheets, etc.): ……
Partially affected, but can still stay in the present premises:
# of these structures: ...……….
# of businesses housed in these structures: …………….
# of persons presently employed in these businesses: ……………
# of these structures built with brick, RCC, & other durable materials: ……………
# of structure built with inexpensive salvageable materials (bamboo, GI sheets, etc.): ……
17. Number of businesses/trading activities that would be displaced from make-shift structures on the project area: …………….. 18. Do the proposed project works affect any community groups’ access to any resources that are
used for livelihood purposes? [ ] Yes [ ] No
9. If ‘Yes’, description of the resources:
……………………………………………….……...........................................................................................
……………………………………………………..…………………...........................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….............................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….............................
20. Do the proposed works affect community facilities like school, cemetery, mosque, temple, or others that are of religious, cultural and historical significance?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
169
21. If ‘Yes’, description of the facilities: ……………………………….
……………………………………………..………………………………………………………..………........................
…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..........................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................
…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..........................
…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..........................
22. Describe any other impacts that have not been covered in this questionnaire?
…………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….............................
……………………………………………………………………………..………………….…………….........................
………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……............................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................
23. Describe alternatives, if any, to avoid or minimize use of additional lands:
……………………………………………………………………..………………………….…………............................
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….............................
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….............................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................
………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..............................
E. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TRIBAL PEOPLES (This section must be filled in if sites are located in areas that are also inhabited by tribal peoples or tribal peoples.)
24. Is the community located in an area inhabited by tribal peoples?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If the answer is no, skip this section of the form.
25. If the answer is Yes, is there any TPs Impacted by the land acquisition or any other
interventions of the project? [ ] Yes [ ] No
26. If the answer is Yes to question no. 26, is there any TPs also likely to be benefited from the
subproject?
170
[ ] Yes [ ] No 27. If the answer is Yes to question no. 26, is there any TPs likely to be affected by the
subproject?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If the answers to questions 26, 27 and/or 28 are no, skip the following sections of the form.
28. Have the TP community and the potential affected TPs been made aware of the potential positive and negative impacts and consulted for their feedback and inputs?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
Has there been a broad-based community consensus on the proposed works?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
29. Total number of would-be affected TP households: .....…………………………………………. 30. The potential affected TP households have the following forms of rights to the required lands:
[ ] Legal: # of households: …………
[ ] Customary: # of households: …………
[ ] Lease agreements with any GoB agencies: # of households: …..…..…
[ ] Others (Mention): .………………………………….………… # of households: ...………
31. Does the project affect any objects that are of religious and cultural significance to the TPs? [ ] Yes [ ] No
32. If ‘Yes’, description of the objects:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............
33. The following are the three main economic activities of the potential affected TP households:
a. .………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. ……………………………………………………….………………………………………
c. …………………………………………………….…………………………………………
34. Social concerns expressed by TP communities/organizations about the works proposed under the subproject: .…………………………………….................................................................................................
171
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............
35. The TP community and organizations perceive the social outcomes of the subproject:
[ ] Positive [ ] Negative [ ] Neither positive nor negative 36. Names of TP community members and organizations who participated in screening:
……………………………………………………….……………………………………………..…..............
……………………………………………………….………………..………………………………..............
On behalf of the project consultant, this Screening Form has been filled in by:
Name: …………………………………………….. Designation: ……………..……..…...
Signature: ………………………………………… Date: …………………...