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Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003 Lima, Peru

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Page 1: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

World Health Organization (WHO)

April 9-11, 2003Lima, Peru

Page 2: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Lima, Peru 2003

Linkage between environmental exposuresand children’s health

Dr. Irena Buka, MB, ChB, F.R.C.P.(C)Chair of Expert Advisory Board onChildren’s Health & the Environment, CECAssociate Clinical Professor of PaediatricsUniversity of Alberta, Canada

Page 3: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Objectives

1. To define paediatric environmental health

2. To discuss health consequences of environmental exposures on children

3. To address the barriers within the health sector

Page 4: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Objetivos

1. Definir la salud ambiental de la infancia

2. Discutir las consecuencias en la salud de los niños por exposiciones

ambientales

3. Comentar sobre los obstáculos que enfrenta el Sector Proveedor de Salud

Page 5: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003
Page 6: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Nuestra clinica para los niños es en el hospital Misiracordia

Page 7: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

- es protección de los niños de:

1. Físicos 2. Biológicos 3. Socio-ecónomicos 4. Psico-emocionales 5. Químicos

…peligros ambientales

La salud ambiental en la infancia

Page 8: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Paediatric environmental health- is protecting children from:

1. Physical 2. Biological 3. Socio-economic 4. Psychoemotional 5. Chemical

…environmental hazards

Page 9: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

¿Cuáles son los efectos en la salud?

1. Asma2. Problemas del neurodesarrollo3. Cáncer4. Malformaciones congénitas5. Efectos immunológicos6. Alteraciones endócrinas

Page 10: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

What are the health effects?

1. Asthma2. Neurodevelopmental disorders3. Cancer4. Congenital malformations5. Immunological disorders6. Endocrine disruption

Page 11: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Casos de asma reportados desde el nacimiento a los 19 años

Canadá, 1978 - 1996

0

5

10

15

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

% 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 12

* El estudio de 1984 incluyó sólo al grupo de 0-14 años.

* Nota: Porcentajes en cálculo relativo.

* Fuente: Health Canada. 1999. Measuring Up: A Health Surveillance Update on Canadian Children and Youth.

Page 12: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Reported Asthma Prevalence, Birth to 19 Years

Canada, 1978 - 1996

0

5

10

15

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

% 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 12

* 1984 survey includes 0-14 years of age only.

* Note: Percentages are weighted estimates.

* Source: Health Canada. 1999. Measuring Up: A Health Surveillance Update on Canadian Children and Youth.

Page 13: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Asma

Factores desencadenantes

1. Emisiones vehiculares (EV)NO2 hidrocarburospartículas de dísel

2. Ozono, O3

COV + NOxs en luz solar

- plantas eléctricas, EV, gasolina

Page 14: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Asthma

Triggers

1. Motor vehicle emissions (MVEs)NO2 hydrocarbonsdiesel particles

2. Ozones O3

VOC’s + NOxs in sunlight

- power plants, MVEs, gasoline

Page 15: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Asma

3. Compuestos de azufre SO2, H2SO4, H2S- plantas carboníferas- molinos de pulpa y papel- fundidoras

4. Partículas suspendidas- hollín, humo- piedras, suelo, polvo

Factores desencadenantes

Page 16: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

AsthmaTriggers

3. Sulphur compounds SO2, H2SO4, H2S- coal fired power plants- pulp and paper mills- smelters

4. Particulate matter- soot, smoke- rocks, soil, dust

Page 17: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

AsmaFactores desencadenantes

Humo de tabaco ambiental

Adhesivos para construcción, pintura, productos de limpieza, cosméticos

Plaguicidas

Alergenos, infecciones, factores emocionales

Page 18: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

AsthmaTriggers

Environmental tobacco smoke

Building adhesives, paint, cleaning agents, cosmetics

Pesticides

Allergens, infections, emotions

Page 19: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Asma

Factores de riesgo

1. Predisposición genética

2. Nacimiento prematuro

3. Exposición temprana a infecciones virales

Page 20: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Asthma

Risk Factors

1. Genetic predisposition

2. Prematurity

3. Early exposure to viral infections

Page 21: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Trastomos del Desarrollo Neurológico

17% sordero, ceguera, deficienciasdel habla, parálisis cerebral,alteraciones emocionales-conductuales, trastomos del aprendizaje

