environmental studies mr. skirbst science topic 28
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Environmental Studies
Mr. SkirbstScienceTopic 28
SurveyingGoal of the surveying team is todetermine the stream gradient
SurveyingGoal of the surveying team is todetermine the stream gradient
Stream gradient: stream slope
SurveyingStream slope = rise / run
SurveyingStream slope = rise / run
In the field: rise = (determined by surveying)
SurveyingStream slope = rise / run
In the field: rise = (determined by surveying)run = (calculated using the
Pythagorean Theory)
SurveyingSurveying: Using instruments to make
measurements of the land
Surveying Terms
SurveyingData Table:
Bench Mark (BM)
Transit
Stream Slope
Line of site
Cross hairs
Rod
Bench Mark (BM)
Transit
Cross hairs
BB
D
Bench Mark (BM)
Transit
Cross hairs
BB
D
Cross hairs
BB
D
Rise
Run
Stream
BB
D
Rise
Run
Stream
Rise
Run
StreamRise
Run
Rise
Run
Stream
(Stream)2 = (Rise)2 + (Run)2
Pythagorean Theory
Stream Team
Stream TeamGoal of the stream team is todetermine the stream discharge
Stream TeamGoal of the stream team is todetermine the stream discharge
Stream discharge- water volume released in a period of time
Q (disc
harge)
Stream Team
Volume =
Stream Team
Volume = width x height x length( 3 dimensions)
Stream Team
Volume = (width x height) x length
Discharge (Q) = area x velocity(cubic feet per second)
Stream Team
Stream width –
Stream Team
Stream width –Distance from bank to bank at
the cross-section
Stream Width
Stream Team
Stream depth–
Stream Team
Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section
Stream Team
Stream depth– average depth along the cross-section
(must be average since depth is not uniform)
Stream Team
Average depth determined by taking depths at regular intervals and dividing by number of intervals
Stream Depth
Stream Team
Stream area = width x depth(2 dimensions)
(feet2)
Stream Team
Stream length –
Stream Team
Stream length = stream speed
Stream Speed
Stream Team
Stream length = stream speed
Speed (velocity) = distance/time
Distance
Distance
Time
Distance
Time
Stream Team
Stream length = stream speed
Speed (velocity) = distance/time(feet/second)
Stream Team
Discharge (Q) = area x velocity
Stream Team
Discharge (Q) = area x velocity
units = cubic feet per second(ft3/sec)
Tree Team
The goal of the tree team is to calculate the % canopy cover, measure the tree density, and identify species of trees.
Tree Team
Tree Team
Tree Team
http://www.arborday.org/trees/whatTree/whatTree.cfm?ItemID=E6A
Soil Team
The goal of the soil team is to analyze the texture, chemistry, and biology of the soil.
Soil Team
Soil texture -
Soil Team
Soil texture – how the soil feels
Soil Team
Soil texture – the composition of soil in terms of the relative amounts of clay, silt, sand, and gravel.
Soil Team
1. Clay – < 0.002 mm2. Silt –3. Sand –4. Gravel –
Soil Team
1. Clay –2. Silt – 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm3. Sand –4. Gravel –
Soil Team
1. Clay –2. Silt –3. Sand – 0.05 mm to 2.0 mm4. Gravel –
Soil Team
1. Clay –2. Silt –3. Sand –4. Gravel – > 2.0 mm
Soil Team
Method for determining texture
Soil Team
Method for determining textureSettling Rate:
Soil Team
Method for determining textureSettling Rate:Larger particles settle first,
followed by smaller particles
Soil Team
Soil Team
Method for determining textureSoil Sieve:
Soil Team
Method for determining textureSoil Sieve:Passing soil sample through a
series of sieves to separate particle sizes
Soil Team
Soil Team
Soil Team
Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the
soil for observation
Soil Team
Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the
soil for observationMacroinvertebrates – “big bugs”
Soil Team
Soil Biology:Extracting the organisms in the
soil for observationMacroinvertebrates – “big bugs”Microinvertebrates –“small bugs”
Soil Team
Extraction of organisms:Berleese funnel
Soil Team
Soil Team
Soil Chemistry:Analyzing the soil nutrients that
support plant life
Soil Team
Soil Chemistry:Analyzing the soil nutrients that
support plant lifeNPK
Soil Team
The goal of the water team is to determine the biological health of the stream.
Water Team
Sample locations:
Water Team
Sample locations:A, B, C, D (work FROM
downstream TO upstream!)
Water Team
Sample technique:
Water Team
Sample technique:Kick net – “kick up” sediment in
2ft2 area downstream of net
Water Team
Sample technique:Kick net – “kick up” sediment in
2ft2 area downstream of net
Catch net – hand net
Water Team
Benthic macroinvertebrates:
“bottom” “big bugs”
Water Team
Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):
Water Team
Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):A measure of how tolerant the
benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution.
Water Team
Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI):A measure of how tolerant the
benthic macroinvertebrates are to pollution.
Value 1 -4 (1 = very health4 = not healthy)
Water Team
Water Team
Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone
Support Team
Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone
Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job
Support Team
Reporter – work with others in team to interview everyone
Photographer – take pictures of everyone doing their job
Videographer – video everyone doing & explaining their job
Support Team
Job Application