5-10% trastornos del aprendizaje solos6-17% déficit de atención/hiperactividad

Schettler 2001

Page 22: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

17% deaf, blind, speech deficit cerebral palsy emotional/behavioral disorders learning disabilities

5-10 % learning disabilities alone6-17% attention deficit hyperactive

disorders

Schettler 2001

Page 23: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Trastornos del Desarrollo Neurológico

Etiología 1. Genética

2. Ambiental

3. Social

70% causa desconocida

Page 24: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Aetiology1. Genetics

2. Environmental

3. Social

70% unknown cause

Page 25: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Neurotóxicos

- exposición crónica a dósis bajas

1. Pb, Hg2. PCBs3. Nicotina4. Tolueno5. Medicamentos ej. fenitoina

Page 26: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Neurotoxicants

- chronic low dose exposure

1. Pb, Hg2. PCB’s3. Nicotine4. Toluene5. Medications eg. phenytoin

Page 27: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Cáncer

Etiologia

10-20% genética

80% algún componente ambiental

Page 28: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Cancer

Aetiology

10-20% genetic

80% environmental component

Page 29: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Cáncer en la infancia

Etiología

Alteraciones genéticasRadiación: UV, ionizanteAlcohol, Humo de tabaco ambientalQuímicos Industriales y AgrícolasMedicamentos

Herbst 1971 Zahm & Deveza 1995

Schmidt 1998

Page 30: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Childhood cancer

Aetiology

Genetic abnormalitiesUV and ionizing radiationE.T.S. alcoholIndustrial & agricultural chemicalsMedications

Herbst 1971 Zahm & Deveza 1995

Schmidt 1998

Page 31: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Malformaciones Congénitas

Tasa de mortalidad infantil por cada 100,000nacidos vivos, 1997.

Canada 147-7

U.S.A. 159-2

Mexico 267-7

-2a causa de muerte en la población infantil

Page 32: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Birth defects

1997 Infant death rates per 100,000 live births

Canada 147-7

U.S.A. 159-2

Mexico 267-7

- second leading cause of infant mortality

Page 33: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Malformaciones Congénitas

Etiología

- medicamentos

- deficiencias nutricionales

80% desconocidas

Page 34: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Birth defects

Aetiology

- medications

- nutritional deficiencies

80% unknown

Page 35: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Efectos Inmunológicos

PCB’s - exposición in utero infecciones en niños

Haral. 1985

Pesticidas - suprimen células “asesinas” - predis. a leucemias, linfomas

Zahm & Deveza 1995

Humo de tabaco ambiental - infecciones en niños

Haral. 1985

Page 36: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Immunological effects

PCB’s - in utero exposure infections in children

Haral. 1985

Pesticides - suppress killer cells - predispd to leuka, lymphoma

Zahm & Devesa 1995

E.T.S. - infections in children Haral. 1985

Page 37: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Disruptores Endócrinos

PCB’s, dioxinas, DDT

Ésteres de ftalatos

- en humanos y vida silvestre

Longneckel et al. 1997

Page 38: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Endocrine disruption

PCB’s, dioxins, DDT

Phthalate esters

- in humans and wildlife

Longneckel et al. 1997

Page 39: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Disrupción Endocrina

- cuenta de espermatozoides, trastornos de la fertilidad

- criptorquidia, hipospadias, cáncer testicular

- pubertad precoz, cáncer de mama

Foster 1998

Page 40: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Endocrine disruption

- sperm counts, difficulties conceiving

- cryptorchism, hypospadias, testicular cancer

- premature puberty, breast cancer

Foster 1998

Page 41: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Obstáculos en el Sector Proveedor de Salud

1. Falta conciencia - recursos educativos2. Modelo Causa/Efecto - subdesarrollado3. Complejidad - Aspectos multifaceticos e la atención4. Bases de Datos - inadecuadas5. Investigación - Complicado, aplicable a egulación6. Prevención - precaución - responsabilidad

Page 42: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Barriers in the health sector

1. Insufficient awareness, education, resources 2. Cause & effect model - undeveloped 3. Conditions complex - multifaceted aspects of care 4. Databases - inadequate 5. Research - intricate, policy applicable 6. Prevention - precautions - responsibility

Page 43: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

Más vale prevenir que remediar

Page 44: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003

La población infantil constituye 30% de la población mundial,

- pero representa 100% de nuestro futuro

Naciones Unidas, 1998